U.S. patent application number 17/201877 was filed with the patent office on 2022-02-10 for methods for treating familial adenomatous polyposis.
The applicant listed for this patent is CANCER PREVENTION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.. Invention is credited to Michelle Boytim, Alfred Cohen, Eugene Gerner.
Application Number | 20220040130 17/201877 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | |
Filed Date | 2022-02-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220040130 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gerner; Eugene ; et
al. |
February 10, 2022 |
METHODS FOR TREATING FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS
Abstract
Provided are methods for preventing or delaying the need for
surgical intervention in a patient having familial adenomatous
polyposis (FAP) and an at least partially intact lower
gastrointestinal tract. Also provided are methods for preventing or
delaying the formation of neoplasia and/or cancer in a patient
having FAP. The methods comprise administering an effective amount
of a pharmaceutical therapy that comprises eflornithine and
sulindac to a patient having FAP and an intact lower
gastrointestinal tract.
Inventors: |
Gerner; Eugene; (Tucson,
AZ) ; Cohen; Alfred; (Tucson, AZ) ; Boytim;
Michelle; (Tucson, AZ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
CANCER PREVENTION PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. |
Tucson |
AZ |
US |
|
|
Appl. No.: |
17/201877 |
Filed: |
March 15, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16875156 |
May 15, 2020 |
10945981 |
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17201877 |
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62849590 |
May 17, 2019 |
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International
Class: |
A61K 31/198 20060101
A61K031/198; A61P 1/00 20060101 A61P001/00; A61K 9/20 20060101
A61K009/20; A61K 31/192 20060101 A61K031/192 |
Claims
1. A method of inducing or maintaining polyp regression in a
patient having familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), the method
comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical therapy
comprising a combined effective amount of eflornithine and
sulindac, wherein the patient has an at least partially intact
lower gastrointestinal tract.
2-3. (canceled)
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method delays or prevents the
need for excisional intervention.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method delays or prevents the
development of adenomas.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the adenomas are high risk
adenomas.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method delays polyposis
progression.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method delays the need for
endoscopic excision or surgical resection.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method prevents polyposis
progression.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the method prevents the need for
endoscopic excision or surgical resection.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the method delays the formation
of colorectal cancer in the patient.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the method prevents the
formation of colorectal cancer in the patient.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the patient has a colorectum, a
retained rectum, or an ileal pouch.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the combined effective amount of
eflornithine and sulindac comprises 750 mg/day eflornithine and 150
mg/day sulindac.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the eflornithine and sulindac
are administered in a single formulation.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the single formulation
comprises about 375 mg of eflornithine hydrochloride
monohydrate.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the single formulation
comprises about 288.6 mg of eflornithine in its anhydrous, free
base form.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the single formulation
comprises about 75 mg of sulindac.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the single formulation is in
the form of a tablet.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the patient is administered two
units of the single formulation per day.
21. The method of claim 5, wherein the adenomas are at risk for
becoming high risk adenomas.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S.
application Ser. No. 16/875,156, filed May 15, 2020, which claims
the priority benefit of U.S. provisional application No.
62/849,590, filed May 17, 2019, the entire contents of which is
incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
1. Field
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the fields of
cancer biology and medicine. More particularly, it concerns methods
for treating patients having familial adenomatous polyposis.
2. Description of Related Art
[0003] Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) is a syndrome caused by
mutations in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor
gene and propagated by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
FAP is caused by mutations/deletions in the APC gene, which is
located on chromosome 5q21-q22. Most FAP patients will have
hundreds to thousands of colorectal adenomas, and without
prophylactic surgery develop colorectal cancer before the age of
40. Prophylactic surgery may involve total abdominal colectomy with
ileal-rectal anastomoses (IRA), accompanied by frequent rectal
surveillance with polypectomy and cautery/laser ablation as needed.
Patients with extensive rectal involvement undergo total
proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal reconstruction.
[0004] Despite removing the main at-risk organ, many patients
develop duodenal neoplasia (bulky adenomas/cancer) and require
additional localized or Whipple radical surgery. The Spigelman
classification (Stage 3 or 4) (Spigelman et al., 1989) can
accurately predict those with adenomas that are most likely to
progress to cancer. Bulow and colleagues (Bulow, 2004) reviewed
duodenal polyposis issues in FAP patients. Gastric antral adenomas
may occur and rarely are symptomatic or progress to cancer.
[0005] Despite total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch
reconstruction, approximately 50% of patients will develop
adenomatous lesions in the neo-rectum (Wu et al., 1998; Church,
2005; Tajika et al., 2009; Groves et al., 2005). There are case
reports of cancer developing in the pouches. All patients who have
a residual rectum after total colectomy require frequent
surveillance, polypectomies and ablations for continuing rectal
polyposis. As such, methods of controlling FAP progression in order
to delay and/or prevent the occurrence of clinically meaningful
events are needed.
SUMMARY
[0006] As such, in one aspect, provided herein are methods of
treating a patient having familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), the
methods comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical
therapy comprising a combined effective amount of eflornithine and
sulindac, wherein the patient has an intact lower gastrointestinal
tract or an at least partially intact lower gastrointestinal tract.
In certain embodiments, a patient having an intact lower
gastrointestinal tract has a colon, a rectum, and an ileal pouch.
In certain embodiments, a patient having an at least partially
intact lower gastrointestinal tract has a colorectum, a retained
rectum, or an ileal pouch.
[0007] In one aspect, provide are methods of delaying or preventing
a familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) event and/or FAP progression
in a patient with FAP, the method comprising administering to the
patient a pharmaceutical therapy comprising a combined effective
amount of eflornithine and sulindac, wherein the patient has an
intact lower gastrointestinal tract or an at least partially intact
lower gastrointestinal tract.
[0008] In some embodiments, the methods delay or even prevent FAP
disease progression in the patient. For example, the methods may
delay or even prevent the need for colon surgery or lower
gastrointestinal tract surgery. As another example, the methods may
delay or even prevent the formation of colorectal cancer in the
patient.
[0009] In some embodiments, the methods delays or even prevents the
need for excisional intervention. For example, the methods may
prevent or delay the development of adenomas. In certain
embodiments, the adenomas are high risk adenomas.
[0010] In some embodiments, the methods delay or even prevents
polyposis progression. For example, the method delays the need for
endoscopic excision or surgical resection for treatment of
polyposis.
[0011] In some embodiments, the patient's genotype at position +263
(rs2302616) of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene has been
determined. In certain embodiments, the patient's genotype has been
determined to have a T at position +263 (rs2302616) of at least one
allele of the ODC1 gene. For example, only patients having a T at
position +263 (rs2302616) of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene
are treated. In certain embodiments, the patient's genotype has
been determined to have a T at position +263 (rs2302616) of both
alleles of the ODC1 gene. In certain embodiments, the patient's
genotype has been determined to have a T at position +263
(rs2302616) of one allele of the ODC1 gene and a G at position +263
(rs2302616) of one allele of the ODC1 gene. For example, only
patients having a TT or TG genotype at position +263 (rs2302616) of
the ODC1 gene are treated.
[0012] In some embodiments, the patient's genotype at position +316
(rs2302615) of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene has been
determined. In certain embodiments, the patient's genotype has been
determined to have a G at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one
allele of the ODC1 gene. For example, only patients having a G at
position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene
are treated. In certain embodiments, the patient's genotype has
been determined to have a G at position +316 (rs2302615) of both
alleles of the ODC1 gene. In certain embodiments, the patient's
genotype has been determined to have a G at position +316
(rs2302615) of one allele of the ODC1 gene and an A at position
+316 (rs2302615) of one allele of the ODC1 gene. For example, only
patients having a GG or GA genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of
the ODC1 gene are treated. As a further example, only patients
having a TT or TG genotype at position +263 (rs2302616) of the ODC1
gene and a GG or GA genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of the
ODC1 gene are treated. In certain embodiments, the methods prevent
ototoxicity or reduces the risk thereof within the patient.
[0013] In some embodiments, the eflornithine is eflornithine
hydrochloride. In certain embodiments, the eflornithine
hydrochloride is eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate. In certain
embodiments, the eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate is a
racemic mixture of its two enantiomers. In certain embodiments, the
eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate is a substantially optically
pure preparation.
[0014] In some embodiments, the eflornithine is administered
systemically. In certain embodiments, the eflornithine is
administered orally, intraarterially or intravenously. In certain
embodiments, the eflornithine is administered orally. In certain
embodiments, the effective amount of eflornithine is 500-1500
mg/m.sup.2/day. In certain embodiments, the eflornithine is
formulated for oral administration. In certain embodiments, the
eflornithine is formulated as a hard or soft capsule or a tablet.
In some embodiments, the eflornithine is administered every 12
hours. In some embodiments, the eflornithine is administered every
24 hours. In some embodiments, the eflornithine is administered at
least a second time.
[0015] In some embodiments, the sulindac is a metabolite of
sulindac. In some embodiments, the sulindac is administered
systemically. In certain embodiments, the sulindac is administered
orally, intraarterially or intravenously. In certain embodiments,
the sulindac is administered orally. In certain embodiments, the
effective amount of sulindac is from about 10 to about 1500 mg/day.
In certain embodiments, the effective amount of sulindac is from
about 10 to about 400 mg/day. In certain embodiments, the effective
amount of sulindac is 150 to 300 mg/day. In certain embodiments,
the sulindac is formulated for oral administration. In certain
embodiments, the sulindac is formulated as a hard or soft capsule
or a tablet. In some embodiments, the sulindac is administered
every 12 hours. In some embodiments, the sulindac is administered
every 24 hours.
[0016] In some embodiments, the eflornithine and sulindac are
administered simultaneously. In certain embodiments, the
eflornithine and sulindac are administered in a single formulation,
also referred to as a fixed dose combination. In certain
embodiments, the single formulation is a single 700 mg tablet
comprising 375 mg of eflornithine HCl monohydrate and 75 mg of
sulindac. In certain embodiments, more than one tablet is
administered at a time.
[0017] In some aspects of any of the above embodiments, the
combined effective amount of eflornithine and sulindac is a fixed
dose combination. In some aspects, the fixed dose combination
comprises about 375 mg of eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate.
In some aspects, the fixed dose combination comprises about 288.6
mg of eflornithine in its anhydrous, free base form. In some
aspects, the fixed dose combination comprises about 75 mg of
sulindac. In some aspects, the eflornithine hydrochloride
monohydrate is a racemic mixture of its two enantiomers. In some
aspects, the amount of eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate
racemate is about 375 mg. In some aspects, the fixed dose
combination further comprises an excipient, such as, for example,
starch, colloidal silicon dioxide, or silicified microcrystalline
cellulose. In some aspects, the excipient is colloidal silicon
dioxide. In some aspects, the fixed dose combination further
comprises a second excipient, such as, for example, silicified
microcrystalline cellulose. In some aspects, the fixed dose
combination further comprises a lubricant, such as, for example,
magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearate, glyceryl
monostearate, aluminum stearate, polyethylene glycol, boric acid,
or sodium benzoate. In some aspects, the lubricant is magnesium
stearate. In some aspects, the amount of magnesium stearate is from
about 1 to about 1.5 weight percent. In some aspects, the amount of
magnesium stearate is about 1.5 weight percent. In some aspects,
the fixed dose combination is in the form of a tablet. In some
aspects, the weight of the tablet is from about 675 mg to about 725
mg. In some aspects, the weight of the tablet is about 700 mg. In
some aspects, the tablet further comprises a coating, which
comprises, for example, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, titanium
dioxide, polyethylene glycol, and iron oxide yellow. In some
aspects, the coating masks the taste of eflornithine. In some
aspects, the amount of coating is from about 2 to about 4 weight
percent. In some aspects, the weight of the tablet is from about
700 mg to about 725 mg. In some aspects, the weight of the tablet
is about 721 mg. In some aspects, the patient is administered two
units of the fixed dose combination per day.
[0018] In some embodiments, the eflornithine and sulindac are
administered consecutively. In certain embodiments, the
eflornithine is administered prior to the sulindac. In certain
embodiments, the eflornithine is administered after the
sulindac.
[0019] In some embodiments, the patient is human.
[0020] In one aspect, provided are compositions comprising a
combined pharmaceutically effective amount of eflornithine and
sulindac for use in treating a patient having familial adenomatous
polyposis (FAP), wherein the patient has an intact lower
gastrointestinal tract or an at least partially intact lower
gastrointestinal tract.
[0021] In one aspect, provided are combined pharmaceutically
effective amounts of eflornithine and sulindac for use in the
treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) in patients
having an intact lower gastrointestinal tract or an at least
partially intact lower gastrointestinal tract.
[0022] In one aspect, provided are compositions comprising a
combined pharmaceutically effective amount of eflornithine and
sulindac for use in delaying or preventing a familial adenomatous
polyposis (FAP) event and/or FAP progression in a patient with FAP,
wherein the patient has an intact lower gastrointestinal tract or
an at least partially intact lower gastrointestinal tract.
[0023] Other objects, features and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent from the following detailed
description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed
description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred
embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration
only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and
scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the
art from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] The following drawings form part of the present
specification and are included to further demonstrate certain
aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better
understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in
combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments
presented herein.
[0025] FIG. 1. FAP study design. FAP: familial adenomatous
polyposis. QD: once daily.
[0026] FIG. 2. Study patient disposition. FRE: FAP-related event
(need for colectomy, proctocolectomy, duodenal polyp/ampullary
excisions, duodenectomy, Whipple procedure, pouch or retained
rectum resection, excision of any polyp .gtoreq.10 mm in size, or
diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia in the rectum or pouch, or
duodenal disease progression of .gtoreq.1 Spigelman stage).
[0027] FIG. 3. Kaplan-Meier curves for time to first FRE by
treatment arm in the total ITT study population.
[0028] FIG. 4. Post-hoc analysis of time to first FAP-related event
with 22 patients censored for Spigelman stage progression without
duodenal endoscopic or surgical intervention.
[0029] FIG. 5. Post-hoc analysis of time to first FAP-related event
for the colon/pre-colectomy stratified subjects with 5 patients
censored for Spigelman stage progression without duodenal
endoscopic or surgical intervention.
[0030] FIGS. 6A-6C. Kaplan-Meier curves in the ITT population for
time to first FRE by treatment arm (A) pre-colectomy stratum, (B)
post-colectomy with rectal or ileal pouch polyposis stratum, and
(C) duodenal polyposis stratum.
[0031] FIG. 7. Kaplan-Meier curves for subjects with lower GI
anatomy for delay in lower GI surgery events.
[0032] FIG. 8. Kaplan-Meier curves for subjects with lower GI
anatomy for delay in lower GI surgery and high-risk polyp removal
events.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0033] Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an orphan disease
with multiple major unmet medical needs. The current standard of
practice involves prophylactic colectomy or proctocolectomy,
followed by proctoscopic intervention with surgical polypectomies
and/or laser/cautery ablation every 6-12 months for the rest of
their lives. Many patients have extensive polyposis at a young age
and require surgery prior to entering college. Following
prophylactic colon surgery, follow-up intervention by proctoscopy
and upper GI endoscopy occurs every 6-12 months and subsequent
surgical interventions are generally performed at experienced
centers of excellence, requiring frequent, inconvenient and
expensive travel. The serial interventions are unpleasant, require
dietary restriction and enemas. During surgical procedures, some
patients require general anesthesia and all patients require
sedation. Surgical procedures for large or multiple adenomas may
involve snare cautery polypectomy or trans-anal excision and carry
risk of bowel perforation and or subsequent bleeding. The greater
the frequency and extent of the surgical procedures, the greater
the morbidity and associated costs. Such interventions frequently
result in reduced compliance with medical and surgical
recommendations, with subsequent increased likelihood of the
development of an interval cancer. In addition, repeated cautery
ablations lead to scarring and impaired bowel function over the
years.
