U.S. patent application number 17/193691 was filed with the patent office on 2022-02-03 for cannabis oil extracts and compositions.
This patent application is currently assigned to Constance Therapeutics, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Constance Therapeutics, Inc.. Invention is credited to Haley Poole Bestwick, Constance Finley, Luke Mckee, Paul Roethle.
Application Number | 20220031781 17/193691 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56544385 |
Filed Date | 2022-02-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20220031781 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Finley; Constance ; et
al. |
February 3, 2022 |
CANNABIS OIL EXTRACTS AND COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
The present invention provides cannabis oil extracts and
compositions thereof, including cannabis oil compositions
containing vitamin E, and methods for preparing the extracts and
compositions. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a
method for preparing a cannabis oil extract comprising eluting
cannabinoids from cannabis plant material with a solvent to produce
an eluate, filtering the eluate with a filter to produce a
filtrate, evaporating the solvent from the filtrate with a
distiller to produce a distillate, and purging the distillate under
conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent, thereby preparing
the extract. In some embodiments, the method further includes
mixing a quantity of vitamin E with the extract to produce a
cannabis oil composition.
Inventors: |
Finley; Constance; (San
Francisco, CA) ; Mckee; Luke; (Aptos, CA) ;
Bestwick; Haley Poole; (Newberg, OR) ; Roethle;
Paul; (Berkeley, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Constance Therapeutics, Inc. |
San Francisco |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Constance Therapeutics,
Inc.
San Francisco
CA
|
Family ID: |
56544385 |
Appl. No.: |
17/193691 |
Filed: |
March 5, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16545587 |
Aug 20, 2019 |
10940173 |
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17193691 |
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15010631 |
Jan 29, 2016 |
10406186 |
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16545587 |
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62259539 |
Nov 24, 2015 |
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61996993 |
Jan 31, 2015 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/353 20130101;
A61K 2236/55 20130101; A61K 2236/33 20130101; A61K 2236/00
20130101; Y02A 50/30 20180101; A61K 31/355 20130101; A61K 36/185
20130101; B01D 11/0288 20130101; A61K 36/185 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61K 31/355 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/353
20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 36/185 20060101
A61K036/185; A61K 31/353 20060101 A61K031/353; A61K 31/355 20060101
A61K031/355 |
Claims
1-27. (canceled)
28. A formulation comprising a cannabis oil extract,
.alpha.-tocopherol, one or more essential oils, and one or more
carrier oils.
29. The formulation of claim 28, wherein the carrier oils are
selected from the group consisting of almond oil, aloe vera oil,
apricot kernel oil, avocado oil, argan oil, calendula oil, carrot
seed oil, castor oil, coconut oil, evening primrose oil, fish oil,
algae oil, krill oil, flaxseed oil, grape seed oil, hazelnut oil,
hemp seed oil, jojoba oil, macadamia oil, olive oil, raspberry seed
oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, walnut oil, and wheatgerm oil.
30. The formulation of claim 28, wherein the essential oils are
selected from the group consisting of bergamot essential oil, blood
orange essential oil, calendula essential oil, helichrysum
essential oil, lavender essential oil, lemon essential oil,
lemongrass essential oil, neroli essential oil, peppermint
essential oil, spearmint essential oil, sweet orange essential oil,
turmeric essential oil, and vanilla essential oil.
31. The formulation of claim 28, wherein the quantity of the
.alpha.-tocopherol is up to about 30% w/w based on the total weight
of the formulation.
32. The formulation of claim 28, which is formulated as a cream,
ointment, spray, lotion, or deodorant.
33. The formulation of claim 28, further comprising shea butter,
beeswax, kokum butter, mango butter, ilipe butter, tamanu butter,
carnauba wax, emulsifying wax, soy wax, castor wax, rice bran wax,
candelila wax, a clay, a salt, or a combination thereof.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 16/545,587, Filed Aug. 20, 2019, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/010,631, filed
Jan. 29, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,406,186), which application
claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
61/996,993, filed Jan. 31, 2015, and U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 62/259,539, filed Nov. 24, 2015, the disclosures of
which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for
all purposes.
FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] This disclosure relates generally to cannabis oils and
cannabis oil formulations, including cannabis oil compositions with
vitamin E, and methods of preparation thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The medicinal use of oils and extracts derived from cannabis
plant material has been growing in popularity. For example,
pharmacologically active compounds in cannabis plant material
including, but not limited to, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (or
THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have been shown to reduce the effects of
nausea and vomiting caused by certain chemotherapy treatments.
Research has also shown the ability of cannabinoids and other
compounds found in cannabis to stimulate bone growth, relieve pain,
aid sleep, inhibit bacterial cell growth, inhibit cancer cell
growth, and alleviate or otherwise reduce the symptoms of cancer,
epilepsy, autoimmune disease, neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's
disease, Lyme disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, and
inflammation. Furthermore, extracts of cannabis plant material,
whether ingested or inhaled, have also been shown to have
therapeutic effects in patients with glaucoma, dysmenorrhea,
migraines, anxiety disorders, or a combination thereof.
[0004] However, cannabis oil is often highly viscous, making it
difficult to work with and load into new delivery devices such as
vaporizers and E-cigarettes. In addition, such oils, when vaporized
or smoked, are often rough on a patient's throat and may induce
coughing or gagging.
[0005] Therefore, a solution is needed in order to make such
extracts more conducive to today's delivery devices and make the
inhalation/consumption of such extracts more palatable for
patients. In addition, such a solution should also not have an
adverse effect on the potency of the extract's active compounds and
preserve the extract's gustatory or aromatic qualities.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Disclosed herein are cannabis oil extracts and compositions
thereof, including cannabis oil compositions containing vitamin E,
and methods for preparing the extracts and compositions. In
particular, a method is disclosed herein for preparing a cannabis
oil extract comprising eluting cannabinoids from cannabis plant
material with a solvent to produce an eluate, filtering the eluate
with a filter to produce a filtrate, evaporating the solvent from
the filtrate with a distiller to produce a distillate, and
dehydrating/purging the distillate with a dehydrator or vacuum oven
to prepare the extract. In some embodiments, the method further
includes mixing a quantity of vitamin E with the extract. In some
embodiments, the quantity of vitamin E is sufficient to reduce the
viscosity of the composition to less than about 3500 cP. In some
embodiments, the method includes eluting cannabinoids and terpenes
from cannabis plant material to produce the eluate. In some
embodiments, the method further includes mixing the extract with
essential oils and/or other ingredients.
[0007] In certain aspects, the present invention provides a method
for preparing a cannabis oil extract, the method comprising: [0008]
eluting cannabinoids from cannabis plant material with a solvent to
produce an eluate; [0009] filtering the eluate with a filter to
produce a filtrate; [0010] evaporating the solvent from the
filtrate with a distiller to produce a distillate; and purging the
distillate under conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent,
thereby preparing the extract.
[0011] In some embodiments, the method further comprises mixing a
quantity of one or more ingredients selected from the group
consisting of vitamin E, an essential oil, an herbal extract, a
probiotic, a homeopathic remedy, a flower essence, and a carrier
oil with the extract to produce a cannabis oil composition.
[0012] In particular embodiments, the method further comprises
mixing a quantity of vitamin E with the extract to produce a
cannabis oil composition. In some embodiments, the quantity of
vitamin E is at least about 30% w/w based on the total weight of
the composition. In some embodiments, the quantity of vitamin E is
an amount sufficient to reduce the viscosity of the composition to
less than about 3500 cP. In some embodiments, mixing the vitamin E
with the extract comprises stirring the vitamin E into the extract
until the composition is homogenized. In some embodiments, the
vitamin E comprises a tocopherol, a tocotrienol, a salt thereof, or
a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the vitamin E is
obtained from soybeans or sunflowers. As a non-limiting example,
the vitamin E can be obtained from non-genetically modified
(non-GMO) soybeans or sunflowers. In particular embodiments, the
vitamin E includes .alpha.-tocopherol.
[0013] In some embodiments, the cannabis plant material consists
essentially of cannabis buds. In some embodiments, the method
further comprises solarizing the eluate before filtering the
eluate. In some embodiments, the solvent is ethanol. In some
embodiments, the method further comprises freezing the cannabis
plant material and the solvent before eluting the cannabinoids from
the cannabis plant material with the solvent. In some embodiments,
the cannabis plant material is a strain selected from the group
consisting of a Cannabis indica strain, a Cannabis sativa, a hybrid
strain, a high-CBD strain, and a high-THC strain. In certain
instances, the strain is selected from the group consisting of
AC/DC, Blueberry, Cannatonic, Medihaze, Afghan Goo, and Prize Kush.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises purging the
distillate under conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent
comprises dehydrating the distillate with a dehydrator. In certain
instances, dehydrating the distillate includes dehydrating for at
least about 72 hours.
[0014] In some embodiments, the method further comprises heating
the distillate to form a decarboxylated distillate. In some
instances, the method further comprises purging the decarboxylated
distillate under conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent,
thereby forming the extract. In other instances, the method further
comprises filtering the decarboxylated distillate to form a
decarboxylated filtrate. In such instances, the method can further
comprise purging the decarboxylated filtrate under conditions to
remove residual solvent, thereby forming the extract.
[0015] In other aspects, the present invention provides a cannabis
oil extract prepared by the method disclosed herein.
[0016] In particular embodiments, the cannabis oil extract is
prepared by a method comprising: [0017] eluting cannabinoids from
cannabis plant material with a solvent to produce an eluate; [0018]
filtering the eluate with a filter to produce a filtrate; [0019]
evaporating the solvent from the filtrate with a distiller to
produce a distillate; and [0020] purging the distillate under
conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent, thereby preparing
the extract.
[0021] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil extract is prepared by
a method that further comprises mixing a quantity of vitamin E with
the extract to produce a cannabis oil composition. In certain
instances, the quantity of vitamin E is at least about 30% w/w
based on the total weight of the composition. In other instances,
the composition has a viscosity of less than about 3500 cP. The
cannabis oil extract may be prepared by a method that includes any
additional steps and/or embodiments disclosed herein.
[0022] In further aspects, the present invention provides a
cannabis oil composition comprising a cannabis oil extract and a
quantity of vitamin E.
[0023] In some embodiments, the quantity of vitamin E is at least
about 30% w/w based on the total weight of the composition. In some
embodiments, the quantity of vitamin E is an amount sufficient to
reduce the viscosity of the composition to less than about 3500
cP.
[0024] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one
or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of an
essential oil, an herbal extract, a probiotic, a homeopathic
remedy, a flower essence, a carrier oil, and a combination
thereof.
[0025] In some embodiments, the extract is prepared from cannabis
plant material consisting essentially of cannabis buds. In some
embodiments, the extract is prepared from a strain of cannabis
plant material selected from the group consisting of a Cannabis
indica strain, a Cannabis sativa, a hybrid strain, a high-CBD
strain, and a high-THC strain. In certain instances, the strain is
selected from the group consisting of AC/DC, Blueberry, Cannatonic,
Medihaze, Afghan Goo, and Prize Kush.
[0026] The methods and compositions disclosed herein may be
implemented in any means for achieving various aspects. Other
features will be apparent from the accompanying drawings and from
the detailed description that follows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] Exemplary embodiments are illustrated by way of example and
are not limited to the figures of the accompanying drawings, in
which, like references indicate similar elements.
[0028] FIG. 1A shows a method of preparing a cannabis oil
composition according to one embodiment of the invention.
[0029] FIG. 1B shows a method of preparing a cannabis oil
composition according to an embodiment of the invention including
optional decarboxylation and filtration steps.
[0030] FIG. 2 shows a graph depicting the viscosities of cannabis
oil compositions as a function of vitamin E percentages in the
cannabis oil compositions.
[0031] FIG. 3 is a graph depicting THC and CBD percentages in
cannabis oil compositions made from various strains of cannabis
plant material.
[0032] Other features of the present embodiments will be apparent
from the accompanying drawings and from the detailed description
that follows.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Definitions
[0033] Unless specifically indicated otherwise, all technical and
scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly
understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this
invention belongs. In addition, any method or material similar or
equivalent to a method or material described herein can be used in
the practice of the present invention. For purposes of the present
invention, the following terms are defined.
[0034] The term "cannabis" refers to plants of the genus cannabis,
including Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis
ruderalis.
[0035] The term "cannabis oil" refers to a mixture of compounds
obtained from the extraction of cannabis plants. Such compounds
include, but are not limited to, cannabinoids, terpenes,
terpenoids, and other compounds found in the cannabis plant. The
exact composition of cannabis oil will depend on the strain of
cannabis that is used for extraction, the efficiency and process of
the extraction itself, and any additives that might be incorporated
to alter the palatability or improve administration of the cannabis
oil.
