U.S. patent application number 17/466977 was filed with the patent office on 2022-03-03 for use of erythritol compositions as mammal-safe insecticides.
The applicant listed for this patent is Drexel University. Invention is credited to Daniel R. Marenda, Sean O'Donnell.
Application Number | 20220061319 17/466977 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | |
Filed Date | 2022-03-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220061319 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Marenda; Daniel R. ; et
al. |
March 3, 2022 |
Use of Erythritol Compositions As Mammal-Safe Insecticides
Abstract
The disclosure provides a human-safe method of killing or
controlling insects using a non-toxic composition comprising
erythritol ((2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol). The disclosure also
provides non-toxic compositions comprising erythritol suitable for
killing insects in residential, commercial, and agricultural
locales.
Inventors: |
Marenda; Daniel R.; (Elkins
Park, PA) ; O'Donnell; Sean; (Swarthmore,
PA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Drexel University |
Philadelphia |
PA |
US |
|
|
Appl. No.: |
17/466977 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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63074237 |
Sep 3, 2020 |
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International
Class: |
A01N 31/02 20060101
A01N031/02; A01N 25/00 20060101 A01N025/00; A01N 25/10 20060101
A01N025/10; A01N 25/30 20060101 A01N025/30 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] This invention was made with government support under grants
number 1209072 and 1256114 awarded by National Science Foundation.
The government has certain rights in the invention.
Claims
1. A composition comprising: 1-50% w/w erythritol; 1-50% w/w
feeding stimulant; and at least one additional component selected
from the group consisting of water, an odorant, a nitrogen source,
a sodium salt, a thickener, an attractant, a defoamer, a dispersing
agent, a feeding stimulant, a flavoring agent, a surfactant, a
preservative, a gel-forming component, a suspending agent, and an
oil.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the feeding stimulant is a
sugar.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition further
comprises water, and 1-99% w/w each of a surfactant, at least one
thickener, and at least one preservative.
4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the at least one thickener
is selected from the group consisting of monosodium alkylamine
dicarboxylate, sodium gluconate, trisodium citrate, and sodium
chloride, wherein the alkylamine dicarboxylate comprises a
C.sub.1-24 alkyl amine.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is a solid
composition, liquid compositions, or a gel composition.
6. The composition of claim 3, wherein the surfactant is coconut
diethanolamide.
7. The composition of claim 4, wherein the composition comprises:
1-50% w/w erythritol; 1-50% w/w sucrose; 1-50% w/w coconut
diethanolamide; 1-50% w/w each of at least one of alkyl amine
dicaborboxylate, sodium gluconate, trisodium citrate, or sodium
chloride; 1-50% w/w sodium benzoate; and water.
8. An insect bait, comprising: the composition of claim 1, and a
substrate that comprises the composition.
9. The bait of claim 8, wherein the substrate comprises
cellulose.
10. The bait of claim 8, wherein the attractant comprises a sugar
and a sodium salt.
11. The bait of claim 9, wherein the cellulose is paper.
12. The bait of claim 9, wherein the composition is absorbed in the
cellulose.
13. The bait of claim 8, wherein the bait is an insect bait
station.
14. The bait of claim 8, wherein the composition is a solid
composition, liquid compositions, or a gel composition.
15. A method for killing an insect or impairing an insect's ability
to function, the method comprising: contacting the insect with the
composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not
substantially toxic when administered to a mammal; and wherein the
insect is a termite selected from the group consisting of
Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes virginicus, Reticulitermes
hageni, Coptotermes formosanus, Amitermes floridensis, Incitermes
minor, Neothermes connexus, R. hesperus, R tibialis, Heterotermes
aureus, Reticulitermes sp., Heterotermes sp., and Termitidae
sp.
16. A method for killing an insect or impairing an insect's ability
to function, the method comprising: contacting the insect with the
composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not
substantially toxic when administered to a mammal; and wherein the
insect is a leaf cutter ant selected from the genera Alta and
Acromyrmex.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the leaf cutter ant is a
species selected from the group consisting of Acromyrmex ambiguus,
Acromyrmex ameliae, Acromyrmex aspersus, Acromyrmex balzani,
Acromyrmex biscutatus, Acromyrmex coronatus, Acromyrmex
crassispinus, Acromyrmex diasi, Acromyrmex disciger, Acromyrmex
echinatior, Acromyrmex evenkul, Acromyrmex fowleri, Acromyrmex
fracticornis, Acromyrmex heyeri, Acromyrmex hispidus, Acromyrmex
hystrix, Acromyrmex insinuator, Acromyrmex landolti, Acromyrmex
laticeps, Acromyrmex lobicornis, Acromyrmex lundii, Acromyrmex
niger, Acromyrmex nigrosetosus, Acromyrmex nobilis, Acromyrmex
octospinosus, Acromyrmex pubescens, Acromyrmex pulvereus,
Acromyrmex rugosus, Acromyrmex silvestrii, Acromyrmex striatus,
Acromyrmex subterraneus, Acromyrmex versicolor, Acromyrmex
volcanus, Atta bisphaerica, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta
colombica, Atta cubana, Atta goiana, Atta insularis, Atta
laevigata, Atta mexicana, Atta opaciceps, Atta pilosa, Atta
robusta, Atta saltensis, Atta sexdens, Atta tardigrada, Atta
texana, Atta vollenweideri.
18. A method for killing an insect or impairing an insect's ability
to function, the method comprising: contacting the insect with the
composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is not
substantially toxic when administered to a mammal; and wherein the
insect is: i) a fly selected from the group consisting D.
melanogaster, D. immigrans, D. simulans, D. subobscura, Zaprionus
indianus, D. bifurca, D. sechellia, D. yakuba, D. erecta, D.
ananassae, D. suzukii, D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D.
willistoni, D. mojavensis, D. virilis or D. grimshawi, Musca
domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Bactrocera dorsalis; ii) an ant
selected from the group consisting of Tetramorium sp, Formica sp,
Camponotus, Solenopsis invicta, T. immigrans, Formica glacialis,
Camponotus, chromaiodes, and Camponotus subarbatus sp.; or iii) a
mosquito is one selected from Ae. aegypti, Cx. pipiens, Cx.
tarsalis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. freeborni and An.
quadrimaculatus.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the mammal is a human.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the odorant is at least one
selected from the group consisting of C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 alkenes,
pyranones, furanones, benzopyranones, benzofuranones, hemiterpenes,
monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes and
retinoids.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the sodium salt is selected
from the group consisting of sodium chloride and sodium
sulphate.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein the attractant is at least one
selected from pheromones, pheromone mimics, 2-naphthalene-methanol,
naphthalene, steroid derivatives, camphor, turpentine oil, plant
volatiles, flower oils, and CO.sub.2.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein the dispersing agent is at
least one selected from an effervescent material and a swellable
substance.
24. The method of claim 15, wherein the dispersing agent is at
least one selected from the group consisting of
polyvinylpyrrolidone and a mixture of citric acid and sodium
bicarbonate.
25. The method of claim 15, wherein the feeding stimulant is at
least one selected from the group consisting of ergosterol,
fermented milk, p-hydroquinone,
hydroxyphenyl-.beta.-D-glycopyranoside, catechol, resorcinol,
fluoroglucinol, 4-methoxyphenol, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene,
4-phenoxyphenol, phenylhydroquinone, 4-benzyloxyphenol,
quinhydrone.
26. The method of claim 15, wherein the surfactant is at least one
anionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of fatty
acids, alkyl aryl sulphonates, long chain (fatty) alcohol
sulphates, olefin sulphates and sulphonates, sulphated
monoglycerides, sulphated esters, sulphonated ethoxylated alcohols,
sulphosuccinates, alkane sulphonates, phosphate esters, alkyl
isethionates, alkyl taurates, and alkyl sarcosinates.
27. The method of claim 15, wherein the surfactant is at least one
cationic surfactant selected from the group consisting of
alkylamine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, sulphonium salts, and
phosphonium salts.
28. The method of claim 15, wherein the surfactant is (a) at least
one nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of
silicones, condensates of ethylene oxide with a long chain (fatty)
alcohol or (fatty) acid, condensates of ethylene oxide with an
amine or an amide, condensation products of ethylene and propylene
oxides, esters of glycerol, sucrose or sorbitol, fatty acid alkylol
amides, sucrose esters, fluoro-surfactants and fatty amine oxides,
or (b) at least one amphoteric surfactant selected from the group
consisting of imidazoline compounds, alkylaminoacid salts, and
betaines.
29. The method of claim 15, wherein the oil is at least one
selected from the group consisting of palm oil, cedarwood oil,
opopanax oil, angelica seed oil, and capsicum fruit extracts.
30. The method of claim 15, wherein the humectant is at least one
selected from the group consisting of glucose, ammonium sulfate,
urea fructose, glycerol, and glycol derivatives.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
63/074,237, filed Sep. 3, 2020, which application is incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Insects such as, for example, ants, mosquitos, fruit flies,
and termites have significant worldwide deleterious impact on human
health, agriculture, and economic growth (McGraw, et al., Nat Rev
Microbiol 11:181-193). The annual cost of application of
insecticides for the prevention of insect damage has been estimated
at $10 Billion in the US alone (Pimentel, et al., 2005,
Environment, Development and Sustainability 7:229-252). Further,
widespread use of toxic insecticides continues to pose a
significant threat to human health, as highlighted by recent deaths
in Bihar, India (Subramanian, et al., 2013, The New York Times).
Many synthetic insecticides suffer drawbacks including high
production costs, concern over environmental sustainability,
harmful effects on human health, unintended targeting of insect
species, and the evolution of resistance among insect
populations.
[0004] Damage from insect infestations is economically significant
and control can be costly when requiring the widespread use of
conventional insecticides. Therefore, there is a great need in the
art for the identification of cost-effective and human-safe
insecticides to control insect populations. The present invention
addresses this need.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a composition
comprising:
[0006] about 1-50% w/w erythritol;
[0007] about 1-50% w/w feeding stimulant; and
[0008] at least one additional component selected from the group
consisting of water, an odorant, a nitrogen source, a sodium salt,
a thickener, an attractant, a defoamer, a dispersing agent, a
feeding stimulant, a flavoring agent, a surfactant, a preservative,
a gel-forming component, a suspending agent, and an oil. The
composition is suitable for use in an insect bait or trap. The
composition is, in various aspects, non-toxic to humans and can be
used to kill or impair a wide variety of insect species, including
termites, leaf cutter ants, mosquitoes, and the like, as set forth
in detail herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] For the purpose of illustrating the invention, certain
embodiments of the invention are depicted in the drawings. However,
the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and
instrumentalities of the embodiments depicted in the drawings.
[0010] FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the finding that Drosophila
melanogaster raised on food containing TRUVIA show decreased
longevity. The graph illustrates percentage of living adult flies
raised on food containing various nutritive sugars and
non-nutritive sweeteners over time. Note significant decrease in
longevity of adult flies raised on food containing TRUVIA compared
to other food. 300 total flies were used in these experiments.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the finding that Drosophila
melanogaster raised on food containing TRUVIA show decreased motor
behavior. The graph illustrates climbing ability of adult flies
raised on food containing different nutritive sugars and
non-nutritive sweeteners over time. There was significant decrease
in climbing behavior of adult flies raised on food containing
TRUVIA compared to other food. 300 total flies were used in these
experiments.
[0012] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the finding that Drosophila
melanogaster raised on food containing erythritol show decreased
longevity. The graph illustrates percentage of living adult flies
raised on food containing various nutritive sugars and
non-nutritive sweeteners over time. There was significant decrease
in longevity of adult flies raised on food containing either TRUVIA
or erythritol compared to other food. 210 total flies were used for
these experiments.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the finding that increasing
concentrations of erythritol show decreased longevity in Drosophila
melanogaster. The graph illustrates percentage of living adult
flies raised on food containing different concentrations of
erythritol. Control food was 0.5M sucrose. 2M erythritol; 1M
erythritol; 0.5M erythritol and 0.1M erythritol were tested. There
was significant decrease in longevity of adult flies as
concentration of erythritol was increased. 150 total flies were
used for these experiments.
[0014] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the finding that Drosophila
melanogaster ingest erythritol as often as they ingest sucrose in a
two-way choice experiment. The graph illustrates percentage of
living adult flies when given a choice between two different food
sources throughout their lifespan. Negative control choice
experiments provide 1M sucrose on both sides of choice chamber.
Positive control choice experiments provide 1M erythritol on both
sides of the choice chamber. Experimental groups provide 1M
erythritol on one side of the choice chamber and 1M sucrose on the
opposite side of the chamber; and 2M erythritol on one side of the
choice chamber and 1M sucrose on the opposite side of the chamber.
There was significant decrease in longevity in both experiments
where erythritol is provided as a choice with sucrose. 120 total
flies were used for these experiments.
[0015] FIG. 6 is a set of graphs illustrating distinct insecticidal
effects of human-safe sweet alcohols. Results illustrate that flies
fed non-nutritive alcohols other than erythritol (such as
D-mannitol, maltitol, sucrose and xylitol) had significantly
greater longevity than erythritol-fed flies, and did not differ
from sugar control.
[0016] FIG. 7 is a table illustrating a list of artificial
sweeteners and active compounds used in this study.
[0017] FIGS. 8A-8B are a set of images illustrating that blue food
labeling indicated that Drosophila melanogaster consume food
containing TRUVIA and other non-nutritive sweeteners. Illustrated
are representative female (FIG. 8A) and male (FIG. 8B) flies with
blue abdomens and proboscises (indicated by arrows in FIGS.
8A-8B).
[0018] FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating that erythritol ingestion
causes concentration-dependent mortality in R. flavipes workers.
Survival plot showing percent survival of worker R. flavipes (n=90
workers/concentration) over time. Individual lines represent
treatment groups receiving filter paper treated with increasing
concentrations of erythritol (0-1.25 M). All treatments are
significantly different from 0 M.
[0019] FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating that erythritol ingestion
causes larger changes in longevity at lower concentrations.
Decrease in mean longevity to 8 d between consecutive increases
(0-1.25 M) in treatment molarity.
[0020] FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the LC.sub.50 of erythritol
at 48 h is 0.42 M for R. flavipes workers. Percent mortality at 48
h plotted against concentration of erythritol used for treating
filter papers. The three-parameter, best-fit sigmoidal curve is
shown, and the function was used to calculate LC.sub.50 at 48 h
(0.42 M). Error bars represent one standard deviation.
[0021] FIG. 12 are graphs illustrating that colonies vary in worker
susceptibility to erythritol toxicity. Survival plots showing
percent survival of worker R. flavipes over time from three
different colonies (n=30 workers/treatment/colony). Individual
lines represent treatment groups receiving filter papers treated
with increasing concentrations of erythritol (0-1.25 M). Colonies
differed significantly at all concentrations.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] The present invention relates to unexpected discovery of a
novel method of killing or impairing an insect without
substantially harming a mammal. The method comprises administering
to the insect a composition comprising erythritol (also known as
(2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol). In certain embodiments, the
composition is not substantially toxic when administered to a
mammal. In one aspect of the invention, erythritol composition is
safe to mammal, even in case of accidental consumption. In fact,
erythritol was approved by US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)
in 2001 to be used as a food additive in US. It is well known that
consumption of erythritol, even in high concentrations, is safe to
humans. In certain embodiments, the mammal is human.
[0023] As, an example, erythritol is used as a novel toxicant in
method of termite control is investigated herein. Eastern
subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar (Blattodea:
Rhinotermitidae), were fed paper foods treated with increasing
concentrations of erythritol and were assessed for mortality and
bait consumption. Termite survival to 8 d (the duration of the
experiment) significantly decreased as erythritol treatment
concentration increased, indicating that the lethal effects of
erythritol were concentration-dependent. Termites consumed
erythritol-treated paper at all concentrations and did not display
avoidance in choice assays, suggesting that erythritol may be
practical for use as ingestible bait. These results provide a basis
for further development of erythritol as a safe alternative method
of termite control.