[0034] Methods to defer or obviate the need for additional surgical
interventions in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis are
needed. Increasing the time to clinically meaningful FAP-related
events (FAP-related surgery, duodenal polyposis, cancer and death)
is a key factor in regard to decreasing the morbidity and mortality
of this genetic disease. FAP related surgical or clinical events in
the colon, rectum, or pouch include surgery related to large or
high-risk adenomas or cancer.
[0035] Pharmacologic control in FAP patients has major implications
for clinical benefit to reduce the morbidity of the disease and
thereby improve the current standard of care. The use of low dose
sulindac and eflornithine prolongs the time to occurrence of, or
obviates the need for, clinically important FAP-related disease
events, including surgical procedures. As such, the present methods
can be used to defer the initial prophylactic colectomy to a more
"convenient time" such as after graduation from school or after
childbirth. The present methods can also be used to reduce the risk
of progressive rectal/pouch polyposis that requires surgical
intervention. The present methods may be beneficial in preventing
or delaying FAP events or progression in the duodenum.
I. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
[0036] Excess polyamine formation has long been implicated in
epithelial carcinogenesis, particularly colorectal carcinogenesis.
Polyamines are small ubiquitous molecules involved in various
processes, including, for example, transcription, RNA
stabilization, and ion channel gating (Wallace, 2000). Ornithine
decarboxylase (ODC), the first enzyme in polyamine synthesis, is
essential for normal development and tissue repair in mammals but
is down-regulated in most adult tissues (Gerner and Meyskens,
2004). Multiple abnormalities in the control of polyamine
metabolism and transport result in increased polyamine levels that
can promote tumorigenesis in several tissues (Thomas and Thomas,
2003).
[0037] Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a syndrome
associated with high risk of colon and other cancers. FAP is caused
by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor
suppressor gene, and APC signaling has been shown to regulate ODC
expression in both human cells (Fultz and Gerner, 2002) and in a
mouse model of FAP (Erdman et al., 1999). Polyamine metabolism is
up-regulated in intestinal epithelial tissues of humans with
(Giardiello et al., 1997) FAP.
[0038] Wild type APC expression leads to decreased expression of
ODC, while mutant APC leads to increased expression of ODC. The
mechanism of APC-dependent regulation of ODC involves E-box
transcription factors, including the transcriptional activator
c-MYC and the transcriptional repressor MAD1 (Fultz and Gerner,
2002; Martinez et al., 2003). c-MYC was shown by others to regulate
ODC transcription (Bellofernandez et al., 1993). Several genes
involved in polyamine metabolism are essential genes for optimal
growth in most organisms, and are down-regulated in
non-proliferating and/or adult cells and tissues (Gerner and
Meyskens, 2004). The polyamines influence specific cellular
phenotypes, in part, by affecting patterns of gene expression, as
reviewed elsewhere (Childs et al., 2003).
[0039] Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), an inherited polyposis
syndrome, is the result of germ-line mutation of the adenomatous
polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene (Su et al., 1992). This
autosomal-dominant condition with variable expression is associated
with the development of hundreds of colonic adenomas, which
uniformly progress to adenocarcinoma by forty years of age, two
decades earlier than the mean age diagnosis for sporadic colon
cancer (Bussey, 1990). In prior studies of pre-symptomatic
individuals with FAP, increased levels of the polyamines spermidine
and spermine, and their diamine precursor putrescine, have been
detected in normal-appearing colorectal biopsies when compared to
normal family member controls (Giardiello et al., 1997). The
activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first and
rate-limiting enzyme in mammalian polyamine synthesis, also is
elevated in apparently normal colonic mucosal biopsies from FAP
patients (Giardiello et al., 1997; Luk and Baylin, 1984). These
findings are of interest as the polyamines are necessary for
optimal cell proliferation (Pegg, 1986). Further, suppression of
ODC activity, using the enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor
DFMO, inhibits colon carcinogenesis in carcinogen-treated rodents
(Kingsnorth et al., 1983; Tempero et al., 1989).
[0040] The Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mouse, which shares
a mutated APC/apc genotype with FAP, serves as a useful
experimental animal model for human FAP patients (Lipkin, 1997).
The Min mouse can develop greater than 100 gastrointestinal
adenomas/adenocarcinomas throughout the gastrointestinal tract by
120 days of life leading to GI bleeding, obstruction and death. A
combination therapy of DFMO and sulindac was shown to be effective
in reducing adenomas in these mice. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,258,845 and
Gerner and Meyskens, 2004, which are incorporated herein by
reference.
II. Eflornithine
[0041] The term "eflornithine" when used by itself and free of
context refers to 2,5-diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoic acid in
any of its forms, including non-salt and salt forms (e.g.,
eflornithine HCl), anhydrous and hydrate forms of non-salt and salt
forms (e.g., eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate), solvates of
non-salt and salts forms, its enantiomers (R and S forms, which may
also by identified as d and 1 forms), and mixtures of these
enantiomers (e.g., racemic mixture). By "substantially optically
pure preparation" is meant a preparation of a first enantiomer
which contains about 5% wt. or less of the opposite enantiomer.
Specific forms of eflornithine include eflornithine hydrochloride
monohydrate (i.e., CAS ID: 96020-91-6; MW: 236.65), eflornithine
hydrochloride (i.e., CAS ID: 68278-23-9; MW: 218.63), and anhydrous
free base eflornithine (i.e., CAS ID: 70052-12-9; MW: 182.17).
Where necessary, the specific form of eflornithine has been further
specified. In some embodiments, the eflornithine of the present
disclosure is eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate (i.e., CAS ID:
96020-91-6). The terms "eflornithine" and "DFMO" are used
interchangeably herein. DFMO is an abbreviation for
difluoromethylornithine. Other synonyms of eflornithine and DFMO
include: .alpha.-difluoromethylornithine,
2-(difluoromethyl)-DL-ornithine, 2-(difluoromethyl)-dl-ornithine,
2-(Difluoromethyl)ornithine, DL-.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine,
N-Difluoromethylornithine,
.alpha..delta.-diamino-.alpha.-(difluoromethyl)valeric acid, and
2,5-diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoic acid.
[0042] Eflornithine is an enzyme-activated, irreversible inhibitor
of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first and the rate limiting
enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway (Meyskens &
Gerner, 1999). As a result of this inhibition of polyamine
synthesis, the compound is effective in preventing cancer formation
in many organ systems, inhibiting cancer growth, and reducing tumor
size. It also has synergistic action with other antineoplastic
agents.
[0043] Eflornithine has been shown to decrease APC-dependent
intestinal tumorigenesis in mice (Erdman et al., 1999). Oral
eflornithine administered daily to humans inhibits ODC enzyme
activity and polyamine contents in a number of epithelial tissues
(Love et al., 1993; Gerner et al., 1994; Meyskens et al., 1994;
Meyskens et al., 1998; Simoneau et al., 2001; Simoneau et al.,
2008). Eflornithine in combination with the non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac, has been reported to
markedly lower the adenoma occurrence rate among individuals with
colonic adenomas when compared to placebos in a randomized clinical
trial (Meyskens et al., 2008).
[0044] Eflornithine was originally synthesized by Centre de
Recherche Merrell, Strasbourg. Current U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) approvals include: [0045] African sleeping
sickness. High dose systemic IV dosage form--not marketed
(Sanofi/WHO) [0046] Hirsutitis (androgen-induced excess hair
growth) topical dosage form
[0047] While no oral formulations of eflornithine have yet been
approved by the FDA, topical and injectable forms have been
approved. Vaniqa.RTM. is a cream, which contains 15% w/w
eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate, corresponding to 11.5% w/w
anhydrous eflornithine (EU), respectively 13.9% w/w anhydrous
eflornithine hydrochloride (U.S.), in a cream for topical
administration. This topical product does not result in systemic
exposure to eflornithine. Ornidyl.RTM. is an eflornithine HCl
solution suitable for injection or infusion. It is supplied in the
strength of 200 mg eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate per ml
(20 g/100 mL). DFMO combined with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, such as a tablet containing 375 mg Eflornithine HCL and 75
mg sulindac, are being developed under IND 103,678. Additional DFMO
dosage forms are in development in the U.S. under IND 107,343,
including a 250-mg tablet (Eflornithine HCl, monohydrate 250.00 mg)
for use in adults and adolescents, and a DFMO powder (Eflornithine
HCl, monohydrate) filled bottle for dilution, for use in pediatric
populations.
[0048] Eflornithine and its use in the treatment of benign
prostatic hypertrophy are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,413,141,
and 4,330,559. The '141 patent describes eflornithine as being a
powerful inhibitor of ODC, both in vitro and in vivo.
Administration of eflornithine is reported to cause a decrease in
putrescine and spermidine concentrations in cells in which these
polyamines are normally actively produced. Additionally,
eflornithine has been shown to be capable of slowing neoplastic
cell proliferation when tested in standard tumor models. The '559
patent describes the use of eflornithine and eflornithine
derivatives for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy, like many disease states
characterized by rapid cell proliferation, is accompanied by
abnormal elevation of polyamine concentrations.
[0049] Eflornithine can potentially be given continuously with
significant anti-tumor effects. This drug is relatively non-toxic
at low doses of 0.4 g/m.sup.2/day to humans while producing
inhibition of putrescine synthesis in tumors. Studies in a
rat-tumor model demonstrate that eflornithine infusion can produce
a 90% decrease in tumor putrescine levels without suppressing
peripheral platelet counts.
[0050] Side effects observed with eflornithine include effects on
hearing at high doses of 4 g/m.sup.2/day that resolve when it is
discontinued. These effects on hearing are not observed at lower
doses of 0.4 g/m.sup.2/day when administered for up to one year
(Meyskens et al., 1994). In addition, a few cases of
dizziness/vertigo are seen that resolve when the drug is stopped.
Thrombocytopenia has been reported predominantly in studies using
high "therapeutic" doses of eflornithine (>1.0 g/m.sup.2/day)
and primarily in cancer patients who had previously undergone
chemotherapy or patients with compromised bone marrow. Although the
toxicity associated with eflornithine therapy are not, in general,
as severe as other types of chemotherapy, in limited clinical
trials it has been found to promote a dose-related
thrombocytopenia. Moreover, studies in rats have shown that
continuous infusion of eflornithine for 12 days significantly
reduces platelet counts compared with controls. Other
investigations have made similar observations in which
thrombocytopenia is the major toxicity of continuous i.v.
eflornithine therapy. These findings suggest that eflornithine may
significantly inhibit ODC activity of the bone marrow precursors of
megakaryocytes. Eflornithine may inhibit proliferative repair
processes, such as epithelial wound healing. A phase III clinical
trial assessed the recurrence of adenomatous polyps after treatment
for 36 months with eflornithine plus sulindac or matched
placebos.
III. NSAIDs
[0051] NSAIDs are anti-inflammatory agents that are not steroids.
In addition to anti-inflammatory effects, they are also reported to
have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory effects. They
are used, for example, in the treatment of chronic arthritic
conditions and certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain
and inflammation. They have been reported to act by blocking the
synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which
converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of
prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for
their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions;
other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Certain NSAIDs also may inhibit lipoxygenase enzymes or
phospholipase C or may modulate T-cell function. See AMA Drug
Evaluations Annual, 1814-5, 1994.
[0052] The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including
aspirin, ibuprofen, piroxicam (Reddy et al., 1990; Singh et al.,
1994), indomethacin (Narisawa, 1981), and sulindac (Piazza et al.,
1997; Rao et al., 1995), effectively inhibit colon carcinogenesis
in the AOM-treated rat model. NSAIDs also inhibit the development
of tumors harboring an activated Ki-ras (Singh and Reddy, 1995).
NSAIDs appear to inhibit carcinogenesis via the induction of
apoptosis in tumor cells (Bedi et al., 1995; Lupulescu, 1996;
Piazza et al., 1995; Piazza et al., 1997b). A number of studies
suggest that the chemopreventive properties of the NSAIDs,
including the induction of apoptosis, is a function of their
ability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis (reviewed in DuBois et
al., 1996; Lupulescu, 1996; Vane and Botting, 1997). Studies,
however, indicate that NSAIDs may act through both
prostaglandin-dependent and -independent mechanisms (Alberts et
al., 1995; Piazza et al., 1997a; Thompson et al., 1995; Hanif,
1996). Sulindac sulfone, a metabolite of the NSAID sulindac, lacks
COX-inhibitory activity yet induces apoptosis in tumor cells
(Piazza et al., 1995; Piazza et al., 1997b) and inhibits tumor
development in several rodent models of carcinogenesis (Thompson et
al., 1995; Piazza et al., 1995, 1997a). Sulindac sulfone induces
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-.gamma. (PPAR), which
binds to PPAR response elements for the spermidine/spermine
acetyltransferase (SAT1) gene. Activation of this gene promotes the
export of polyamines. This mechanism is complementary to the
mechanism of eflornithine in reducing polyamine levels.
Experimental findings in human cell and mouse models indicate that
sulindac and other NSAIDS activate polyamine catabolism. Thus
NSAIDs complement inhibitors of polyamine synthesis, like
eflornithine to reduce tissue polyamines.
[0053] Several NSAIDs have been examined for their effects in human
clinical trials. A phase Ha trial (one month) of ibuprofen was
completed and even at the dose of 300 mg/day, a significant
decrease in prostoglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in flat mucosa was seen.
A dose of 300 mg of ibuprofen is very low (therapeutic doses range
from 1200-3000 mg/day or more), and toxicity is unlikely to be
seen, even over the long-term. However, in animal chemoprevention
models, ibuprofen is less effective than other NSAIDs.
[0054] The methods provided herein may comprise administering
pharmaceutically acceptable amounts of an NSAID, including, for
example, any of the NSAIDs discussed herein.
[0055] A. Aspirin
[0056] Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a salicylate
drug, often used as an analgesic to relieve minor aches and pains,
as an antipyretic to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory
medication. Aspirin was first isolated by Felix Hoffmann, a chemist
with the German company Bayer in 1897. Salicylic acid, the main
metabolite of aspirin, is an integral part of human and animal
metabolism. While in humans much of it is attributable to diet, a
substantial part is synthesized endogenously. Today, aspirin is one
of the most widely used medications in the world, with an estimated
40,000 tons of it being consumed each year. In countries where
Aspirin is a registered trademark owned by Bayer, the generic term
is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).
[0057] Aspirin also has an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the
production of thromboxane, which under normal circumstances binds
platelet molecules together to create a patch over damaged walls of
blood vessels. Because the platelet patch can become too large and
also block blood flow, locally and downstream, aspirin is also used
long-term, at low doses, to help prevent heart attacks, strokes,
and blood clot formation in people at high risk of developing blood
clots. It has also been established that low doses of aspirin may
be given immediately after a heart attack to reduce the risk of
another heart attack or of the death of cardiac tissue. Aspirin may
be effective at preventing certain types of cancer, particularly
colorectal cancer.
[0058] The main undesirable side effects of aspirin taken by mouth
are gastrointestinal ulcers, stomach bleeding, and tinnitus,
especially in higher doses. In children and adolescents, aspirin is
no longer indicated to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of
chickenpox or other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reye's
syndrome.
[0059] Aspirin is part of a group of medications called
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but differs from
most other NSAIDS in the mechanism of action. Though aspirin, and
others in its group called the salicylates, have similar effects
(antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic) to the other NSAIDs and
inhibit the same enzyme cyclooxygenase, aspirin (but not the other
salicylates) does so in an irreversible manner and, unlike others,
affects more the COX-1 variant than the COX-2 variant of the
enzyme.