[0036] The term "cannabinoid" refers to a chemical compound that
shows direct or indirect activity at a cannabinoid receptor. There
are two main cannabinoid receptors, CNR1 (also known as CB1) and
CNR2 (also known as CB2). Other receptors that research indicates
have cannabinoid activity include the GPR55, GPR18, and TRPV1
receptors. The term "phytocannabinoid" refers to cannabinoids that
occur in a plant species or are derived from cannabinoids occurring
in a plant species. Examples of cannabinoids include, but are not
limited to, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD),
cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabichromene (CBC),
cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabivarin (CBV), tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabichromevarin (CBCV),
cannabigerovarin (CBGV), and cannabigerol monomethyl ether
(CBGM).
[0037] The term "acidic cannabinoid" refers to a cannabinoid having
one or more carboxylic acid functional groups. Examples of acidic
cannabinoids include, but are not limited to,
tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and
cannabichromenic acid (CBC). Acidic cannabinoids are frequently the
predominant cannabinoids found in raw (i.e., unprocessed) cannabis
plant material.
[0038] The term "neutral cannabinoid" refers to a cannabinoid
without carboxylic acid functional groups. Examples of neutral
cannabinoids include, but are not limited to, THC, CBD, CBG, CBC,
and CBN.
[0039] The term "degradation" refers to the structural and/or
chemical deterioration of a substance such as chlorophyll or other
plant components. Degradation can include, for example, the
alteration of chemical structure, oxidation state, or metal-binding
properties of the substance.
[0040] The term "eluate" refers to a solution that is collected
after contacting a plant material, such as raw cannabis plant
material, with an extraction solvent. The eluate can contain
dissolved cannabinoids as well as other compounds of medicinal
value.
[0041] The term "solarizing" refers to exposing an eluate to a
light source. Solarizing can be achieved using natural or
non-natural light sources. In some instances, the light source is
used to improve the quality and/or palatability of the eluate.
[0042] The term "filtrate" refers to a solution that has passed
through a membrane or strainer of variable porousness or
permeability to remove either particulate matter or unwanted
compounds. In the methods of the invention, an eluate is passed
through a filter to produce a filtrate.
[0043] The term "distillate" refers to a solution that has been
concentrated by any known means of evaporation or distillation. In
the methods of the invention, the filtrate is evaporated to form
the distillate.
[0044] The terms "dehydration" and "dehydrating" refer to a process
of purging or otherwise removing residual solvent from the
distillate. In the methods of the invention, the distillate can be
dehydrated by methods including use of a vacuum pump with or
without elevating the temperature.
[0045] The term "extract" refers to a solution that has been purged
or dehydrated to remove residual solvent. In the methods of the
invention, the extract is formed by purging or dehydrating the
distillate using any known means in the art.
[0046] The terms "winterizing" and "freezing" refer to cooling an
eluate from a cannabis plant to below ambient temperatures. In some
instances, winterizing is used to remove unwanted or non-desirable
compounds from the eluate. In some instances, winterizing is used
to store the eluate before further processing.
[0047] The term "viscosity" is used to quantify the resistance of a
substance such as a cannabis oil to deformation under shear stress
and/or tensile stress.
[0048] The term "essential oil" refers to natural plant oil
typically obtained by distillation and having a chemical
composition and organoleptic properties (e.g., fragrance)
characteristic of the plant or other source from which it is
extracted.
[0049] The term "strain" refers to different varieties of a
particular plant genus. For example, the term strain can refer to
different varieties of cannabis plants. Different cannabis strains
often exhibit distinct chemical compositions with characteristic
levels of cannabinoids and terpenes, as well as other components.
Differing cannabinoid and terpene profiles associated with
different cannabis strains can be useful for the treatment of
different diseases, or for treating different subjects with the
same disease.
[0050] The term "vitamin E" refers to a group of compounds that
include both tocopherols and tocotrienols including, but not
limited to, .alpha.-tocopherol, .beta.-tocopherol,
.gamma.-tocopherol, .delta.-tocopherol, .alpha.-tocotrienol,
.beta.-tocotrienol, .gamma.-tocotrienol, .delta.-tocotrienol, salts
thereof, and combinations thereof. Vitamin E can be obtained from
sources including, but not limited to, soybeans, sunflowers, and
combinations thereof.
[0051] The terms "a," "an," or "the" as used herein include plural
referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0052] The terms "about" and "around," as used herein to modify a
numerical value, indicate a close range surrounding that explicit
value. If "X" were the value, "about X" or "around X" would
indicate a value from 0.8X to 1.2X, preferably a value from 0.9X to
1.1X, and, more preferably, a value from 0.95X to 1.05X. Any
reference to "about X" or "around X" specifically indicates at
least the values X, 0.95X, 0.96X, 0.97X, 0.98X, 0.99X, 1.01X,
1.02X, 1.03X, 1.04X, and 1.05X. Thus, "about X" and "around X" are
intended to teach and provide written description support for a
claim limitation of, e.g., "0.98X."
II. Extraction Methods for Preparing Cannabis Oils
[0053] In one aspect, the present invention provides methods for
preparing cannabis oils and extracts. The method includes eluting
cannabinoids from cannabis plant material with a solvent to produce
an eluate, filtering the eluate with a filter to produce a
filtrate, evaporating the solvent from the filtrate with a
distiller to produce a distillate, and purging the distillate under
conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent, thereby producing
a cannabis oil extract. In certain embodiments, the eluate obtained
from the cannabis plant material further includes one or more
terpenes, terpenoids, or other plant components. In some
embodiments, the method further comprises mixing a quantity of
vitamin E with the extract to produce a cannabis oil composition.
In some embodiments, the method further includes combining the
cannabis oil or cannabis oil/vitamin E mixture with an essential
oil or a carrier oil to produce a cannabis oil composition.
[0054] Reference is now made to FIG. 1A, which is a method 100 of
preparing the cannabis oil composition according to one embodiment.
The method 100 can include freezing cannabis plant material 103 and
solvent 105 in step 102.
[0055] In some embodiments, the cannabis plant material 103 can be
plant material from a Cannabis indica plant. In some embodiments,
the cannabis plant material 103 can be plant material from a
Cannabis sativa plant. In some embodiments, the cannabis plant
material 103 can be plant material from a hybrid Cannabis indica
and Cannabis sativa plant. In these and other embodiments, the
cannabis plant material 103 can be fresh plant matter.
[0056] In some embodiments, the cannabis plant material is a strain
selected from the group consisting of AC/DC, Afghan Goo, Atomic
Northern Lights, Blackberry Kush, Blueberry, Blueberry Kush,
Blueberry Muffin Top, Blueberry OG, Blue Diesel, Blue Dream, Buddha
Passion, Cannatonic, Chocolate Kush, Fire OG, Jilly Bean, Gran
Daddy Purple, Grape Blackberry Kush, Harle OG, Harle Tsu,
Harlequin, Hope Springs, Infinite Euphoria, Long Valley Royal Kush,
Medihaze, Pineapple Jack, Prize Kush, Sour Diesel, Sour Kush, and
Tahoe OG.
[0057] In some embodiments, the cannabis plant material is a strain
selected from the group consisting of AC/DC, Blueberry, Afghan Goo,
Prize Kush, Medihaze, and Cannatonic. In a more specific
embodiment, the cannabis plant material 103 can be a strain of
cannabis selected from the group consisting of AC/DC, Blueberry,
and Cannatonic.
[0058] Further strains and hybrid strains contemplated for use in
the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to:
Afgoo; Afghan Kush; Agent Orange; AK-47; Amnesia Haze; Atomic Jam;
Atomic Northern Lights; Avidekel; BC Grapefruit; Belladonna; Berry
White; Blackberry British Columbia; Blackberry Kush; Black Romulan;
Black Queen; Blueberry Kush; Blueberry OG; Blue Dream; Blue Cheese;
Blueberry Cheese; Blue Diesel; Blue Dream; Blue Jay Way; Blue
Velvet; Boost; Bubba Kush; Bubble Gum; Buddha Passion; BW Cookies;
Cadillac Purple; Canna Sue; CannaTsu; Casey Jones; Charlotte's Web;
Cheese; Cheeze; Cherry AK; Cherry Cola; Cherry Pie; Chemdawg; Chem
Scout; Chocolate Kush; Chocolope; Chiesel; Cinderella 99; Cotton
Candy Kush; Critical Jack; Death Star; Diesel Cookies; Downtown
Diesel; Double Diesel; Dream Kush; Durban Cookies; Durban Poison;
Dutch Treat; Dr. Tod; Elektra; Exodus; Fern Dog; Fire OG;
Frankenstein OG; G13; God's Gift; Gran Daddy Purps; Granddaddy
Purple; Granny Durkel; Grape Ape; Grape Puff, Grapefruit Rom;
Grapekush; Grape Blackberry Kush; Girl Scout Cookies; Green Crack;
Green Goddess; Headband; Heady Kush; Harlequin; Hash Plant;
Hindica; Hindu Kush; Hopesprings; Huckleberry; Hubba Bubba;
Infinite Euphoria; Island Sweet Skunk; Jack Herer; Jamaican Lion;
Jamaican Skunk; Jelly Bean; Jilly Bean; Kushage; LA Confidential;
Larry OG; Lavender; Lemon Haze; Lemon Kush; Lemon Skunk; Liberty
Haze; Lion Fire; Manawell; Mango; Mango Haze; Maplewreck; Master
Kush; Maui Waui; Misty; Mr. Nice; Northern Lights; NYC Diesel; OG
Afgani; OG Kush; Ol' Betsy; Orange Crush; Orange Kush; Phenom Phen;
Pineapple Express; Pineapple Haze; Pineapple Jack; Pineapple Kush;
Pineapple Thai; Platinum Cookies; Platinum Kush; Pomegranate Kush;
Purps; Purple Diesel; Purple Goo; Purple Hash Plant; Purple Haze;
Purple Jasmine; Purple Kush; Purple Nice; Purple Platinum; Purple
Trainwreck; Purple Urkle; R4; Rain; Red Raspberry Kush; Romulan;
Royal Cookies; Sage Diesel; Sensi Star; Sierra; Sierra Purple;
Silver Diesel; Silver Dragon; Silver Haze; Skywalker; Skywalker OG;
Snow Cap; Sour Boogie; Sour Diesel; Sour Kush; Sour OG; Sour
Tsunami; Stinky Purple; Strawberry Cough; Sunset Sherbert; Super
Lemon Haze; Super Silver Haze; Sunra; Sweetooth SFV; Tahoe OG Kush;
Thin Mints; Tangerine Dream; Tora Bora; Trainwreck; Ultraviolet;
Unicorn; Vanilla Kush; West Point Snow; White Erkle; White Rhino;
White Russian; White Widow; and Wizard's Potion.
[0059] The cannabis plant material 103 can include cannabis
flowers, buds, trichomes, leaves, stems, portions therein or
combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the cannabis plant
material consists essentially of cannabis buds. The buds can be
whole buds or buds that are cut or broken into pieces. Step 102 can
include freezing the cannabis plant material 103 and the solvent
105 for at least about 12 hours (e.g., about 16-24 hours). In one
or more embodiments, the cannabis plant material and the solvent
can be frozen at a temperature between about 0.degree. C. and about
-20.degree. C. One unexpected benefit from freezing the cannabis
plant material 103, the solvent 105, or a combination thereof is
the preservation of valuable terpenes or other volatile molecules
when preparing the cannabis oil extract. In addition, freezing the
cannabis plant material and/or solvent can decrease the quantity of
chlorophyll in the cannabis oils (an unwanted byproduct of the
process).
[0060] In general, the plant material and/or extraction solvent are
held at a particular temperature for a period of time sufficient to
ensure that the materials reach the temperature. One of skill in
the art will appreciate that the length of cooling or freezing time
will depend in part on factors such as the targeted
freezing/cooling temperature and the quantity of materials used in
the method, as well as the particular extraction solvent and
cannabis strain. Accordingly, cannabis plant material and/or
extraction solvents are typically held for periods of time ranging
from several minutes to several hours in length. For example,
cannabis plant material and/or extraction solvents can be held at a
reduced temperature for anywhere from about 10 minutes to about 72
hours prior to extraction. Cannabis plant material and/or
extraction solvents can be held at a reduced temperature for a
period of from about 30 minutes to about 48 hours, or from about 1
hour to about 36 hours, or from about 4 hours to about 24 hours, or
from about 12 hours to about 18 hours prior to extraction. Cannabis
plant material and/or extraction solvents can be held at a reduced
temperature for a period of about 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, or 18 hours prior to extraction. In some embodiments, cannabis
plant material and ethanol are held at around -20.degree. C. for
around a minimum of 16 hr prior to extracting the cannabis plant
material with the ethanol.
[0061] Typically, the materials used in the methods of the present
invention are cooled to temperatures below ambient temperature
(i.e., below about 25.degree. C.) prior to and/or during the
extraction step. For example, the cannabis plant material and/or
the extraction solvent can be held at a temperature ranging from
about -80.degree. C. to about 20.degree. C. The cannabis plant
material and/or the extraction solvent can be held at a temperature
ranging from about -80.degree. C. to about -20.degree. C., or from
about -20.degree. C. to about 0.degree. C., or from about 0.degree.