Definitions
[0024] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although
any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described
herein may be used in the practice for testing of the present
invention, the preferred materials and methods are described
herein. In describing and claiming the present invention, the
following terminology will be used.
[0025] It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein
is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is
not intended to be limiting.
[0026] As used herein, the articles "a" and "an" are used to refer
to one or to more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the
grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "an element"
means one element or more than one element.
[0027] The term "about" as used herein can allow for a degree of
variability in a value or range, for example, within 10%, within
5%, or within 1% of a stated value or of a stated limit of a range,
and includes the exact stated value or range.
[0028] The term "alkyl" as used herein refers to straight chain and
branched alkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 40
carbon atoms, 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbons or, in
some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of straight
chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such
as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl,
and n-octyl groups. Examples of branched alkyl groups include, but
are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl,
neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2-dimethylpropyl groups. As used
herein, the term "alkyl" encompasses n-alkyl, isoalkyl, and
anteisoalkyl groups as well as other branched chain forms of alkyl.
Representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or
more times with any of the groups listed herein, for example,
amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen
groups.
[0029] The term "alkenyl" as used herein refers to straight and
branched chain and cyclic alkyl groups as defined herein, except
that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms.
Thus, alkenyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, or 2 to about
20 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms or, in some embodiments,
from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to
vinyl, --CH.dbd.C.dbd.CCH.sub.2, --CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.3),
--CH.dbd.C(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2,
--C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH(CH.sub.3), --C(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2,
cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl,
pentadienyl, and hexadienyl among others.
[0030] The term "alkynyl" as used herein refers to straight and
branched chain alkyl groups, except that at least one triple bond
exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkynyl groups have from 2
to 40 carbon atoms, 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or from 2 to 12
carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples
include, but are not limited to --C.ident.CH,
--C.ident.C(CH.sub.3), --C.ident.C(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3),
--CH.sub.2C.ident.CH, --CH.sub.2C.ident.C(CH.sub.3), and
--CH.sub.2C.ident.C(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3) among others.
[0031] The term "acyl" as used herein refers to a group containing
a carbonyl moiety wherein the group is bonded via the carbonyl
carbon atom. The carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen
forming a "formyl" group or is bonded to another carbon atom, which
can be part of an alkyl, aryl, aralkyl cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,
heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl group
or the like. An acyl group can include 0 to about 12, 0 to about
20, or 0 to about 40 additional carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl
group. An acyl group can include double or triple bonds within the
meaning herein. An acryloyl group is an example of an acyl group.
An acyl group can also include heteroatoms within the meaning
herein. A nicotinoyl group (pyridyl-3-carbonyl) is an example of an
acyl group within the meaning herein. Other examples include
acetyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl, pyridylacetyl, cinnamoyl, and
acryloyl groups and the like. When the group containing the carbon
atom that is bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom contains a halogen,
the group is termed a "haloacyl" group. An example is a
trifluoroacetyl group.
[0032] The term "aryl" as used herein refers to cyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon groups that do not contain heteroatoms in the ring.
Thus, aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl,
azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl,
phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl,
biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups. In some
embodiments, aryl groups contain about 6 to about 14 carbons in the
ring portions of the groups. Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or
substituted, as defined herein. Representative substituted aryl
groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such
as, but not limited to, a phenyl group substituted at any one or
more of 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions of the phenyl ring, or a
naphthyl group substituted at any one or more of 2- to 8-positions
thereof.
[0033] The term "amine" as used herein refers to primary,
secondary, and tertiary amines having, e.g., the formula
N(group).sub.3 wherein each group can independently be H or non-H,
such as alkyl, aryl, and the like. Amines include but are not
limited to R--NH.sub.2, for example, alkylamines, arylamines,
alkylarylamines; R.sub.2NH wherein each R is independently
selected, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines,
heterocyclylamines and the like; and R.sub.3N wherein each R is
independently selected, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines,
alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like. The term "amine"
also includes ammonium ions as used herein.
[0034] The term "amino group" as used herein refers to a
substituent of the form --NH.sub.2, --NHR, --NR.sub.2,
--NR.sub.3.sup.+, wherein each R is independently selected, and
protonated forms of each, except for --NR.sub.3.sup.+, which cannot
be protonated. Accordingly, any compound substituted with an amino
group can be viewed as an amine. An "amino group" within the
meaning herein can be a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary
amino group. An "alkylamino" group includes a monoalkylamino,
dialkylamino, and trialkylamino group.
[0035] As used herein when referring to a measurable value such as
an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, the term "about" is
meant to encompass variations of .+-.20% or .+-.10%, more
preferably .+-.5%, even more preferably .+-.1%, and still more
preferably .+-.0.1% from the specified value, as such variations
are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
[0036] The term "contact" refers to touching any part of an insect
with any of the compositions described herein such that the contact
leads to absorption or ingestion of the composition by the insect.
Absorption can be external or internal (gastrointestinal)
absorption of erythritol.
[0037] As used herein, the term "effective concentration" or
"effective amount" as relating to erythritol refers to the
concentration or amount of erythritol in the composition which is
sufficient to impair or kill insects when administered to them.
[0038] As used herein, the term "EQUAL" refers to a non-nutritive
sweetener, comprising dextrose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium,
starch, silicon dioxide (an anti-caking agent), maltodextrin, and
unspecified flavoring, sold under the trademark EQUAL.RTM.. The
chemical structure of its sweetening ingredient is illustrated in
FIG. 7.
[0039] As used herein, the term "impair" refers to the ability to
disrupt to a measurable degree the metabolism, feeding, defense,
aggression, reproduction and/or mobility of an organism, such as,
but not limited to, an insect.
[0040] As used herein, the term "M" refers to molar concentration,
which is defined as the amount of a constituents in moles divided
by the volume of the composition.
[0041] As used herein, the term "PUREVIA" refers to a non-nutritive
sweetener, comprising dextrose, cellulose powder, and natural
flavors, as well as the stevia extract rebaudioside A, which is
sold under the trademark PUREVIA.RTM.. The chemical structure of
its sweetening ingredient is illustrated in FIG. 7.
[0042] As used herein, the term "TRUVIA" refers to a non-nutritive
sweetener, comprising erythritol, stevia leaf extract, and natural
flavors, which is sold under trademark TRUVIA.RTM.. The chemical
structure of its sweetening ingredient is illustrated in FIG.
7.
[0043] As used herein, the term "SPLENDA" refers to a
sucralose-based artificial sweetener derived from sugar, which is
sold under the trademark SPLENDA.RTM.. The chemical structure of
its sweetening ingredient is illustrated in FIG. 7.
[0044] The term "solvent" as used herein refers to a liquid that
can dissolve a solid, liquid, or gas. Non-limiting examples of
solvents are silicones, organic compounds, water, alcohols, ionic
liquids, and supercritical fluids.
[0045] As used herein, the term "substantially toxic" to an
organism refers to a substance or compound that causes significant
damage or health threat to the organism. In certain embodiments,
the substantially toxic substance or compound disrupts or
interferes with the health and/or well-being of the organism,
disables the organism, prevents the organism from performing usual
and expected activities, and/or kills the organism.
[0046] The term "mammal", as used therein, may be a human or
non-human mammal. Non-human mammals include, for example, livestock
and pets, such as ovine, bovine, porcine, canine, feline and murine
mammals. Preferably, the mammal is human.
Compositions for Killing Insects
[0047] In certain embodiments, the invention provides a composition
for killing or impairing an insect's ability to function. Insects
include various species of ants, mosquitos, termites, flies, bees,
beetles, moths, wasps, yellow jackets, ants, cockroaches, bed bugs,
and/or silverfish. The composition comprises erythritol
[(2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol] and at least one additive. In
certain embodiments, the composition is not substantially toxic
when administered to a mammal. In various embodiments, the mammal
is a human. Impairing includes the respective insect not being able
to walk, fly, attract mates, reproduce, lay eggs, or produce viable
offspring. The at least one additive, in one embodiment, is an
agriculturally acceptable additive. In some embodiments, the
additive is a food-safe and is approved for human consumption. In
various embodiments, the erythritol is the only insecticide or
insecticidally active agent in the composition.
[0048] Affected Insect Species
[0049] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a fly belonging to the Drosophila genus. In
yet other embodiments, the fly is at least one of D. melanogaster,
D. immigrans, D. simulans, D. subobscura, Zaprionus indianus, D.
bifurca, D. sechellia, D. yakuba, D. erecta, D. ananassae, D.
suzukii, D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D. willistoni, D.
mojavensis, D. virilis or D. grimshawi, Musca domestica, Stomoxys
calcitrans, and Bactrocera dorsalis.
[0050] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is an ant belonging to at least one of the
following species: Tetramorium sp, Formica sp, Camponotus sp.,
Solenopsis invicta, T. immigrans, Formica glacialis, Camponotus,
chromaiodes, and Camponotus subarbatus Sp.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the ant is a leaf cutter ant
belonging to Acromyrmex genus and is selected from the group
consisting of Acromyrmex ambiguus, Acromyrmex ameliae, Acromyrmex
aspersus, Acromyrmex balzani, Acromyrmex biscutatus, Acromyrmex
coronatus, Acromyrmex crassispinus, Acromyrmex diasi, Acromyrmex
disciger, Acromyrmex echinatior, Acromyrmex evenkul, Acromyrmex
fowleri, Acromyrmex fracticornis, Acromyrmex heyeri, Acromyrmex
hispidus, Acromyrmex hystrix, Acromyrmex insinuator, Acromyrmex
landolti, Acromyrmex laticeps, Acromyrmex lobicornis, Acromyrmex
lundii, Acromyrmex niger, Acromyrmex nigrosetosus, Acromyrmex
nobilis, Acromyrmex octospinosus, Acromyrmex pubescens, Acromyrmex
pulvereus, Acromyrmex rugosus, Acromyrmex silvestrii, Acromyrmex
striatus, Acromyrmex subterraneus, Acromyrmex versicolor,
Acromyrmex volcanus.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the ant is a leaf cutter ant belongs
to Atta genus and is selected from the group consisting of Atta
bisphaerica, Atta capiguara, Atta cephalotes, Atta colombica, Atta
cubana, Atta goiana, Atta insularis, Atta laevigata, Atta mexicana,
Atta opaciceps, Atta pilosa, Atta robusta, Atta saltensis, Atta
sexdens, Atta tardigrada, Atta texana, Atta vollenweideri.
[0053] Leaf cutter ants cultivate a fungus from the family
Lepiotaceae in their colonies and exhibit an ant-fungus mutualism
whereby the ants supply cellulosic (plant) material for the fungus
to consume and the fungus feeds the ants from nutrients produced in
its hyphal tips. In various embodiments, the composition interferes
with the symbiotic relationship between the leaf cutter ants and
the fungus. In some embodiments, the composition is toxic to the
fungus as well as the leaf cutter ants. In some embodiments, the
fungus is unharmed by the composition, but the nutrient fluid
produced by the fungus has reduced nutritional value or is toxic to
the ants. In certain embodiments, the fungus belongs to genus
Leucoagaricus and includes Leucoagaricus gongylophorus In certain
embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the compositions
herein is a mosquito belonging to the Aedes species mosquitoes (Ae.
aegypti), Culex species mosquitoes (Cx. pipiens, Cx. tarsalis, Cx.
quinquefasciatus) Anopheles species mosquitoes (An. freeborni and
An. quadrimaculatus).
[0054] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a termite species selected from the group
consisting of Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes virginicus,
Reticulitermes hageni, Coptotermes formosanus, Amitermes
floridensis, Incitermes minor, and Neothermes connexus, R.
hesperus, R tibialis, and Heterotermes aureus, as well as termite
species of the families (and pest genera) Mastotermitidae
(Mastotermes species), Hodotermididae (Anacanthotermes,
Zootermopsis species), Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes, Heterotermes,
Reticulitermes, Psammotermes, Prorhinotermes, Schedorhinoterme
species), Kalotermitidae (Glyptotermes, Neotermes, Coptotermes,
Incisitermes, Kalotermes, Marginiterme species), Serritermitidae,
and Termitidae (Pericapritermes, Allodontermes, Microtermes,
Odontotermes, Nasutitermes, Termes, Amitermes, Globitermes,
Microceroterme species), Termopsidae (Hodotermopsis, Zootermopsis
species), and other pest species of termites. In certain
embodiments, the termite is species selected from the group
consisting of Reticulitermes sp., Heterotermes sp., and Termitidae
sp.
[0055] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is selected from the group consisting of the
butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) In certain embodiments, an
insect killed or impaired by the compositions herein is selected
from the group consisting of cutworms and armyworms (Family:
Noctuidae). Specifically, in certain embodiments, the insect is
selected from the group consisting of Agrotis segetum, A. ipsilon,
A. exclamationis, Noctua pronuba, Peridroma saucia, Spodoptera
litura, Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Busseola fusca,
Heliocheilus albipunctella, Sesamia calamistis, Spodoptera exempla,
Autographa gamma, Chrysodeixis chalcites, Lacanobia oleracea,
Mamestra brassicae, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda,
Mythimna convecta, Persectania ewingii, and Persectania
dyscrita.
[0056] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a corn borer/borer (Family: Crambidae).
Specifically, in certain embodiments, the insect is selected from
the group consisting of: Ostrinia furnacalis, Leucinodes orbonalis,
Ostrinia nubilalis, Coniesta ignefusalis, Chilo partellus, Chilo
suppressalis, Crambus spp., Duponchelia fovealis, Diatraea
saccharalis, Scirpophaga innotata, Diatraea grandiosella, Desmia
maculalis, and Maruca vitrata.
[0057] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is selected from the group consisting of tuber
moths and leafminers (Family: Gelechiidae). Specifically, in
certain embodiments, the insect is selected from the group
consisting of Phthorimaea operculella, Anarsia lineatella,
Aproaerema modicella, Keiferia lycopersicella, Pectinophora
gossypiella, Sitotroga cerealella, Tecia solanivora, Tula absoluta,
and Gossypium hirsutum.
[0058] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is selected from the group consisting of fruit
moths and budworms (Family: Tortricidae). Specifically, in certain
embodiments, the insect is selected from the group consisting of
Choristoneura fumiferana, Adoxophyes orana, Archips podana, Archips
rosana, Argyrotaenia jungiana, Cydia molesta, Cydia pomonella,
Cydia funebrana, Cydia nigricana, Cydia splendana, Epiphyas
postvittana, Grapholita delineana, Grapholita molesta, Grapholita
packardi, Lobesia botrana, Pandemis cerasana, Paralobesia viteana,
Sparganothis pilleriana, Spilonota ocellana, and Thaumatotibia
leucotreta.
[0059] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a beetle (Coleoptera).
[0060] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Weevil. (Family: Curculionidae).
Specifically, the insect is selected from the group consisting of
Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Rhynchophorus furrugineus, Listroderes
costirostris, Hylobius abietis, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus
zeamais, Anthonomous grandis, Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha
dominica, Acanththoscelides obtectus, and Cylindrocopturus
adspersus.
[0061] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is selected from the group consisting of Leaf
and flea beetles (Family: Chrysomelidae). Specifically, the insect
is selected from the group consisting of Leptinotarsa decemlineata,
Crioceris asparagi, Oulema melanopus, Phaedon cochleariae,
Psylliodes chrysocephala, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Phyllotreta
striolata, Phyllotreta spp., and Epitrix spp.
[0062] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions is selected from the group consisting of wireworms and
wlick beetles (Family: Elateridae). Specifically, the insect is
selected from the group consisting of Agriotes lineatus, Agriotes
obscurus, Agriotes sputator, Agriotes spp., and Conoderus
amplicollis.