[0060] B. Sulindac and Its Major Metabolites, Sulindac Sulfone and
Sulindac Sulfide
[0061] Sulindac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
that exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic
activities in animal models. In addition to these properties, it
has been shown to be an antitumor agent. Based on both genetic and
pharmacological studies, it is suggested that the antitumor effects
are mediated, at least in part, through inhibition of
cyclooxygenases (COX), the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin
biosynthesis. There are at least two distinct forms, COX-1 and
COX-2. Physiologically sulindac is metabolized into sulfide- or
sulfone containing derivatives. Both derivatives inhibit growth and
induce apoptosis in a variety of human tumor-derived cell lines.
The sulfide derivative inhibits colon carcinogenesis by inhibiting
COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme activities. However, sulindac sulfone also
inhibits chemical carcinogenesis in rodents but by a mechanism that
cannot be explained solely by the inhibition of prostaglandin
synthesis (Hwang et al., 2002). Sulindac sulfone induces peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor-.gamma. (PPAR), which binds to PPAR
response elements (PPREs) for the spermidine/spermine
acetyltransferase (SAT1) gene (Babbar et al., 2003). Activation of
this gene promotes the export of polyamines. This mechanism is
complementary to the mechanism of eflornithine in reducing
polyamine levels (Gerner & Meyskens, 2009). Experimental
findings in human cell and mouse models indicate that sulindac and
other NSAIDS activate polyamine catabolism (Gerner & Meyskens,
2009). Thus, NSAIDs complement inhibitors of polyamine synthesis,
like eflornithine to reduce tissue polyamines.
[0062] Sulindac is a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory indene
derivative with the following chemical designation;
(Z)-5-fluoro-2-methyl-1-((4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl)methylene)-1H-indene-3-
-acetic acid (Physician's Desk Reference, 1999). Without being
bound by theory, the sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo by
reversible reduction to a sulfide metabolite and by irreversible
oxidation to a sulfone metabolite (exisulind). See U.S. Pat. No.
6,258,845, which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety. Sulindac, which also inhibits Ki-ras activation, is
metabolized to two different molecules which differ in their
ability to inhibit COX, yet both are able to exert chemopreventive
effects via the induction of apoptosis. Sulindac sulfone lacks
COX-inhibitory activity, and most likely facilitates the induction
of apoptosis in a manner independent of prostaglandin synthesis.
Available evidence indicates that the sulfide derivative is at
least one of the biologically active compounds. Based on this,
sulindac may be considered a prodrug.
[0063] Sulindac (Clinoril.RTM.) is available, for example, as 150
mg and 200 mg tablets. The most common dosage for adults is 150 to
200 mg twice a day, with a maximal daily dose of 400 mg. After oral
administration, about 90% of the drug is absorbed. Peak plasma
levels are achieved in about 2 hours in fasting patients and 3 to 4
hours when administered with food. The mean half-life of sulindac
is 7.8 hours: the mean half-life of the sulfide metabolite is 16.4
hours. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,647,858 and 3,654,349 cover preparations of
sulindac, both are incorporate by reference herein in their
entireties.
[0064] Sulindac is indicated for the acute and long-term relief of
signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,
ankylosing spondylitis, acute gout, and acute painful shoulder. The
analgesic and antiinflammatory effects exerted by sulindac (400 mg
per day) are comparable to those achieved by aspirin (4 g per day),
ibuprofen (1200 mg per day), indomethacin (125 mg per day), and
phenylbutazone (400 to 600 mg per day). Side effects of sulindac
include mild gastrointestinal effects in nearly 20% of patients,
with abdominal pain and nausea being the most frequent complaints.
CNS side effects are seen in up to 10% of patients, with
drowsiness, headache, and nervousness being those most frequently
reported. Skin rash and pruritus occur in 5% of patients. Chronic
treatment with sulindac can lead to serious gastrointestinal
toxicity such as bleeding, ulceration, and perforation.
[0065] The potential use of sulindac for chemoprevention of
cancers, and in particular colorectal polyps, has been studied. Two
recent U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,814,625 and 5,843,929, detail potential
chemopreventive uses of sulindac in humans. Both patents are
incorporated herein in their entireties. Doses of sulindac claimed
in U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,625 range from 10 mg to 1500 mg per day,
with preferred doses of 50 mg to 500 mg per day. However, at the
higher doses, the biggest problem with the use of sulindac as a
single agent in chemoprevention is its well-known toxicities and
moderately high risk of intolerance. The elderly appear to be
especially vulnerable, as the incidence of side effects is higher
in those over the age of 60. It is noted that this age group is
most likely to develop colorectal cancer, and therefore, most
likely to benefit from chemoprevention. Sulindac has been shown to
produce regression of adenomas in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
(FAP) patients (Muscat et al., 1994), although at least one study
in sporadic adenomas has shown no such effect (Ladenheim et al.,
1995). Sulindac and its sulfone metabolite exisulind have been
tested.
[0066] A combination therapy of DFMO and sulindac was shown to be
effective in reducing adenomas in these mice. See U.S. Pat. No.
6,258,845, which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0067] C. Piroxicam
[0068] Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is
well established in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and
osteoarthritis with the following chemical designation:
hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pyridyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide
1,1-dioxide. Its usefulness also has been demonstrated in the
treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and
postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be
administered once daily. The drug has been shown to be effective if
administered rectally. Gastrointestinal complaints are the most
frequently reported side effects.
[0069] Piroxicam has been shown to be effective chemoprevention
agent in animal models (Pollard and Luckert, 1989; Reddy et al.,
1987), although it demonstrated side effects in a recent IIb trial.
A large meta-analysis of the side effects of the NSAIDs also
indicates that piroxicam has more side effects than other NSAIDs
(Lanza et al., 1995).
[0070] The combination of DFMO and piroxicam has been shown to have
a synergistic chemopreventive effect in the AOM-treated rat model
of colon carcinogenesis (Reddy et al., 1990), although DFMO exerted
a greater suppressive effect than piroxicam on Ki-ras mutation and
tumorigenesis when each agent was administered separately (Reddy et
al., 1990). In one study, administration of DFMO or piroxicam to
AOM-treated rats reduced the number of tumors harboring Ki-ras
mutations from 90% to 36% and 25%, respectively (Singh et al.,
1994). Both agents also reduced the amount of biochemically active
p21 ras in existing tumors.
[0071] D. Celecoxib
[0072] Celecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that is
well established in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid
arthritis, acute pain, ankylosing spondylitis, and to reduce the
number of colon and rectal polyps in patients with FAP with the
following chemical designation:
4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide.
Celecoxib is marketed under the brand names Celebrex, Celebra, and
Onsenal by Pfizer. Celecoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Side
effects of celecoxib include a 30% increase in rates of heart and
blood vessel disease. Additionally, the risk of gastrointestinal
side effects are greater than 80%.
[0073] E. Combinations of NSAIDs
[0074] Combinations of various NSAIDs are also used for various
purposes. By using lower doses of two or more NSAIDs, it is
possible to reduce the side effects or toxicities associated with
higher doses of individual NSAIDs. For example, in some
embodiments, sulindac may be used together with celecoxib. In some
embodiments, the one or both of the NSAIDS are selective COX-2
inhibitors. Examples of NSAIDS that back be used either alone or in
combination include, but are not limited to, the following:
ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, flurbiprofen,
oxaprozin, indomethacin, sulindac, etodolac, diclofenac, piroxicam,
meloxicam, tenoxicam, droxicam, lornoxicam, isoxicam, mefenamic
acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid,
celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, lumiracoxib, or
etoricoxib.
[0075] F. Combinations of NSAIDS and Eflornithine
[0076] Preclinical studies, investigating the anti-carcinogenic
effects of eflornithine combined with a number of NSAIDS, have been
reported. Notably, eflornithine combined with sulindac is a potent
inhibitor of chemical carcinogen-induced colon carcinogenesis in
mice (Legendre-McGee et al., 2015). Eflornithine combined with
either sulindac or celecoxib effectively reduced intestinal
carcinogenesis in the Apc.sup.Min/+ mouse model of the human
syndrome familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) (Ignatenko et al.,
2008). Combination eflornithine and sulindac reduced metachronous
colorectal adenomas by over 70%, compared to placebo, in a
randomized clinical trial in patients with prior sporadic
colorectal polyps (Meyskens et al., 2008). Combination eflornithine
and celecoxib reduced the number of colonic adenomas by 13%,
compared to a 1% reduction caused by celecoxib alone, in a
randomized clinical trial in patients with FAP (Lynch et al.,
2016). This reduction was not statistically significant in this
clinical trial with small patient numbers. However, the combination
therapy reduced measures of global tumor burden by over 80% from
baseline, compared to 30% by celecoxib alone, and this difference
was statistically significant.
IV. Eflornithine/Sulindac Combination Therapy
[0077] In some aspects, the methods provided herein may be used to
treat familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and/or prevent or delay
the need for colon surgery. In some aspects, the present methods
comprise administering a fixed dose combination of a
pharmaceutically effective amount of eflornithine and a
pharmaceutically effective amount of a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a metabolite thereof. In some
embodiments, the fixed dose combination is a pharmaceutically
effective amount of eflornithine and a pharmaceutically effective
amount of sulindac. Examples of such fixed dose combination are
provided in International PCT Publication Number WO 2017/075576,
which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some
aspects, the present methods comprise separately administering a
pharmaceutically effective amount of eflornithine and a
pharmaceutically effective amount of a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a metabolite thereof.
[0078] In some embodiments, the agent(s) may be administered on a
routine schedule. As used herein, a routine schedule refers to a
predetermined designated period of time. The routine schedule may
encompass periods of time which are identical or which differ in
length, as long as the schedule is predetermined. For instance, the
routine schedule may involve administration twice a day, every day,
every two days, every three days, every four days, every five days,
every six days, a weekly basis, a monthly basis or any set number
of days or weeks there-between. Alternatively, the predetermined
routine schedule may involve administration on a twice daily basis
for the first week, followed by a daily basis for several months,
etc. In other embodiments, the invention provides that the agent(s)
may be taken orally and that the timing of which is or is not
dependent upon food intake. Thus, for example, the agents can be
taken every morning and/or every evening, regardless of when the
subject has eaten or will eat.
V. Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients
[0079] In some embodiments, the treatment methods may be
supplemented with diagnostic methods to improve the efficacy and/or
minimize the toxicity of the anti-cancer therapies comprising
administration of the compositions provided herein. Such methods
are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,329,636 and
9,121,852, U.S. Patent Publications US2013/0217743 and
US2015/0301060, and PCT Patent Publications WO2014/070767 and
WO2015/195120, which are all incorporated herein by reference.
[0080] In some embodiments, compositions and formulations of the
present disclosure may be administered to a subject with a genotype
at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one allele of the ODC1
gene promoter is G. In some embodiments, the genotype at position
+316 of both alleles of the patient's ODC1 gene promoters may be
GG. In some embodiments, the genotype at position +316 (rs2302615)
of both alleles of the patient's ODC1 gene promoters may be GA. A
statistically significant interaction was detected for ODC1
genotype and treatment in a full model for adenoma recurrence, such
that the pattern of adenoma recurrence among placebo patients was:
GG 50%, GA 35%, AA 29% versus eflornithine/sulindac patients: GG
11%, GA 14%, AA 57%. Here, adenoma recurrence refers to a
metachronous adenoma rather than recurrence of the original
adenoma. The adenoma-inhibitory effect of eflornithine and sulindac
was greater among those with the major G homozygous ODC1 genotype,
in contrast to prior reports showing decreased risk of recurrent
adenoma among CRA patients receiving aspirin carrying at least one
A allele (Martinez et al., 2003; Barry et al., 2006; Hubner et al.,
2008). These results demonstrate that ODC1 A allele carriers at
position +316 (rs2302615)differ in response to prolonged exposure
with eflornithine and sulindac compared to GG genotype patients,
with A allele carriers experiencing less benefit in terms of
adenoma recurrence, and potential for elevated risk of developing
ototoxicity, especially among the AA homozygotes.
[0081] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for the
preventative or curative treatment of colorectal carcinoma in a
patient comprising: (a) obtaining results from a test that
determines the patient's genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of
at least one ODC1 promoter gene allele; and (b) if the results
indicate that the patient's genotype at position +316 (rs2302615)
of at least one allele of the ODC1 promoter gene is G, then
administering to the patient a composition provided herein. In some
embodiments, the invention provides methods for the treatment of
colorectal carcinoma risk factors in a patient comprising: (a)
obtaining results from a test that determines the patient's
genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one ODC1 promoter
gene allele; and (b) if the results indicate that the patient's
genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one allele of the
ODC1 promoter gene is G, then administering to the patient a
composition provided herein, wherein the methods prevent the
formation of new aberrant crypt foci, new adenomatous polyps or new
adenomas with dysplasia in the patient. See U.S. Pat. No.
8,329,636, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0082] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for the
preventative or curative treatment of familial adenomatous
polyposis (FAP) in a patient comprising: (a) obtaining results from
a test that determines the patient's genotype at position +316
(rs2302615) of at least one ODC1 promoter gene allele; and (b) if
the results indicate that the patient's genotype at position +316
(rs2302615) of at least one allele of the ODC1 promoter gene is G,
then administering to the patient a composition provided herein. In
some embodiments, the invention provides methods for the treatment
of familial adenomatous polyposis risk factors in a patient
comprising: (a) obtaining results from a test that determines the
patient's genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one
ODC1 promoter gene allele; and (b) if the results indicate that the
patient's genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one
allele of the ODC1 promoter gene is G, then administering to the
patient a composition provided herein, wherein the methods prevent
the formation of new aberrant crypt foci, new adenomatous polyps or
new adenomas with dysplasia in the patient. See U.S. Pat. No.
9,121,852, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0083] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for
treating patients with FAP comprising administering to the patients
a composition provided herein, wherein the patients have been
determined to have a dietary polyamine intake, and/or tissue
polyamine level, and/or tissue polyamine flux that is not high. In
some of these embodiments, the dietary polyamine intake that is not
high is 300 .mu.M polyamine per day or lower. In some of these
embodiments, the carcinoma is colorectal cancer. See U.S. Patent
Publication US2013/0217743, which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0084] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods for the
treatment of FAP in a patient comprising: (a) obtaining results
from a test that determines an expression level of a let-7
non-coding RNA, a HMGA2 protein, and/or a LIN28 protein in a colon
polyp cell from the patient; and (b) if the results indicate that
the patient's cell exhibits a reduced let-7 non-coding RNA
expression level as compared to a reference let-7 non-coding RNA
expression level, an elevated HMGA2 protein expression level as
compared a reference HMGA2 protein expression level, and/or an
elevated LIN28 protein expression level as compared to a reference
LIN28 protein expression level, then administering to the patient a
composition provided herein. In some of these embodiments, the
reference level is a level observed in a non-diseased subject or a
level observed in a non-cancerous cell from the patient. In some of
these embodiments, "obtaining" comprises providing a sample of a
colon polyp from the patient and assessing an expression level of a
let-7 non-coding RNA, an HMGA2 protein, or a LIN28 protein in a
cell from the sample. In some of these embodiments, "assessing an
expression level of a let-7 non-coding RNA" comprises quantitative
PCR or Northern blotting. In some of these embodiments, "assessing
an expression level of a HMGA2 protein or a LIN28 protein"
comprises immunohistochemistry or ELISA. In some of these
embodiments, the methods further comprise (c) obtaining results
from a test that determines the expression of a let-7 non-coding
RNA in a second cell from said patient at a second time point
following the administration of at least one dose of the ODC
inhibitor. In some of these embodiments, the methods further
comprise increasing the amount of the ODC inhibitor administered to
the patient if no or a small increase in let-7 non-coding RNA is
observed. In some of these embodiments, the methods further
comprise obtaining results from a test that determines the
expression of a HMGA2 protein or a LIN28 protein in a second cell
from said patient at a second time point following the
administration of at least one dose of the ODC inhibitor. In some
of these embodiments, the methods further comprise increasing the
amount of the ODC inhibitor administered to the patient if no or a
small decrease in HMGA2 protein or LIN28 protein is observed. In
some of these embodiments, the methods further comprise (i)
obtaining results from a test that determines the patient's
genotype at position +316 of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene
promoter; and (ii) if the results indicate that the patient's
genotype at position +316 of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene
promoter is G, then administering to the patient a composition
provided herein. See U.S. Patent Publication US2015/0301060, which
is incorporated herein by reference.