C. to about 4.degree. C., or from about 4.degree. C. to about
20.degree. C. In some embodiments, the cannabis plant material and
the extraction solvent are held at about 0.degree. C. prior to the
extraction step. In some embodiments, the cannabis plant material
and the extraction solvent are held at about -20.degree. C. prior
to the extraction step. In some embodiments, the cannabis plant
material and the extraction solvent are held at about -23.degree.
C. prior to and/or during the extraction step.
[0062] The extraction step can be conducted at temperatures ranging
from about -80.degree. C. to about 30.degree. C. The extraction
step can be conducted, for example, at a temperature ranging from
about -80.degree. C. to about -20.degree. C., or from about
-20.degree. C. to about 0.degree. C., or from about 0.degree. C. to
about 4.degree. C., or from about 4.degree. C. to about 20.degree.
C. In some embodiments, the extraction step is conducted a
temperature below about 0.degree. C. In some embodiments, the
extraction step is conducted at about -23.degree. C. The extraction
can be conducted with materials that have been frozen or chilled as
described above or with materials at ambient temperatures.
[0063] The solvent 105 can be a predominantly polar solvent. In one
embodiment, the solvent 105 can be an alcohol such as ethanol. The
solvent 105 can also be a polar solvent derived from organic
sources. In a more specific embodiment, the solvent 105 can be a
95% biodynamic ethanol. In an even more specific embodiment, the
solvent 105 can be 190 proof organic grain wheat spirit. In other
embodiments, the solvent 105 can include organic ethers, esters,
and/or ketones. In some embodiments, the solvent can include USDA
certified organic corn, grape, or cane sugar, food-grade organic
alcohol, and/or biodynamic ethanol.
[0064] One of skill in the art will appreciate that a large number
of organic solvents can be used for this extraction. Examples of
organic solvents that can be used include, but are not limited to,
acetonitrile, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, isopropyl ether,
methyl tert-butyl ether, diethyl ether, acetone, butane, hexane,
heptane, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, isopropanol
is used as the extraction solvent. In some embodiments, ethyl
acetate is used as the extraction solvent. In some embodiments,
mixtures of organic solvents can be used to improve the extraction
process.
[0065] The method 100 can also include eluting cannabinoids 107,
such as THC and CBD, from the cannabis plant material 103 with the
solvent 105 to produce an eluate 109 in step 104. In one
embodiment, step 104 can include eluting the cannabinoids 107 from
the cannabis plant material 107 frozen in step 102 with the solvent
105 also frozen from step 102 representing an eluent. The cannabis
plant material 103 can also be referred to as a marc. The eluate
109 can also be referred to as a menstruum.
[0066] As will be discussed in more detail below, step 104 can
yield a first eluate 111 and a second eluate 113. For ease of
reference, both the first eluate 111 and the second eluate 113 can
be referred to as the eluate 109.
[0067] In one embodiment, step 104 can include placing the cannabis
plant material 103 in a strainer or perforated filter funnel over a
collection receptacle. In a more specific embodiment, the strainer
can be a colander such as a ROSLE colander and the collection
receptacle can be a bucket or other type of open container. In
other embodiments, the strainer can be a sieve or straining basket.
In these embodiments, the cannabis plant material 103 frozen from
step 102 can be placed in the strainer over the collection
receptacle.
[0068] Step 104 can include pouring the solvent 105 representing
the eluent over the cannabis plant material 103 placed in the
strainer and collecting the eluate or menstruum from this pouring
step in the collection receptacle.
[0069] Any amount of solvent suitable for extracting cannabinoids
and other desired compounds can be used in the methods of the
invention. For example, the ratio of extraction solvent (L) to
cannabis plant material (lb) in the extraction step can range from
about 0.1 L:1 lb to about 10 L:1 lb or more. The extraction solvent
to cannabis plant material ratio can be from about 0.1 L:1 lb to
about 1 L:1 lb, from about 1 L:1 lb to about 2 L:1 lb, from about 1
L:1 lb to about 2 L:1 lb, from about 2 L:1 lb to about 4 L:1 lb,
from about 4 L:1 lb to about 8 L:1 lb. The ratio of solvent to
cannabis plant material can also include from about 2.5:1 to about
3.5:1, from about 2.3:1 to about 3.7:1, from about 2.2:1 to about
3.8:1, from about 2:1 to about 4:1, from about 1.8:1 to about 4.2,
or from about 1.5:1 to about 4.5:1. In some embodiments, the
extraction solvent to cannabis plant material ratio in the
extraction step is about 3 L:1 lb.
[0070] In one embodiment, three liters of the solvent 105 can be
poured over one pound of the cannabis plant material 103. In a more
specific embodiment, the solvent 105 can be organic ethanol.
[0071] In one or more embodiments, the eluate or menstruum
collected from this pouring step can be poured over the same
cannabis plant material 103 again to elute more of the cannabinoids
107 from the cannabis plant material 103. This pouring step can be
repeated until the cannabis plant material 103 has been poured over
a total of three to six times, or until the coloration of the
eluate or menstruum exhibits hues of green due to accumulation of
chlorophyll or other undesired plant material in the eluate.
[0072] Any number of pouring steps can be used to elute the
cannabinoids from the cannabis plant material during the extraction
step. The number of pours can range from 1 to about 15 or more. For
example, there can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 13, 14,
15 or more pouring steps. In some embodiments, multiple pouring
steps are achieved by reusing the collected eluate or menstruum of
the initial pouring step. In some embodiments, multiple pouring
steps are achieved by using fresh extraction solvent. In some
embodiments, the volume of extraction solvent is altered in
different pouring steps. In some embodiments, the number of pouring
steps is terminated before the eluate turns green, which color can
indicate an undesirable level of chlorophyll or other undesired
plant material accumulation in the eluate.
[0073] At this point, the eluate or menstruum produced by the
repeated pours can be filtered to yield the first eluate 111. The
eluate or menstruum produced by the repeated pours can be filtered
by pouring through a mesh filter. In one embodiment, the mesh
filter can be a metallic filter. In some embodiments, the mesh
filter can be a membrane filter. In some embodiments, the mesh
filter can be a cloth or muslin fabric filter.
[0074] The first eluate 111 can be collected in a glass or other
container having a lid or other closing mechanism. In one
embodiment, the glass container can be a glass jar having a jar
lid. In a more specific embodiment, the glass container can be a
gallon-sized glass jar. In some embodiments, the glass container
can be a 2-5 L Pyrex media bottle. The glass container comprising
the first eluate 111 can be closed by the lid or other closing
mechanism and stored in a freezer. In one embodiment, the first
eluate 111 collected in the glass container can be stored for about
24 to about 48 hours at a temperature between about 0.degree. C.
and about -20.degree. C. After this freezing step, the first eluate
111 can undergo further filtration in step 108 below. In some
embodiments, the first eluate is further subjected to solarization
as described below.
[0075] Step 104 can also involve using the leftover cannabis plant
material 103 from the pouring steps above to produce the second
eluate 113. Fresh portions of the solvent can be poured over
cannabis plant material 103 in the strainer to produce the second
eluate.
[0076] Alternatively, the cannabis plant material 103 can be
removed from the strainer and placed into an open container. In one
embodiment, the open container can be a bucket such as a
polymer-based bucket. As a more specific embodiment, the open
container can be a five gallon plastic bucket. In this embodiment,
fresh instances of the solvent 105 (e.g., unused solvent 105 from
step 102) can be poured into the open container until the solvent
105 completely covers the cannabis plant material 103. The second
eluate can be subjected to solarization as described below.
[0077] Step 104 can further include soaking the cannabis plant
material 103 in the solvent 105, at or below room temperature, for
about 1 to about 2 hours in the open container. In some
embodiments, the plant material is left to soak without agitation.
In one embodiment, the cannabis plant material 103 can also be
macerated while soaking in the solvent 105. In this embodiment, the
cannabis plant material 103 can be macerated by agitating the
cannabis plant material 103 through mechanical or manual force such
as by stirring the solvent 105 in the open container. The plant
material can also be broken apart or ground into finer-sized
particles.
[0078] The extraction solvent can be soaked with the plant material
before straining or the extraction solvent can be kept separate
before straining. In instances where cannabis plant is
soaked/macerated with extraction solvent, incubation time can range
from less than about 1 minute to more than about 10 hours. For
example, incubation time ranges from less than 1 minute to about 10
minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 30
minutes to about 2 hours, from about 2 hours to about 4 hours, from
about 4 hours to about 7 hours, or from about 7 hours to about 10
or more hours. In some embodiments, the extract and the plant
material are soaked/macerated for about 2 minutes. In some
embodiments, the extract and the plant material are
soaked/macerated for about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the
extract and the plant material are soaked/macerated for about 6
hours.
[0079] After soaking the cannabis plant material 103 in the solvent
105, the entire contents of the open container can be poured
through a strainer, such as a ROSLE colander, and then filtered to
yield the second eluate 113. The contents of the open container can
be filtered using a mesh filter. In one embodiment, the mesh filter
can be a metallic filter. In some embodiments, the mesh filter can
be a membrane filter or a fabric (e.g., muslin) filter.
[0080] The second eluate 113 can be collected in a glass or other
container (e.g., a container made of high- or low-density
polyethylene) having a lid or other closing mechanism. In one
embodiment, the glass container can be a glass jar having ajar lid.
The second eluate 113 can be subjected to solarization in step 106
prior to further filtration in step 108 below.
[0081] Solarization is a process that includes exposing the
cannabis extract to a light source to degrade any chlorophyll that
has collected with the cannabinoids. The solarization process can
be carried out for any amount of time suitable for degrading, or
otherwise reducing, the chlorophyll in the extract. Typically, the
incubation time will range from fewer than about 5 minutes to more
than about 12 hours. The solarization time can depend on factors
including, but not limited to, the strength of the light source
used. The solarization time can be from about 5 minutes to about 30
minutes, or from about 30 minutes to about 2 hours, or from about 2
hours to about 5 hours, or from about 5 hours to about 12 hours or
more. The solarization time can also depend on the desired finished
product. In some embodiments, solarization is carried out for about
2 hours. In some embodiments, solarization is carried out for about
10 hours. In some embodiments, solarization is carried out until
the extract changes from a nettle green color to a yellow-brown
color. In some embodiments, solarization is carried out until the
optical density difference (ODD) of the solution reaches a value
indicating acceptable chlorophyll levels in the cannabis extract,
as measured on a UV-vis spectrophotometer measuring the difference
in absorption between wavelengths around 650 nm (red) and around
940 nm (infrared). The measurement of the ODD between these two
wavelengths can be used to determine the chlorophyll content in the
cannabis extract. One of skill in the art will recognize that there
are other techniques available to determine the amount of
chlorophyll remaining in extracts.
[0082] The method 100 can include solarizing the second eluate 113
in step 106. For illustrative purposes, solarizing the eluate 109
will be described with respect to the second eluate 113, although
it should be understood that any type of eluate or menstruum
produced from the cannabis plant material 103 can be solarized to
remove the effects of chlorophyll from the eluate 109.
[0083] Step 106 can involve exposing the second eluate 113 to
direct sunlight in order to solarize the second eluate 113. In one
embodiment, the glass container comprising the second eluate 113
can be placed in direct sunlight for at least two hours. In other
embodiments, a plasma light emitter can be used to direct light at
the second eluate 113 at a light intensity between about 500 to
about 2000 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF or .mu.mol m.sup.-2
s.sup.-1) for approximately 8 to 10 hours.
[0084] Solarization can be accomplished using any source of light
suitable for degrading chlorophyll. The light source can be, for
example, the sun. Another source of light used can be non-natural
light sources. Non-natural light sources can include those that
emit a full light spectrum in an attempt to mimic natural light, or
those that only provide specific wavelengths. Non-natural light
sources can also include those that vary spectral outputs and
temperatures as time passes, or those that keep a constant spectral
output and temperature. In some embodiments, the light source is
sunlight. In some embodiments, the light source is a plasma light
(e.g., a Gavita Pro 300 light emitting plasma lamp equipped with
LUXIM STA 41.02 LiFi light source). The plasma light can be a
full-spectrum plasma light including UVB light.
[0085] The solarization step can be conducted at any temperature
suitable for degrading, or otherwise reducing, the chlorophyll in
the extract. Typically, solarization will be conducted at a
temperature ranging from about -80.degree. C. to about 30.degree.
C. The solarization step can be conducted, for example, at a
temperature ranging from about -80.degree. C. to about -20.degree.
C., or from about -20.degree. C. to about 0.degree. C., or from
about 0.degree. C. to about 4.degree. C., or from about 4.degree.
C. to about 20.degree. C. In some embodiments, the solarization
step is conducted a temperature below about 0.degree. C. In some
embodiments, solarization step is conducted at about -23.degree.
C.