[0063] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Girdle/Longhorn beetle (Family:
Cerambycidae). Specifically, in certain embodiments, the insect is
selected from the group consisting of Oberea brevis, Hylotrupes
bajulus, Anoplophora chinensis, Anoplophora glabripennis,
Cacosceles newmannii, and Tetropium fuscum
[0064] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Mealworm (Family: Tenebrionidae),
specifically: Tenebrio molitor.
[0065] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is selected from the group consisting of grain
beetles and flour beetles (Family: Bruchidae). Specifically, the
insect is selected from the group consisting of Callosobruchus
chinensis, C. maculates, and C. analis
[0066] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a true bugs (Hemiptera)
[0067] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions selected from the group consisting of cereal aphids
and aphids (Family: Aphididae). Specifically, the insect is
selected from the group consisting of Metopolophium dirhodum,
Sitobion avenae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Myzus persicae, Aphisfabae,
Aphis gossypii, Grylloprociphilus imbricator, Brevicoryne
brassicae, Cinara cupressi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Melaphis
chinensis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Pemphigus betae, Macrosiphum rosae,
Diuraphis noxia, Siphaflava, Aphis glycines, Toxoptera citricida,
and Simulium spp.
[0068] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is selected from the group consisting of
Leafhoppers and sharpshooters (Family: Cicadellidae). Specifically,
the insect is selected from the group consisting of Circulifer
tenellus, Cicadulina mbila, Empoascafabae, Sophonia rufofascia,
Graphocephala atropunctata, Homalodisca vitripennis, Orosius
orientalis, Nephotettix spp., Typhlocyba pomeria, and Homalodisca
vitripennis.
[0069] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a white fly (Family: Aleyrodidae).
Specifically, the insect is selected from the group consisting of
Aleurocanthus woglumi, Aleyrodes proletella, Bemisia tabaci,
Bemisia argentifolii, and Trialeurodes vaporariorum,
[0070] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions is a Mealybug (Family: Pseudociccidae). Specifically,
the insect is selected from the group consisting of Planococcus
citri, Pseudococcus longispinus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus,
Pseudococcus viburni, Planococcus ficus, Phenacoccus solenopsis,
Pseudococcus maritimus.
[0071] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Stinkbug/shieldbug (Family: Pentatomidae).
Specifically, the insect is selected from the group consisting of
Halyomorpha halys, Oebalus pugnax, Chinavia hilaris, Nezara
viridula, Pentatoma rufipes, and Erthesina fullo.
[0072] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Scale insect selected from the group
consisting of Icerya purchase and Cercoplastes sinensis.
[0073] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein selected from the group consisting of Crickets,
grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera) In certain embodiments, an
insect killed or impaired by the compositions herein is a Mole
cricket (Family: Gryllotalpidae). Specifically, the insect is
selected from the group consisting of Neoscapteriscus didactylus,
Neoscapteriscus spp., Gryllotalpa Africana, Gryllotalpa spp., and
Scapteriscus spp.
[0074] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Locust. (Family: Acrididae), specifically:
Schistocerca gregaria.
[0075] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a grasshopper (Suborder: Caelifera).
[0076] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a true fly (Diptera)
[0077] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a crane fly (Family: Tipulidae), selected
from the group consisting of Tipula paludosa and Tipula
oleracea.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Fungus gnat (Family: Sciaridae)
[0079] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Frit fly (Family: Chloropidae) selected
from the group consisting of Oscinella frit, Ocinella pusilla,
Chlorops pumilionis, Chlorops oryzae, Meromyza saltatrix, Meromyza
nigriventis, and Dicraeus spp.
[0080] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Hessian fly/Gall gnat (Family:
Cecidomyiidae) selected from the group consisting of Mayetiola
destructor, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Orseolia oryzae, Orseolia
oryzivora, Geromyia penniseti, Contarinia sorghicola, Orseolia
oryzivora, Dasyneura cofeae, Asphondylia yushimai, Thecodiplosis
japonensis, Contarinia lentis, Contarinia medicaginis, Dasineura
ignorata, Obolodiplosis robiniae, Contarinia nasturtih, Dasineura
brassicae, Contarinia pyrivora, Resseliella theobaldi, Horidiplosis
ficfolii, Rhopalomyia solidaginis, Porricondylini spp., Lestremia
spp., Lestodiplosis spp., Acaroletes spp., Sitodiplosis mosellana,
Aphidoletes spp., and Arthrocnodax spp.
[0081] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Stem/shoot fly (Family: Muscidae) selected
from the group consisting of Atherigona naqvii, Atherigona
reversura, Atherigona approximata, Atherigona pulla, Atherigona
milliaceae, Atherigona soccata, Atherigona hyalinipennis,
Atherigona falcata, Atherigona simplex, Atherigona atripalpis,
Atherigona oryzae, Atherigona punctata, and Atherigona
orientalis.
[0082] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Thrip (Thysanoptera)
[0083] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Thrip (Family: Thripidae) selected from
the group consisting of Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella
schultzei, Thrips tabaci, Thrips palmi, Scirtothrips dorsalis,
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Stenchaetothrips biformis.
[0084] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Cockroach (Blattodea).
[0085] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a German cockroach (Family: Ectobiidae),
specifically: Blatella germanica.
[0086] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Cockroaches (Family: Blattidae) and is
selected from the group consisting of Blatta orientalis and
Periplaneta americana.
[0087] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Wasp (Vespoidea)
[0088] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Wasp (Family: Vespidae), selected form the
group consisting of Vespa vulgaris, Vespula germanica, and Vespa
mandarinia.
[0089] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions is a Sawfly (Symphyta).
[0090] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Wheat stem sawfly (Family: Cephidae),
specifically: Cephus cinctus.
[0091] In certain embodiments, an insect killed or impaired by the
compositions herein is a Turnip sawfly (Family: Tenthredinidae),
specifically: Athalia rosae.
[0092] Components of the Composition for Killing or Impairing
Insects
[0093] A. Erythritol Content
[0094] In certain embodiment, erythritol is the only active
ingredient. In certain embodiments, the concentration of erythritol
in the composition ranges from about 0.1M to 2M. In certain
embodiments, the concentration of erythritol in the composition is
about 0.1M, 0.15M, 0.2M, 0.25M, 0.3M, 0.35M, 0.4M, 0.45M, 0.5M,
0.55M, 0.6M, 0.65M, 0.7M, 0.75M, 0.8M, 0.85M, 0.9M, 0.95M, 1.0M,
1.15M, 1.2M, 1.25M, 1.3M, 1.35M, 1.4M, 1.45M, 1.5M, 1.55M, 1.6M,
1.65M, 1.7M, 1.75M, 1.8M, 1.85M, 1.9M, 1.95M, or 2.0M.
[0095] In various embodiments, the erythritol in the composition is
present in an amount of about 1 to about 99 weight percent (w/w)
relative to the total weight of the composition. In various
embodiments, the erythritol is present in an amount of about 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 weight percent
relative to the total weight of the composition.
[0096] B. Additional Components
[0097] In certain embodiments, the at least one additional
component includes at least one of water, an odorant, nitrogen
source, sodium salt, attractant, defoamer, dispersing agent,
feeding stimulant, flavoring, surfactant, suspending agent, oil,
humectant, cellulose, an emulsifier, a dispersion agent, a
preservative, a suspension agent, a wetting agent, a stabilizer,
and or combinations thereof.
[0098] Suitable odorants include, for example, unsaturated C.sub.6
to C.sub.10 alkenes; heterocyclic substances including pyranones,
furanones, benzopyranones and benzofuranones; terpenes including
hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes
and retinoids; unsaturated alcohols. In the context of mosquito and
biting fly control odorants could include host-associated odors
including carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), 1-octen-3-ol, and 1-lactic
acid, as well as floral odors including phenyacetaldehyde,
heptanone, benzaldehyde, anisaldehyde, linalool, nonanone,
(E)-.beta.-ocimene, (E)-linalool oxide, .beta.-myrcene, Hexanal,
(E)-2-hexen-1-ol, .beta.-pinene, Limonene, .beta.-farnesene,
Acetophenone, Phenylacetaldehyde, Phenylethylalcohol, sulcatone,
and Nonenal. In one embodiment, the odorant is unsaturated C.sub.6
to C.sub.10 alkenes. In one embodiment, the odorant is a pyranone.
In one embodiment, the odorant is a furanone. In one embodiment,
the odorant is a benzopyranone. In one embodiment, the odorant is a
benzofuranone. In one embodiment, the odorant is a hemiterpene. In
one embodiment, the odorant is a monoterpene. In one embodiment,
the odorant is a sesquiterpene. In one embodiment, the odorant is a
diterpene. In one embodiment, the odorant is a triterpene. In one
embodiment, the odorant is a retinoid. In one embodiment, the
odorant is an unsaturated alcohol. In one embodiment, the odorant
is carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2). In one embodiment, the odorant is
1-octen-3-ol. In one embodiment, the odorant is 1-lactic acid. In
one embodiment, the odorant is a phenyacetaldehyde. In one
embodiment, the odorant is heptanone. In one embodiment, the
odorant is a benzaldehyde. In one embodiment, the odorant is
anisaldehyde. In one embodiment, the odorant is linalool. In one
embodiment, the odorant is nonanone. In one embodiment, the odorant
is (E)-2-hexen-1-ol. In one embodiment, the odorant is nonanone. In
one embodiment, the odorant is .beta.-myrcene. In one embodiment,
the odorant is (E)-.beta.-ocimene. In one embodiment, the odorant
is (E)-linalool oxide. In one embodiment, the odorant is
.beta.-myrcene. In one embodiment, the odorant is Hexanal. In one
embodiment, the odorant is (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, .beta.-pinene. In one
embodiment, the odorant is Limonene, .beta.-farnesene. In one
embodiment, the odorant is Acetophenone. In one embodiment, the
odorant is Phenylacetaldehyde. In one embodiment, the odorant is
Phenylethylalcohol. In one embodiment, the odorant is sulcatone. In
one embodiment, the odorant is Nonenal.
[0099] Suitable feeding stimulants include at least one sugar,
sweetener, or sugar-containing composition or sugar derivative that
is not toxic to the insect. In some embodiments, the feeding
stimulant is a sugar such as a monosaccharide, disaccharide,
oligosaccharide, and/or combination thereof. In certain
embodiments, the at least one sugar or sugar-containing composition
includes honey, molasses, maltose, lactose, sucrose, glucose,
fructose, and/or combinations thereof. Other suitable feeding
stimulants include, for example, ergosterol, fermented milk,
p-hydroquinone, hydroxyphenyl-.beta.-D-glycopyranoside, catechol,
resorcinol, fluoroglucinol, 4-methoxyphenol, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene,
4-phenoxyphenol, phenylhydroquinone, 4-benzyloxyphenol,
quinhydrone, or combinations thereof.
[0100] In one embodiment, the feeding stimulant is a sugar. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant is a sweetener. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant is a sugar-containing composition
or sugar derivative that is not toxic to the insect. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant is a monosaccharide. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant is a disaccharide. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant is an oligosaccharide. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes a honey. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes molasses. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes maltose. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes lactose. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes a sucrose. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes a glucose. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes a fructose. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes ergosterol. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes fermented milk. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes p-hydroquinone. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes
hydroxyphenyl-.beta.-D-glycopyranoside. In one embodiment, the
feeding stimulant includes catechol. In one embodiment, the feeding
stimulant includes resorcinol. In one embodiment, the feeding
stimulant includes fluoroglucinol. In one embodiment, the feeding
stimulant includes 4-methoxyphenol. In one embodiment, the feeding
stimulant includes 1,4-dimethoxybenzene. In one embodiment, the
feeding stimulant includes 4-phenoxyphenol. In one embodiment, the
feeding stimulant includes phenylhydroquinone. In one embodiment,
the feeding stimulant includes 4-benzyloxyphenol. In one
embodiment, the feeding stimulant includes quinhydrone.
[0101] Suitable attractants include, for example, pheromones,
pheromone mimics, 2-naphthalene-methanol, naphthalene, steroid
derivatives, camphor, turpentine oil, plant volatiles, flower oils,
CO.sub.2 and the like. In certain embodiments, pheromones include,
for example, sexual attraction, trail following, dispersion,
oviposition, and alarm pheromones. In certain embodiments, the
pheromone mimics include, for example, glycols. In one embodiment,
the odorant is a floral odorant, which can be an extract of a plant
the insect species is attracted to, or a synthetic analog of such
an extract that substantially mimics the insect's response to the
natural odorant. In one embodiment, the odorant is at least one
insect pheromone.
[0102] In one embodiment, the attractant is a pheromone. In one
embodiment, the attractant is a pheromone mimic. In one embodiment,
the attractant is 2-naphthalene-methanol. In one embodiment, the
attractant is naphthalene. In one embodiment, the attractant is a
steroid derivative. In one embodiment, the attractant is camphor.
In one embodiment, the attractant is turpentine oil. In one
embodiment, the attractant is a plant volatile. In one embodiment,
the attractant is a flower oil. In one embodiment, the attractant
is a CO.sub.2. In one embodiment, the pheromone is a
sexual-attraction pheromone. In one embodiment, the pheromone is a
trail following pheromone. In one embodiment, the pheromone is a
dispersion pheromone. In one embodiment, the pheromone is an
oviposition pheromone. In one embodiment, the pheromone is an alarm
pheromone. In one embodiment, the pheromone mimic is a glycol. In
certain embodiments, the attractant food bait comprises one
selected from onions, sucrose, sugar, cane sugar, milk, milk
powder, wheat flour, flour, cucumber, eggs, potatoes, honey mixed
with fruits such as oranges, apples, grapefruit, blueberries,
plums, pineapple, watermelon, grapes, mangos, and mandarins or a
combination thereof.
[0103] In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
onions. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
sucrose. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
sugar. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises cane
sugar. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises milk,
In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises milk powder.
In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises wheat flour,
flour. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
cucumber. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
eggs. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
potatoes. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
honey mixed with fruits such as oranges, apples, grapefruit,
blueberries, plums, pineapple, watermelon, grapes, mangos, or
mandarins. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
honey mixed with orange. In one embodiment, the attractant food
bait comprises honey mixed with oranges. In one embodiment, the
attractant food bait comprises honey mixed with apples. In one
embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises honey mixed with
grapefruits. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
honey mixed with blueberries. In one embodiment, the attractant
food bait comprises honey mixed with plums. In one embodiment, the
attractant food bait comprises honey mixed with pineapples. In one
embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises honey mixed with
watermelons. In one embodiment, the attractant food bait comprises
honey mixed with grapes. In one embodiment, the attractant food
bait comprises honey mixed with mangos. In one embodiment, the
attractant food bait comprises honey mixed with mandarins.
[0104] Suitable preservatives include, for example, benzoic acid,
sodium benzoate, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate,
p-hydroxybenzoates, dehydroacetic acid, glycine Among the extracts
such as propionic acid, glycerin fatty acid ester,
.epsilon.-polylysine, chitosan, pepper, and perilla.
[0105] In one embodiment, the preservative includes benzoic acid.
In one embodiment the preservative includes sodium benzoate. In one
embodiment, the preservative includes sorbic acid. In one
embodiment, the preservative includes potassium sorbate. In one
embodiment, the preservative includes p-hydroxybenzoates. In one
embodiment, the preservative includes dehydroacetic acid. In one
embodiment, the preservative includes glycine. In one embodiment,
the preservative includes propionic acid. In one embodiment, the
preservative includes glycerin fatty acid ester. In one embodiment,
the preservative includes .epsilon.-polylysine.
[0106] In one embodiment, the preservative includes chitosan,
pepper. In one embodiment, the preservative includes perilla.