[0085] In some embodiments, there are provided methods for the
treatment of FAP in a patient comprising: (a) obtaining results
from a test that determines the patient's genotype at position +263
(rs2302616) of at least one ODC1 allele; and (b) if the results
indicate that the patient's genotype at position +263 (rs2302616)
of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene is T, then administering to
the patient a composition provided herein. In some of these
embodiments, the test may determine the nucleotide base at position
+263 (rs2302616) of one allele of the ODC1 gene in the patient. In
some embodiments, the test may determine the nucleotide bases at
position +263 (rs2302616) of both alleles of the ODC1 gene in the
patient. In some embodiments, the results may indicate that the
patient's genotype at position +263 (rs2302616) of both alleles of
the ODC1 gene is TT. In some embodiments, the results may indicate
that the patient's genotype at position +263 (rs2302616) of both
alleles of the ODC1 gene is TG. In some of these embodiments, the
method may further comprise obtaining results from a test that
determines the patient's genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of
at least one ODC1 allele and only administering to the patient of
the composition provided herein if the results indicate that the
patient's genotype at position +316 (rs2302615) of at least one
allele of the ODC1 gene is G. In another aspect, there are provided
methods for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma risk factors in a
patient comprising: (a) obtaining results from a test that
determines the patient's genotype at position +263 (rs2302616) of
at least one ODC1 allele; and (b) if the results indicate that the
patient's genotype at position +263 (rs2302616) of at least one
allele of the ODC1 gene is T, then administering to the patient a
composition provided herein, wherein the method prevents the
formation of new aberrant crypt foci, new adenomatous polyps or new
adenomas with dysplasia in the patient. In another aspect, there is
provided methods for preventing the development of a carcinoma in a
patient at risk therefor comprising: (a) obtaining results from a
test that determines the patient's genotype at position +263
(rs2302616) of at least one ODC1 allele; and (b) if the results
indicate that the patient's genotype at position +263 (rs2302616)
of at least one allele of the ODC1 gene is T, then administering to
the patient a composition provided herein. See PCT Patent
Publication WO2015/195120, which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0086] In variations on any of the above embodiments, the methods
may prevent the formation of new advanced colorectal neoplasms
within the patient. In some embodiments, the method may prevent the
formation of new right-sided advanced colorectal neoplasms. In some
embodiments, the method may prevent the formation of new left-sided
advanced colorectal neoplasms.
[0087] In variations on any of the above embodiments, the patient
is human.
VI. Pharmaceutical Formulations and Routes of Administration
[0088] In one aspect, the present invention comprises administering
compositions comprising a fixed dose combination of a
pharmaceutically effective amount of eflornithine and a
pharmaceutically effective amount of a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a metabolite thereof. In some
embodiments, the fixed dose combination is a pharmaceutically
effective amount of eflornithine and a pharmaceutically effective
amount of sulindac. In other aspects, the present invention
comprises administering separation compositions comprising a fixed
dose of a pharmaceutically effective amount of eflornithine and a
fixed dose of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or a metabolite thereof.
[0089] In some embodiments, the eflornithine is eflornithine
hydrochloride monohydrate. In some embodiments, the eflornithine is
eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate racemate. In some
embodiments, the eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate is a
racemic mixture of its two enantiomers.
[0090] In some embodiments, the eflornithine is present in an
amount of about 10 to about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, the
eflornithine is present in an amount of about 250 to about 500 mg.
In some embodiments, the eflornithine is present in an amount of
about 300 to about 450 mg. In some embodiments, the eflornithine is
present in an amount of about 350 to about 400 mg. In some
embodiments, the eflornithine is present in an amount of about 35
to about 60 weight percent. In some embodiments, the eflornithine
is present in an amount of about 40 to about 55 weight percent. In
some embodiments, the eflornithine is present in an amount of about
50 to about 55 weight percent. In some embodiments, the
eflornithine is present in an amount of about 52 to about 54 weight
percent. In some embodiments, the amount of eflornithine
hydrochloride monohydrate racemate is from 52 to 54 weight percent.
In some embodiments, the eflornithine is present in an amount of
about 375 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of eflornithine
hydrochloride monohydrate racemate is 375 mg.
[0091] In some embodiments, the sulindac is present in an amount
from about 10 to about 1500 mg. In some embodiments, the sulindac
is present in an amount of about 50 to about 100 mg. In some
embodiments, the sulindac is present in an amount of about 70 to
about 80 mg. In some embodiments, the sulindac is present in an
amount of about 75 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of sulindac
is 75 mg. In some embodiments, the sulindac is present in an amount
of about 5 to about 20 weight percent. In some embodiments, the
sulindac is present in an amount of about 8 to about 15 weight
percent. In some embodiments, the sulindac is present in an amount
of about 10 to about 12 weight percent. In some embodiments, the
amount of sulindac is from 10 to 11 weight percent.
[0092] In some embodiments, the eflornithine is present in an
amount of about 375 mg and the sulindac is present in an amount of
about 75 mg.
[0093] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises an
excipient. In some embodiments, the excipient is starch, colloidal
silicon dioxide, or silicified microcrystalline cellulose. In some
embodiments, the excipient is colloidal silicon dioxide. In some
embodiments, the formulation further comprises a second excipient.
In some embodiments, the second excipient is silicified
microcrystalline cellulose.
[0094] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a
lubricant. In some embodiments, the lubricant is magnesium
stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearate, glyceryl monostearate,
aluminum stearate, polyethylene glycol, boric acid or sodium
benzoate. In some embodiments, the lubricant is magnesium stearate.
In some embodiments, magnesium stearate is present in an amount of
about 0.25 to about 2 weight percent. In some embodiments, the
amount of magnesium stearate is from about 0.75 to about 2 weight
percent. In some embodiments, the amount of magnesium stearate is
from about 1 to about 1.5 weight percent. In some embodiments, the
amount of magnesium stearate is about 1.1 weight percent. In some
embodiments, magnesium stearate is present in an amount of about
1.5 weight percent.
[0095] In some embodiments, the compositions are in the form of a
capsule, tablet, mini tablets, granules, pellets, solution, gel,
cream, foam or patch. In some embodiments, the composition is in
the form of a tablet, for example, a monolayer tablet.
[0096] In some embodiments, the weight of the tablet is from about
650 mg to about 1,000 mg. In some embodiments, the weight of the
tablet is from about 675 mg to about 725 mg. In some embodiments,
the weight of the tablet is about 700 mg.
[0097] In some embodiments, the tablet further comprises a coating.
In some embodiments, the coating is a modified release coating or
an enteric coating. In some embodiments, the coating is a
pH-responsive coating. In some embodiments, the coating comprises
cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), cellulose acetate trimelletate
(CAT), poly (vinyl acetate) phthalate (PVAP),
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HP), poly(methacrylate
ethylacrylate) (1:1) copolymer (MA-EA), poly(methacrylate
methylmethacrylate) (1:1) copolymer (MA MMA), poly(methacrylate
methylmethacrylate) (1:2) copolymer, or
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS). In some
embodiments, the coating masks the taste of eflornithine. In some
embodiments, the coating comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,
titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol, and iron oxide yellow.
[0098] In some embodiments, the amount of coating is from about 1
to about 5 weight percent. In some embodiments, the amount of
coating is from about 2 to about 4 weight percent. In some
embodiments, the amount of coating is about 3 weight percent. In
some embodiments, the amount of coating is from about 5 mg to about
30 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of coating is from about 15
mg to about 25 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of coating is
about 21 mg.
[0099] In some embodiments, the weight of the tablet comprising a
coating is from about 675 mg to about 750 mg. In some embodiments,
the weight of the tablet comprising a coating is from about 700 mg
to about 725 mg. In some embodiments, the weight of the tablet
comprising a coating is about 721 mg.
[0100] In one aspect, the present invention provides compositions
comprising a fixed dose combination of a pharmaceutically effective
amount of eflornithine and a pharmaceutically effective amount of
sulindac. In some embodiments, the compositions are in the form of
a capsule, tablet, mini tablets, granules, pellets, solution, gel,
cream, foam or patch. In some embodiments, the compositions are
solid and take the form of a tablet, for example, a monolayer
tablet. In some embodiments, the tablet is film coated.
[0101] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions and
formulations of the present invention are for enteral, such as
oral, and also rectal or parenteral, with the compositions
comprising the pharmacologically active compounds either alone or
together with pharmaceutical auxiliary substances (excipients).
Pharmaceutical preparations for enteral or parenteral
administration are, for example, in unit dose forms, such as coated
tablets, tablets, capsules or suppositories and also ampoules.
These are prepared in a manner, which is known per se, for example
using conventional mixing, granulation, coating, solubilizing or
lyophilizing processes. Thus, pharmaceutical preparations for oral
use can be obtained by combining the active compounds with solid
excipients, if desired granulating a mixture which has been
obtained, and, if required or necessary, processing the mixture or
granulate into tablets or coated tablet cores after having added
suitable auxiliary substances. In a preferred embodiment, a mixture
of active ingredients and excipients are formulated into a tablet
form. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability
or delay absorption. For example, a coating may be applied to a
tablet to mask the disagreeable taste of the active compound, such
as eflornithine, or to sustain and/or to delay the release of the
active molecules to a certain area in the gastrointestinal
tract.
[0102] The therapeutic compounds can be orally administered, for
example, with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.
The therapeutic compounds and other ingredients may also be
enclosed in a hard or soft shell gelatin capsule, compressed into
tablets, or incorporated directly into the subject's diet. For oral
therapeutic administration, the therapeutic compounds may be
incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible
tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions,
syrups, or wafers.
[0103] In certain embodiments, the tablets and/or capsules provided
herein comprise the active ingredients and powdered carriers, such
as lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, magnesium stearate, and
stearic acid. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed
tablets. In other embodiments, tablets and capsules can be
manufactured for immediate or modified release. In some
embodiments, the tablet and/or capsule is manufactured as a
sustained release product to provide for continuous release of
medication over a period of hours. In some embodiments, the
compressed tablet is sugar-coated and/or film-coated to mask
unpleasant taste and/or protect the tablet from the atmosphere. In
some embodiments, the tablet is enteric coated for selective
disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.
[0104] In some embodiments, the tablet or capsule is able to
disintegrate or dissolve to liberate multiparticulates comprising
particles of different populations of a first component and a
second component, e.g. modified release coated multiparticles. In
some of these embodiments, the tablet or capsule may disintegrate
or dissolve in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, terminal ileum,
or colon. In some of these embodiments, the tablet or capsule may
release the multiparticulates with modified release properties.
[0105] In some embodiments, the present invention encompasses
methods of administering a pharmaceutical oral fixed dose
combination in the form of a multilayer tablet. A multilayer tablet
has at least two layers (bilayer tablet) or can have three, four,
five or more layers. In some embodiments, each of the layers
contains not more than one of the active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs). For example, in some embodiments, the tablet has two
layers, with one of the APIs in each of the two layers. In some
embodiments, in addition to these two layers, the tablet contains
further layers containing only carrier and which may function,
e.g., as separation layer(s) or outer coating layer(s). In some
embodiments, if more than two layers are present, the components
may be present in more than one layer as long as they are not
present together in the same layer. In certain embodiments, a
monolayer tablet is preferred but all information detailed below is
equally applicable to multilayer tablets.
[0106] In some embodiments, the fixed dose combination may be
formulated to provide a mean steady state plasma concentration
level of total eflornithine and/or sulindac in the range of about
0.1 .mu.M to about 1000 .mu.M and preferably in the range of about
1 .mu.M to 100 .mu.M and more preferably in the range of about 1
.mu.M to about 50 .mu.M.
[0107] In some embodiments, the compositions further comprise a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some of these
embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient may include
a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, a pharmaceutically
acceptable disintegrant, a pharmaceutically acceptable binder, a
pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizer, a pharmaceutically
acceptable lubricant, a pharmaceutically acceptable pigment, or
pharmaceutically acceptable glider. In a fixed dose combination
formulation of the present invention, an active ingredient may be
mixed at a weight ratio of 1:0.25 to 1:20 with a pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient.
[0108] Diluents that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations of
the present invention include, but are not limited to,
microcrystalline cellulose ("MCC"), silicified MCC (e.g.
PROSOLV.TM. HD 90), microfine cellulose, lactose, starch,
pregelatinized starch, sugar, mannitol, sorbitol, dextrates,
dextrin, maltodextrin, dextrose, calcium carbonate, calcium
sulfate, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, tribasic calcium
phosphate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and any mixtures
thereof. Preferably, the diluent is silicified MCC. The diluent may
be used in an amount of from about 5 to about 95 weight percent
based on the total weight of the formulation, and preferably in an
amount of from about 25 to about 40 percent weight, such as in an
amount of from about 30 to about 35 percent weight. In certain
aspects, the diluent can be a soluble diluent. When the diluent is
used, its ratio to the active ingredient in each discrete layer is
very important. The term "soluble diluents" refers to a diluent
which is dissolved in water, like lactose, Ludipress (BASF, a
mixture of lactose, crospovidone and povidone (93:3.5:3.5, w/w
(%))), mannitol and sorbitol.
[0109] Disintegrants are used to promote swelling and
disintegration of the tablet after exposure to fluids in the oral
cavity and/or gastrointestinal tract. Examples of disintegrants
useful in the fixed dose combination formulation of the present
invention include crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate,
croscarmellose sodium, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose,
starch, alginic acid or sodium salt thereof, and a mixture thereof.
Other disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical formulations
of the present invention include, but are not limited to,
methylcelluloses, microcrystalline celluloses, carboxymethyl
cellulose calcium, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (e.g.
AC-DI-SOL.TM., PRIMELLOSE.TM.), povidones, guar gum, magnesium
aluminum silicate, colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g. AEROSIL.TM.,
CARBOSIL.TM.), polacrilin potassium, starch, pregelatinized starch,
sodium starch glycolate (e.g. EXPLOTAB.TM.), sodium alginate, and
any mixtures thereof. Preferably, the disintegrant is colloidal
silicon dioxide. The disintegrant may be used in an amount of about
0.1 to about 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the
formulation, and preferably in an amount of about 0.2 to about 5
weight percent.
[0110] Compositions of the present invention may comprise
lubricants. Sticking can occur when granules attach themselves to
the faces of tablet press punches. Lubricants are used to promote
flowability of powders, and to reduce friction between the tablet
punch faces and the tablet punches and between the tablet surface
and the die wall. For example, lubricants include magnesium
stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, sodium
stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulphate,
magnesium lauryl sulphate, and sodium benzoate. Preferably, the
lubricant is magnesium stearate. In the present invention,
lubricants preferably comprise 0.25 weight percent to 2 weight
percent of the solid dosage form, and preferably in an amount of
about 1.5 weight percent. In an exemplary formulation, the
lubricant is magnesium stearate present in an amount of about 1.5
weight percent to prevent sticking.