[0086] In all such embodiments, the solarization of the second
eluate 113 can cease when the color of the second eluate 113 no
longer exhibits a green hue or turns from a green color to a
yellowish-brown color. It has been discovered that the solarization
step allows oil producers to elute more of the cannabinoids 107
from the same batch of the cannabis plant material 103 through the
two-step process described above. More specifically, the
solarization step allows oil producers to make the cannabis oil
extract from the second eluate 113 without leaving undesirable
amounts of chlorophyll into the final product. In one embodiment,
the level of cannabinoids 107 of the first eluate 111 and the
second eluate 113 are assayed using high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) detectors. In this
embodiment, the second eluate 113 contains about 10% less
cannabinoids 107 than the first eluate 111.
[0087] Generally, after the solarization step, the eluate is cooled
to temperatures below ambient temperature (i.e., below about
25.degree. C.). For example, the eluate can be held at a
temperature ranging from about -80.degree. C. to about 20.degree.
C. The eluate can be held at a temperatures ranging from about
-80.degree. C. to about -20.degree. C., or from about -20.degree.
C. to about 0.degree. C., or from about 0.degree. C. to about
4.degree. C., or from about 4.degree. C. to about 20.degree. C. In
some embodiments, the eluate is held at about 0.degree. C. In some
embodiments, the eluate is held at about -20.degree. C.
[0088] One of skill in the art will appreciate that the length of
cooling time will depend in part on factors such as the targeted
freezing/cooling temperature and the quantity of materials used in
the methods. Accordingly, the eluate is typically held for periods
of time ranging from several minutes to several hours in length.
For example, eluate can be held at reduced temperatures for about 5
minutes to about 3 days or more. In some embodiments, the eluate
can be held at reduced temperatures from about 5 minutes to about 1
hour, from about 1 hour to about 5 hours, from about 5 hours to
about 24 hours, from about 24 hours to about 48 hours, from about
48 hours to about 96 hours or more. In some embodiments, the eluate
is held at reduced temperatures for about 24 hours. In some
embodiments, the eluate is held at reduced temperatures for about
48 hours.
[0089] The second eluate 113 can be stored for about 24 to about 48
hours at a temperature between about 0.degree. C. and about
-20.degree. C. After this freezing step, the second eluate 113 can
undergo further filtration in step 108 below.
[0090] The method 100 can further include filtering the eluate 109,
including the first eluate 111, the second eluate 113, or a
combination thereof, with a filter to produce a filtrate 115 in
step 108. In one embodiment, step 108 includes filtering the eluate
109 using vacuum filtration. In a more specific embodiment, step
108 can include pouring the eluate 109 through a Buchner funnel
coupled to a vacuum or side-arm flask. In these and other
embodiments, the Buchner funnel can represent the filter.
[0091] In this embodiment, one or more pieces of filter paper can
be placed in the Buchner funnel and a vacuum pump can be used to
provide vacuum suction. In one embodiment, the filter paper can
have a pore size of between 12-25 micrometers (m). As a more
specific embodiment, the filter paper can be a Whatman.TM. ashless
Grade 589 filter paper. In this embodiment, two pieces of the
filter paper can be placed in the Buchner funnel to filter the
eluate 109.
[0092] Step 108 can also include freezing the Buchner funnel prior
to pouring the eluate 109 into the funnel. In addition, step 108
can include wetting the filter paper with the solvent 105 prior to
pouring the eluate 109 into the Buchner funnel. The filtrate 115
can be collected from the vacuum or side-arm flask and undergo
evaporation in step 110.
[0093] The method 100 can further include evaporating the solvent
105 from the filtrate 115 to produce a distillate 117 in step 110.
In some embodiments, the filtrate 115 can be distilled using a
distiller. In some embodiments, the filtrate can be distilled using
an evaporator. In some embodiments, the evaporator can be a rotary
evaporator. In some embodiments, the distiller can include an
essential oil distiller. As a more specific embodiment, the
distiller can be a Megahome.TM. DA4B distiller. The filtrate 115
can be distilled by separating the solvent 105 from the remainder
of the filtrate 115 through a selective evaporation and
condensation procedure.
[0094] The filtrate can be distilled or evaporated for any length
of time, depending on the desired concentration of distillate. For
example, the filtrate can be distilled or evaporated for anytime
ranging from about 30 minutes to about 10 hours or more. An
ordinary skilled artisan will recognize that depending on the exact
method and machinery used, the exact evaporation time required will
vary. In some embodiments, the filtrate is evaporated for time
intervals ranging from about 30 minutes to about 2 hours, from
about 2 hours to about 4 hours, from about 4 hours to about 6
hours, from about 6 hours to about 8 hours, or from about 8 hours
to about 10 hours. In some embodiments, the filtrate is distilled
or evaporated for about 2 hours. In some embodiments, the filtrate
is distilled or evaporated for about 8 hours. In some embodiments,
step 110 can include distilling the filtrate 115 for at least about
4 hours.
[0095] After evaporating the solvent from the filtrate, the
distillate can be optionally heated above room temperature under
controlled conditions for an additional period of time. In some
embodiments, the distillate is heated at a controlled temperature
for a period of time sufficient to convert acidic cannabinoids to
neutral cannabinoids via decarboxylation. The distillate, after
evaporation and optional heating, is transferred to an appropriate
heating flask. A condenser with recirculating chilling fluid is
attached on top of the appropriate heating flask to condense oil
vapors during the heating process.
[0096] Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention provide a
method for preparing a cannabis oil extract as described above,
wherein the method further includes heating the distillate under
conditions sufficient to form a decarboxylated distillate.
[0097] After distillation and optional heating, the distillate can
be optionally filtered through a solid-phase filter medium.
Examples of suitable solid-phase filter media include, but are not
limited to, silica gel, activated charcoal, activated carbon,
diatomaceous earth (Celite), and ion-exchange resins. In some
embodiments, the solid-phase filter medium is silica gel. The
distillate can be homogenized or otherwise combined with a suitable
solvent prior to the optional filtration step. The homogenized
distillate can then be added to a portion of silica gel that has
been conditioned (pre-run) in a suitable filter apparatus with the
same solvent as added to the distillate. Once the homogenized
distillate is fully absorbed on the silica, additional solvent can
be added on top of the settled silica. During the silica gel
filtration step, the homogenized distillate and added solvent can
be pulled through the filter apparatus using a light vacuum or
pushed through the filter apparatus using positive pressure applied
from above. Alternatively, the homogenized distillate can proceed
through the apparatus via gravity filtration. The filtrate can be
collected in an appropriate flask prior to removal of solvent via
evaporation, as described above.
[0098] The solvent used in homogenizing the distillate can be any
of the solvents discussed above, including ethanol, ethyl acetate,
or heptane. The ratio of solvent added can range from about 1 mL
solvent to about 1 g of distillate (1:1) to about 4:1 (mL solvent
to g of distillate). For example, the ratio of solvent to
distillate can be from about 1:1 to about 2:1, from about 2:1 to
about 3:1, or from about 3:1 to about 4:1. In some embodiments, the
ratio of solvent to distillate is about 2:1. In some embodiments,
the ratio of solvent to distillate is about 3:1.
[0099] Silica gel can be added to the homogenized distillate in any
amount suitable for removing unwanted components via filtration.
Silica gel can be added, for example, in an amount ranging from
about 1 g of added silica for every 1 g of homogenized distillate
(1:1) to about 3 g of added silica for every 1 g of homogenized
distillate (3:1). The amount of added silica added to homogenized
distillate can range from about 1:1 to about 2:1, or from about 2:1
to about 3:1. In some embodiments the ratio of added silica to
homogenized distillate is about 2:1. Additional silica gel is used
as the pad or be in the filtration step. Typically, the additional
silica gel is used in amounts ranging from about 3 g silica for
every 1 g of homogenized distillate (3:1) to about 9:1. For
example, the ratio of additional silica to homogenized distillate
can range from about 3:1 to about 4:1, from about 4:1 to about 5:1,
from about 5:1 to about 6:1, from about 6:1 to about 7:1, from
about 7:1 to about 8:1, or form about 8:1 to about 9:1. In some
embodiments, the ratio of additional silica to distillate is about
6:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of additional silica to
distillate is about 4:1. In some embodiments, the additional silica
is loaded into the funnel alone. In some embodiments, the
additional silica gel is loaded into the funnel with the same
solvent used to homogenize the distillate.
[0100] Accordingly, some embodiments of the invention provide a
method for preparing a cannabis oil extract as described above,
wherein the method further includes heating the distillate under
conditions sufficient to form a decarboxylated distillate and
filtering the decarboxylated distillate to form a decarboxylated
filtrate.
[0101] The method 100 can further include dehydrating or purging
the distillate 117 (after optional filtration and heating) to
further remove any further traces of the solvent 105. In doing so,
the dehydration produces an extract 119 in step 112. Dehydration
can be achieved using any known means in the art including the use
of a food dehydrator, evaporator, or vacuum pump. In some
embodiments, the distillate is placed in an open container. In some
embodiments, the distillate is place in a sealed container where
air pressure can be lowered.
[0102] In general, purging/dehydration is conducted under
conditions sufficient to remove residual solvent from the cannabis
oil extract. "Residual solvent" refers to any solvent (e.g.,
ethanol) used during the extraction process that remains in the
extract after the elution, solarization, filtration, and
evaporation steps. The removal of residual solvent can be
monitored, for example, by conducting the purge/dehydration step
until the weight of the extract stops decreasing (indicating that
all volatile solvent has been removed). In some embodiments,
removing residual solvent refers to removing at least 90% of the
ethanol used in the extraction process from the cannabis oil
extract. In some embodiments, removing residual solvent refers to
removing at least 95% of the ethanol used in the extraction process
from the cannabis oil extract. In some embodiments, removing
residual solvent refers to removing at least 99% of the ethanol
used in the extraction process from the cannabis oil extract.
[0103] In some embodiments, the dehydrator can be a food
dehydrator. In a more specific embodiment, the dehydrator can be an
Excalibur.TM. food dehydrator. Step 112 can involve placing the
petri dishes comprising the distillate 117 into the dehydrator. In
one embodiment, the dehydrator can be set at about 55.degree. C.
The distillate 117 can be dehydrated for at anywhere between about
1 and about 72 hours, or longer, to yield the extract 119. In other
embodiments, the distillate 117 can be dehydrated for up to about
120 hours.
[0104] In some embodiments, dehydration of residual solvent can be
achieved with vacuum pumps providing reduced pressure levels
ranging from about 1 mbar to about 500 mbar. In some instances,
solvent purging is carried about from about 1 mbar to about 10
mbar, or from about 10 mbar to about 20 mbar, or from about 20 mbar
to about 50 mbar, or from about 50 mbar to about 100 mbar, or from
about 100 mbar to about 200 mbar, or from about 200 mbar to about
500 mbar. In some embodiments the solvent purging pressure is about
10 mbar. In some embodiments, the solvent purging pressure is about
50 mbar. In some embodiments, the solvent purging pressure is about
100 mbar. In some embodiments, the solvent purging pressure is
about 250 mbar. Reduced pressures can be obtained using any
suitable apparatus including, for example, an Across International
Vacuum Oven (Model VO-16050) or a Buchi Multivapor apparatus
equipped with a vacuum pump. In some embodiments, the distillate is
purged while being stirred and heated in a heavy-walled flask under
reduced pressure.
[0105] During the purge/dehydration step, the distillate may be
optionally heated to increase the efficiency of the solvent purge.
The temperature used for purging/dehydration can be any temperature
at or above ambient conditions. For example, heating during the
purge/dehydration step can range from about 20.degree. C. to about
200.degree. C. or more. In some instances the purge/dehydration
temperature can range from about above 20.degree. C. to about
35.degree. C., or from about 35.degree. C. to about 50.degree. C.,
or from about 50.degree. C. to about 65.degree. C., or from about
65.degree. C. to about 90.degree. C., or from about 90.degree. C.
to about 130.degree. C., or from about 130.degree. C. to about
170.degree. C., or from about 170.degree. C. to about 200.degree.
C. or more. In some embodiments, the purge/dehydration temperature
is about 35.degree. C. In some embodiments, the purge/dehydration
temperature is about 50.degree. C. In some embodiments, the
purge/dehydration temperature is about 55.degree. C. In some
embodiments, the purge/dehydration temperature is about 70.degree.
C. In some embodiments, the purge/dehydration temperature is about
90.degree. C. In some embodiments, the purge/dehydration
temperature is about 110.degree. C.
[0106] A person of skill in the art will recognize that the time of
dehydration required to remove the remaining solvent will depend on
the pressure and temperature of the purge/dehydration step as well
as the solvent that is being removed. Typically, the time of the
purge step will range from anywhere between about one 1 and about 5
days. For example, the time of purging can range from about 1 hour
to about 1 day, from about 1 day to about 2 days, from about 2 days
to 3 days, or from about 3 days to about 5 or more days. In some
embodiments, the time of purging is about 18 hours. In some
embodiments, the time of purging is about 2 days. In some
embodiments, the time of purging can is about 3 days. In some
embodiments, the time of purging can is about 4 days. In some
embodiments, the time of purging is about 5 days.