[0107] Suitable nitrogen sources include, for example, uric acid,
amino acids, peptides, proteins, and the like.
[0108] In one embodiment, the nitrogen source is uric acid. In one
embodiment, the nitrogen source is an amino acid. In one
embodiment, the nitrogen source is a peptide. In one embodiment,
the nitrogen source is a protein.
[0109] Suitable sodium salts include sodium chloride and sodium
sulphate.
[0110] In one embodiment, the sodium salt is sodium chloride. In
one embodiment, the sodium salt is sodium sulphate.
[0111] Suitable oils include, for example, palm oil (with
tocopherol and tocotrienol), cedarwood oil (with cedrene), opopanax
oil (with panasinsene), angelica seed oil (with alpha-angelica
lactone), and capsicum fruit extracts (with pyrazines and
capsaicin).
[0112] In one embodiment, the oil is palm oil (with tocopherol and
tocotrienol). In one embodiment, the oil is cedarwood oil (with
cedrene). In one embodiment, the oil is an opopanax oil (with
panasinsene). In one embodiment, the oil is an angelica seed oil
(with alpha-angelica lactone). In one embodiment, the oil is
capsicum fruit extract (with pyrazines and capsaicin).
[0113] Humectants prolong droplet drying. Some humectants help
partially insoluble pesticide mix with water. Examples of suitable
humectant include but are not limited to glucose and molasses,
fertilizer salts such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) and urea that can
strongly attract water or absorb moisture from the air. Other
common humectants include sugars such as fructose, trehalose,
sorbitol and oligotriose, amino acids such as glycine,
trimethylglycine, serine and alanine, and alcohols such as
1,3-butylene glycol, glycerin, and propylene glycol. Some
surfactants also act as humectants.
[0114] In one embodiment, the humectant is glucose. In one
embodiment, the humectant is molasses. In one embodiment, the
humectant is ammonium sulfate (AMS). In one embodiment, the
humectant is urea. In one embodiment, the humectant is fructose. In
one embodiment, the humectant istrehalose. In one embodiment, the
humectant is sorbitol. In one embodiment, the humectant is
oligotriose. In one embodiment, the humectant is glycine. In one
embodiment, the humectant is trimethylglycine. In one embodiment,
the humectant is serine. In one embodiment, the humectant is
alanine. In one embodiment, the humectant is 1,3-butylene glycol.
In one embodiment, the humectant is glycerin. In one embodiment,
the humectant is propylene glycol. In one embodiment, the humectant
is a surfactant.
[0115] In certain embodiments, the emulsifiers include a mixture of
alkaline earth or amine alkylbenzene sulfonates with a
poly-alkylene glycol alkyl or alkyl aryl ether or ester. In the
alkylbenzene sulfonates, poly-alkylene glycol, alkyl aryl ether,
alkyl aryl ester, suitable alkyl groups include C.sub.1-24 alkyl
groups, including a C.sub.1, C.sub.2, C.sub.3, C.sub.4, C.sub.5,
C.sub.6, C.sub.7, C.sub.8, C.sub.9, C.sub.10, C.sub.11, C.sub.12,
C.sub.13, C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16, C.sub.17, C.sub.18,
C.sub.19, C.sub.20, C.sub.21, C.sub.22, C.sub.23, or a C.sub.24
alkyl group.
[0116] The dispersing agent may comprise an effervescent material
which effervesces on contact with water, thereby aiding in
disintegration of the solid mixture and in dispersing the pesticide
in water. Example of a dispersing agent includes a mixture of an
acid and a base which react in the presence of water to produce
acid and a suitable inorganic base, an example being the case when
the acid is citric acid and the base is sodium bicarbonate.
[0117] Instead or in addition, the dispersing agent may comprise at
least one swellable substance which swells on contact with water.
This swelling promotes disintegration of the solid mixture of the
pesticidal composition, and consequent dispersing of the pesticide
therein in water. The swellable substance may be a hydrophobic gel
polymer such as polyvinylpyrrolidone.
[0118] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises a wetting
agent. In certain embodiments, the wetting agent includes alcohols,
nonionic surfactants, gemini surfactants, biosurfactants, phosphate
surfactants and mixtures thereof.
[0119] In one embodiment, the wetting agent is an alcohol. In one
embodiment, the wetting agent is a nonionic surfactant. In one
embodiment, the wetting agent is a gemini surfactant. In one
embodiment, the wetting agent is a biosurfactant. In one
embodiment, the wetting agent is phosphate surfactant.
[0120] Wetting agents suitable for use in the solid compositions of
this invention include any of the conventional wetting agents which
are well known in the art. In particular, anionic wetting agents
such as sodium N-methyl-N-oleyoyltaurate, octylphenoxy polyethoxy
ethanol, nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol, sodium dioctyl
sulfosuccinate, sodium dodecyl benzyl sulfonate, sodium lauryl
sulfonate, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, sodium sulfonated
alkyl carboxylate and the like and mixtures thereof are preferred,
sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate and sodium sulfonated alkyl
carboxylate.
[0121] In one embodiment, the wetting agent is sodium
N-methyl-N-oleyoyltaurate. In one embodiment, the wetting agent is
octylphenoxy polyethoxy. In one embodiment, the wetting agent is
ethanol. In one embodiment, the wetting agent is nonylphenoxy
polyethoxy ethanol. In one embodiment, the wetting agent is sodium
dioctyl sulfosuccinate. In one embodiment, the wetting agent is
sodium dodecyl benzyl sulfonate. In one embodiment, the wetting
agent is sodium lauryl sulfonate. In one embodiment, the wetting
agent is sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate. In one embodiment, the
wetting agent is sodium sulfonated alkyl carboxylate. In one
embodiment, the wetting agent is sodium alkyl naphthalene
sulfonate. In one embodiment, the wetting agent is sodium
sulfonated alkyl carboxylate. In the a sodium sulfonated alkyl
carboxylate, sodium alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, and sodium
sulfonated alkyl carboxylate, suitable alkyl groups include
C.sub.1-24 alkyl groups, including a C.sub.1, C.sub.2, C.sub.3,
C.sub.4, C.sub.5, C.sub.6, C.sub.7, C.sub.8, C.sub.9, C.sub.10,
C.sub.11, C.sub.12, C.sub.13, C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16,
C.sub.17, C.sub.18, C.sub.19, C.sub.20, C.sub.21, C.sub.22,
C.sub.23, or a C.sub.24 alkyl group.
[0122] Suitable anionic organic surfactants include alkali metal
soaps of higher fatty acids, alkyl aryl sulphonates, for example
sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, long chain (fatty) alcohol
sulphates, olefin sulphates and sulphonates, sulphated
monoglycerides, sulphated esters, sulphonated ethoxylated alcohols,
sulphosuccinates, alkane sulphonates, phosphate esters, alkyl
isethionates, alkyl taurates and/or alkyl sarcosinates.
[0123] In one embodiment, the surfactant is an alkali metal soap of
higher fatty acids. In one embodiment, the surfactant is an alkyl
aryl sulphonates. In one embodiment, the surfactants is sodium
dodecyl benzene sulphonate. In one embodiment, the surfactants is a
long chain (fatty) alcohol sulphate. In one embodiment, the
surfactant is an olefin sulphate. In one embodiment, the surfactant
is an olefin sulphonate. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a
sulphated monoglycerides. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a
sulphated ester. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a sulphonated
ethoxylated alcohol. In one embodiment, the surfactant is s
sulphosuccinate. In one embodiment, the surfactant is an alkane
sulphonate. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a phosphate ester.
In one embodiment, the surfactant is an alkyl isethionate. In one
embodiment, the surfactant is an alkyl taurate. In one embodiment,
the surfactant is an alkyl sarcosinate. In the higher fatty acids,
suitable alkyl groups include C.sub.5-24 alkyl groups, including a
C.sub.5, C.sub.6, C.sub.7, C.sub.8, C.sub.9, C.sub.10, C.sub.11,
C.sub.12, C.sub.13, C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16, C.sub.17,
C.sub.18, C.sub.19, C.sub.20, C.sub.21, C.sub.22, C.sub.23, or a
C.sub.24 alkyl group.
[0124] Suitable cationic organic surfactants include alkylamine
salts, quaternary ammonium salts, sulphonium salts and phosphonium
salts. In one embodiment, the surfactant is an alkylamine salt. In
one embodiment, the surfactant is a quaternary ammonium salt. In
one embodiment, the surfactant is a sulphonium salt. In one
embodiment, the surfactant is a phosphonium salt. In the alkylamine
salts, suitable alkyl groups include C.sub.1-24 alkyl groups,
including a C.sub.1, C.sub.2, C.sub.3, C.sub.4, C.sub.5, C.sub.6,
C.sub.7, C.sub.8, C.sub.9, C.sub.10, C.sub.11, C.sub.12, C.sub.13,
C.sub.14, C.sub.15, C.sub.16, C.sub.17, C.sub.18, C.sub.19,
C.sub.20, C.sub.21, C.sub.22, C.sub.23, or a C.sub.24 alkyl
group.
[0125] Suitable nonionic surfactants include silicones such as
siloxane polyoxyalkylene copolymers, condensates of ethylene oxide
with a long chain (fatty) alcohol or (fatty) acid, for example
C.sub.14-15 alcohol, condensed with 7 moles of ethylene oxide
(Dobanol.RTM. 45-7), condensates of ethylene oxide with an amine or
an amide, condensation products of ethylene and propylene oxides,
esters of glycerol, sucrose or sorbitol, fatty acid alkylol amides,
sucrose esters, fluoro-surfactants and fatty amine oxides.
[0126] In one embodiment, the surfactant is a siloxane
polyoxyalkylene copolymers. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a
condensate of ethylene oxide with a long chain (fatty) alcohol or
(fatty) acid; for example, C.sub.14-15 alcohol, condensed with 7
moles of ethylene oxide (Dobanol.RTM. 45-7). In one embodiment, the
surfactant is a condensates of ethylene oxide with an amine or an
amide. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a condensation product
of ethylene and propylene oxide. In one embodiment, the surfactant
is an ester of glycerol. In one embodiment, the surfactant is
sucrose or sorbitol. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a fatty
acid alkylol amide. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a sucrose
ester. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a fluoro-surfactant. In
one embodiment, the surfactant is a fatty amine oxide.
[0127] Suitable amphoteric organic detergent surfactants include
imidazoline compounds, alkylaminoacid salts and betaines. Of
particular interest are surfactants which are environmentally
acceptable.
[0128] In one embodiment, the surfactant is an imidazoline
compound. In one embodiment, the surfactant is an alkylaminoacid
salt. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a betaine.
[0129] In certain embodiments, the surfactant is coco glucoside,
decyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside, sucrose cocoate, caprylyl/capryl
glucoside.
[0130] In one embodiment, the surfactant is coco glucoside. In one
embodiment, the surfactant is decyl glucoside. In one embodiment,
the surfactant is lauryl glucoside. In one embodiment, the
surfactant is sucrose cocoate. In one embodiment, the surfactant is
caprylyl/capryl glucoside
[0131] In certain embodiments, the stabilizer includes but are not
limited to proteins, polysaccharides and derivatives thereof. In
particular, stabilizers include but are not limited to acacia gum,
agar, alginic acid and its derivatives, alginate derivatives
(includes but is not limited to ammonium alginate, calcium
alginate, potassium alginate, sodium alginate and propylene glycol
alginate), arabic gum, carboxymethylcellulose, carrageenan,
gelatine, glycerol, glycogen, guar gum, karaya gum, locust bean
gum, mannitol, pectin and its derivatives, saponin or its
derivatives, tara gum, tragacanth gum and xanthan gum.
[0132] In one embodiment, the stabilizer is a protein. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is a polysaccharide or a derivative
thereof. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is acacia gum. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is agar. In one embodiment, the
stabilizer is alginic acid or its derivative. In one embodiment,
the stabilizer is ammonium alginate. In one embodiment, the
stabilizer is calcium alginate. In one embodiment, the stabilizer
is potassium alginate. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is sodium
alginate. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is propylene glycol
alginate. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is arabic gum. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is carboxymethylcellulose. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is carrageenan. In one embodiment, the
stabilizer is gelatin. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is
glycerol. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is glycogen. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is guar gum. In one embodiment, the
stabilizer is karaya gum. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is
locust bean gum. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is mannitol. In
one embodiment, the stabilizer is pectin or its derivative. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is saponin or its derivative. In one
embodiment, the stabilizer is tara gum. In one embodiment, the
stabilizer is tragacanth gum. In one embodiment, the stabilizer is
xanthan gum.
[0133] In certain embodiments, the composition comprises thickeners
that help volatile pesticides become less volatile, they also cause
the carrier solution to become more viscous and heavier.
Non-limiting examples of thickeners include polyacrylamide,
polyethylene polymers, polysaccharides (long-chain sugars), or
vegetable oils. thickeners help reduces drift, odor, and waste.
[0134] In one embodiment, the thickener is a polyacrylamide. In one
embodiment, the thickener is a polyethylene polymer. In one
embodiment, the thickener is a polysaccharide (long-chain sugar).
In one embodiment, the thickener is a vegetable oil.
[0135] Polysaccharides can also be thickening agents and gelling
agents in the compositions/formulations of the present
invention.
[0136] In certain embodiments, the thickener is one selected from
the group consisting of monosodium alkylamine dicarboxylate, sodium
gluconate, trisodium citrate, and sodium chloride, wherein the
alkylamine dicarboxylate comprises a C1-24 alkyl amine.
[0137] The compositions described herein can be in the form of
gels. Suitable gel-forming components include acrylic thickeners
such as carboxyl vinyl polymers, cellulose thickeners such as
cellulose gel and hydroxyethyl cellulose, carrageenan, kaolinite,
nacrite, and dickite, halloysite, antigolite, amesite, clonstedite,
talc pyrophyllite group such as pyrophyllite, illite, sea green
stone, ceradonite, sericite, muscovite, vermiculite,
montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite, laponite,
hectorite, and the like.
[0138] In one embodiment, the gel-forming component is an acrylic
thickener. In one embodiment, the gel-forming component is a
carboxyl vinyl polymer. In one embodiment, the gel-forming
component is a cellulose thickener. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is a cellulose gel. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is hydroxyethyl cellulose. In one embodiment,
the gel-forming component is carrageenan. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is kaolinite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is nacrite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is dickite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is halloysite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is antigolite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is amesite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is clonstedite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is a talc pyrophyllite group. In one
embodiment, the gel-forming component is pyrophyllite. In one
embodiment, the gel-forming component is illite. In one embodiment,
the gel-forming component is sea green stone. In one embodiment,
the gel-forming component is ceradonite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is sericite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is muscovite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is vermiculite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is montmorillonite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is beidellite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is nontronite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is saponite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is laponite. In one embodiment, the
gel-forming component is hectorite.
[0139] In certain embodiment, the additional component is
bacteriostat, bactericide, an anti-freeze.
[0140] In one embodiment, the additional component is ethyl
alcohol. In one embodiment, the additional component is isopropyl
alcohol. In one embodiment, the additional component is
t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. In one embodiment, the additional
component is polyoxyethylenesorbitan. In one embodiment, the
additional component is an organosilicate. In one embodiment, the
additional component is water. In one embodiment, the additional
component is a Pyrethrin. In one embodiment, the additional
component is Tannic acid. In one embodiment, the additional
component is piperonyl butoxide. In one embodiment, the additional
component is Polyoxy ethylene ether. In one embodiment, the
additional component is hydrocarbons, including C.sub.10
hydrocarbons and/or C.sub.10 aromatics, and <1% naphatalene. In
one embodiment, the additional component is mixture of calcium
alkyl benzene sulfonate and sodium lauryl sulphate. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Sodium lauryl sulphate. In
one embodiment, the additional component is Polyfon H. In one
embodiment, the additional component is lignosulfonic acid. In one
embodiment, the additional component is a sodium salt. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Toximul SEE 341. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Bio-Soft N411. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Resole 12111 A blue dye. In
one embodiment, the additional component is BN200 L. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Supragil WP. In one
embodiment, the additional component is C 9 Petroleum Distillate.