[0111] Binders can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of
the present invention to help hold tablets together after
compression. Examples of binders useful for the present invention
are acacia, guar gum, alginic acid, carbomers (e.g. Carbopol.TM.
products), dextrin, maltodextrin, methylcelluloses,
ethylcelluloses, hydroxyethyl celluloses, hydroxypropyl celluloses
(e.g. KLUCEL.TM.), hydroxypropyl methylcelluloses (e.g.
METHOCEL.TM.), carboxymethylcellulose sodiums, liquid glucose,
magnesium aluminum silicate, polymethacrylates,
polyvinylpyrrolidones (e.g., povidone K-90 D, KOLLIDON.TM.),
copovidone (PLASDONE.TM.), gelatin, starches, and any mixtures
thereof. Preferably, the binder is starch. In the present
invention, binders preferably comprise about 1 to about 15 weight
percent of the solid dosage form. In other embodiments, the solid
dosage form does not comprise a binder.
[0112] In certain embodiments, the stabilizer usable in the fixed
dose combination formulation of the present invention may be an
anti-oxidant. The use of an antioxidant enhances stability of the
active ingredients against the undesirable reaction with other
pharmaceutically acceptable additives and against modification by
heat or moisture with time. For example, the anti-oxidant is
ascorbic acid and its esters, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT),
butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a-tocopherol, cystein, citric acid,
propyl gallate, sodium bisulfate, sodium pyrosulfite, ethylene
diamine tetracetic acid (EDTA), and any mixtures thereof.
VII. Methods of Treating
[0113] Effective combination therapy with eflornithine and sulindac
may be achieved using two formulations: one that provides
eflornithine and sulindac in a combined dosage form, or one that
provides eflornithine and sulindac in separate dosage forms. In
aspects involving two distinct compositions or formulations, each
agent may be administered before, concurrently with, or following
administration of the other agent. In some aspects, one would
ensure that a significant period of time did not expire between the
time of each delivery, such that each agent would still be able to
exert an advantageously combined effect. In such instances, it is
contemplated that one would typically administer each agent within
about 12-24 hours of the others and, more preferably, within about
6-12 hours of each other.
[0114] In some embodiments, the agents may be administered on a
routine schedule. As used herein, a routine schedule refers to a
predetermined designated period of time. The routine schedule may
encompass periods of time which are identical or which differ in
length, as long as the schedule is predetermined. For instance, the
routine schedule may involve administration twice a day, every day,
every two days, every three days, every four days, every five days,
every six days, a weekly basis, a monthly basis or any set number
of days or weeks there-between. Alternatively, the predetermined
routine schedule may involve administration on a twice daily basis
for the first week, followed by a daily basis for several months,
etc. In other embodiments, the invention provides that the agent(s)
may be taken orally and that the timing of which is or is not
dependent upon food intake. Thus, for example, the agent can be
taken every morning and/or every evening, regardless of when the
subject has eaten or will eat.
[0115] In some embodiments, the agents may be administered in
combination with at least a third agent. The at least third therapy
may precede or follow treatment with eflornithine and sulindac by
intervals ranging from minutes to months. In some aspects, one
would ensure that a significant period of time did not expire
between the time of each delivery, such that the combination of
agents would still be able to exert an advantageously combined
effect. In such instances, it is contemplated that one would
typically administer the combination of eflornithine and sulindac
and the at least third therapeutic agent within about 12-24 hours
of each other and, more preferably, within about 6-12 hours of each
other. In some aspects, it may be desirable to extend the time
period for treatment significantly, however, where several days (2,
3, 4, 5, 6 or 7) to several weeks (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8) lapse
between the respective administrations.
[0116] Various combinations may be employed, such as where "A"
represents the combination of eflornithine and sulindac and "B"
represents the at least third agent, non-limiting examples of which
are described below:
TABLE-US-00001 A/B/A B/A/B B/B/A A/A/B A/B/B B/A/A A/B/B/B B/A/B/B
B/B/B/A B/B/A/B A/A/B/B A/B/A/B A/B/B/A B/B/A/A B/A/B/A B/A/A/B
A/A/A/B B/A/A/A A/B/A/A A/A/B/A
[0117] It is contemplated that agents that modulate the polyamine
pathway may be used in conjunction with the treatments of the
current invention. For example, additional non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), polyamine transporter inhibitors,
eIF-5A antagonists, chemotherapeutic agents, radiotherapy, and
immunomodulatory agents may be used.
[0118] A. NSAIDs
[0119] NSAIDs are anti-inflammatory agents that are not steroids.
In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic,
antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They are used
primarily in the treatment of chronic arthritic conditions and
certain soft tissue disorders associated with pain and
inflammation. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins
by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to
cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic,
and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to
their anti-inflammatory effects. Certain NSAIDs also may inhibit
lipoxygenase enzymes or phospholipase C or may modulate T-cell
function. Examples of NSAIDS that may be used include, but are not
limited to, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen,
flurbiprofen, oxaprozin, indomethacin, etodolac, diclofenac,
piroxicam, meloxicam, tenoxicam, droxicam, lornoxicam, isoxicam,
mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic
acid, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib parecoxib, lumiracoxib, and
etoricoxib.
[0120] B. Polyamine Transporter Inhibitors
[0121] Inhibitors of the polyamine transport include, but are not
limited to, 4-bis(3-aminopropyl)-piperazine (BAP) and compounds
disclosed in U.S. Patent Publn. No. 2011/0256161 (e.g., AMXT1501);
U.S. Patent Publn. No. 2012/0172449; PCT Publn. No. WO 1999/054283;
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,083,496; and 5,456,908.
[0122] C. eIF-5A Antagonists
[0123] Hypusine (NE-(4-amino-2(R)-hydroxybutyl) lysine) is a unique
amino acid that is formed on a synthesized protein by
posttranslational modification. Hypusine is only known to occur in
a single protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A
(eIF-5A). The formation of hypusine occurs by two distinct steps
involving modification of a single lysyl amino acid residue on the
eIF-5A protein. This process is required for the biosynthesis of
bioactive eIF-5A. Inhibitors of this process include, but are not
limited to, N1-guanyl-1,7-diaminoheptane (GC7), and proteasome
inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib, disulfiram,
epigallocatechin-3-gallate, salinosporamide, carfilzomib, ONX 0912,
CEP-18770, MLN9708, and epoxomicin).
[0124] D. Chemotherapeutic Agents
[0125] A wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents may be used in
accordance with the present invention. The term "chemotherapy"
refers to the use of drugs to treat cancer. A "chemotherapeutic
agent" is used to connote a compound or composition that is
administered in the treatment of cancer. These agents or drugs are
categorized by their mode of activity within a cell, for example,
whether and at what stage they affect the cell cycle.
Alternatively, an agent may be characterized based on its ability
to directly cross-link DNA, to intercalate into DNA, or to induce
chromosomal and mitotic aberrations by affecting nucleic acid
synthesis.
[0126] Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating
agents, such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates,
such as busulfan, improsulfan, and piposulfan; aziridines, such as
benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and
methylamelamines, including altretamine, triethylenemelamine,
trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide, and
trimethylolomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and
bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue
topotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its
adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogues);
cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8);
dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogues, KW-2189
and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin;
spongistatin; nitrogen mustards, such as chlorambucil,
chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide,
mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan,
novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, and uracil
mustard; nitrosureas, such as carmustine, chlorozotocin,
fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics,
such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g., calicheamicin, especially
calicheamicin gammalI and calicheamicin omegaI1); dynemicin,
including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an
esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related
chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins,
actinomycin, authrarnycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin,
carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis,
dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin,
6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin (including
morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin,
2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin,
esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, such as
mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalarnycin, olivomycins,
peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin,
streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, and
zorubicin; anti-metabolites, such as methotrexate and
5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues, such as denopterin,
pteropterin, and trimetrexate; purine analogs, such as fludarabine,
6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, and thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs,
such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur,
cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, and
floxuridine; androgens, such as calusterone, dromostanolone
propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, and testolactone;
anti-adrenals, such as mitotane and trilostane; folic acid
replenisher, such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide
glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil;
bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone;
elformithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid;
gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids,
such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone;
mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin;
losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine;
PSKpolysaccharide complex; razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran;
spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone;
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2
toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine;
dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman;
gacytosine; arabinoside ("Ara-C"); cyclophosphamide; taxoids, e.g.,
paclitaxel and docetaxel gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine;
mercaptopurine; platinum coordination complexes, such as cisplatin,
oxaliplatin, and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide
(VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine;
novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin;
xeloda; ibandronate; irinotecan (e.g., CPT-11); topoisomerase
inhibitor RFS 2000; retinoids, such as retinoic acid; carboplatin,
procarbazine, plicomycin, gemcitabien, navelbine, farnesyl-protein
tansferase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors (e.g., perifosine,
idelalisib, PX-866, IPI-145, BAY 80-6946, BEZ235, RP6530, TGR 1202,
SF1126, INK1117, GDC-0941 BKM120, XL147 (also known as SAR245408),
XL765 (also known as SAR245409), palomid 529, GSK1059615, ZSTK474,
PWT33597, IC87114, TG100-115, CAL263, RP6503, PI-103, GNE-477,
CUDC-907, AEZS-136), aurora kinase inhibitors (e.g., ZM447439,
hesperadin, VX-680, and those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,815,872
and WO 2012/135641), transplatinum, and pharmaceutically acceptable
salts, acids, or derivatives of any of the above.
[0127] E. Immunomodulatory Agents
[0128] The skilled artisan will understand that additional
immunotherapies may be used in combination or in conjunction with
methods of the invention. In the context of cancer treatment,
immunotherapeutics, generally, rely on the use of immune effector
cells and molecules to target and destroy cancer cells. Rituximab
(Rituxan.RTM.) is such an example. The immune effector may be, for
example, an antibody specific for some marker on the surface of a
tumor cell. The antibody alone may serve as an effector of therapy
or it may recruit other cells to actually affect cell killing. The
antibody also may be conjugated to a drug or toxin
(chemotherapeutic, radionuclide, ricin A chain, cholera toxin,
pertussis toxin, etc.) and serve merely as a targeting agent.
Alternatively, the effector may be a lymphocyte carrying a surface
molecule (e.g., an anti-GD2 chimeric antigen receptor) that
interacts, either directly or indirectly, with a tumor cell target.
See, e.g., U.S. Patent Publn. No. 2014/0004132. Various effector
cells include cytotoxic T cells and NK cells.
[0129] In one aspect of immunotherapy, the tumor cell must bear
some marker that is amenable to targeting, i.e., is not present on
the majority of other cells. Many tumor markers exist and any of
these may be suitable for targeting in the context of the present
invention. Common tumor markers include GD2, CD20, carcinoembryonic
antigen, tyrosinase (p97), gp68, TAG-72, HMFG, Sialyl Lewis
Antigen, MucA, MucB, PLAP, laminin receptor, erb B, and p155. An
alternative aspect of immunotherapy is to combine anticancer
effects with immune stimulatory effects. Immune stimulating
molecules also exist including: cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-4,
IL-12, GM-CSF, gamma-IFN, chemokines, such as MIP-1, MCP-1, IL-8,
and growth factors, such as FLT3 ligand.
[0130] Examples of immunotherapies currently under investigation or
in use are immune adjuvants, e.g., Mycobacterium bovis, Plasmodium
falciparum, dinitrochlorobenzene, and aromatic compounds (U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,801,005 and 5,739,169; Hui and Hashimoto, 1998;
Christodoulides et al., 1998); cytokine therapy, e.g., interferons
.alpha., .beta., and .gamma., IL-1, GM-CSF, and TNF (Bukowski et
al., 1998; Davidson et al., 1998; Hellstrand et al., 1998); gene
therapy, e.g., TNF, IL-1, IL-2, and p53 (Qin et al., 1998; U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,830,880 and 5,846,945); and monoclonal antibodies,
e.g., anti-CD20, anti-ganglioside GM2, anti-GD2 [e.g., Ch14.18] (Yu
et al., 2010; U.S. Patent Appln. Publn. Nos. 20130216528 and
20140170155; PCT Appln. Publn. WO 2014144763; U.S. Pat. Nos.
6,451,995, 8,507,657 and 8,278,065), and anti-p185 (Hollander,
2012; Hanibuchi et al., 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,824,311). It is
contemplated that one or more anti-cancer therapies may be employed
with the antibody therapies described herein.
[0131] In some embodiments, the immunotherapy may be an immune
checkpoint inhibitor. Immune checkpoints either turn up a signal
(e.g., co-stimulatory molecules) or turn down a signal. Inhibitory
immune checkpoints that may be targeted by immune checkpoint
blockade include adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR), B7-H3 (also known
as CD276), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4, also known as CD152),
indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), killer-cell immunoglobulin
(KIR), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3), programmed death 1
(PD-1), T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) and
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA). In particular,
the immune checkpoint inhibitors target the PD-1 axis and/or
CTLA-4.
[0132] The immune checkpoint inhibitors may be drugs such as small
molecules, recombinant forms of ligand or receptors, or, in
particular, are antibodies, such as human antibodies (e.g.,
International Patent Publication WO2015016718; Pardo11, Nat Rev
Cancer, 12(4): 252-64, 2012; both incorporated herein by
reference). Known inhibitors of the immune checkpoint proteins or
analogs thereof may be used, in particular chimerized, humanized or
human forms of antibodies may be used. As the skilled person will
know, alternative and/or equivalent names may be in use for certain
antibodies mentioned in the present disclosure. Such alternative
and/or equivalent names are interchangeable in the context of the
present disclosure. For example, it is known that lambrolizumab is
also known under the alternative and equivalent names MK-3475 and
pembrolizumab.
[0133] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding antagonist is a
molecule that inhibits the binding of PD-1 to its ligand binding
partners. In a specific aspect, the PD-1 ligand binding partners
are PDL1 and/or PDL2. In another embodiment, a PDL1 binding
antagonist is a molecule that inhibits the binding of PDL1 to its
binding partners. In a specific aspect, PDL1 binding partners are
PD-1 and/or B7-1. In another embodiment, the PDL2 binding
antagonist is a molecule that inhibits the binding of PDL2 to its
binding partners. In a specific aspect, a PDL2 binding partner is
PD-1. The antagonist may be an antibody, an antigen binding
fragment thereof, an immunoadhesin, a fusion protein, or
oligopeptide. Exemplary antibodies are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
8,735,553, 8,354,509, and 8,008,449, all incorporated herein by
reference. Other PD-1 axis antagonists for use in the methods
provided herein are known in the art such as described in U.S.
Patent Publication Nos. 20140294898, 2014022021, and 20110008369,
all incorporated herein by reference.
[0134] In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding antagonist is an
anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., a human antibody, a humanized antibody,
or a chimeric antibody). In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1
antibody is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab,
pembrolizumab, and CT-011. In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding
antagonist is an immunoadhesin (e.g., an immunoadhesin comprising
an extracellular or PD-1 binding portion of PDL1 or PDL2 fused to a
constant region (e.g., an Fc region of an immunoglobulin sequence).
In some embodiments, the PD-1 binding antagonist is AMP-224.