[0107] After obtaining the extract 119, the composition of the
extract can be determined by a variety of the methods. For example,
a portion of the extract can be analyzed by methods including, but
not limited to, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS),
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and proton nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (.sup.1H-NMR). In addition, the
composition of the extract 119 can be organoleptically tested to
ensure consistency in taste, smell, texture, coloration, or a
combination thereof.
[0108] As an example, Table 1 below shows the amount and percent
yields of extract 119 from varying amounts of cannabis plant
material 103:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Yield Results from Cannabis Plant Material
to Extract Cannabis Extract Extract Plant Cannabis Plant Amount of
Yield Yield Material Material Amount Solvent, Amount Percentage
Strain (grams) Ethanol (L) (grams) (%) AC/DC 680.39 7.00 42.0 6.17
Blueberry 1315.41 13.0 79.8 6.07 Cannatonic 680.38 10.5 41.4
6.08
[0109] The method 100 can further include mixing a quantity of
vitamin E 121 with the extract 119 to yield a cannabis oil
composition.
[0110] The amount of vitamin E added to the extract can depend on
factors including the strain of cannabis plant used and desired
viscosity of the extract. The amount of vitamin E added to the
extract will typically range from about 0% (w/w) to about 95%. The
amount of vitamin E added to the extract can range, for example,
from about 0.5% to about 5%, or from about 5% to about 10%, or from
about 10% to about 15%, or from about 15% to about 20%, or from
about 20% to about 25%, or from about 25% to about 30%, or from
about 30% to about 35%, or from about 35% to about 40%, or from
about 40% to about 50%, or from about 50% to about 60%, or from
about 60% to about 70% or more. The amount of vitamin E added can
range from about 54% to about 56%, or from about 52% to about 58%,
or from about 49% to about 61%, or from about 47% to about 63%, or
from about 46% to about 64%, or from about 44% to about 66%. The
amount of vitamin E added can range from about 12% to about 48%, or
from about 14% to about 46%, or from about 16% to about 44%, or
from about 18% to about 42%, or from about 20% to about 40%, or
from about 22% to about 38%, or from about 24% to about 36%, or
from about 26% to about 34%, or from about 28% to about 32%. In
some embodiments, the amount of vitamin E added to the extract is
about 15% or more. In some embodiments, the amount of vitamin E
added is about 28% or more.
[0111] In some embodiments, the amount of vitamin E added is about
30% or more. In some embodiments, the amount of vitamin E added is
about 44% or more. In some embodiments, the amount of vitamin E
added is about 55% or more.
[0112] In certain embodiments, vitamin E is added to the cannabis
oil in an amount sufficient to provide a desired viscosity level.
For example, vitamin E can be added to the cannabis oil in an
amount sufficient to provide a viscosity ranging from about 6000 cP
to about 200 cP. Vitamin E can be added to the cannabis oil in an
amount sufficient to provide a viscosity ranging from about 6000 cP
to about 5000 cP, or from about 5000 cP to about 4000 cP, or from
about 4000 cP to about 3000 cP, or from about 3000 cP to about 2000
cP, or from about 2000 cP to about 1000 cP, or from about 1000 cP
to about 200 cP. In certain instances, vitamin E is added to the
cannabis oil in an amount sufficient to provide a viscosity of less
than about 3500 cP. In certain other instances, vitamin E is added
to the cannabis oil in an amount sufficient to provide a viscosity
ranging from about 1050 cP to about 950 cP, or from about 1100 cP
to about 900 cP, or from about 1150 cP to about 850 cP, or from
about 1200 cP to about 800 cP, or from about 1250 cP to about 750
cP, or from about 1300 cP to about 700 cP, or from about 1350 cP to
about 650 cP. In some embodiments, vitamin E is added to the
cannabis oil in an amount sufficient to provide a viscosity of
about 1000 cP. In some embodiments, vitamin E is added to the
cannabis oil in an amount sufficient to provide a viscosity of
about 2500 cP.
[0113] In one preferred embodiment, the quantity of vitamin E mixed
with the extract 119 is about 30 percent weight by weight (30% w/w)
based on a total weight of the cannabis oil composition. In other
embodiments, the quantity of vitamin E mixed with the extract 119
can be between about 30% w/w and about 50% w/w based on the total
weight of the cannabis oil composition.
[0114] In these and other embodiments, the vitamin E 121 can be,
but is not limited to, vitamin E derived from organic sources. For
example, the vitamin E 121 can be vitamin E derived from organic
sunflowers. As a more specific embodiment, the vitamin E 121 can be
Deva.TM. non-genetically modified (non-GMO) vitamin E from
sunflowers. The vitamin E 121 can include tocopherols and
tocotrienols. More specifically, the vitamin E 121 can include
.alpha.-tocopherol.
[0115] Step 114 can include placing a suitable vessel, such as a
beaker or petri dish, comprising the extract 119 on a hotplate set
at about 60-95.degree. C. Step 114 can further include mixing the
vitamin E 121 with the extract 119 by gently stirring the vitamin E
121 into the extract 119 warmed on the hotplate until the cannabis
oil composition is homogenized. In another embodiment, mixing the
vitamin E 121 with the extract 119 can involve injecting a quantity
of the vitamin E 121 into the extract 119. In some embodiments,
mixing the vitamin E with the extract can involve adding a quantity
of the vitamin E into extract that is being mechanically or
manually stirred and heated in a flask.
III. Cannabis Oils
[0116] In related aspects, the present invention provides cannabis
oil extracts and compositions prepared by the methods described
herein.
[0117] A. Cannabinoids
[0118] Cannabis oils of the invention can contain neutral
cannabinoids, acidic cannabinoids, and combinations thereof.
Examples of neutral cannabinoids include, but are not limited to:
cannabigerol (CBG) and related compounds (e.g., cannabigerol
monomethyl ether, cannabigerovarin); cannabichromene (CBC) and
related compounds (e.g., (.+-.)-cannabichromene,
(.+-.)-cannabichromevarin); (-)-cannabidiol (CBD) and related
compounds (e.g., cannabidiol momomethyl ether, cannabidiol-C4,
(-)-cannabidivarin, cannabidiorcol); cannabinodiol (CBND) and
related compounds (e.g., cannabinodivarin);
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and related compounds
(e.g., .DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C4,
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydro-cannabiorcol,
(-)-.DELTA..sup.8-trans-(6aR,10aR)-.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol,
(-)-(6aS,10aR)-.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydro-cannabinol); cannabinol
(CBN) and related compounds (e.g., cannabinol-C4, cannabivarin,
cannabinol-C2, cannabiorcol, cannabinol methyl ether);
(.+-.)-cannabitriol (CBT) and related compounds (e.g.,
(-)-(9R,10R)-trans-10-O-ethyl-cannabitriol,
(.+-.)-(9R,10R/9S,10S)-cannabitriol-C3); cannabielsoin (CBE) and
related compounds (e.g., (5aS,6S,9R,9aR)-cannabielsoin,
(5aS,6S,9R,9aR)--C.sub.3-cannabielsoin, cannabiglendol-C.sub.3,
dehydrocannabifuran, cannabifuran); isocannabinoids (e.g.,
(-)-.DELTA..sup.7-trans-(1R,3R,6R)-isotetrahydrocannabinol,
(.+-.)-.DELTA..sup.7-1,2-cis-(1R,3R,6S)-isotetrahydrocannabivarin,
(.+-.)-.DELTA..sup.7-1,2-cis-(1S,3S,6R)-isotetrahydro-cannabivarin,
(-)-.DELTA..sup.7-trans-(1R,3R,6R)-isotetrahydrocannabivarin);
cannabicyclol (CBL) and related compounds (e.g.,
(.+-.)-(1aS,3aR,8bR,8cR)-cannabicyclol CBL-Cs,
(.+-.)-(1aS,3aR,8bR,8cR)-cannabicyclovarin); cannabicitran (CBT)
and related compounds; and cannabichromanone (CBCN) and related
compounds (e.g., cannabichromanone-C.sub.3, cannabicoumaronone).
The structures of various neutral cannabinoids are set forth
below.
##STR00001## ##STR00002## ##STR00003## ##STR00004## ##STR00005##
##STR00006## ##STR00007##
[0119] Examples of acidic cannabinoids include, but are not limited
to: cannabigerolic acid A; cannabigerolic acid A monomethyl ether;
cannabigerovarinic acid A; (.+-.)-cannabichromenic acid A;
(.+-.)-cannabichromevarinic acid A; cannabidiolic acid;
cannabidivarinic acid; .DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A;
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B;
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-C.sub.4 A;
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-C.sub.4 B;
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydro-cannabivarinic acid A;
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid A;
.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid B;
(-)-.DELTA..sup.8-trans-(6aR,10aR)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A;
cannabinolic acid A; (5aS,6S,9R,9aR)-cannabielsoic acid A;
(5aS,6S,9R,9aR)-cannabielsoic acid B;
(5aS,6S,9R,9aR)--C.sub.3-cannabielsoic acid B; and
(.+-.)-(1aS,3aR,8bR,8cR)-cannabicyclolic acid A. The structures of
various acidic cannabinoids are set forth below.
##STR00008## ##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011##
[0120] In general, neutral cannabinoids (such as THC, CBD, CBG,
CBN, and other neutral cannabinoids) are present in the oils of the
present invention (e.g., cannabis oil extracts or compositions
comprising same) in amounts ranging from about 0.001% (w/w) to
about 99% (w/w). In certain embodiments, a neutral cannabinoid
(such as THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, or another neutral cannabinoid) will
be present in an amount ranging from about 1% (w/w) to about 99%
(w/w). A neutral cannabinoid (such as THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, or
another neutral cannabinoid) can be present, for example, in an
amount ranging from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.05% (w/w), or from
about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to
about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or
from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w)
to about 0.5% (w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w),
or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), or from about 0.7%
(w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), or from about 0.8% (w/w) to about 0.9%
(w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or from about 1%
(w/w) to about 5% (w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w),
or from about 10% (w/w) to about 15% (w/w), or from about 15% (w/w)
to about 20% (w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to about 25% (w/w), or
from about 25% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to
about 35% (w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), or
from about 40% (w/w) to about 45% (w/w), or from about 45% (w/w) to
about 50% (w/w), or from about 50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or
from about 55% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or from about 60% (w/w) to
about 65% (w/w), or from about 65% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or
from about 70% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or from about 75% (w/w) to
about 80% (w/w), or from about 80% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w), or
from about 85% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w), or from about 90% (w/w) to
about 95% (w/w), or from about 95% (w/w) to about 99% (w/w).
[0121] A neutral cannabinoid (such as THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, or
another neutral cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging
from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or from about 0.02% (w/w)
to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w),
or from about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), or from about 0.05%
(w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.5%
(w/w), or from about 0.07% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about
0.08% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.09% (w/w) to about
0.2% (w/w). A neutral cannabinoid (such as THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, or
another neutral cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging
from about 1% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), or from about 2% (w/w) to
about 9% (w/w), or from about 3% (w/w) to about 8% (w/w), or from
about 4% (w/w) to about 7% (w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about
6% (w/w). A neutral cannabinoid (such as THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, or
another neutral cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging
from about 5% (w/w) to about 99% (w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to
about 95% (w/w), or from about 15% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w), or
from about 20% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to
about 80% (w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or
from about 35% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 40% (w/w) to
about 65% (w/w), or from about 45% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or
from about 50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w).
[0122] Typically, THC will be present in an oil of the invention in
an amount ranging from about 1% (w/w) to about 95% (w/w).
Typically, THC is present in an amount ranging from about 10% (w/w)
to about 95% (w/w). THC can be present, for example, in an amount
ranging from about 1% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w), or from about 5%
(w/w) to about 10% (w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 15%
(w/w), or from about 15% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w), or from about
20% (w/w) to about 25% (w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to about 30%
(w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to about 35% (w/w), or from about
35% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), or from about 40% (w/w) to about 45%
(w/w), or from about 45% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), or from about
50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or from about 55% (w/w) to about 60%
(w/w), or from about 60% (w/w) to about 65% (w/w), or from about
65% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 70% (w/w) to about 75%
(w/w), or from about 75% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), or from about
80% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w), or from about 85% (w/w) to about 90%
(w/w), or from about 90% (w/w) to about 95% (w/w). THC can be
present in an amount ranging from about 5% (w/w) to about 95%
(w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w), or from about
15% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or from about
30% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to about 65%
(w/w), or from about 40% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or from about
45% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w).
[0123] In some embodiments, THC is present in an amount ranging
from about 2% (w/w) to about 4% (w/w). In some embodiments, THC is
present in an amount of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7% (w/w). In
some embodiments, oils containing about 1-7% (w/w) THC (or other
ranges between about 1% and about 7%) are prepared using the AC/DC
cannabis strain.