In one embodiment, the additional component is Phthalic acid
dibutyl ester. In one embodiment, the additional component is
Calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (anionic surfactant). In one
embodiment, the additional component is a Propellent hydrocarbon.
In one embodiment, the additional component is
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluol. In one embodiment, the
additional component is sodium benzoate. In one embodiment, the
additional component is Aromatic hydrocarbon (aromatic solvent). In
one embodiment, the additional component is Aromatic petroleum
solvent 5150. In one embodiment, the additional component is
Chinafill BSK-H. In one embodiment, the additional component is
Benzenesulfonic acid. In one embodiment, the additional component
is MonoC.sub.10-13-alkyl derivative. In one embodiment, the
additional component is Citric Acid. In one embodiment, the
additional component is Platyphyllol (natural or synthetic). In one
embodiment, the additional component is Citronella oil. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Antifoam 1520. In one
embodiment, the additional component is coconut diethanolamide. In
one embodiment, the additional component is Proxel XL 2. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Corn syrup solids. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Shellsol A100. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Crex Brunner Mond Group plc
sodium sesquicarbonate. In one embodiment, the additional component
is Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. In one embodiment, the
additional component is naphthalenesulfonic acid formaldehyde. In
one embodiment, the additional component is Emulsifier Teva-8905-C.
In one embodiment, the additional component is Stepsol C-25. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Adjuvant thiamine. In one
embodiment, the additional component is tween-80 Polyoxyethylene
(20) sorbitan monooleate). In one embodiment, the additional
component is OT-B Cyanamid sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Tensiofix B 7453. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Vanisperse CB. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Petroleum oil. In one
embodiment, the additional component is S-10 (Main component:
Poly(dimethylsiloxane. In one embodiment, the additional component
AG BRN 85. In one embodiment, the additional component is Polyfon
H. In one embodiment, the additional component is Agrilan 789. In
one embodiment, the additional component is Polyfon H Westvaco
sodium lignosulfonate. In one embodiment, the additional component
is Geronol FF/4-E. In one embodiment, the additional component is
Polyoxyethylene styrylphenyl ether (non-ionic surfactant). In one
embodiment, the additional component is Proxel GXL. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Glycerin. In one
embodiment, the additional component is AntifoamGEN. In one
embodiment, the additional component is glycerol. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Shellsol A. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Alpha Cypermethrin. In one
embodiment, the additional component is sodium acetate. In one
embodiment, the additional anhydrous Hoechst sodium acetate,
anhydrous. In one embodiment, the additional component is talc. In
one embodiment, the additional component is kaolin. In one
embodiment, the additional component is diatomaceous earth. In one
embodiment, the additional component is sodium chloride. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Isopropanol. In one
embodiment, the additional component is sodium Gluconate. In one
embodiment, the additional component is Kelzan. In one embodiment,
the additional component is aqueous solution of monosodium salt of
Alkylamine decarboxylate. In one embodiment, the additional
component is lactose. In one embodiment, the additional component
is Lavender oil. In one embodiment, the additional component is
Madeol X80. In one embodiment, the additional component is Supragil
MNS/90. In one embodiment, the additional component is an
anti-caking agent such as for e.g. silica gel. In one embodiment,
the additional component is sodium lignosulfonate. In one
embodiment, the additional component is sodium dodecylsulfate. In
one embodiment, the additional component is Symperonic PE/P 75. In
one embodiment, the additional component is 1,2-proppylene Glycol.
In one embodiment, the additional component is Tensiofix B 7438. In
one embodiment, the additional component is Moussex 998 HL. In one
embodiment, the additional component is N-Methylpyrrolidon. In one
embodiment, the additional component is trisodium citrate. In one
embodiment, the additional component is N-octyl bicycloheptene
dicarboxamide. In one embodiment, the additional component is
Vynamon Blue SA-FW (501510) HeubachBlue pigment 15.1 (colour index
74160). In one embodiment, the additional component is an organic
impurity. In one embodiment, the additional component is Permethin.
In one embodiment, the additional component is white clay (kaolin).
In one embodiment, the additional component is mixture of Dioctyl
sodium sulfosuccinate and sodium benzoate. In one embodiment, the
additional component is Moussex 3032 HPF.
[0141] In one embodiment, the additional component is a functional
equivalent of any of the aforementioned additional component.
[0142] The various additional components in the formulation are, in
some embodiments, multi-functional. For example, and without
limitation, a component can be both an emulsifier and a
stabilizer.
[0143] Each of the additive agents described herein can be present
in the composition in an amount of about 0.005% to about 95% (w/w)
or (w/v), or (v/v). In certain embodiments, each additive
component, such as one or more odorants, nitrogen sources, sodium
salts, attractants, defoamers, dispersing agents, feeding
stimulants, flavorings, surfactants, suspending agents, oils,
humectants, celluloses, emulsifiers, dispersion agents, suspension
agents, wetting agents, or stabilizers, is independently present in
an amount of about 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%, 0.03%,
0.035%, 0.04%, 0.045%, 0.05%, 0.055%, 0.06%, 0.065%, 0.07%, 0.075%,
0.08%, 0.085%, 0.09%, 0.095%. 0.1, 0.5, 1%, 1.5, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%,
3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%, 8.0%, 8.5%,
9.0%, 9.5%, 10.0%, 10.5%, 11.0%, 11.5%, 12.0%, 12.5%, 13.0%, 13.5%,
14.0%, 14.5%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%, 17.5%, 18.0%,
18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%, 22.0%, 22.5%,
23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%, 26.5%, 27.0%,
27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%, 31.0%, 31.5%,
32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%, 35.5%, 36.0%,
36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%, 40.0%, 40.5%,
41.0%, 41.5%, 42.0%, 42.5%, 43.0%, 43.5%, 44.0%, 44.5%, 45.0%,
45.5%, 46.0%, 46.5%, 47.0%, 47.5%, 48.0%, 48.5%, 49.0%, 49.5%,
50.0%, 50.5%, 51.0%, 51.5%, 52.0%, 52.5%, 53.0%, 53.5%, 54.0%,
54.5%, 55.0%, 55.5%, 56.0%, 56.5%, 57.0%, 57.5%, 58.0%, 58.5%,
59.0%, 59.5%, 60.0%, 60.5%, 61.0%, 61.5%, 62.0%, 62.5%, 63.0%,
63.5%, 64.0%, 64.5%, 65.0%, 65.5%, 66.0%, 66.5%, 67.0%, 67.5%,
68.0%, 68.5%, 69.0%, 69.5%, 70.0%, 70.5%, 71.0%, 71.5%, 72.0%,
72.5%, 73.0%, 73.5%, 74.0%, 74.5%, 75.0%, 75.5%, 76.0%, 76.5%,
77.0%, 77.5%, 78.0%, 78.5%, 79.0%, 79.5%, 80.0%, 80.5%, 81.0%,
81.5%, 82.0%, 82.5%, 83.0%, 83.5%, 84.0%, 84.5%, 85.0%, 85.5%,
86.0%, 86.5%, 87.0%, 87.5%, 88.0%, 88.5%, 89.0%, 89.5%, 90.0%,
90.5%, 91.0%, 91.5%, 92.0%, 92.5%, 93.0%, 93.5%, 94.0%, 94.5%, or
about 95% (w/w) or (w/v), or (v/v).
[0144] C. Composition Delivery Systems
[0145] In certain embodiments, the composition is in a solid form
such as, for example, dry powder, pellet, granular and wettable
powder, capsules, and water dispersible granules.
[0146] In certain embodiments, the composition is in a fluid form
such as, for example, micro-emulsions, emulsifiable concentrate,
liquid, aerosol, suspension concentrate, or gel. In certain
embodiments, the fluid formulation has a viscosity that allows it
to be injectable and so that it can be deployed using a syringe or
a caulking gun. In certain embodiments, the viscosity of the
formulation is such that it can be deployed using sprinkler,
furrow, drip (trickle), or border irrigation systems, row crop
sprayers, trailed crop sprayers, low volume mist blowers, hydraulic
sprayers, compressed air sprayers, and the like.
[0147] In certain embodiments, the composition is applied on a bait
station comprising a supporting material such as for example
cellulose, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, metal, glass, or
plastic. Suitable sources of cellulose include paper or wood. In
certain embodiments, the cellulose is methyl cellulose. The wood
can be any suitable wood that is attractive to termites, including
red pine, black pine, bay pine, hemlock, cedar sapwood,
hippopotamus, maple, poplars and the like.
[0148] The compositions described herein may be placed in a
suitable bait trap or bait station typically used for a particular
insect and known in the art. In various embodiments, the bait is a
cellulose containing material that has absorbed erythritol and one
or more additional components.
[0149] The compositions described herein can be applied using a
spray bottle capable of producing a mist or aerosol of the
compositions described herein. Spray bottles can be made from
plastics such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP),
polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or glass.
Methods of Killing or Impairing Insects
[0150] In certain embodiments, a method of killing or impairing
insects is provided. The method includes contacting the composition
with one or more of the insect species described herein. In various
embodiments, the method also includes providing a bait station
containing the composition in an area having one or more of the
aforementioned insect species. In various embodiments, the method
also includes depositing the composition on a surface, such as a
plant or soil. Because the composition described herein is not
toxic to humans, it can be deposited on any food crop in a suitable
setting, such as a garden or field.
[0151] Deposition can include spraying a concentrate either
pre-diluted with water or diluted with water concurrently with
application of the composition.
[0152] In various embodiments, the method includes killing or
impairing termites
[0153] The method of killing or reducing longevity of a termite can
be accomplished by any of the delivery routes described herein,
such as fluid formulations, wood traps, pellets, and the like.
Kits:
[0154] The invention includes a kit comprising a composition
comprising erythritol, an applicator, and an instructional material
for use thereof. The instructional material included in the kit
comprises instructions for killing or impairing an insect without
substantially harming a mammal. The instructional material recites
the amount of, and frequency with which, the composition should be
contacted with the insect for its consumption by the insect. In
other embodiments, the kit further comprises at least one
additional agent that kills or impairs the insect. In other
embodiments, the kit further comprises at least one sugar,
sweetener or sugar-containing composition or sugar derivative that
is not toxic to the insect.
[0155] Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous
equivalents to the specific procedures, embodiments, claims, and
examples described herein. Such equivalents were considered to be
within the scope of this invention and covered by the claims
appended hereto. For example, it should be understood, that
modifications in reaction conditions, including but not limited to
reaction times, reaction size/volume, and experimental reagents,
such as solvents, catalysts, pressures, atmospheric conditions,
e.g., nitrogen atmosphere, and reducing/oxidizing agents, with
art-recognized alternatives and using no more than routine
experimentation, are within the scope of the present
application.
[0156] It is to be understood that wherever values and ranges are
provided herein, all values and ranges encompassed by these values
and ranges, are meant to be encompassed within the scope of the
present invention. Moreover, all values that fall within these
ranges, as well as the upper or lower limits of a range of values,
are also contemplated by the present application.
[0157] The invention is now described with reference to the
following materials and methods. These materials and methods are
provided for the purpose of illustration only, and the invention is
not limited to these experiments, but rather encompasses all
variations that are evident as a result of the teachings provided
herein.
EXAMPLES
[0158] The invention is further described in detail by reference to
the following experimental examples. These examples are provided
for purposes of illustration only, and are not intended to be
limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in
no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but
rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations
which become evident as a result of the teaching provided
herein.
[0159] Without further description, it is believed that one of
ordinary skill in the art can, using the preceding description and
the following illustrative examples, make and utilize the compounds
of the present invention and practice the claimed methods. The
following working examples, therefore, specifically point out the
preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be
construed as limiting in any way the remainder of the
disclosure.
[0160] An insect bait composition, comprising an insecticide of 10
to 50% Erythritol and attractant food baits that can comprise of a
single or multiple mixture of 50 to 90% from onions, sucrose,
sugar, cane sugar, milk, milk powder, wheat flour, flour, cucumber,
eggs, potatoes, honey mixed with fruits such as oranges, apples,
grapefruit, blueberries, plums, pineapple, watermelon, grapes,
mangos, mandarins are mixed to form a dry composition and 25-35 wt
% of water is added to the dry composition to form a paste or
putty.
Experimental Methods
Drosophila Culturing and Sample Sizes:
[0161] All animals were cultured at 25.degree. C., kept at 50-60%
humidity, and were raised under a standard 12:12 light dark cycle.
For each experimental treatment, n=30 flies were tested in groups
of 10 per tube, and three tubes per treatment. Tubes were kept on
their side to minimize subject becoming mired in the food. Foods
were replaced twice a week. The total number of fruit flies used
for these experiments was 780, with 300 used for two initial trials
testing mortality among store-brand sweeteners, 210 used for
repeating this with blue dye and pure erythritol, 120 for choice
trials and 150 for concentration trials.
[0162] Standard Drosophila food for larval culturing consisted of
water, cornmeal, yeast, molasses, and agar, as previously described
(Chakraborty, et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6: e20799). A similar food
(without molasses) also served as the base to which treatments were
added. The addition of cornmeal and yeast assured the flies still
received sufficient carbohydrates and protein in addition to any
effects of the treatment additives.
[0163] Drosophila food was combined with an equal weight/volume
(0.0238 g/ml) of one non-nutritive sweetener (TRUVIA, EQUAL,
SPLENDA, SWEET'NLOW, or PUREVIA) or a control nutritive sweetener
(controls: sucrose or corn syrup). Wild type (Canton S) larvae were
initially raised on the standard food, and 0-12 hour old adult
flies were transferred to foods containing one non-nutritive
sweetener or a control treatment. The longevity of flies raised on
food containing an equal weight/volume (0.0238 g/ml) of each of
these sweeteners were compared to control foods. Experimenters were
blinded to treatments when assessing mortality and climbing
ability. The exception was corn syrup, as it is not a white solid
and can therefore be texturally discerned. 0-24 hour-old Drosophila
were placed on these foods and observed for 65 days. This procedure
was repeated with foods containing brilliant blue FCF (Fisher
50-727-25) in 5% weight/volume concentration (Wong, et al., 2009,
PLoS One 4: e6063), as well as erythritol, sucrose, corn syrup,
TRUVIA, EQUAL or PUREVIA as treatments. Flies were then examined
daily for externally visible blue guts. Longevity assays and
climbing behavioral assays were performed as previously described
(Chakraborty, et al. 2011, PLoS ONE 6: e20799). The number of dead
flies were scored daily. Climbing behavior was assayed every second
day. For climbing assays, a modified version of Le Bourg and Lints
was used (Le Bourg, 1992, Gerontology 38: 71-79). Groups of 10 or
fewer flies were transferred to a clean, empty vial and given 18
seconds to climb 5 cm. The number of flies that successfully reach
the 5 cm line were recorded.
Concentration Trials:
[0164] Standard fly foods were prepared as previously described,
and then were treated with 2M, 1M, 0.5M and 0.1M concentrations of
erythritol, using 0.5M sucrose as control. 0 to 24 hour-old
Drosophila were placed on these foods and mortality was recorded
daily for 35 days as above.
Choice Experiments:
[0165] Foods containing 2 M erythritol, 1M erythritol and 1M
sucrose were prepared for paired presentations in open choice
tests. In each treatment one food type contained 0.05% brilliant
blue FCF (Fisher 50-727-25). The blue dye allowed visual
confirmation of feeding on the dyed food in the pair. The flies
were presented with access to two food choices by using a modified
cotton stopper with approximately a 1.5 cm diameter hole to connect
each pair of food tubes.