Nivolumab, also known as MDX-1106-04, MDX-1106, ONO-4538,
BMS-936558, and OPDIVO.RTM., is an anti-PD-1 antibody described in
WO2006/121168. Pembrolizumab, also known as MK-3475, Merck 3475,
lambrolizumab, KEYTRUDA.RTM., and SCH-900475, is an anti-PD-1
antibody described in WO2009/114335. CT-011, also known as hBAT or
hBAT-1, is an anti-PD-1 antibody described in WO2009/101611.
AMP-224, also known as B7-DCIg, is a PDL2-Fc fusion soluble
receptor described in WO2010/027827 and WO2011/066342.
[0135] Another immune checkpoint that can be targeted in the
methods provided herein is the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated
protein 4 (CTLA-4), also known as CD152. The complete cDNA sequence
of human CTLA-4 has the Genbank accession number L15006. CTLA-4 is
found on the surface of T cells and acts as an "off" switch when
bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.
CTLA4 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is
expressed on the surface of Helper T cells and transmits an
inhibitory signal to T cells. CTLA4 is similar to the T-cell
co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to CD80 and
CD86, also called B7-1 and B7-2 respectively, on antigen-presenting
cells. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells, whereas
CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal. Intracellular CTLA4 is also
found in regulatory T cells and may be important to their function.
T cell activation through the T cell receptor and CD28 leads to
increased expression of CTLA-4, an inhibitory receptor for B7
molecules.
[0136] In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an
anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., a human antibody, a humanized antibody,
or a chimeric antibody), an antigen binding fragment thereof, an
immunoadhesin, a fusion protein, or oligopeptide.
[0137] Anti-human-CTLA-4 antibodies (or VH and/or VL domains
derived therefrom) suitable for use in the present methods can be
generated using methods well known in the art. Alternatively, art
recognized anti-CTLA-4 antibodies can be used. For example, the
anti-CTLA-4 antibodies disclosed in: U.S. Pat. No. 8,119,129, WO
01/14424, WO 98/42752; WO 00/37504 (CP675,206, also known as
tremelimumab; formerly ticilimumab), U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,156;
Hurwitz et al. (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(17): 10067-10071;
Camacho et al. (2004) J Clin Oncology 22(145): Abstract No. 2505
(antibody CP-675206); and Mokyr et al. (1998) Cancer Res
58:5301-5304 can be used in the methods disclosed herein. The
teachings of each of the aforementioned publications are hereby
incorporated by reference. Antibodies that compete with any of
these art-recognized antibodies for binding to CTLA-4 also can be
used. For example, a humanized CTLA-4 antibody is described in
International Patent Application No. WO2001014424, WO2000037504,
and U.S. Pat. No. 8,017,114; all incorporated herein by
reference.
[0138] An exemplary anti-CTLA-4 antibody is ipilimumab (also known
as 10D1, MDX-010, MDX-101, and Yervoy.RTM.) or antigen binding
fragments and variants thereof (see, e.g., WO 01/14424). In other
embodiments, the antibody comprises the heavy and light chain CDRs
or VRs of ipilimumab. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the antibody
comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 domains of the VH region of
ipilimumab, and the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 domains of the VL region of
ipilimumab. In another embodiment, the antibody competes for
binding with and/or binds to the same epitope on CTLA-4 as the
above-mentioned antibodies. In another embodiment, the antibody has
at least about 90% variable region amino acid sequence identity
with the above-mentioned antibodies (e.g., at least about 90%, 95%,
or 99% variable region identity with ipilimumab).
[0139] Other molecules for modulating CTLA-4 include CTLA-4 ligands
and receptors such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,905,
5,885,796 and International Patent Application Nos. WO1995001994
and WO1998042752; all incorporated herein by reference, and
immunoadhesins such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,329,867,
incorporated herein by reference.
[0140] In some embodiment, the immune therapy could be adoptive
immunotherapy, which involves the transfer of autologous
antigen-specific T cells generated ex vivo. The T cells used for
adoptive immunotherapy can be generated either by expansion of
antigen-specific T cells or redirection of T cells through genetic
engineering (Park, Rosenberg et al. 2011). Isolation and transfer
of tumor specific T cells has been shown to be successful in
treating melanoma. Novel specificities in T cells have been
successfully generated through the genetic transfer of transgenic T
cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) (Jena, Dotti et
al. 2010). CARs are synthetic receptors consisting of a targeting
moiety that is associated with one or more signaling domains in a
single fusion molecule. In general, the binding moiety of a CAR
consists of an antigen-binding domain of a single-chain antibody
(scFv), comprising the light and variable fragments of a monoclonal
antibody joined by a flexible linker. Binding moieties based on
receptor or ligand domains have also been used successfully. The
signaling domains for first generation CARs are derived from the
cytoplasmic region of the CD3zeta or the Fc receptor gamma chains.
CARs have successfully allowed T cells to be redirected against
antigens expressed at the surface of tumor cells from various
malignancies including lymphomas and solid tumors (Jena, Dotti et
al. 2010).
[0141] In one embodiment, the present application provides for a
combination therapy for the treatment of cancer wherein the
combination therapy comprises adoptive T cell therapy and a
checkpoint inhibitor. In one aspect, the adoptive T cell therapy
comprises autologous and/or allogenic T-cells. In another aspect,
the autologous and/or allogenic T-cells are targeted against tumor
antigens.
[0142] F. Radiotherapy
[0143] Other factors that cause DNA damage and have been used
extensively include what are commonly known as y-rays, X-rays,
and/or the directed delivery of radioisotopes to tumor cells. Other
forms of DNA damaging factors are also contemplated, such as
microwaves, proton beam irradiation (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,760,395 and
4,870,287), and UV-irradiation. It is most likely that all of these
factors affect a broad range of damage on DNA, on the precursors of
DNA, on the replication and repair of DNA, and on the assembly and
maintenance of chromosomes. Dosage ranges for X-rays range from
daily doses of 50 to 200 roentgens for prolonged periods of time (3
to 4 wk), to single doses of 2000 to 6000 roentgens. Dosage ranges
for radioisotopes vary widely, and depend on the half-life of the
isotope, the strength and type of radiation emitted, and the uptake
by the neoplastic cells.
[0144] G. Surgery
[0145] Approximately 60% of persons with cancer will undergo
surgery of some type, which includes preventative, diagnostic or
staging, curative, and palliative surgery. Curative surgery
includes resection in which all or part of cancerous tissue is
physically removed, excised, and/or destroyed and may be used in
conjunction with other therapies, such as the treatment of the
present invention, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy,
gene therapy, immunotherapy, and/or alternative therapies. Tumor
resection refers to physical removal of at least part of a tumor.
In addition to tumor resection, treatment by surgery includes laser
surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, and microscopically
controlled surgery (Mohs' surgery).
[0146] Upon excision of part or all of cancerous cells, tissue, or
tumor, a cavity may be formed in the body. Treatment may be
accomplished by perfusion, direct injection, or local application
of the area with an additional anti-cancer therapy. Such treatment
may be repeated, for example, every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, or
every 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks or every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, or 12 months. These treatments may be of varying dosages as
well.
[0147] H. Other Agents
[0148] It is contemplated that other agents may be used in
combination with certain aspects of the present invention to
improve the therapeutic efficacy of treatment. These additional
agents include agents that affect the upregulation of cell surface
receptors and GAP junctions, cytostatic and differentiation agents,
inhibitors of cell adhesion, agents that increase the sensitivity
of the hyperproliferative cells to apoptotic inducers, or other
biological agents. Increases in intercellular signaling by
elevating the number of GAP junctions would increase the
anti-hyperproliferative effects on the neighboring
hyperproliferative cell population. In other embodiments,
cytostatic or differentiation agents can be used in combination
with certain aspects of the present invention to improve the
anti-hyperproliferative efficacy of the treatments. Inhibitors of
cell adhesion are contemplated to improve the efficacy of the
present invention. Examples of cell adhesion inhibitors are focal
adhesion kinase (FAKs) inhibitors and Lovastatin. It is further
contemplated that other agents that increase the sensitivity of a
hyperproliferative cell to apoptosis, such as the antibody c225,
could be used in combination with certain aspects of the present
invention to improve the treatment efficacy.
VIII. Definitions
[0149] As used herein the specification, "a" or "an" may mean one
or more. As used herein in the claim(s), when used in conjunction
with the word "comprising," the words "a" or "an" may mean one or
more than one.
[0150] Throughout this application, the term "about" is used to
indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for
the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or
the variation that exists among the study subjects.
[0151] As used herein, the term "bioavailability" denotes the
degree means to which a drug or other substance becomes available
to the target tissue after administration. In the present context,
the term "suitable bioavailability" is intended to mean that
administration of a composition according to the invention will
result in a bioavailability that is improved compared to the
bioavailability obtained after administration of the active
substance(s) in a plain tablet; or the bioavailability is at least
the same or improved compared to the bioavailability obtained after
administration of a commercially available product containing the
same active substance(s) in the same amounts. In particular, it is
desired to obtain quicker and larger and/or more complete uptake of
the active compound, and thereby provide for a reduction of the
administered dosages or for a reduction in the number of daily
administrations.
[0152] The terms "compositions," "pharmaceutical compositions,"
"formulations," and "preparations" are used synonymously and
interchangeably herein.
[0153] The terms "comprise," "have" and "include" are open-ended
linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs,
such as "comprises," "comprising," "has," "having," "includes" and
"including," are also open-ended. For example, any method that
"comprises," "has" or "includes" one or more steps is not limited
to possessing only those one or more steps and also covers other
unlisted steps.
[0154] The term "derivative thereof" refers to any chemically
modified polysaccharide, wherein at least one of the monomeric
saccharide units is modified by substitution of atoms or molecular
groups or bonds. In one embodiment, a derivative thereof is a salt
thereof. Salts are, for example, salts with suitable mineral acids,
such as hydrohalic acids, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid, for
example hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, sulfates, hydrogen sulfates
or phosphates, salts with suitable carboxylic acids, such as
optionally hydroxylated lower alkanoic acids, for example acetic
acid, glycolic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid or pivalic acid,
optionally hydroxylated and/or oxo-substituted lower
alkanedicarboxylic acids, for example oxalic acid, succinic acid,
fumaric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, pyruvic
acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, and also with aromatic,
heteroaromatic or araliphatic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic
acid, nicotinic acid or mandelic acid, and salts with suitable
aliphatic or aromatic sulfonic acids or N-substituted sulfamic
acids, for example methanesulfonates, benzenesulfonates,
p-toluenesulfonates or N-cyclohexylsulfamates (cyclamates).
[0155] An "active ingredient" (AI) (also referred to as an active
compound, active substance, active agent, pharmaceutical agent,
agent, biologically active molecule, or a therapeutic compound) is
the ingredient in a pharmaceutical drug or a pesticide that is
biologically active. The similar terms active pharmaceutical
ingredient (API) and bulk active are also used in medicine, and the
term active substance may be used for pesticide formulations.
[0156] A "pharmaceutical drug" (also referred to as a
pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical preparation, pharmaceutical
composition, pharmaceutical formulation, pharmaceutical product,
medicinal product, medicine, medication, medicament, or simply a
drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
An active ingredient (AI) (defined above) is the ingredient in a
pharmaceutical drug or a pesticide that is biologically active. The
similar terms active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and bulk
active are also used in medicine, and the term active substance may
be used for pesticide formulations. Some medications and pesticide
products may contain more than one active ingredient. In contrast
with the active ingredients, the inactive ingredients are usually
called excipients in pharmaceutical contexts.
[0157] As used herein, "essentially free," in terms of a specified
component, is used herein to mean that none of the specified
component has been purposefully formulated into a composition
and/or is present only as a contaminant or in trace amounts. The
total amount of the specified component resulting from any
unintended contamination of a composition is therefore well below
0.05%, preferably below 0.01%. Most preferred is a composition in
which no amount of the specified component can be detected with
standard analytical methods.
[0158] The term "effective," as that term is used in the
specification and/or claims, means adequate to accomplish a
desired, expected, or intended result. "Effective amount,"
"therapeutically effective amount" or "pharmaceutically effective
amount" when used in the context of treating a patient or subject
with a compound means that the amount of the compound which, when
administered to a subject or patient for treating or preventing a
disease, is an amount sufficient to effect such treatment or
prevention of the disease. As used herein, the term "IC.sub.50"
refers to an inhibitory dose which is 50% of the maximum response
obtained.
[0159] As used herein, the term "patient" or "subject" refers to a
living mammalian organism, such as a human, monkey, cow, sheep,
goat, dog, cat, mouse, rat, guinea pig, or transgenic species
thereof. In certain embodiments, the patient or subject is a
primate. Non-limiting examples of human subjects are adults,
juveniles, infants and fetuses.
[0160] "Pharmaceutically acceptable" means that which is useful in
preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe,
non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and
includes that which is acceptable for veterinary use as well as
human pharmaceutical use.
[0161] "Prevention" or "preventing" includes: (1) inhibiting or
delaying the onset or recurrence of a disease in a subject or
patient which may be at risk and/or predisposed to the disease but
does not yet experience or display any or all of the pathology or
symptomatology of the disease, and/or (2) slowing the onset of the
pathology or symptomatology of a disease in a subject or patient
which may be at risk and/or predisposed to the disease but does not
yet experience or display any or all of the pathology or
symptomatology of the disease.
[0162] "Treatment" or "treating" includes (1) inhibiting a disease
in a subject or patient experiencing or displaying the pathology or
symptomatology of the disease (e.g., arresting further development
of the pathology and/or symptomatology), (2) ameliorating a disease
in a subject or patient that is experiencing or displaying the
pathology or symptomatology of the disease (e.g., reversing the
pathology and/or symptomatology), and/or (3) effecting any
measurable decrease in a disease in a subject or patient that is
experiencing or displaying the pathology or symptomatology of the
disease.
[0163] "Prodrug" means a compound that is convertible in vivo
metabolically into an inhibitor according to the present invention.
The prodrug itself may or may not also have activity with respect
to a given target protein. For example, a compound comprising a
hydroxy group may be administered as an ester that is converted by
hydrolysis in vivo to the hydroxy compound. Suitable esters that
may be converted in vivo into hydroxy compounds include acetates,
citrates, lactates, phosphates, tartrates, malonates, oxalates,
salicylates, propionates, succinates, fumarates, maleates,
methylene-bis-.beta.-hydroxynaphthoate, gentisates, isethionates,
di-p-toluoyltartrates, methanesulfonates, ethanesulfonates,
benzenesulfonates, p-toluenesulfonates, cyclohexylsulfamates,
quinates, esters of amino acids, and the like. Similarly, a
compound comprising an amine group may be administered as an amide
that is converted by hydrolysis in vivo to the amine compound.
[0164] An "excipient" is a pharmaceutically acceptable substance
formulated along with the active ingredient(s) of a medication,
pharmaceutical composition, formulation, or drug delivery system.
Excipients may be used, for example, to stabilize the composition,
to bulk up the composition (thus often referred to as "bulking
agents," "fillers," or "diluents" when used for this purpose), or
to confer a therapeutic enhancement on the active ingredient in the
final dosage form, such as facilitating drug absorption, reducing
viscosity, or enhancing solubility. Excipients include
pharmaceutically acceptable versions of antiadherents, binders,
coatings, colors, disintegrants, flavors, glidants, lubricants,
preservatives, sorbents, sweeteners, and vehicles. The main
excipient that serves as a medium for conveying the active
ingredient is usually called the vehicle. Excipients may also be
used in the manufacturing process, for example, to aid in the
handling of the active substance, such as by facilitating powder
flowability or non-stick properties, in addition to aiding in vitro
stability such as prevention of denaturation or aggregation over
the expected shelf life. The suitability of an excipient will
typically vary depending on the route of administration, the dosage
form, the active ingredient, as well as other factors.