[0124] In some embodiments, THC is present in an amount ranging
from about 15% (w/w) to about 18% (w/w), or from about 18% (w/w) to
about 21% (w/w), or from about 21% (w/w) to about 24% (w/w), or
from about 24% (w/w) to about 27% (w/w), or from about 27% (w/w) to
about 30% (w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to about 33% (w/w), or
from about 33% (w/w) to about 36% (w/w), or from about 36% (w/w) to
about 39% (w/w), or from about 39% (w/w) to about 42% (w/w), or
from about 42% (w/w) to about 45% (w/w). In some embodiments, THC
is present in an amount ranging from about 15% (w/w) to about 45%
(w/w), or from about 18% (w/w) to about 42% (w/w), or from about
21% (w/w) to about 39% (w/w), or from about 24% (w/w) to about 36%
(w/w), or from about 27% (w/w) to about 33% (w/w). In some
embodiments, THC is present in an amount of about 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45% (w/w). In some
embodiments, oils containing about 15-45% (w/w) THC (or other
ranges between about 15% and about 45%) is prepared using a
cannabis strain selected from Buddha Passion, Cannatonic, Medihaze,
Harle OG, Harle Tsu, Hopesprings, Elektra, and Harlequin. In some
embodiments, oils containing about 15-45% (w/w) THC (or other
ranges between about 15% and about 45%) are prepared using the
Cannatonic cannabis strain.
[0125] In some embodiments, THC is present in an amount ranging
from about 50% (w/w) to about 53% (w/w), or from about 53% (w/w) to
about 56% (w/w), or from about 56% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or
from about 60% (w/w) to about 63% (w/w), or from about 63% (w/w) to
about 66% (w/w), or from about 66% (w/w) to about 69% (w/w), or
from about 69% (w/w) to about 72% (w/w), or from about 72% (w/w) to
about 75% (w/w), or from about 75% (w/w) to about 78% (w/w), or
from about 78% (w/w) to about 81% (w/w), or from about 81% (w/w) to
about 84% (w/w), or from about 84% (w/w) to about 87% (w/w), or
from about 87% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w). In some embodiments, THC
is present in an amount ranging from about 50% (w/w) to about 90%
(w/w), or from about 55% (w/w) to about 87% (w/w), or from about
66% (w/w) to about 84% (w/w), or from about 69% (w/w) to about 81%
(w/w), or from about 72% (w/w) to about 78% (w/w). In some
embodiments, THC is present in an amount of about 50, 51, 52, 53,
54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, or 90% (w/w). In some embodiments, oils containing about
50-90% (w/w) THC (or other ranges between about 50% and about 90%)
are prepared using a cannabis strain selected from Blueberry,
Afghan Goo, Infinite Euphoria, Snowcap, Blackberry Kush, Sour Kush,
Blue Diesel, and Prize Kush. In some embodiments, oils containing
about 50-90% (w/w) THC (or other ranges between about 50% and about
90%) are prepared using the Blueberry cannabis strain.
[0126] Typically, CBD will be present in an oil of the invention in
an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 99% (w/w). In some
embodiments, CBD is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1%
(w/w) to about 80% (w/w). CBD can be present, for example, in an
amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or from
about 1% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about
10% (w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 15% (w/w), or from
about 15% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to
about 25% (w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), or
from about 30% (w/w) to about 35% (w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to
about 40% (w/w), or from about 40% (w/w) to about 45% (w/w), or
from about 45% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), or from about 50% (w/w) to
about 55% (w/w), or from about 55% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or
from about 60% (w/w) to about 65% (w/w), or from about 65% (w/w) to
about 70% (w/w), or from about 70% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or
from about 75% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w). CBD can be present, for
example, in an amount ranging from about 5% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or from about
15% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to about 65%
(w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or from about
30% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to about 50%
(w/w).
[0127] In some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount ranging
from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w)
to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or
from about 1% (w/w) to about 1.4% (w/w), or from about 1.4% (w/w)
to about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.2% (w/w),
or from about 2.2% (w/w) to about 2.6% (w/w), or from about 2.6%
(w/w) to about 3% (w/w), or from about 3% (w/w) to about 3.4%
(w/w), or from about 3.4% (w/w) to about 3.8% (w/w), or from about
3.8% (w/w) to about 4.2% (w/w), or from about 4.2% (w/w) to about
4.6% (w/w), or from about 4.6% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w). In some
embodiments, CBD is present in an amount ranging from about 0.2%
(w/w) to about 5% (w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 4.6%
(w/w), or from about 1% (w/w) to about 4.2% (w/w), or from about
1.4% (w/w) to about 3.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about
3.4% (w/w), or from about 2.2% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w). In some
embodiments, CBD is present in an amount of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.4,
0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, or 3%
(w/w). In some embodiments, oils containing about 0.1-5% (w/w) CBD
(or other ranges between about 0.1% and about 5%) are prepared
using a cannabis strain selected from Blueberry and Prize Cush. In
some embodiments, oils containing about 0.1-5% (w/w) CBD (or other
ranges between about 0.1% and about 5%) are prepared using the
Blueberry cannabis strain.
[0128] In some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount ranging
from about 25% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to
about 35% (w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), or
from about 40% (w/w) to about 45% (w/w), or from about 45% (w/w) to
about 50% (w/w), or from about 50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w). In
some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount ranging from about
25% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or from about 28% (w/w) to about 52%
(w/w), or from about 31% (w/w) to about 49% (w/w), or from about
34% (w/w) to about 46% (w/w), or from about 37% (w/w) to about 43%
(w/w). In some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount of about
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 48, 49, or 50% (w/w). In some embodiments, oils containing
about 25-55% (w/w) CBD (or other ranges between about 25% and about
55%) are prepared using a cannabis strain selected from Cannatonic,
Medihaze, and Harlequin. In some embodiments, oils containing about
25-55% (w/w) CBD (or other ranges between about 25% and about 55%)
are prepared using the Cannatonic cannabis strain.
[0129] In some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount ranging
from about from about 50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or from about
55% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or from about 60% (w/w) to about 65%
(w/w), or from about 65% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about
70% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or from about 75% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w). In some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount from about
50% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), or from about 53% (w/w) to about 77%
(w/w), or from about 56% (w/w) to about 74% (w/w), or from about
59% (w/w) to about 71% (w/w), or from about 62% (w/w) to about 68%
(w/w). In some embodiments, CBD is present in an amount of about
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
68, 69, or 70% (w/w). In some embodiments, oils containing about
50-80% (w/w) CBD (or other ranges between about 50% and about 80%)
are prepared using a cannabis strain selected from Cannatonic,
Harle OG, Harle Tsu, and AC/DC. In some embodiments, oils
containing about 50-80% (w/w) CBD (or other ranges between about
50% and about 80%) are prepared using the AC/DC cannabis
strain.
[0130] Typically, CBG will be present in an oil of the invention in
an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w). In some
embodiments, CBG is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1%
(w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.6%
(w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or from about 1%
(w/w) to about 1.4% (w/w), or from about 1.4% (w/w) to about 1.8%
(w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.2% (w/w), or from about
2.2% (w/w) to about 2.6% (w/w), or from about 2.6% (w/w) to about
3% (w/w), or from about 3% (w/w) to about 3.4% (w/w), or from about
3.4% (w/w) to about 3.8% (w/w), or from about 3.8% (w/w) to about
4.2% (w/w), or from about 4.2% (w/w) to about 4.6% (w/w), or from
about 4.6% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w). In some embodiments, CBG is
present in an amount ranging from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 5%
(w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 4.6% (w/w), or from about
1% (w/w) to about 4.2% (w/w), or from about 1.4% (w/w) to about
3.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 3.4% (w/w), or from
about 2.2% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w). In some embodiments, CBG is
present in an amount of about 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4,
1.6, 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, or 3% (w/w). In some embodiments,
oils containing about 0.1-5% (w/w) CBG (or other ranges between
about 0.1% and about 5%) are prepared using a cannabis strain
selected from AC/DC, Cannatonic, and Blueberry.
[0131] In general, acidic cannabinoids (such as THCA, CBDA, CBGA,
and other acidic cannabinoids) are present in the oils of the
present invention (e.g., cannabis oil extracts or compositions
comprising same) in amounts ranging from about 0.001% (w/w) to
about 80% (w/w). In some embodiments, an acidic cannabinoid (such
as THCA, CBDA, CBGA, or another acidic cannabinoid) will be present
in an amount ranging from about 0.001% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w). An
acidic cannabinoid (such as THCA, CBDA, CBGA, or another acidic
cannabinoid) can be present, for example, in an amount ranging from
about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.050% (w/w), or from about 0.050% (w/w)
to about 0.1% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w),
or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.3%
(w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5%
(w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about
0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), or from about 0.7% (w/w) to about
0.8% (w/w), or from about 0.8% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from
about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or from about 1% (w/w) to about
5% (w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), or from about
10% (w/w) to about 15% (w/w), or from about 15% (w/w) to about 20%
(w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to about 25% (w/w), or from about
25% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to about 35%
(w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), or from about
40% (w/w) to about 45% (w/w), or from about 45% (w/w) to about 50%
(w/w), or from about 50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or from about
55% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or from about 60% (w/w) to about 65%
(w/w), or from about 65% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about
70% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or from about 75% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w).
[0132] An acidic cannabinoid (such as THCA, CBDA, CBGA, or another
acidic cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging from about
0.01% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or from about 0.02% (w/w) to about
0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.03% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), or from
about 0.04% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), or from about 0.05% (w/w) to
about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.06% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or
from about 0.07% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.08%
(w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.09% (w/w) to about 0.2%
(w/w). An acidic cannabinoid (such as THCA, CBDA, CBGA, or another
acidic cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging from about
1% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w), or from about 2% (w/w) to about 9%
(w/w), or from about 3% (w/w) to about 8% (w/w), or from about 4%
(w/w) to about 7% (w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about 6%
(w/w).
[0133] An acidic cannabinoid (such as THCA, CBDA, CBGA, or another
acidic cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging from about
5% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), or from about 8% (w/w) to about 48%
(w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 46% (w/w), or from about
12% (w/w) to about 44% (w/w), or from about 14% (w/w) to about 42%
(w/w), or from about 16% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), or from about
18% (w/w) to about 38% (w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to about 36%
(w/w), or from about 22% (w/w) to about 34% (w/w), or from about
24% (w/w) to about 32% (w/w), or from about 26% (w/w) to about 30%
(w/w). An acidic cannabinoid (such as THCA, CBDA, CBGA, or another
acidic cannabinoid) can be present in an amount ranging from about
50% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or from about 52% (w/w) to about 74%
(w/w), or from about 54% (w/w) to about 72% (w/w), or from about
56% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 58% (w/w) to about 68%
(w/w), or from about 60% (w/w) to about 66% (w/w), or from about
62% (w/w) to about 64% (w/w).
[0134] B. Terpenes
[0135] As noted above, cannabis oils of the present invention
(e.g., cannabis oil extracts or compositions comprising same)
generally contain at least one terpene compound. Terpenes are
hydrocarbon compounds having carbon skeletons derived from isoprene
(i.e., CH.sub.2.dbd.C(CH).sub.3CH.dbd.CH.sub.2). Carbon atoms in
the terpene backbone can bear oxygen substituents such as hydroxyl,
oxo, and carboxy groups. Terpenes present in the cannabis oils of
the invention include, but are not limited to, C.sub.5
hemiterpenes, C.sub.10 monoterpenes, C.sub.15 sesquiterpenes,
C.sub.20 diterpenes, and combinations thereof. Examples of terpenes
include, but are not limited to: .beta.-caryophyllene
[(1R,4E,9S)-4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-bicyclo(7.2.0)undec-4-ene];
.beta.-caryophyllene oxide; citronellol
[3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-1-ol]; .alpha.-eudesmol
[2-[(2R,4aR)-4a,8-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-yl]prop-
an-2-ol]; .beta.-eudesmol
[2-[(2R,4aR,8aS)-4a-methyl-8-methylidene-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8a-octahydronaphth-
alen-2-yl]propan-2-ol]; .gamma.-eudesmol
[2-[(2R,4aR)-4a,8-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-yl]propa-
n-2-ol]; geraniol [(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol]; guaiol
[2-[(3S,5R,8S)-3,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydroazulen-5-yl]propan-2-
-ol]; .alpha.-humulene
[(1E,4E,8E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene];
.beta.-humulene
[(1E,5E)-1,4,4-trimethyl-8-methylidenecycloundeca-1,5-diene];
.gamma.-humulene
[(1Z,6E)-1,8,8-trimethyl-5-methylidenecycloundeca-1,6-diene];
D-limonene [(4R)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene]; L-limonene
[(4S)-1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene]; (-)-linalool
[(3R)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol]; (+)-linalool
[(3S)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol]; .alpha.-myrcene
[2-methyl-6-methylideneocta-1,7-diene]; .beta.-myrcene
[7-methyl-3-methylideneocta-1,6-diene]; nerol
[(2Z)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol]; cis-nerolidol
[(6Z)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,6,10-trien-3-ol]; trans-nerolidol
[(6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,6,10-trien-3-ol]; .alpha.-ocimene
[(3E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,7-triene]; .beta.-ocimene
[(3E)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,3,6-triene]; p-cymene
[1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene]; .alpha.-phellandrene
[2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene]; .beta.-phellandrene
[3-methylidene-6-propan-2-ylcyclohexene]; cis-phytol
[(Z,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol]; trans-phytol
[(E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol];
(-)-.alpha.-pinene
[(1S,5S)-4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene];
(-)-.beta.-pinene
[(1S,5S)-6,6-dimethyl-4-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane];
(+)-.alpha.-pinene
[(1R,5R)-4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-ene];
(+)-.beta.-pinene
[(1R,5R)-6,6-dimethyl-4-methylidenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane];
(-)-pulegone [(5S)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-one];
(+)-pulegone [(5R)-5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-one];
.alpha.-terpinene [1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene];
6-terpinene [5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,3-diene];
.gamma.-terpinene [1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexa-1,4-diene];
.alpha.-terpineol [2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)propan-2-ol];
.gamma.-terpineol [1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylidenecyclohexan-1-ol];
(+)-valencene
[(3R,4aS,5R)-4a,5-dimethyl-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naph-
thalene]; and combinations thereof.