[0166] Three choice trial groups were set up: the first was between
blue 1M erythritol and non-blue 1M erythritol foods (blue guts
would confirm the blue dye did not inhibit feeding and confirm
erythritol was being consumed), the second was between blue 1M
erythritol and non-blue 1M sucrose foods (blue guts would confirm
erythritol was being consumed in the presence of sucrose), and the
third was a choice between blue 1M sucrose and non-blue 1M sucrose,
as a negative control (blue guts would confirm the blue dye did not
inhibit feeding). The final choice treatment was between blue 2M
erythritol food and non-blue 1M sucrose food (this treatment
provides a comparison with the 1M erythritol/1M erythritol
treatment as a test of dilution of toxicity by alternative food
sources; blue guts would confirm erythritol was being consumed in
the presence of sucrose). The number of flies with visible blue gut
contents and mortality daily were recorded for 30 days.
Statistics:
[0167] Analyses were conducted with SPSS software v. 20 (IBM
corporation 2011). Fly longevity data were analyzed using survival
analysis with right-hand censoring of subjects that lived to the
end of the study or were lost for reasons other than death. Test
were run for differences in survival distributions [Pr(flies alive)
versus insect age] using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test to make all
pairwise comparisons among treatments within each experiment.
[0168] Differences among treatments in the percent of living flies
that succeeded in the climbing assay on day seven were tested using
Fisher's exact test (two-tailed).
[0169] The following results and discussion further illustrate
aspects of the present invention. However, they are in no way a
limitation of the teachings or disclosure of the present invention
as set forth herein.
Example 1: Comparisons of Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
[0170] The effects of adding five different non-nutritive sugar
substitutes (TRUVIA, EQUAL, SPLENDA, SWEET'NLOW, and PUREVIA; see
FIG. 7 for the active non-caloric sweeteners and chemical
structures in each sugar substitute) to standard lab culturing
Drosophila food (Chakraborty, et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6: e20799)
were analyzed.
[0171] Adult flies raised on food containing TRUVIA showed a
significant reduction in longevity (FIG. 1) compared to adult flies
raised on control nutritive sweeteners, both X.sup.2>76.0; both
p<0.001), PUREVIA (FIG. 1, X.sup.2=76.3, p<0.001), and
compared to other non-nutritive sweeteners (FIG. 1, all
X.sup.2>73.0, all p<0.001). No other treatments differed
significantly (all X.sup.2<3.4, all p>0.06) except Splenda
vs. Sweet 'N Low (X.sup.2=6.1, p=0.01).
[0172] While the mean longevity for flies raised on control and
experimental foods without TRUVIA was between 38.6+3.2SE and
50.6+2.9SE days, the mean longevity of flies raised on food
containing TRUVIA was 5.8+0.3SE days.
Example 2: Effects on Motor Coordination
[0173] Adult flies raised on food containing TRUVIA displayed
aberrant motor control prior to death. Motor reflex behavior was
thus assayed through climbing assays. Flies raised on food
containing TRUVIA showed a significantly decreased ability to climb
by day 7 (FIG. 2) compared to flies raised on control nutritive
foods (FIG. 2, Fisher's exact test, both p=0.0006), PUREVIA (FIG.
2, p<0.0001), and compared to other non-nutritive sweeteners
(FIG. 2, all p<0.007). No other treatments differed from each
other (all p>0.24).
[0174] Taken together with the longevity studies, these data
suggested some component of the non-nutritive sweetener TRUVIA was
toxic to adult Drosophila melanogster, affecting both motor
function and longevity of this insect.
Example 3: Tests of Erythritol as the Toxic Agent
[0175] The initial analysis of sweeteners included two sweeteners
that contained extracts from the stevia plant, TRUVIA and PUREVIA
(FIG. 7). While adult flies raised on food containing TRUVIA showed
a significant decrease in longevity compared to controls, adult
flies raised on food containing PUREVIA did not show a significant
decrease in longevity compared to controls (both X.sup.2<1.1,
both p>0.30, FIG. 1). These data suggest stevia plant extract
was not the toxic element in these sweeteners. PUREVIA contains
dextrose as a bulk component, while TRUVIA contains erythritol as a
bulk component. Erythritol is a four-carbon polyol that is marketed
as a non-nutritive sweetener (Moon, H., et al., 2010, Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 86:1017-1025) (FIG. 7).
[0176] To determine if erythritol was the toxic component of
TRUVIA, the longevity studies were repeated on food containing
equal weight/volume (0.0238 g/ml) of nutritive sugar controls,
TRUVIA, PUREVIA, EQUAL, and erythritol. The flies were successfully
eating the foods containing these sweeteners through dye labelling
the food with a non-absorbed blue dye (Wong, et al., 2009, PLoS One
4: e6063) (blue food), and visual confirmation of blue food present
in fly abdomens and proboscises (FIGS. 8A-8B). All subject flies in
all treatments had visibly blue abdomens throughout the study,
confirming all treatment foods were consumed by adult flies, and
suggesting mortality was not due to food avoidance and starvation.
Adult flies raised on food containing both TRUVIA and erythritol
(FIG. 3) showed similar significant decreases in longevity compared
to adult flies that were raised on either PUREVIA (FIG. 3, both
X.sup.2>31.4, both p<0.001) or EQUAL (FIG. 3, both
X.sup.2>53.3, both p<0.001), or on the nutritive controls
sucrose and corn syrup (FIG. 3, all X.sup.2>54.1, all
p<0.001). Fly longevity did not differ between the erythritol
and TRUVIA treatments (X.sup.2=0.013, p=0.91). These data suggest
the erythritol within TRUVIA was the toxic component.
Example 4: Dose-Response Analysis of Erythritol Effects on Fly
Longevity
[0177] Previous analyses were performed using equal weight/volume
concentrations (0.0238 g/ml) of nutritive and non-nutritive
sweeteners. To assess the utility of erythritol as an insecticide,
the longevity studies were repeated using erythritol at varying
concentrations to determine erythritol's dose response.
[0178] The effect of 0.1M, 0.5M, 1.0M and 2.0M
erythritol-containing food on fly longevity was assessed. Adult
flies showed a dose-dependent reduction in longevity when raised on
food containing increasing concentrations of erythritol (FIG. 4).
Food containing 2M concentrations of erythritol showed a
significant and severe effect on longevity compared to all other
treatments (all X.sup.2>37.6, all p<0.001), although 1M and
0.5M also showed significant reductions in longevity compared to
flies raised on control food containing 0.5M sucrose (both
X.sup.2>42.1, both p<0.001). Flies fed 0.5M erythritol lived
longer than flies in the 1M erythritol treatment (X.sup.2=34.8,
p<0.001). Flies raised on 0.1M erythritol showed no significant
difference in longevity compared to flies raised on control food
when observations were terminated at 35 days subject fly age. Taken
together, these data suggest increasing dosage of erythritol
reduced fly longevity according to concentration.
Example 5: Palatability of Food Containing Erythritol
[0179] To determine if erythritol containing food was in some way
repulsive to flies, two-way choice experiments were performed.
Flies were provided with free access to two food sources: 1M
sucrose control food, 1M erythritol, and 2M erythritol, and their
longevity over time monitored. Blue dye in one food per choice
trial was used to ensure that food was being taken up by the flies
(see Methods). Flies with a choice between 1M sucrose and 1M
erythritol had significantly decreased longevity relative to
sucrose: sucrose choice (X.sup.2=37.5, p<0.001; FIG. 5).
Longevity was also significantly reduced when we provided the flies
with a choice between 1M sucrose and 2M erythritol (X.sup.2=60.5,
p<0.001; FIG. 5).
[0180] Taken together, the data show that flies consumed foods
containing erythritol when given access to sucrose-containing
(control) food. Though amounts of food consumed by flies in the
studies was not quantified, one pattern in the food choice data
suggests flies found erythritol-containing food equally attractive
to sucrose (control) food: the survival distributions were nearly
identical between our 2M erythritol/1M sucrose choice treatment and
our 1M erythritol/1M erythritol treatment (X.sup.2<0.00,
p=0.996; FIG. 5). This pattern is consistent with expectations if
flies consumed sucrose and 2M erythritol foods in roughly equal
amounts, effectively diluting the erythritol concentration by half
(to 1M erythritol). In any case, the choice experiments showed
flies will consume food with erythritol when given access to other
food sources and suffer increased mortality as a result. Thus,
erythritol baits can function as an effective insecticide delivery
mechanism when presented in naturalistic situations where insects
have access to other foods.
Example 6: Comparison of Erythritol with Other Human-Safe Sweet
Alcohols
[0181] An experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of
erythritol with other human-safe sweet alcohols: D-mannitol,
maltitol, sucrose, and xylitol. The concentration of all sweet
alcohols were 1M.
[0182] Flies were raised for 17 days on standard fly food that
contained 1 M concentrations of each sweetener treatment. Death of
flies was recorded daily as before; each treatment was replicated
on three vials of 10 flies each for 30 subjects/treatment.
Differences in longevity were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier
survival analysis log rank test, making all pairwise comparisons
among treatments.
[0183] Fly longevity in the erythritol treatment (mean 4.7 f 0.15
SE days) was significantly lower than fly longevity for all other
treatments (means 14.3-16.3 days, all X.sup.2>52.5, all
p<0.001). Compared to sucrose (positive control), D-mannitol fed
flies had slightly but significantly reduced longevity (p=0.004);
other sweeteners did not differ from the control (maltitol p=0.86,
xylitol p=0.96).
[0184] These data confirm the insecticidal activity of erythritol.
The data further indicate that D-mannitol has almost insignificant
insecticidal effect, and xylitol and maltitol were not effective at
reducing fly longevity across 17 days of exposure. Thus,
erythritol, but not the other sweeteners tested herein, is toxic to
fruit flies upon ingestion.
[0185] As illustrated in FIG. 6, erythritol-fed flies had
significantly shorter longevity than flies fed several other
non-nutritive alcohols. Also, the longevity of flies fed several
other non-nutritive alcohols did not differ from sugar control.
Example 7: Termite Collection
[0186] Termites used in the survival and choice experiments were
collected from three field colonies in Scotland Run Park
(39.66.degree. N, 75.05.degree. W) in Clayton, N.J. between April
and May 2019. After collection, colonies were maintained in plastic
containers with soil and wood from the collection site as a
substrate in laboratory conditions (20.8 f 0.9.degree. C., 49 f 7%
RH). Termites used in the consumption experiment were collected
from a single field colony at Cobb's Creek Park (39.94.degree. N,
75.24.degree. W) in Philadelphia, Pa. during September of 2018.
Workers were removed from the log and housed within 24 h of
collection in 9 cm diameter petri dishes containing damp paper
towel as a food source. Dishes were placed in an incubator at
26.degree. C. (relative humidity varied between 40 and 60% across
trials, but was consistent among all treatments within each trial).
Each petri dish contained 10 workers. Termites used in all
experiments measured 3-4 mm in length.
Example 8: Paper Bait Preparation
[0187] For the survival experiment, unbleached, brown paper towels
(12 cmx 24 cm, cat no. 01801, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah,
Wis.), were completely submerged for 15 s in solution of distilled
water, erythritol (100% purity, NOW foods, Bloomingdale, Ill.) of
the below-specified concentrations, and 0.05% Brilliant Blue R-250
dye (cat. no 27816, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). The erythritol
concentrations used were: 0 M (control), 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M, 1.0
M, and 1.25 M. The treated paper towels were removed from solution
and allowed to dry horizontally on racks before being cut into
squares with an area of 144 cm.sup.2. Papers were thereafter stored
dry at room temperature in sealed containers.
[0188] For the consumption trial and choice assays, white filter
papers were used instead of brown paper towels, which allowed for
more obvious detection of blue dye in the gut during consumption
trials and also retained moisture better during the choice assay.
Filter papers (15 cm diameter, filter paper 413, cat no. 28310-128,
VWR, Radnor, Pa.) were submerged in solution of distilled water,
erythritol (100% purity, NOW foods, Bloomingdale, Ill.) in the
below-specified concentrations, and 0.05% Brilliant Blue R-250 dye
(cat. no 27816, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) for 15 s. The
erythritol concentrations used were as follows: 0 M (control), 0.25
M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M, 1.0 M, and 1.5 M. The treated filter papers were
allowed to dry horizontally on racks in an oven at 60.degree. C.,
before being cut to a final area of 44.2 cm.sup.2 (circles cut into
quarters), and thereafter stored dry at room temperature in sealed
containers. For choice trials, treated filter papers were cut into
2 cm diameter disks.
Example: 9 Concentration-Dependent Effects of Erythritol on Termite
Longevity
[0189] Prior to the beginning of the experiment, termites were
allowed to acclimate for 3 d to the petri dishes, in order to
control for any death due to injury incurred during movement to the
petri dishes; this was called the pretrial period. At the beginning
of the pretrial period, termites used in the survival experiment
were transferred from sections of natural nest kept in laboratory
rearing boxes to 9 cm diameter plastic petri dishes lined with
brown, unbleached paper towel (12 cmx 24 cm) not treated with
erythritol. The paper towel was rehydrated with 1 ml of distilled
water. Each dish contained 10 workers. After the third (final) day
of the pretrial period, dishes were checked for dead termites,
assumed to be dead due to injury, and dead termites were replaced
with live individuals from a petri dish of extra termites kept in
similar conditions.
[0190] Following the pretrial period, the experiment was set up:
pretrial paper towels were removed and replaced with treated paper
towels of the correct erythritol treatment concentration; these
were rehydrated with 750 .mu.L of distilled water. Six treatment
groups (0 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M, 1.0 M, 1.25 M erythritol) were
used per colony (n=3 colonies), with three dishes per treatment,
each containing 10 termite workers (n=30 workers/treatment/colony,
n=540 total workers). Termite mortality was recorded every 24 h for
8 d.
Example 10: Assessing Erythritol Consumption Using Blue Dye
[0191] To confirm that termites consumed erythritol-treated filter
paper, papers were stained with blue dye, which was visible through
the exoskeleton of the worker's abdomens after consumption. For
this experiment, a pretrial period of 1 d was used to allow
termites to acclimate to experiment conditions. Termites that had
previously been placed in petri dishes directly after final
collection were checked for survival at the end of the 24-h
pretrial period. Dead individuals were removed and replaced with
live individuals. Dishes were then assigned to treatment groups and
paper towels were replaced with blue-stained, erythritol-treated
filter papers, which were rehydrated with 750 .mu.L distilled
water. White filter papers were used in this experiment instead of
unbleached paper towels because the brown color of the unbleached
towels interfered with our ability to assess the presence of blue
dye in the gut. Six treatment groups (0 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M, 0.75 M,
1.0 M, 1.5 M erythritol), with three dishes per treatment, each
containing 10 termite workers (n=30 workers/treatment, n=180 total
workers) were assessed for the presence of blue dye, visible
through the exoskeleton, in the gut of dead individuals every 24 h
for 8 d. Treated paper towels were replaced, and new paper towels
rehydrated with water, every 4 d. Replacement was necessary to
maintain adequately sanitary conditions inside the petri
dishes.
Example 11: Choice Test
[0192] Choice arenas were constructed from 9 cm diameter plastic
petri dishes containing two, 2 cm diameter filter paper disks
placed 2 cm apart in the center of the arena, rehydrated with 50
.mu.L distilled water each. During each trial, termites were
exposed to either paired control-control disks (two, 0 M erythritol
disks), treatment-treatment disks (two, 1.25 M erythritol disks),
or control-treatment disks (one each 0 M and 1.25 M erythritol
disks). Fifty termites were placed in each choice arena, and choice
arenas were placed in a closed cardboard box to minimize light
disturbance. Three replicates, each using a different colony (n=50
workers/colony/treatment for a total of 150 termites per
treatment), were performed for each choice combination (total
n=450). Termite attendance at either filter paper disk was recorded
by photographing the dishes. Recording began 5 min after termites
were placed in dishes with disks, and every 5 min thereafter for 1
h, totaling 12 observations. Termites not attending either disk
were not counted. No termites died during the choice trials.