[0165] The term "hydrate" when used as a modifier to a compound
means that the compound has less than one (e.g., hemihydrate), one
(e.g., monohydrate), or more than one (e.g., dihydrate) water
molecules associated with each compound molecule, such as in solid
forms of the compound.
[0166] The term "eflornithine" when used by itself refers to
2,5-diamino-2-(difluoromethyl)pentanoic acid is any of its forms,
including non-salt and salt forms (e.g., eflornithine HCl),
anhydrous and hydrate forms of non-salt and salt forms (e.g.,
eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate), solvates of non-salt and
salts forms, its enantiomers (R and S forms, which may also by
identified as d and 1 forms), and mixtures of these enantiomers
(e.g., racemic mixture, or mixtures enriched in one of the
enantiomers relative to the other). Specific forms of eflornithine
include eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate (i.e., CAS ID:
96020-91-6; MW: 236.65), eflornithine hydrochloride (i.e., CAS ID:
68278-23-9; MW: 218.63), and free eflornithine (i.e., CAS ID:
70052-12-9; MW: 182.17). Where necessary, the form of eflornithine
has been further specified. In some embodiments, the eflornithine
of the present disclosure is eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate
(i.e., CAS ID: 96020-91-6). The terms "eflornithine" and "DFMO" are
used interchangeably herein. Other synonyms of eflornithine and
DFMO include: CPP-1X, a-difluoromethylornithine,
2-(Difluoromethyl)-DL-ornithine, 2-(Difluoromethyl)ornithine,
DL-.alpha.-difluoromethylornithine, N-Difluoromethylornithine,
ornidyl, .alpha..delta.-Diamino-.alpha.-(difluoromethyl)valeric
acid, and 2,5-diamino-2(difluro)pentanoic acid.
[0167] The term "fixed dose combination" or "FDC" refers to a
combination of defined doses of two drugs or active ingredients
presented in a single dosage unit (e.g., a tablet or a capsule) and
administered as such; further as used herein, "free dose
combination" refers to a combination of two drugs or active
ingredients administered simultaneously but as two distinct dosage
units.
[0168] The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to mean
"and/or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only
or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure
supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and
"and/or." As used herein "another" may mean at least a second or
more.
[0169] As used herein, the term "patient" or "subject" refers to a
living mammalian organism, such as a human, monkey, cow, sheep,
goat, dog, cat, mouse, rat, guinea pig, or transgenic species
thereof. In certain embodiments, the patient or subject is a
primate. Non-limiting examples of human patients are adults,
juveniles, infants and fetuses.
[0170] As generally used herein "pharmaceutically acceptable"
refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage
forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,
suitable for use in contact with the tissues, organs, and/or bodily
fluids of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity,
irritation, allergic response, or other problems or complications
commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
[0171] A "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier," "drug carrier," or
simply "carrier" is a pharmaceutically acceptable substance
formulated along with the active ingredient medication that is
involved in carrying, delivering and/or transporting a chemical
agent. Drug carriers may be used to improve the delivery and the
effectiveness of drugs, including for example, controlled-release
technology to modulate drug bioavailability, decrease drug
metabolism, and/or reduce drug toxicity. Some drug carriers may
increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the specific target
sites. Examples of carriers include: liposomes, microspheres (e.g.,
made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid), albumin microspheres,
synthetic polymers, nanofibers, nanotubes, protein-DNA complexes,
protein conjugates, erythrocytes, virosomes, and dendrimers.
[0172] The term "tablet" refers to a pharmacological composition in
the form of a small, essentially solid pellet of any shape. Tablet
shapes maybe cylindrical, spherical, rectangular, capsular or
irregular. The term "tablet composition" refers to the substances
included in a tablet. A "tablet composition constituent" or "tablet
constituent" refers to a compound or substance which is included in
a tablet composition. These can include, but are not limited to,
the active and any excipients in addition to the low melting
compound and the water-soluble excipient.
[0173] The above definitions supersede any conflicting definition
in any of the reference that is incorporated by reference herein.
The fact that certain terms are defined, however, should not be
considered as indicative that any term that is undefined is
indefinite. Rather, all terms used are believed to describe the
invention in terms such that one of ordinary skill can appreciate
the scope and practice the present invention.
[0174] Unit abbreviations used herein include average result (ar),
kilopond (kp), kilonewton (kN), percent weight per weight (% w/w),
pounds per square inch (psi), RH (relative humidity), color
difference delta E (dE), and revolutions per minute (rpm).
IX. Examples
[0175] The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred
embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of
skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples
which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventor to
function well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be
considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However,
those of skill in the art should, in light of the present
disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the
specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or
similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
Example 1--Efficacy and Safety of Combined Eflornithine/Sulindac Vs
Eflornithine or Sulindac Alone in Patients with Familial
Adenomatous Polyposis
[0176] The eflornithine-sulindac combination was evaluated in
patients with FAP. FAP patients are at elevated risk for intestinal
and colorectal polyposis and other events related to the fact that
they harbor germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli
(APC) tumor suppressor gene. These genotypic FAP patients express
higher levels of the eflornithine target gene, ornithine
decarboxylase (ODC) and polyamine contents in apparently normal
rectal mucosa than do non-genotypic familial controls (Giardiello
et al., 1997). These levels are higher than those reported for
patients with sporadic risk of colorectal cancer (Hixson et al.,
1993). For this trial, if a patient had not already been genotyped
for FAP, genetic analysis was performed to confirm the presence of
an APC mutation.
[0177] This randomized, double-blind, phase III trial compared the
efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of the eflornithine (also
referred to as CPP-1X) (750 mg/day)/sulindac (150 mg/day)
combination versus eflornithine (CPP-1X) (750 mg/day) and sulindac
(150 mg/day) as single agents with up to a 48-month maximum
treatment period in patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
(FAP) (see FIG. 1). Subjects completing 24 months of treatment
without an FAP-related event continued on treatment for up to 48
months until either the subject had an FAP-related even or the
trial ended. Subjects were randomized to one of three treatment
groups in equal proportions (i.e., 1:1:1 randomization): 1) CPP-1X
plus sulindac 2) CPP-1X--placebo plus sulindac, 3) CPP-1X plus
sulindac placebo. Patients underwent upper and lower
gastrointestinal endoscopy every 6 months to assess disease
status.
[0178] Adults aged .gtoreq.18 years with clinical FAP and
pathogenic variants of APC and any of the following on baseline
endoscopies were eligible for this study: (a) intact
colon--moderate adenoma burden (100-1000 polyps) being considered
for prophylactic surgery, (b) retained rectum or ileal pouch
(.gtoreq.3 years since ileorectal anastomosis (IRA)/IPAA surgery)
with IRA or IPAA and International Society for Gastrointestinal
Hereditary Tumours (InSiGHT) stage 1, 2 or 3 polyposis; excision of
any polyp >1 cm at baseline, (Lynch et al., 2016) or (c)
duodenum with Spigelman Stage III or IV polyposis or down-staged to
Spigelman Stage I or II within the last 6 months (Saurin et al.,
2004). Patients with significant cardiovascular risk factors (Zell
et al., 2009) or clinically significant hearing loss requiring a
hearing aid were not eligible. Patients were stratified by anatomic
site with highest polyp burden and surgical status: (a) post
colectomy with rectal or ileal pouch polyposis (longest projected
time to first FRE); (b) with duodenal polyposis (intermediate
projected time to first FRE); and (c) pre-colectomy (shortest
projected time to first FRE) prior to randomization to minimize
treatment imbalance.
[0179] A stratified randomization procedure was used with
stratification based on FAP-related time-to-first-event prognosis
(see FIG. 1). The event prognosis groups were represented by 1)
best (i.e., longest projected time to first FAP-related
event)--rectal/pouch polyposis (Post-colectomy (.gtoreq.3 years S/P
IRA or IPAA with >10 polyps; any polyps >5 mm excised at
baseline)), 2) intermediate--duodenal polyposis (Spigelman Stage 3
or 4 or Spigelman Stage 3 or 4 down-staged to Spigelman 1 or 2
within the past 6 months), and 3) worst--pre-colectomy. If a
subject has two or more of these disease sites, the most severe
prognosis stratum was assigned for randomization (e.g. worst
>intermediate >best). Since an individual may have more than
one disease site involved, the trial assessed time to any defined
FAP-related event in the subject as a whole. In order to minimize
potential treatment arm imbalance a centralized randomization
process was used to balance among treatment groups within
prognostic strata.
[0180] Patients having major cardiovascular risk factors (e.g.,
history of stroke or myocardial infarction, moderate or severe
heart failure) and/or hearing loss requiring a hearing aid were
excluded from participation.
[0181] Lower GI Endoscopy: Patients were evaluated via colonoscopy,
flexible or rigid procto-sigmoidoscopy during the screening phase.
Biopsies, ablations, and snare excisions at baseline were performed
per the clinician's standard of care. If considered eligible based
on inclusion criteria, a grossly normal mucosa biopsy was obtained
for baseline polyamine measurement. Still and video documentation
of the colon (vide infra) or the residual rectum or entire pouch
was also obtained for archiving. Polyp size was determined by
visual comparison with biopsy forceps that can measure 5.0-5.5 mm
in the fully open position. All randomized patients with an intact
colon or rectum/pouch had baseline and on-study lower GI endoscopy
procedures as part of this trial.
[0182] Upper GI Endoscopy: The duodenum was evaluated by
forward-viewing and/or side-viewing gastroscopes (with still and
video documentation with closed and open biopsy forceps near
mucosa). All randomized patients with a duodenum had baseline and
on-study UGI endoscopy as part of this trial. Subjects stratified
to the duodenal group must have duodenal biopsies of all polyps 1
cm or larger to determine HGD and histology required for
determining Stage 3 or 4 Spigelman status.
[0183] FAP-related primary events by disease site were as follows:
[0184] 1. Pre-operative, intact colon: Disease progression
indicating need for colectomy with IRA or total procto-colectomy
[0185] 2. Retained rectum or pouch events include one or more of
the following: [0186] a) Excisional intervention by endoscopic
snare or trans-anal excision to remove any polyp .gtoreq.10 mm in
size (per pathology report) and/or pathologic evidence of high
grade dysplasia. [0187] b) Disease progression indicating need for
proctectomy or pouch resection [0188] 3. Duodenal disease includes
the following: [0189] a) Progression in Spigelman Stage to more
advanced stage (Stage 2, 3 or 4) [0190] b) Disease progression
indicating need for excisional intervention (sub-mucosal resection,
trans-duodenal excision, ampullectomy, duodenectomy, Whipple
procedure) [0191] c) Development of cancer
[0192] Disease progression is based on endoscopic evaluations
compared to baseline demonstrating a clinically significant
increase in number and/or size of polyps (.about.25% increase in
disease burden), presence of a large sessile or ulcerated adenoma
not amenable to removal, high grade dysplasia in any adenoma, or
in-situ or invasive cancer.
[0193] Colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy were used to assess
the colon, rectum or the neo-rectum (ileal pouch) and video images
captured for archiving and subsequent review. The last images were
retroflexed pictures of the distal rectum or pouch at the anorectal
ring. One pass was performed.
[0194] The entire residual rectum or pouch was video-captured three
times by advancing a flexible scope to ileo-rectal anastomosis or
proximal pouch. After advancement, the scope was "twirled" to
visualize all walls of the bowel as it is withdrawn. Retroflexed
views of the distal rectum were obtained at each visualization.
[0195] Duodenal assessment used a forward and/or side-viewing
endoscope with video images captured for subsequent review. The
Spigelman classification at screening was used to stage the initial
extent of disease and assess subject eligibility.
[0196] At six month intervals (+/-two weeks), subjects underwent
repeat upper and lower endoscopy. At any interval assessment, if
any subject had disease progression indicating the need for an
excisional intervention, or has duodenal Spigelman stage
progression, the subject was considered to have an FAP-related
event and will come off study treatment. Video recordings of all
procedures and qualitative assessments were compared to the exam 6
months prior. Stratified log-rank analysis was performed to compare
time to first FAP-related event between eflornithine/sulindac to
each agent alone. FAP-related events were powered to assume (1) a
doubling of the two-year event-free proportion from either of the
single agents to the combination with power of at least 85% and (b)
an expected a two-year event-free proportion of 60% for the
combination and 30% in each single agent.
[0197] Based primarily on published literature of eflornithine or
NSAID effects on polyposis (Keller & Giardiello, 2003), the
sample size was calculated as overall event rate of 30% for
eflornithine/sulindac therapy and 70% for monotherapy over 2 years,
with an 85% power to detect a significant difference between
eflornithine/sulindac therapy and monotherapy, which would require
50-55 patients in each arm. The composite primary endpoint, time to
first FRE in the combination treatment compared with each drug
alone, was analyzed on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population using a
2-sided stratified log-rank test (.alpha.=0.05) and reported
graphically as Kaplan-Meier curves. For the composite primary
endpoint, patients lost to follow-up were censored at the time
their status was last known. Continuous data were evaluated using
an analysis of covariance with main effect of treatment, baseline
value, and randomization strata as covariates. Categorical data
were analyzed using chi-square tests and Cochran-Mantel Haenszel
controlling for randomization strata. Ordered categorical data were
analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric tests. Safety
assessments were made on all patients who received at least 1 dose
of study drug without inferential statistics. The primary endpoint
Type 1 error control was based on the sequential test approach with
the primary comparison being between combination and sulindac. If
the primary comparison was statistically significant at the 0.05
significance level, then the test proceeded to the next comparison
between the combination and eflornithine.
[0198] Two hundred fifty patients were screened, with 171 being
randomized for treatment (see FIG. 2). The baseline patient
demographics, which were similar across the treatment groups, are
shown in Table 1. Safety data are provided in Tables 2-4. There
were no differences in safety profiles between the treatment arms.