[0136] In some embodiments, the invention provides an oil
containing one more terpenes selected from .beta.-myrcene,
linalool, .alpha.-terpineol, .beta.-caryophyllene,
.beta.-caryophyllene oxide, .alpha.-humulene, valencene,
cis-nerolidol, guaiol, .alpha.-eudesmol, .beta.-eudesmol,
.gamma.-eudesmol, and .alpha.-bisabolol. In some embodiments, the
oil contains one or more terpenes selected from linalool,
.beta.-caryophyllene, .beta.-caryophyllene oxide, .alpha.-humulene,
cis-nerolidol, guaiol, .alpha.-eudesmol, and .alpha.-bisabolol.
[0137] In general, terpenes are present in the oils of the
invention in total amounts ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about
15% (w/w). For example, the total terpene content can range from
about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to
about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or
from about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w)
to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w),
or from about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), or from about 0.8%
(w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1%
(w/w). The total terpene content can range from about 1% (w/w) to
about 2% (w/w), or from about 2% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w), or from
about 3% (w/w) to about 4% (w/w), or from about 4% (w/w) to about
5% (w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about 6% (w/w), or from about
6% (w/w) to about 7% (w/w), or from about 7% (w/w) to about 8%
(w/w), or from about 8% (w/w) to about 9% (w/w), or from about 9%
(w/w) to about 10% (w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 11%
(w/w), or from about 11% (w/w) to about 12% (w/w), or from about
12% (w/w) to about 13% (w/w), or from about 13% (w/w) to about 14%
(w/w), or from about 14% (w/w) to about 15% (w/w).
[0138] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils with total
terpene content ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 1% (w/w), or
from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w)
to about 0.8% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w),
or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w). In some embodiments,
the total terpene content ranges from about 1% (w/w) to about 15%
(w/w), or from about 2% (w/w) to about 130% (w/w), or from about
30% (w/w) to about 110% (w/w), or from about 4% (w/w) to about 9%
(w/w), or from about 5% (w/w) to about 7% (w/w).
[0139] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
linalool is present in an amount ranging from about 0% (w/w) to
about 0.1% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or
from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w)
to about 0.4% (w/w). In some embodiments, the invention provides
oils wherein linalool is present in an amount ranging from about
0.4% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about
0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1.2% (w/w), or from
about 1.2% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or from about 1.5% (w/w) to
about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.1% (w/w), or
from about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w), or from about 2.4% (w/w)
to about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7% (w/w) to about 3%
(w/w).
[0140] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.beta.-caryophyllene is present in an amount ranging from about
0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w) to about
0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or from
about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to
about 0.7% (w/w), or from about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), or
from about 0.8% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w)
to about 1.0% (w/w), or from about 1.0% (w/w) to about 1.1% (w/w).
In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.beta.-caryophyllene is present in an amount ranging from about
1.1% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or from about 1.5% (w/w) to about
1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.1% (w/w), or from
about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w), or from about 2.4% (w/w) to
about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w).
[0141] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.alpha.-humulene is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1%
(w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3%
(w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about
0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about
0.6% (w/w). In some embodiments, the invention provides oils
wherein .alpha.-humulene is present in an amount ranging from about
0.6% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to about
1.2% (w/w), or from about 1.2% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or from
about 1.5% (w/w) to about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to
about 2.1% (w/w), or from about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w), or
from about 2.4% (w/w) to about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7% (w/w)
to about 3% (w/w).
[0142] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
cis-nerolidol is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w)
to about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w),
or from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4%
(w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6%
(w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), or from about
0.7% (w/w) to about 0.8% (w/w), or from about 0.8% (w/w) to about
0.9% (w/w). In some embodiments, the invention provides oils
wherein cis-nerolidol is present in an amount ranging from about
0.9% (w/w) to about 1.2% (w/w), or from about 1.2% (w/w) to about
1.5% (w/w), or from about 1.5% (w/w) to about 1.8% (w/w), or from
about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.1% (w/w), or from about 2.1% (w/w) to
about 2.4% (w/w), or from about 2.4% (w/w) to about 2.7% (w/w), or
from about 2.7% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w).
[0143] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.beta.-caryophyllene oxide is present in an amount ranging from
about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to
about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w). In
some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.beta.-caryophyllene oxide is present in an amount ranging from
about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.6% (w/w) to
about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1.2% (w/w), or
from about 1.2% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or from about 1.5% (w/w)
to about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.1% (w/w),
or from about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w), or from about 2.4%
(w/w) to about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7% (w/w) to about 3%
(w/w).
[0144] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
guaiol is present in an amount ranging from about 0.0% (w/w) to
about 0.1% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w), or
from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about 0.3% (w/w)
to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w),
or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from about 0.6%
(w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w). In some embodiments, the invention
provides oils wherein guaiol is present in an amount ranging from
about 0.7% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to
about 1.2% (w/w), or from about 1.2% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or
from about 1.5% (w/w) to about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w)
to about 2.1% (w/w), or from about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w),
or from about 2.4% (w/w) to about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7%
(w/w) to about 3% (w/w).
[0145] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.beta.-eudesmol is present in an amount ranging from about 0.0%
(w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2%
(w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about
0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w) to about
0.6% (w/w). In some embodiments, the invention provides oils
wherein .beta.-eudesmol is present in an amount ranging from about
0.6% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or from about 0.9% (w/w) to about
1.2% (w/w), or from about 1.2% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or from
about 1.5% (w/w) to about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.80% (w/w) to
about 2.1% (w/w), or from about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w), or
from about 2.4% (w/w) to about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7% (w/w)
to about 3% (w/w).
[0146] In some embodiments, the invention provides oils wherein
.alpha.-bisalobol is present in an amount ranging from about 0.0%
(w/w) to about 0.1% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2%
(w/w), or from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w), or from about
0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w), or from about 0.4% (w/w) to about
0.5% (w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w), or from
about 0.6% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w), or from about 0.7% (w/w) to
about 0.8% (w/w), or from about 0.8% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w), or
from about 0.9% (w/w) to about 1.0% (w/w), or from about 1.0% (w/w)
to about 1.1% (w/w). In some embodiments, the invention provides
oils wherein .alpha.-bisalobol is present in an amount ranging from
about 1.1% (w/w) to about 1.5% (w/w), or from about 1.5% (w/w) to
about 1.8% (w/w), or from about 1.8% (w/w) to about 2.1% (w/w), or
from about 2.1% (w/w) to about 2.4% (w/w), or from about 2.4% (w/w)
to about 2.7% (w/w), or from about 2.7% (w/w) to about 3%
(w/w).
[0147] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
prepared from the AC/DC cannabis strain, wherein the oil contains:
THC in an amount ranging from about 1% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w); CBD
in an amount ranging from about 58% (w/w) to about 66% (w/w); CBG
in an amount ranging from 2% (w/w) to about 4% (w/w); and CBN in an
amount ranging from about 0.05% (w/w) to about 0.15% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis
strain further contains CBDA in an amount ranging from about 0.2%
(w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w).
[0148] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the
AC/DC cannabis strain further contains linalool in an amount
ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis
strain further contains .beta.-caryophyllene in an amount ranging
from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.9% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
cannabis oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis strain further
contains .beta.-caryophyllene oxide in an amount ranging from about
0.01% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis
oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis strain further contains
.alpha.-humulene in an amount ranging from about 0.2% (w/w) to
about 0.5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared
from the AC/DC cannabis strain further contains cis-nerolidol in an
amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis
strain further contains guaiol in an amount ranging from about 0.3%
(w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
prepared from the AC/DC cannabis strain further contains
.alpha.-eudesmol in an amount ranging from about 0.4% (w/w) to
about 0.5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared
from the AC/DC cannabis strain further contains .beta.-eudesmol in
an amount ranging from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w). In
some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis
strain further contains .gamma.-eudesmol in an amount ranging from
about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
cannabis oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis strain further
contains .alpha.-bisabolol in an amount ranging from about 0.8%
(w/w) to about 1.1% (w/w). In some such embodiments, the cannabis
oil prepared from the AC/DC cannabis strain contains terpenes in a
total amount ranging from about 4% (w/w) to about 7% (w/w).
[0149] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis strain, wherein the oil
contains: THC in an amount ranging from about 2% (w/w) to about 40%
(w/w); CBD in an amount ranging from about 30% (w/w) to about 70%
(w/w); CBG in an amount ranging from 1% (w/w) to about 4% (w/w);
and CBN in an amount ranging from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 2%
(w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the
Cannatonic cannabis strain further contains CBDA in an amount
ranging from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis
strain further contains CBGA in an amount ranging from about 0.07%
(w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w).
[0150] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the
Cannatonic cannabis strain further contains linalool in an amount
ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis
strain further contains .beta.-caryophyllene in an amount ranging
from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 0.7% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
cannabis oil prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis strain further
contains .alpha.-humulene in an amount ranging from about 0.3%
(w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis strain further contains
cis-nerolidol in an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about
0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the
Cannatonic cannabis strain further contains guaiol in an amount
ranging from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis
strain further contains .alpha.-eudesmol in an amount ranging from
about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
cannabis oil prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis strain further
contains .beta.-eudesmol in an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w)
to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared
from the Cannatonic cannabis strain further contains
.alpha.-bisabolol in an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to
about 0.3% (w/w). In some such embodiments, the cannabis oil
prepared from the Cannatonic cannabis strain contains terpenes in a
total amount ranging from about 0.5% (w/w) to about 3.5% (w/w).
[0151] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain, wherein the oil
contains: THC in an amount ranging from about 60% (w/w) to about
80% (w/w); CBD in an amount ranging from about 0.5% (w/w) to about
2.5% (w/w); CBG in an amount ranging from 1% (w/w) to about 2%
(w/w); and CBN in an amount ranging from about 0.5% (w/w) to about
1.5% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the
Blueberry cannabis strain further contains THCA in an amount
ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the Blueberry cannabis
strain further contains CBDA in an amount ranging from about 0.01%
(w/w) to about 0.3% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain further contains CBGA
in an amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w).
[0152] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the
Blueberry cannabis strain further contains linalool in an amount
ranging from about 0.3% (w/w) to about 0.4% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the Blueberry cannabis
strain further contains .alpha.-terpineol in an amount ranging from
about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
cannabis oil prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain further
contains .beta.-caryophyllene in an amount ranging from about 0.7%
(w/w) to about 1.0% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain further contains
.beta.-caryophyllene oxide in an amount ranging from about 0.1%
(w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain further contains
.alpha.-humulene in an amount ranging from about 0.4% (w/w) to
about 0.6% (w/w). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared
from the Blueberry cannabis strain further contains valencene in an
amount ranging from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil prepared from the Blueberry cannabis
strain further contains cis-nerolidol in an amount ranging from
about 0.4% (w/w) to about 0.6% (w/w). In some embodiments, the
cannabis oil prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain further
contains .alpha.-eudesmol in an amount ranging from about 0.1%
(w/w) to about 0.2% (w/w). In some such embodiments, the cannabis
oil prepared from the Blueberry cannabis strain contains terpenes
in a total amount ranging from about 3% (w/w) to about 5%
(w/w).
[0153] Experimental procedures for determining the cannabinoid and
terpene composition of the strains of cannabis used in the
disclosure herein can be performed using known techniques in the
art. The extract, any aliquot taken during the extraction
procedure, or the plant material itself can be used in any of the
quantitative analysis techniques used. Those techniques include,
but are not limited to, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry,
and gas chromatography. A person of skill in the art will recognize
that there are many other techniques available to determine
cannabinoid and terpene composition of the cannabis strains used
herein.