Example 12: Statistical Analyses
[0193] Analyses were performed using SPSS v. 24 (IBM corp. 2016)
and Sigmaplot v. 12.5 (Systat Software 2013) software. Differences
in survival distributions across concentrations for all colonies,
within the colonies, and across colonies were tested using pairwise
log-rank Mantel Cox tests in SPSS, with subjects living to the end
of the trial or lost to reasons other than death (e.g., escaped or
injured) included in the analysis as right-censored values. Mean
percent mortality was calculated for each concentration across
colonies at 72 and 96 h and a three parameter, best-fit sigmoid
curve was fitted to the data in Sigmaplot to assess LC at these
time points.
[0194] Relative forager preference at each time point was
determined (as in El-Keredy et al. 2012) as:
PREF .function. ( ert ) = # .times. .times. termites .times.
.times. on .times. .times. erythritol .times. .times. paper - #
.times. .times. termites .times. .times. on .times. .times. control
.times. .times. paper total .times. .times. # .times. .times. of
.times. .times. termites .times. .times. foraging .times. .times.
at .times. .times. that .times. .times. time .times. .times. point
##EQU00001##
[0195] The relative preference values from the 12 time points were
then averaged, to get an overall relative forager preference over
the course of the trial. This method constrains the preference
values between 1 and -1, with positive values indicating a
preference for erythritol and negative values indicative of
avoidance. Differences in relative forager preference between 1.25
M/0 M, 0 M/0 M, and 1.25 M/1.25 M trials were assessed using a
Kruskal-Wallis test. Differences between the relative preference
within each trial and a random chance relative preference (i.e.,
50% of foraging termites on each filter paper disk on average over
the trial) were tested using one sample f-tests (with a value of 0
relative preference in the one sample t-test representing random
chance; El-Keredy et al. 2012).
Example 13: Concentration-Dependent Mortality
[0196] Longevity of R. flavipes workers to 8 d differed
significantly between 0M control and all erythritol concentration
treatments (FIG. 9 Mantel-Cox, 0.25M: X.sup.2=179.93, P<0.001;
0.5 M: X.sup.2=184.64, P<0.001; 0.75 M: X.sup.2=189.60,
P<0.001; 1 M: X.sup.2=188.34, P<0.001; 1.25 M:
X.sup.2=189.90, P<0.001). Longevity was also
concentration-dependent (FIG. 9). Concentration dependence lessened
at higher concentrations: there was only a moderately significant
difference between 0.75 M and 1.0 M treatments (X.sup.2=4.86,
P=0.027), and no significant difference between 0.5 M and 0.75 M
(X.sup.2=2.84, P 0.09) or between LOM and 1.25 M treatments
(X.sup.2=1.04, P=0.31). The magnitude of the decrease in mean
termite longevity differed between subsequent increases in
treatment concentration (FIG. 10). The decrease in mean longevity
was greatest as concentration increased from 0 M to 0.25 M (FIG.
10; reduction in mean longevity of 3.77 d) and 0.25 M to 0.5 M
(reduction in mean longevity of 1.74 d). Reduction in mean
longevity was smaller between higher subsequent concentrations
(FIG. 10; 0.5-0.75 M: reduction of 0.23 d; 0.75-1.0 M: reduction of
0.26 d; 1.0-1.25 M: reduction of 0.14 d).
Example 14: LC.sub.50 Estimates
[0197] The best-fit sigmoidal curve for 24 h LC.sub.50 data
was:
[0198] Percent (mortality at 24
h)=109.26/.sup.A1+e.sup.(-([Erythritol]-0.1.26)/0.40).sup.a. This
curve was a significantly good fit to the data (R.sup.2=0.92,
P=0.0207) and using the equation we estimated the LC.sub.50 be 1.19
M erythritol.
[0199] The best-fit sigmoidal curve for 48 h LC.sub.50 data
was.
[0200] Percent (mortality at 48
h)=84.56/.sup.A1+e.sup.(-([Erythritol]-0.37)/0.13).sup.a. This
curve was a significantly good fit to the data (FIG. 11:
R.sup.2=0.996, P=0.0003) and using the equation we estimated the
LC.sub.50 at 48 h to be 0.42 M erythritol.
Example 15: Intercolony Variation in Erythritol Effects on
Longevity
[0201] Colonies differed in their response to erythritol (FIG. 12:
Mantel-Cox, 0M: X.sup.2=0, P=1.00; 0.25M: X.sup.2=42.79,
P<0.001; 0.5M: X.sup.2=17.55, P<0.001; 0.75M: X.sup.2=9.05,
P=0.011; 1M: X.sup.2=22.89, P<0.001; 1.25M: X.sup.2=14.80,
P=0.001). This difference was exhibited as early as day 1,
indicating erythritol was more immediately toxic to some colonies
(Mantel-Cox, 0M: X.sup.2=2.00, P=0.37; 0.25M: X.sup.2=6.14,
P=0.046; 0.5M: X.sup.2=12.97, P=0.002; 0.75M: X.sup.2=11.54,
P=0.003; 1M: X.sup.2=26.40, P<0.001; 1.25M: X.sup.2=29.33,
P<0.001).
Example 16: Confirmation of Consumption of Treated Filter
Papers
[0202] Of the treatment termites that died in the consumption test,
81% had blue dye visible in their guts through the exoskeleton,
confirming that they had ingested erythritol-treated filter
papers.
Example 17: No Avoidance of Erythritol at 1.25 M
[0203] Termites did not differ in their relative preference for
1.25 M erythritol versus 0 M erythritol-treated filter paper disks
when compared with preferences in either the 0 M/0 M or 1.25M/1.25M
tests (Kruskal-Wallis, KW=0.08, P=0.99). None of the three tests
differed in their relative preference from random chance (one
sample t-test, 0 M/1.25 M, t=0.42, P=0.72; 0 M/0 M, t=0.33, P=0.77;
1.25 M/1.25 M, t=0.36, P=0.75).
Example 18: Termites
[0204] Erythritol is toxic to multiple insect taxa when ingested,
including fruit flies, mosquitoes, and ants. In this experiment, it
was found that erythritol consumption also reduced R. flavipes
worker longevity in a concentration-dependent manner, with
significant effects on longevity starting at 0.25 M erythritol.
While longevity decreased with increasing concentration, the
magnitude of the mean reduction in longevity was not consistent
between consecutive increases in concentration; the reduction in
mean longevity was greater between increases at lower
concentrations (e.g., 0-0.25 M; 0.25-0.5 M), compared to the
reduction in mean longevity at higher concentrations (e.g.,
0.5-0.75 M and above). These results indicate that while survival
and longevity are indeed concentration dependent, and mean
longevity is lowest at the highest treatment concentrations,
increases in concentration above 0.5 M do not yield proportionally
greater increases in efficacy.
[0205] In longevity experiment significant intercolony differences
in susceptibility to the effects of erythritol was found.
Susceptibility to other insecticides can vary substantially between
termite colonies. The variation in susceptibility to erythritol may
indicate a genetic component to erythritol's mechanism of
lethality, or it could indicate colony differences in environmental
experience prior to testing. Despite these intercolony differences,
workers from all tested colonies were susceptible to relatively low
concentrations of erythritol, and intercolony variation did not
substantially decrease erythritol efficacy. The mechanism of
erythritol's lethality may be linked to osmotic balance. In
mosquitoes exposed to erythritol, mortality is partially rescued
with access to extra water, and erythritol changes osmotic pressure
in the fly hemolymph. Further, polyol ingestion induces
hyper-regurgitation in flies, which may be a response to osmotic
shock. The rate of termite mortality found in our study was high
compared to previous experiments using fruit flies. In previous
work, 50% mortality was achieved in fruit flies after 20 d of
exposure to 0.5 M erythritol food. In our study, termites reached
50% mortality within 2 d of exposure to 0.5 M erythritol filter
papers.
[0206] Considering termite intolerance of desiccation, this
comparatively increased rate of mortality supports the notion that
water balance disruption could be part of the mechanism causing
increased mortality in termites.
[0207] It was confirmed that erythritol was consumed by termites at
all treatment concentrations, as indicated by the presence of blue
dye visible through the exoskeleton of 81% of dead termites. The
mortality observed in termites with no blue visible in the gut may
be attributed to injury or stress during the removal of termites
from the nest and transfer into petri dishes.
[0208] Though consumption indicated that termites do not reject
erythritol, a choice assay was necessary to determine whether
termites would avoid erythritol-treated food if offered an
alternative (i.e., untreated paper). No difference in termite
attendance of 1.25 M erythritol or control disks were found when
termites were given a choice. While the choice assay did not
measure consumption, absence of individuals at a food source can
serve as an indication of avoidance. Thus, the equal attendance of
termites at control and erythritol-treated filter paper disks
suggests they do not avoid erythritol, even at very high
concentrations. However, it is unknown whether termites are able to
detect erythritol. Random attendance at filter paper disks may be
due to lack of preference for control foods compared to
erythritol-treated foods; this could indicate that termites are
unable to sense erythritol. Fire ants cannot detect erythritol in
foods. Feeding choice assays performed on R. flavipes (formerly R.
santonensis) found that erythritol did not stimulate feeding
behavior. However, thin-layer chromatography analysis showed that
erythritol occupies the same biologically active, phagostimulatory
zone as termite labial gland secretions, indicating that erythritol
and the secretions likely have similar physicochemical properties,
and thus may be detected by termites. Even if termites can detect
erythritol, the choice assay suggests that termites do not display
preference or avoidance of the compound in the presence of
alternative food sources.
[0209] The experiments presented herein demonstrated that
erythritol is effective at reducing termite longevity in a
concentration-dependent manner, and that termites do not display
avoidance to erythritol, supporting its potential to be used as an
ingestible insecticide. Insecticides for social insects that rely
on ingestion by workers must be nonrepellant and slow-acting, in
order to be effectively transferred through the colony.
Example 19: Example Formulations of Erythritol for Use in the
Methods Described Herein
TABLE-US-00001 [0210] TABLE 1 Formula 1: Soluble concentrate
formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M coconut
diethanolamide surfactant 25 g/l aqueous solution of monosodium
thickener/surfactant/ 10 g/l salt of Alkylamine Dicarboxylates
adjuvant sodium Gluconate thickener/surfactant/ 10 g/l adjuvant
trisodium citrate thickener/surfactant/ 10 g/l adjuvant sodium
chloride thickener/surfactant/ 2 g/l adjuvant sodium benzoate
preservative 20 g/l water carrier to 1 liter Formula 2 Ready-to-use
miticide spray Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Emulsifier 1
polyoxyethylenesorbitan, organosilicate ethyl alcohol/isopropyl
alcohol Solvent 5 Tannic acid 1 water Carrier 92.9 Formula 3
Concentrated natural emulsifiable concentrate spray Erythritol
sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Pyrethrins 7
t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Emulsifier 15
polyoxyethylenesorbitan, organosilicate e.g. ethyl
alcohol/isopropyl alcohol Solvent 70 Formula 4 Concentrated
emulsifiable concentrate spray Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Platyphyllol (natural or synthetic) 22
t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol/ Emulsifier 34
polyoxyethylenesorbitan/ organosilicate ethyl alcohol/isopropyl
alcohol Solvent 22 Formula 5 Natural ready to use insecticide spray
Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Lavender oil/Garlic oil/Clove 1
oil/citrus oils t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Emulsifier 1
polyoxyethylenesorbitan, organosilicate Solvent e.g. ethyl alcohol,
isopropyl 40 alcohol etc Water Carrier 57 Formula 6 Oil-based
natural spray concentrate Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Petroleum oil 90 t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Emulsifier 1
polyoxyethylenesorbitan, organosilicate Formula 7 Concentrated
emulsifiable concentrate spray Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Permethin 10 Piperonyl butoxide 28 Emulsifier: e.g. t- Emulsifier
31 octylphenoxypolyethoxy- ethanol.cndot.polyoxyethylenesorbitan,
organosilicate Solvent e.g. ethyl alcohol, isopropyl 21 alcohol etc
Formula 8 Molluscidal dust Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Anti-caking agent (e.g. silica gel) 2 Emulsifier: e.g.
t-octylphenoxypoly- Emulsifier 3 ethoxyethanol, polyoxyethylene-
sorbitan, organosilicate Inert carrier (talc, kaolin, 93
diatomaceous earth) Formula 9 Aerosol insecticidal and acaricidal
spray Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Piperonyl butoxide 0.9
Propellent hydrocarbon 98.1 Formula 10 Repellent Erythritol sugar
solution 0.1M-2.0M Citronella oil 29.1 Phthalic acid dibutyl ester
29.1 N-octyl bicycloheptene 22.3 dicarboxamide Formula 11
Ready-to-use miticide spray - II Erythritol sugar solution
0.1M-2.0M t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, Emulsifier 1
polyoxyethylenesorbitan, organosilicate Solvent: e.g. ethyl
alcohol, isopropyl 5 alcohol etc Tannic acid 1 water Carrier 92.8
Formula 12 EC formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Geronol FF/4-E Emulsifier (blended) 31 Geronol FF/6-E Emulsifier
(blended) 20 3,5-Di-tert-buty1-4-hydroxytoluol Stabilizer 20
Moussex 998 HL Antifoaming agent 20 N-Methylpyrrolidon Solvent 900
Formula 13 SG formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Lactose 24% Benzenesulfonic acid, MonoC10-13- 50% Alkyl Derivs,
Sodium salt Resole 12111 A blue dye 0% BN200 L 5% Agrilan 789 1%
Water 6% Formula 14 EC formulation Erythritol sugar solution
0.1M-2.0M Emulsifier Teva-8905-C Emulsifier 70 Anti-foaming agent
S-10 (Main Anti-foaming agent 0.5 component: Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Aromatic petroleum solvent 5150 Solvent up to 1 ltr Formula 15 EC
formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Tensiofix B 7438 30
Tensiofix B 7453 30 Shellsol A 740 Total 900 Formula 16 WDG
formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Corn syrup solids
Carrier 30 Polyfon H or F, Lignosulfonic acid, Dispersant 20 sodium
salt Formula 17 Soluble Powder Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Sodium lauryl sulphate Anionic surfactant 5 Mixture of Dioctyl
sodium Dispersant 10 sulfosuccinate and Sodium benzoate Formula 18
EC formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Toximul SEE 341
Emulsifier (Blend) 21 Bio-Soft N411 Emulsifier (Blend) 50 Stepsol
C-25 Solvent up to 1 L Formula 19 EC formulation Erythritol sugar
solution 0.1M-2.0M C 9 Petroleum Distillate Solvent 485 g/l Mixture
of calcium alkyl benzene Emulsifier 20 sulfonate and Polyoxy
ethylene ether 20 Mixture of calcium alkyl benzene Emulsifier 30
sulfonate and Polyoxy ethylene ether 30 Formula 20 SC formulation
Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M glycerol bacteriostatic 55
water solvent to 1 liter organic impurities UV-protection 35% w/w
Formula 21 EC formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Polyoxyethylene styrylphenyl ether Emulsifier 40 (non-ionic
surfactant) Calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (anionic surfactant)