TRAE were reported by 67.9% of patients receiving
eflornithine/sulindac, 73.7% of patients receiving sulindac, and
55.4% of patients receiving eflornithine alone (Table 2). Most
TRAEs were mild to moderate in severity and resolved with minimal
intervention. The most common TRAEs reported were nausea (15.4%),
headache (10.7%), diarrhea (7.1%), vomiting (6.5%), rectal
hemorrhage (6.5%), abdominal pain (6.5%), flatulence (5.9%),
dyspepsia (5.3%), and decreased appetite (5.3%). Serious TRAEs
reported included 1 patient each for the following: acute
pancreatitis, nephritis, and psychosis/paranoia
(eflornithine/sulindac); severe nausea, deep vein thrombosis,
worsening of depression, and spontaneous abortion (sulindac); and
stroke (eflornithine). Discontinuations due to AEs were reported
for 9 (16.1%) patients receiving eflornithine/sulindac, 6 (10.3%)
patients receiving sulindac, and 5 (8.8%) patients receiving
eflornithine.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Baseline patient demographics and disease
characteristics (mean (SD), unless otherwise stated) of the ITT
population Eflornithine/ sulindac Sulindac Eflornithine Total
Characteristic (N = 56) (N = 58) (N = 57) (N = 171) Male, n (%) 34
(60.7) 37 (63.8) 28 (49.1) 99 (57.9) Age, y 37.8 (13.4) 38.1 (13.7)
39.7 (14.8) 38.5 (13.9) Age by FAP stratification, y Pre-colectomy
27.4 (9.7) 22.5 (3.7) 23.2 (8.7) 24.3 (7.8) Rectal-pouch polyposis
38.2 (11.6) 35.3 (11.7) 42.4 (14.1) 38.7 (12.5) Duodenal disease
41.5 (13.3) 44.9 (11.4) 44.7 (12.5) 43.7 (12.4) Race, n (%) White
48 (85.7) 50 (86.2) 54 (94.7) 152 (88.9) Black 6 (10.7) 3 (5.2) 1
(1.8) 10 (5.8) Other 2 (3.6) 5 (8.6) 2 (3.5) 9 (5.3) BMI,
kg/m.sup.2 27.2 (5.9) 27.2 (5.4) 28.4 (7.7) 27.6 (6.4) Time since
diagnosis, y 17.4 (10.4) 15.5 (11.4) 19.7 (11.5) 17.5 (11.2)
Surgical status, n (%) Pre-colectomy 13 (23.2) 13 (22.4) 12 (21.1)
38 (22.2) Colectomy with 13 (23.2) 19 (32.8) 21 (36.8) 53 (31.0)
ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) Proctocolectomy with 28 (50.0) 21
(36.2) 18 (31.6) 67 (39.2) ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA)
Colectomy with 2 (3.6) 5 (8.6) 6 (10.5) 13 (7.6) ileostomy
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 Safety data Eflornithine/ sulindac Sulindac
Eflornithine Total Characteristic (N = 56) (N = 57) (N = 56) (N =
169) Number of patients reporting 52 (92.9) 50 (87.7) 49 (87.5) 151
(89.3) TEAEs, n (%) Number of patients reporting 38 (67.9) 42
(73.7) 31 (55.4) 111 (65.7) TRAEs, n (%) Number of patients
reporting 12 (21.4) 12 (21.1) 17 (30.4) 41 (24.3) TEAEs
.gtoreq.Grade 3, n (%) Number of patients reporting 3 (5.4) 4 (7.0)
1 (1.8) 8 (4.7) TRSAEs, n (%) Number of patients discontinuing 7
(12.5) 5 (8.8) 3 (5.4) 15 (8.8) due to a TRAE, n (%) Death, n (%) 0
0 0 0 Number of patients reporting following TRAEs, n (%) Nausea 9
(16.1) 9 (15.8) 8 (14.3) 26 (15.4) Headache 3 (5.4) 7 (12.3) 8
(14.3) 18 (10.7) Diarrhea 4 (7.1) 3 (5.3) 5 (8.9) 12 (7.1) Vomiting
2 (3.6) 4 (7.0) 5 (8.9) 11 (6.5) Rectal hemorrhage 4 (7.1) 4 (7.0)
3 (5.4) 11 (6.5) Abdominal pain 3 (5.4) 4 (7.0) 4 (7.1) 11 (6.5)
Flatulence 4 (7.1) 3 (5.3) 3 (5.4) 10 (5.9) Dyspepsia 2 (3.6) 4
(7.0) 3 (5.4) 9 (5.3) Decreased appetite 2 (3.6) 4 (7.0) 3 (5.4) 9
(5.3) Abdominal distension 1 (1.8) 3 (5.3) 4 (7.1) 8 (4.7) Fatigue
1 (1.8) 4 (7.0) 3 (5.4) 8 (4.7) Hematochezia 2 (3.6) 2 (3.5) 4
(7.1) 8 (4.7) Upper abdominal pain 5 (8.9) 1 (1.8) 2 (3.6) 8 (4.7)
Dizziness 2 (3.6) 2 (3.5) 3 (5.4) 7 (4.1) Tinnitus 1 (1.8) 5 (8.8)
1 (1.8) 7 (4.1) Pruritus 1 (1.8) 4 (7.0) 2 (3.6) 7 (4.1) Rash 6
(10.7) 0 0 6 (3.6) Alopecia 2 (3.6) 3 (5.3) 0 5 (3.0)
Thrombocytopenia 0 3 (5.3) 1 (1.8) 4 (2.4) Depression 0 3 (5.3) 1
(1.8) 4 (2.4) Frequent bowel movements 0 1 (1.8) 3 (5.4) 4 (2.4)
Gastritis erosive 3 (5.4) 0 0 3 (1.8) AE, adverse event; TEAE,
treatment-emergent AE; TRAE, treatment-related AE; TRSAE,
treatment-related serious AE
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 Treatment-related serious adverse events
CPP-1X/sulindac CPP-1X Sulindac Acute Pancreatitis Stroke Severe
Nausea Possible Nephritis Deep Vein Thrombosis Psychosis and
Paranoia Worsening of Depression Spontaneous Abortion
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 Treatment-related hearing adverse events
CPP-1X/ sulindac CPP-1X Sulindac Hearing loss N 3 1 2 Tinnitus N 1
1 5
[0199] The composite primary efficacy endpoint was time to first
prespecified FAP-related event (FRE) as an indication of disease
progression, with the following possible events: (a) the need for
colectomy, proctocolectomy, duodenal polyp/ampullary excisions,
duodenectomy, Whipple procedure, or the need for pouch or retained
rectum resection); (b) excision of any polyp .gtoreq.10 mm in size,
(c) diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia in the rectum or pouch; (d)
duodenal disease progression of 1 Spigelman stage, excluding stage
0 to 1. A secondary efficacy endpoint was time to first FRE in each
of the stratification groups. Patients were monitored for adverse
events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) which were reported in
accordance with National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology
Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0 (CTCAE, 2010).
Treatment-emergent AE (TEAE) were defined as any AE occurring after
administration of the first dose of study drug and through 30 days
after the last dose of study drug. Treatment-related AE (TRAE) were
defined as any AE that were considered possibly, probably, or
definitely related to study drug. Laboratory results were monitored
to detect any safety signals.
[0200] The percent of subjects that were event free over the course
of the study is shown in FIG. 3. Taking the entire population of
patients treated with the combination of eflornithine and sulindac
regardless of stratification, the combination therapy did not
provide a statistically significant improvement over either single
agent treatment. No difference in time to FAP-related events
between eflornithine/sulindac compares to each single agent alone
was observed. Most FAP-related events occurred in less than or
equal to 24 months. Furthermore, adverse events and SAEs in the
combination treatment were comparable to single agents. Notably,
all of the surgically related FAP-related events that occurred in
the combination therapy group occurred in the duodenal anatomy
(Table 5)--no subject in the combination arm had disease
progression indicating the need for colectomy, pouch resection, or
proctectomy.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 Surgical FAP-related events by disease site
Type Combo CPP-1X Sulindac Colon (N = 12) (N = 13) (N = 13) Disease
progression 0 3 4 Colectomy 0 0 2 Event-free proportion 100% 76.9%
69.2% Rectum (N = 41) (N = 39) (N = 40) and Pouch Disease
progression 0 5 2 Proctectomy/pouch 0 1 1 resection Event-free
proportion 100% 87.2% 95% Duodenum N = 54 N = 55 N = 57 Disease
progression 6 3 10 Excisional intervention 5 3 6 Spigelman stage 11
12 7 progression Event-free proportion 68.5% 72.7% 70.2%
[0201] Composite primary endpoint: Cumulatively, FREs occurred in
18/56 (32.1%), 22/58 (37.9%), and 23/57 (40.4%) corresponding to
event-free rates of 67.9%, 63.1%, and 59.6% in patients receiving
combination, sulindac, or eflornithine, respectively. Kaplan-Meier
estimated mean times to first FRE in the ITT population were 32.3
months, 23.6 months, and 21.8 months for patients receiving
combination, sulindac, or eflornithine, respectively, corresponding
to risk reductions for FRE of 29% (HR=0.714, 95% CI: 0.386-1.322;
p=0.280) for combination versus sulindac and 33% (HR=0.664; 95% CI:
0.358-1.235; p=0.200) for combination versus eflornithine (FIG. 3).
The differences in time to first FRE were not significant.
[0202] No study patient developed cancer in the duodenum,
colorectum, retained rectum, or pouch during the study. Fourteen
patients with duodenal polyposis progression underwent duodenal
excisional procedures (eflornithine/sulindac: 5; sulindac: 6;
eflornithine: 3). Twelve patients had progression of lower
gastrointestinal polyposis (eflornithine/sulindac: 2 polypectomies
(.gtoreq.10 mm in size and/or high grade dysplasia); sulindac: 3
surgeries, 4 polypectomies; eflornithine: 1 surgery, 2
polypectomies). Disease progression in the duodenum included
Spigelman stage progression (n=30) and need for duodenal endoscopic
excisional intervention (n=19). Only 8/30 patients with Spigelman
stage progression underwent intervention for disease progression or
had an additional FRE, whereas the remaining 22 patients did not
exhibit disease progression significant enough to require
intervention.
[0203] Secondary endpoint: Efficacy results for all three strata
are given in Table 6. FREs occurred in 2/12 (16.7%), 6/13 (46.2%),
and 5/12 (41.7%) of pre-colectomy patients in the combination,
sulindac, and eflornithine arms, respectively. There were no
polyposis events or surgeries in the lower gastrointestinal tract
among patients receiving combination therapy in this stratum.
Details of all FREs by stratum and treatment arm are given in Table
7. Kaplan-Meier estimated mean time to first FRE was 39.3 months in
the combination arm (FIG. 6A) versus 25.2 months in the sulindac
arm (risk reduction for FRE of 70%; HR=0.299; 95% CI: 0.068, 1.318)
and 19.7 months in the eflornithine arm (risk reductions for FRE of
80%; HR=0.203; 95% CI: 0.031, 1.318). In the post-colectomy with
rectal/ileal pouch polyposis stratum, FREs occurred in 4/11
(36.4%), 2/11(18.2%), and 5/12 (41.7%) patients in the combination,
sulindac, and eflornithine arms, respectively. For this stratum,
InSiGHT stage was not used as a criterion for assignment to
treatment resulting in the combination arm having a higher
proportion InSiGHT stage 3 patients than either monotherapy arm.
Kaplan-Meier estimated mean times to first FRE were 20.9 months,
27.5 months, and 15.7 months for patients receiving combination,
sulindac, or eflornithine, respectively, corresponding to risk
reduction for FRE of 16% (HR=0.841; 95% CI: 0.244, 2.896) between
combination and eflornithine arms (FIG. 6B). There was no risk
reduction between combination and sulindac arms, HR=2.032 (95% CI:
0.428, 9.621). In the duodenal polyposis stratum, FREs occurred in
13/33 (39.4%), 14/34(41.2%), and 13/33 (39.4%) patients in the
combination, sulindac, and eflornithine arms, respectively.
Kaplan-Meier estimated mean time to first FRE was 23.6 months in
the combination arm (FIG. 6C) versus 21.1 months in the sulindac
arm (risk reduction for FRE of 29%; HR=0.716; 95% CI: 0.338, 1.521)
and 21.7 months in the eflornithine arm (risk reduction for FRE of
24%; HR=0.763; 95% CI: 0.354, 1.644). The status of all secondary
endpoint evaluations is given in Table 8.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 Efficacy results by stratum and treatment
arm Eflornithine/ Sulindac Sulindac Eflornithine Pre-colectomy
stratum, N 12 13 12 Patients with FRE, n (%) 2 (16.7) 6 (46.2) 5
(41.7) Mean time to first FRE, months 39.3 25.2 19.7 Risk reduction
versus 70 80 combination, % Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.299 (0.068,
1.318) 0.203 (0.031, 1.318) Post-colectomy, rectal/ileal 11 11 12
pouch stratum, N Patients with FRE, n (%) 4 (36.4) 2 (18.2) 5
(41.7) Mean time to first FRE, months 20.9 27.5 15.7 Risk reduction
versus combination 16 None Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.841 (0.244,
2.896) 2.032 (0.428, 9.621) Duodenal polyposis stratum, N 33 34 33
Patients with FRE, n (%) 12 (36.4) 14 (41.2) 13 (39.4) Mean time to
first FRE, months 23.6 21.1 21.7 Risk reduction versus combination
29 24 Hazard ratio (95% CI) 0.716 (0.338, 1.521) 0.763 (0.354,
1.644) CI, confidence interval; FAP, familial adenomatous
polyposis; FRE, FAP-related event
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 FREs by stratum and treatment arm
Eflornithine/ FRE type Sulindac Sulindac Eflornithine Pre-colectomy
stratum, 2 6 5 total FRE Spigelman stage progression 2 1 2
Colectomy 4 2 Colectomy and Spigelman stage 1 progression Duodenal
excision and 1 Spigelman stage progression Post-colectomy,
rectal/ileal 4 2 5 pouch stratum, total FRE Spigelman stage
progression 3 1 Pouch resection 1 2 .gtoreq.10 mm polyp removed in
1 1 rectum/pouch Proctocolectomy 1 Duodenal excision 1 Duodenal
polyposis stratum, 12 14 13 total FRE Spigelman stage progression 5
3 7 Duodenal excision 4 6 2 Duodenal excision and 1 2 1 Spigelman
stage progression Duodenal excision and .gtoreq.10 mm 1 polyp
removed in rectum/pouch .gtoreq.10 mm polyp removed in 2 1 1
rectum/pouch Proctocolectomy and .gtoreq.10 mm 1 polyp removed in
rectum/pouch Pouch resection 2 FAP, familial adenomatous polyposis;
FRE, FAP-related event
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 Status of secondary endpoints Endpoint
Status Time to first FAP-related event in prespecified Included in
manuscript strata Ototoxicity Analysis in progress Cardiotoxicity
Analysis in progress Ornithine decarboxylase polymorphism Analysis
in progress Excretion of urinary polyamines Analysis in progress
Tissue and dietary polyamines Analysis in progress Population
pharmacokinetics Analysis in progress Health-related quality of
life Analysis in progress Endoscopy video analysis Analysis to be
initiated Pharmacogenetic analysis Analysis to be initiated Genetic
analysis Analysis to be initiated
[0204] The majority of FAP-related events occurred in the duodenum,
with 35% being due to Spigelman stage progression only. While
Spigelman stage progression without excisional procedure was
included in the composite endpoint of the study, this endpoint is
now recognized to have little clinical importance. This is because
while Spigelman staging is of value in defining eligibility,
without a subsequent endoscopic/surgical procedure, it is not a
reliable endpoint (Buglow, 2004; Thiruvengadam, 2019; Tierney,
2017). Twenty-two subjects had this primary end-point only. As
such, post-hoc analyses of the trial data were performed after
censoring these subjects. These data, shown in FIG. 4, show that
the combination of eflornithine and sulindac resulted in a
statistically significantly lower number of event-free subjects at
completion of the trial. This effect was even further enhanced for
the colon/pre-colectomy subjects (FIG. 5). In addition, in
evaluating need for surgery in the lower GI, no disease progression
indicating need for surgery occurred in the lower GI for patients
receiving the combination of eflornithine and sulindac (Table 9;
FIG. 7). Furthermore, a statistically significant decrease in both
surgeries and high-risk polyp resection in the lower GI was seen
for patients receiving the combination of eflornithine and sulindac
(FIG. 8). As such, the administration of eflornithine and sulindac
to patients with FAP and having at least a partially intact lower
GI tract provides a major delay in polyposis progression.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9 Lower GI surgery events in subject with
lower GI anatomy Event Rate Distribution of FAP-related Surgery
Events in Lower GI Combo CPP-1X Sulindac Overall Surgery Events (N
= 56) (N = 57) (N = 58) (N = 171) Need colectomy 0 3 4 7 Need
proctectomy 0 1 1 2 Need pouch 0 4 1 5 resection Total Surgical 0 8
6 14 Events Event Rate 0/56 (0%) 8/57 (14%) 6/58 (10%)
[0205] All of the methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made
and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present
disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention
have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be
apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be
applied to the methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps
of the method described herein without departing from the concept,
spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be
apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and
physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described
herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All
such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those
skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and
concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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