Aromatic hydrocarbon 7 (aromatic solvent) Hydrocarbons, C10,
aromatics, Solvent 560 <1% naphthalene Hydrocarbons, C10,
aromatics, Solvent <1% naphthalene Formula 22 SC formulation
Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M 1,2-proppylene Glycol 80
Polyfon H 15 Symperonic PE/P 75 15 Proxel XL 2 3 Kelzan 2.5
Antifoam 1520 0.5 Water 500 Formula 23 WG Erythritol sugar solution
0.1M-2.0M Supragil WP Anionic wetting 20 agent Vanisperse CB
Dispersing agent 60 Supragil MNS/90 Dispersing agent 40 Moussex
3032 HPF Antifoaming agent 10 Chinafill BSK-H Inert and a.i.
balance 25 Formula 24 WG formulation Erythritol sugar solution
0.1M-2.0M Wetter sodium dodecylsulfate 20 g/kg Dispersant
naphthalenesulfonic acid 40 g/kg formaldehyde Surfactant sodium
lignosulfonate 40 g/kg Adjuvant thiamine 100 g/kg white clay
(kaolin) white clay (kaolin) 100 g/kg Formula 25 EC formulation
Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M Surfactant tween-80 Emulsifier
60 (Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate) Sodium dodecyl
benzene sulfonate Surfactant 60 Shellsol A100 Solvent Up to 1 ltr
Example 44 Soluble Liquid formulation Erythritol sugar solution
0.1M-2.0M Isopropanol Solvent Up to 1 lt Formula 26 Wettable
Granule formulation Erythritol sugar solution 0.1M-2.0M
Polyfon H Westvaco sodium 50 g/kg lignosulfonate Aerosol OT-B
Cyanamid sodium 25 g/kg dioctylsulfosuccinate Vynamon Blue SA-FW
(501510) 5 g/kg ICl organics -> Avecia -> HeubachBlue pigment
15.1 (colour index 74160) sodium acetate, anhydrous Hoechst 100
g/kg sodium acetate, anhydrous Crex Brunner Mond Group plc to 1 k
sodium sesquicarbonate Formula 27 SC formulation Erythritol sugar
solution 0.1M-2.0M Emulson AG BRN 85 Surfactant (Blend) 60 Antifoam
GEN Antifoam 1 Madeol X80 Thickener 2 Citric Acid pH-adjuster 1.5
Proxel GXL Bactericide 1 Glycerin (99.5%) Anti-Freeze 15 Water
Solvent Up to 1 L Formula 28 Soluble concentrate formulation (2 way
with Maltodextrin) Maltodextrin 0.1M-2.0M Erythritol surfactant 25
g/l aqueous solution of monosodium thickener/surfactant/ 10 g/l
salt of Alkylamine dicarboxylate adjuvant sodium Gluconate
thickener/surfactant/ 10 g/l adjuvant trisodium citrate
thickener/surfactant/ 10 g/l adjuvant sodium chloride
thickener/surfactant/ 2 g/l adjuvant sodium benzoate preservative
20 g/l water carrier to 1 liter Formula 29 Gel formulation
Erythritol surfactant 25 g/l surfactant 5.2 g/L xanthan gum 1.04
g/L defoamer 0.2 g/l propylene glycol 154.4 g/l Water Up to
100%
[0211] Each of the additive agents or erythritol in Formulas 1-29
can be present in the composition in an amount of about 0.005% to
about 95% (w/w) or (w/v), or (v/v). In certain embodiments, each
additive component or erythritol in Formulas 1-29 is independently
present in an amount of about 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.015%, 0.02%, 0.025%,
0.03%, 0.035%, 0.04%, 0.045%, 0.05%, 0.055%, 0.06%, 0.065%, 0.07%,
0.075%, 0.08%, 0.085%, 0.09%, 0.095%. 0.1, 0.5, 1%, 1.5, 2.0%,
2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%, 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, 7.0%, 7.5%,
8.0%, 8.5%, 9.0%, 9.5%, 10.0%, 10.5%, 11.0%, 11.5%, 12.0%, 12.5%,
13.0%, 13.5%, 14.0%, 14.5%, 15.0%, 15.5%, 16.0%, 16.5%, 17.0%,
17.5%, 18.0%, 18.5%, 19.0%, 19.5%, 20.0%, 20.5%, 21.0%, 21.5%,
22.0%, 22.5%, 23.0%, 23.5%, 24.0%, 24.5%, 25.0%, 25.5%, 26.0%,
26.5%, 27.0%, 27.5%, 28.0%, 28.5%, 29.0%, 29.5%, 30.0%, 30.5%,
31.0%, 31.5%, 32.0%, 32.5%, 33.0%, 33.5%, 34.0%, 34.5%, 35.0%,
35.5%, 36.0%, 36.5%, 37.0%, 37.5%, 38.0%, 38.5%, 39.0%, 39.5%,
40.0%, 40.5%, 41.0%, 41.5%, 42.0%, 42.5%, 43.0%, 43.5%, 44.0%,
44.5%, 45.0%, 45.5%, 46.0%, 46.5%, 47.0%, 47.5%, 48.0%, 48.5%,
49.0%, 49.5%, 50.0%, 50.5%, 51.0%, 51.5%, 52.0%, 52.5%, 53.0%,
53.5%, 54.0%, 54.5%, 55.0%, 55.5%, 56.0%, 56.5%, 57.0%, 57.5%,
58.0%, 58.5%, 59.0%, 59.5%, 60.0%, 60.5%, 61.0%, 61.5%, 62.0%,
62.5%, 63.0%, 63.5%, 64.0%, 64.5%, 65.0%, 65.5%, 66.0%, 66.5%,
67.0%, 67.5%, 68.0%, 68.5%, 69.0%, 69.5%, 70.0%, 70.5%, 71.0%,
71.5%, 72.0%, 72.5%, 73.0%, 73.5%, 74.0%, 74.5%, 75.0%, 75.5%,
76.0%, 76.5%, 77.0%, 77.5%, 78.0%, 78.5%, 79.0%, 79.5%, 80.0%,
80.5%, 81.0%, 81.5%, 82.0%, 82.5%, 83.0%, 83.5%, 84.0%, 84.5%,
85.0%, 85.5%, 86.0%, 86.5%, 87.0%, 87.5%, 88.0%, 88.5%, 89.0%,
89.5%, 90.0%, 90.5%, 91.0%, 91.5%, 92.0%, 92.5%, 93.0%, 93.5%,
94.0%, 94.5%, or about 95% (w/w) or (w/v), or (v/v).
Formula 30--Bait Formulation:
[0212] An insect bait composition, comprising an insecticide of 10
to 50% Erythritol and attractant food baits that can comprise of a
single or multiple mixture of 50 to 90% from onions, sucrose,
sugar, cane sugar, milk, milk powder, wheat flour, flour, cucumber,
eggs, potatoes, honey mixed with fruits such as oranges, apples,
grapefruit, blueberries, plums, pineapple, watermelon, grapes,
mangos, mandarins are mixed to form a dry composition and 25-35 wt
% of water is added to the dry composition to form a paste or
putty
Enumerated Embodiments
[0213] The following enumerated embodiments are provided, the
numbering of which is not to be construed as designating levels of
importance
[0214] Embodiment 1 provides a composition comprising:
[0215] 1-50% w/w erythritol;
[0216] 1-50% w/w feeding stimulant; and
[0217] at least one additional component selected from the group
consisting of water, an odorant, a nitrogen source, a sodium salt,
a thickener, an attractant, a defoamer, a dispersing agent, a
feeding stimulant, a flavoring agent, a surfactant, a preservative,
a gel-forming component, a suspending agent, and an oil.
[0218] Embodiment 2 provides the composition of embodiment 1,
wherein the feeding stimulant is a sugar.
[0219] Embodiment 3 provides the composition of any one of
embodiments 1-2, wherein the composition further comprises water,
and 1-99% w/w each of a surfactant, at least one thickener, and at
least one preservative.
[0220] Embodiment 4 provides the composition of any one of
embodiments 1-3, wherein the at least one thickener is selected
from the group consisting of monosodium alkylamine dicarboxylate,
sodium gluconate, trisodium citrate, and sodium chloride, wherein
the alkylamine dicarboxylate comprises a C.sub.1-24 alkyl
amine.
[0221] Embodiment 5 provides the composition of any one of
embodiments 1-4, wherein the composition is a solid composition,
liquid compositions, or a gel composition.
[0222] Embodiment 6 provides the composition of any one of
embodiments 1-5, wherein the surfactant is coconut
diethanolamide.
[0223] Embodiment 7 provides the composition of any one of
embodiments 1-6, wherein the composition comprises:
[0224] 1-50% w/w erythritol;
[0225] 1-50% w/w sucrose;
[0226] 1-50% w/w coconut diethanolamide;
[0227] 1-50% w/w each of at least one of alkyl amine
dicaborboxylate, sodium gluconate, trisodium citrate, or sodium
chloride;
[0228] 1-50% w/w sodium benzoate; and
[0229] water.
[0230] Embodiment 8 provides an insect bait, comprising:
[0231] the composition of any one of embodiments 1-7, and
[0232] a substrate that comprises the composition.
[0233] Embodiment 9 provides the bait of embodiment 8, wherein the
substrate comprises cellulose.
[0234] Embodiment 10 provides the bait of any one of embodiments
8-9, wherein the attractant comprises a sugar and a sodium
salt.
[0235] Embodiment 11 provides the bait of any one of embodiments
8-10, wherein the cellulose is paper.
[0236] Embodiment 12 provides the bait of any one of embodiments
8-11, wherein the composition is absorbed in the cellulose.
[0237] Embodiment 13 provides the bait of any one of embodiments
8-12, wherein the bait is an insect bait station.
[0238] Embodiment 14 provides the bait of any one of embodiments
8-13, wherein the composition is a solid composition, liquid
compositions, or a gel composition.
[0239] Embodiment 15 provides a method for killing an insect or
impairing an insect's ability to function, the method
comprising:
[0240] contacting the insect with the composition of any one of
claims 1-7,
[0241] wherein the composition is not substantially toxic when
administered to a mammal; and wherein the insect is a termite
selected from the group consisting of Reticulitermes flavipes,
Reticulitermes virginicus, Reticulitermes hageni, Coptotermes
formosanus, Amitermes floridensis, Incitermes minor, Neothermes
connexus, R. hesperus, R tibialis, Heterotermes aureus,
Reticulitermes sp., Heterotermes sp., and Termitidae sp.
[0242] Embodiment 16 provides method for killing an insect or
impairing an insect's ability to function, the method
comprising:
contacting the insect with the composition of any one of claims
1-7, wherein the composition is not substantially toxic when
administered to a mammal; and wherein the insect is a leaf cutter
ant selected from the genera Alta and Acromyrmex.
[0243] Embodiment 17 provides the method of embodiment 17, wherein
the leaf cutter ant is a species selected from the group consisting
of Acromyrmex ambiguus, Acromyrmex ameliae, Acromyrmex aspersus,
Acromyrmex balzani, Acromyrmex biscutatus, Acromyrmex coronatus,
Acromyrmex crassispinus, Acromyrmex diasi, Acromyrmex disciger,
Acromyrmex echinatior, Acromyrmex evenkul, Acromyrmex fowleri,
Acromyrmex fracticornis, Acromyrmex heyeri, Acromyrmex hispidus,
Acromyrmex hystrix, Acromyrmex insinuator, Acromyrmex landolti,
Acromyrmex laticeps, Acromyrmex lobicornis, Acromyrmex lundii,
Acromyrmex niger, Acromyrmex nigrosetosus, Acromyrmex nobilis,
Acromyrmex octospinosus, Acromyrmex pubescens, Acromyrmex
pulvereus, Acromyrmex rugosus, Acromyrmex silvestrii, Acromyrmex
striatus, Acromyrmex subterraneus, Acromyrmex versicolor,
Acromyrmex volcanus, Alta bisphaerica, Atta capiguara, Atta
cephalotes, Atta colombica, Atta cubana, Atta goiana, Atta
insularis, Atta laevigata, Atta mexicana, Atta opaciceps, Atta
pilosa, Atta robusta, Atta saltensis, Atta sexdens, Atta
tardigrada, Atta texana, Atta vollenweideri.
[0244] Embodiment 18 provides a method for killing an insect or
impairing an insect's ability to function, the method
comprising:
contacting the insect with the composition of any one of claims
1-7, wherein the composition is not substantially toxic when
administered to a mammal; and wherein the insect is:
[0245] i) a fly selected from the group consisting D. melanogaster,
D. immigrans, D. simulans, D. subobscura, Zaprionus indianus, D.
bifurca, D. sechellia, D. yakuba, D. erecta, D. ananassae, D.
suzukii, D. pseudoobscura, D. persimilis, D. willistoni, D.
mojavensis, D. virilis or D. grimshawi, Musca domestica, Stomoxys
calcitrans, and Bactrocera dorsalis;
[0246] ii) an ant selected from the group consisting of Tetramorium
sp, Formica sp, Camponotus, Solenopsis invicta, T. immigrans,
Formica glacialis, Camponotus, chromaiodes, and Camponotus
subarbatus sp.; or
[0247] iii) a mosquito is one selected from Ae. aegypti, Cx.
pipiens, Cx. tarsalis, Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. freeborni and An.
quadrimaculatus.
[0248] Embodiment 19 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-18, wherein the mammal is a human.
[0249] Embodiment 20 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-19, wherein the odorant is at least one selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 alkenes, pyranones, furanones,
benzopyranones, benzofuranones, hemiterpenes, monoterpenes,
sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes and retinoids.
[0250] Embodiment 21 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-20 wherein the sodium salt is selected from the group consisting
of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate.
[0251] Embodiment 22 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-21, wherein the attractant is at least one selected from
pheromones, pheromone mimics, 2-naphthalene-methanol, naphthalene,
steroid derivatives, camphor, turpentine oil, plant volatiles,
flower oils, and CO.sub.2.
[0252] Embodiment 23 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-22, wherein the dispersing agent is at least one selected from
an effervescent material and a swellable substance.
[0253] Embodiment 24 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-23, wherein the dispersing agent is at least one selected from
the group consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone and a mixture of
citric acid and sodium bicarbonate.
[0254] Embodiment 25 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-24, wherein the feeding stimulant is at least one selected from
the group consisting of ergosterol, fermented milk, p-hydroquinone,
hydroxyphenyl-.beta.-D-glycopyranoside, catechol, resorcinol,
fluoroglucinol, 4-methoxyphenol, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene,
4-phenoxyphenol, phenylhydroquinone, 4-benzyloxyphenol,
quinhydrone.
[0255] Embodiment 26 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-25, wherein the surfactant is at least one anionic surfactant
selected from the group consisting of fatty acids, alkyl aryl
sulphonates, long chain (fatty) alcohol sulphates, olefin sulphates
and sulphonates, sulphated monoglycerides, sulphated esters,
sulphonated ethoxylated alcohols, sulphosuccinates, alkane
sulphonates, phosphate esters, alkyl isethionates, alkyl taurates,
and alkyl sarcosinates.
[0256] Embodiment 27 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-26, wherein the surfactant is at least one cationic surfactant
selected from the group consisting of alkylamine salts, quaternary
ammonium salts, sulphonium salts and phosphonium salts.
[0257] Embodiment 28 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-27, wherein the surfactant is at least one nonionic surfactant
selected from the group consisting of silicones, condensates of
ethylene oxide with a long chain (fatty) alcohol or (fatty) acid,
condensates of ethylene oxide with an amine or an amide,
condensation products of ethylene and propylene oxides, esters of
glycerol, sucrose or sorbitol, fatty acid alkylol amides, sucrose
esters, fluoro-surfactants and fatty amine oxides.
[0258] Embodiment 29 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-28, wherein the surfactant is at least one amphoteric surfactant
selected from the group consisting of imidazoline compounds,
alkylaminoacid salts, and betaines.
[0259] Embodiment 30 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-29, wherein the oil is at least one selected from the group
consisting of palm oil, cedarwood oil, opopanax oil, angelica seed
oil, and capsicum fruit extracts.
[0260] Embodiment 31 provides the method of any one of embodiments
15-30, wherein the humectant is at least one selected from the
group consisting of glucose, ammonium sulfate, urea fructose,
glycerol, and glycol derivatives.
* * * * *