[0154] C. Essential Oils and Other Additives
[0155] In certain embodiments, one or more essential oils are added
to the extracted cannabis oil to provide properties such as
improved palatability. Essential oils can also provide antioxidant
and preservative properties in the cannabis oil compositions. The
identity and amount of the essential oil(s) added can depend in
part on factors including the strain of cannabis that has been
extracted and the desired organoleptic properties. In general, the
amount of total essential oils added to a cannabis extract will
range from about 0.01% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w) or more. The total
amount of essential oils added can range, for example, from about
0.01% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w), or from about 0.5% (w/w) to about
1% (w/w), or from about 1% (w/w) to about 2% (w/w), or from about
2% (w/w) to about 3% (w/w), or from about 3% (w/w) to about 4%
(w/w), or from about 4% (w/w) to about 5% (w/w), or from about 5%
(w/w) to about 6% (w/w), or from about 6% (w/w) to about 7% (w/w),
or from about 7% (w/w) to about 8% (w/w), or from about 8% (w/w) to
about 9% (w/w), or from about 9% (w/w) to about 10% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the amount of total essential oils added is about
0.05% (w/w). In some embodiments, the total amount of essential
oils added is about 1.7% (w/w). In some embodiments, the total
amount of essential oils added is about 2.5% (w/w). The % (w/w)
values indicated are based on the amount of essential oil added to
the amount of total cannabis extract (including vitamin E or
additives other than the essential oil, if applicable).
[0156] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil extract includes one
or more added essential oils selected from bergamot essential oil,
blood orange essential oil, neroli essential oil, peppermint
essential oil, and spearmint essential oil. In some embodiments,
the cannabis oil extract includes Vitamin E and one or more
essential oils selected from bergamot essential oil, blood orange
essential oil, neroli essential oil, peppermint essential oil, and
spearmint essential oil.
[0157] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil extract includes one
or more added essential oils selected from bergamot essential oil,
blood orange essential oil, and neroli essential oil. In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil extract includes Vitamin E and one or
more added essential oils selected from bergamot essential oil,
blood orange essential oil, and neroli essential oil.
[0158] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil extract includes one
or more added essential oils selected from peppermint essential oil
and spearmint essential oil. In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
extract includes Vitamin E and one or more added essential oils
selected from peppermint essential oil and spearmint essential
oil.
[0159] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil extract includes one
or more added essential oils selected from a lavender essential oil
and lemongrass essential oil. In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
extract includes Vitamin E and one or more added essential oils
selected from a lavender essential oil and a lemongrass essential
oil.
[0160] In some embodiments, the cannabis oil extract includes one
or more added essential oils selected from Sweet Orange (Citrus
sinensis spp), Peppermint (Mentha piperita spp), Lemon (Citrus
limon spp), Lavender (Lavendula angustifolia spp) and Vanilla
(Vanilla planifolia spp). In some embodiments, the cannabis oil
extract includes Vitamin E and one or more essential oils selected
from Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis spp), Peppermint (Mentha
piperita spp), Lemon (Citrus limon spp), Lavender (Lavendula
angustifolia spp) and Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia spp).
[0161] Other essential oils that can be used in the compositions of
the invention include, but are not limited to: Agarwood; Agarwood
Attar; Ahibero; Allspice; Almond, bitter; Amber Oil; Ambrette Seed;
Amyris; Angelica Root; Angelica Seed; Aniseed; Anise; Anise (star);
Armoise (Mugwort); Artemisia vestita; Asafoetida; Bakul; Balsam of
Peru Oil; Balsam of Peru Resin; Balsamite; Baobab Oil; Basil, Sweet
ct Linalool; Basil, Sweet ct Linalool--Organic; Basil, Sweet ct
Methyl Chavicol--Organic; Bay; Beeswax; Bergamot; Birch; Boldo;
Boronia; Black Cumin; Black Currant Bud; Blue Lotus Attar; Broom;
Buchu; Bupleurum (Bupleurum fruticosum); Buddha wood; Butter;
Cabreuva; Cade; Cajuput; Calamus; Calendula; Camomile (or
Chamomile); Camphor; Cananga; Cangerana; Cape Chamomile
(Ericephalus punctulatus) S. Africa, Wild Harvest; Cape May;
Caraway; Caraway; Cardamom; Carnation; Carrot Seed; Cascarilla;
Cassia; Cassie; Catnip; Cedar (Cedrus) India; Cedarwood; Cedarwood,
Atlas--Organic; Cedarwood, Himalayan; Cedarwood, Texas; Cedarwood,
Virginia; Celery leaf, Celery Seed; Chamomile, Blue; Chamomile;
Chamomile, Roman (Anthemis nobilis); Champa Attar (Michelia
champaca) India; Champaca; Chaste tree; Cilantro; Cinnamon;
Cinnamon Bark; Cistus; Cistus (Cistus ladanferus) Corsica;
Citronella; Clary Sage Absolute; Clary Sage, Bulgaria; Clary Sage,
Russia; Clary Sage, USA; Clementine; Clove; Clove Bud; Cacao;
Coconut Pulp; Coffee Bean Oil; Cognac, Green; Coleus; Combava
(fruit or leaf); Copaiba; Coriander; Coriander Seed; Cucumber
Hydrosol; Cumin; Cumin Seed; Cypress Leaf, Cypress, Blue; Davana;
Dill; Elemi; Eucalyptus, Blue Gum; Eucalyptus, Blue Mallee;
Eucalyptus, Lemon; Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Bulgaria; Fennel,
Sweet; Fenugreek; Fern (sweet); Fleabane; Fir Needle; Fir, Balsam;
Fir, Douglas; Fir, Silver; Fragonia; Frankincense, India;
Frankincense, Somalia; Frankincense Frereana; Frankincense, Oman;
Frankincense, Oman; Frankincense, Somalia; Galangal; Galbanum;
Geranium; Geranium, Egypt; Geranium, Rose; Geranium, South Africa;
Ghandi root; Ginger; Ginger Lily; Ginger, Fresh; Gingergrass
(Cymbopogon martinii); Goldenrod; Grapefruit, Pink; Grapefruit,
Ruby Red; Grapefruit, White; Hay; Helichrysum, Albania;
Helichrysum, Croatia; Hina Attar, India; Hop; Hyssop Decumbens;
Hyssop; Immortelle; Jasmine Absolute, Egypt; Jasmine Absolute,
India; Jasmine Concrete; Jasmine; Jasmine Sambac; Jatamansi,
(Nardostachs jatamansi); Juniper; Juniper Berry (Juniperus
communis); Juniper Leaf/Berry; Kaffir Lime; Kava Kava; Labdanum;
Larch needle; Laurel (Laurus nobilis) Corsica; Laurel Leaf,
Lavandin, Grosso; Lavender--High Elevation; Lavender--Wild;
Lavender Absolute; Lavender Hydrosol; Lavender, Bulgaria; Lavender,
France; Lavender, Maillette; Leleshwa; Lemon; Lemon Tea Tree; Lemon
verbena; Lemongrass; Lentisque (Pistacia lentiscus) Corsica; Lime;
Lime Essence Oil; Lime, Distilled; Liquidambar (Styrax); Longoza;
Lotus Absolute, Pink; Lotus Absolute, White; Lovage leaf, Lovage
root; Magnolia flower; Mandarin; Mandarin, Green; Mandarin, Red;
Mandarin, Yellow; Mango ginger; Marjoram; Marula oil; Melissa;
Mint; Mint, Himalayan (Mentha arvensis); Mitti Attar; Motia Attar
(Jasmine sambac) India; Mugwort; Mustard; Myrrh; Myrtle, Green;
Myrtle (Myrtus communis); Nagarmotha (Cypriol); Neem (Azadirachta
indica) India; Neroli; Niaouli; Nutmeg; Nut grass; Oakmoss
Absolute; Oakwood; Opopanax, Sweet Myrrh (Commiphora guidotti);
Orange, Blood; Orange, Sweet; Orange, Wild; Orange Blossom; Orange
Essence Oil; Orange, Bitter Green; Orange, Bitter Red; Oregano;
Orris Butter; Osmanthus Absolute; Palmarosa; Palmarosa, Nepal;
Palmarosa, Sri Lanka; Palo Santo (Bursera graveolens); Palo Santo;
Patchouli; Absolute; Patchouli, Dark; Patchouli, Light; Patchouli,
Sri Lanka; Pennyroyal; Pepper, Black; Peppercorn, Pink; Peppermint,
Chocolate; Peppermint, France; Peppermint, India; Peppermint, USA;
Petitgrain Absolute; Petitgrain Bigarade; Petitgrain sur Fleurs;
Petitgrain, Mandarin; Pimento; Pine; Pinion Juniper
Co-distillation, Colorado, Wild Harvest; Pinon Pine (Pinus edulis)
Colorado, Wild Harvest; Pitta blend (Lavender, Rose Geranium, Ruh
Khus); Plai; Pomegranate Seed; Rhododendron (Rhododendron
anthopogon); Rhododendron Leaf, Rosalina; Rose; Rose Attar; Rose de
Mai Absolute; Rose de Mai Concrete; Rose de Mai Organic Extract;
Rose geranium; Rose Hip Seed; Rose Otto, Bulgaria; Rose Otto,
Turkey; Rose Otto, White--Organic; Rose vetiver; Rosemary
Antioxidant; Rosemary ct Cineole; Rosemary ct Verbenone; Rosewood;
Rue; Ruh Khus (Vetiveria zizaniodes); Saffron Attar, India; Sage;
Samphire (Cristhmum maritimum) Corsica; Sandalwood; Sandalwood, New
Caledonia; Sandalwood, Australian--Premium; Sandalwood (Santalum
spicatum), Australia; Sandalwood Oil, Royal Hawaiian (Santalum
paniculatum); Sandalwood, Royal Hawaiian; Sassafras; Savitri Rose
Perfume; Sea Buckthorn; Seaweed; Sierra Juniper (Juniperus
occidentalis); Spearmint; Spearmint (Mentha spicata) Israel;
Spikenard; Spikenard, Green; Spruce, Black; Spruce (Picea mariana)
Canada; St. John's Wort 2; St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Bulgaria; Tagetes; Tamanu (Foraha) Oil; Tangelo; Tangerine;
Tangerine Murcott; Tansy; Tansy, Blue; Tarragon; Tea Tree; Tea Tree
(Leptospermum citratum), Lemon Scented; Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternfolia) South Africa; Thuja; Thyme; Thyme ct Linalool;
Tobacco; Tonka Bean; Tuberose; Tulsi, Holy Basic Oil (Ocimum
sanctum); Turmeric; Vanilla; Vanilla Bourbon; Verbena;
Vetiver--Double Distilled; Vetiver, El Salvador; Vetiver, Haiti;
Vetiver, Sri Lanka; Violet Leaf; White Fir (Abies concolor); White
Lotus Attar; White Sage (Salvia apiana); Wild Carrot, Corsica;
Wintergreen; Wintergreen; Yarrow; Yarrow, Blue; Ylang Ylang; Yuzu;
and combinations thereof.
[0162] The compositions of the invention can also include one or
more herbal extracts of Abas, Abele, Abies balsamea, Absinthe,
Absinthium, Acacia, Acacia spp., Acai Berries, Acerola, Achillea
millefolium, Achiote, Aconite, Aconitum napellus, Acorus, Acorus
calamus, Acorus gramineus, Adansonia digitata, Adder's Mouth,
Adderwort, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Aesculus Hippocastanum,
Aframomum melegueta, African Geranium, African Ginger, Agastache
foeniculum, Agave, Agnus castus, Agrimonia eupatoria, Agrimony,
Agropyron repens, Ague Grass, Ague Root, Ague Tree, Agueweed,
Ajamoda, Ajave Seeds, Ajenjo, Ajowan, Ajuga reptans, Ajvain, Ajwan,
Ajwain, Akebia, Akebia quinata, Alaskan Ginseng, Alchemilla
vulgaris, Alchornea Species, Alder, Alder Buckthorn, Alder Dogwood,
Alecost, Alehoof, Aletris, Aletris farinosa, Alexandrian Laurel,
Alexandrian Senna, Alfalfa, Algarroba, Alkanet, Allheal, Alligator
Pepper, Allium cepa, Allium porrum, Allium sativum, Allium
schoenoprasum, Allium tuberosum, Allspice, Almond, Alnus glutinosa,
Alnus rubra, Aloe ferox, Aloeroot, Aloes, Aloe Vera, Aloysia
triphylla, Alpine Strawberry, Alpinia officinarum, Althaea, Althaea
officinalis, Aluka, Alumroot, Amara aromatica, Amaracus, Amaranth,
Amaranthus hypocondriacus, Amber Touch-and-heal, Ambroise, Ambrose,
Amburana, America-Hodoimo, American Aloe, American Angelica,
American Ash, American Aspen, American Basswood, American Bayberry,
American Bee Balm, American Beech, American Bugleweed, American
Carob, American Cranesbill, American Cress, American Dill, American
Dogwood, American Ginseng, American Ground Lily, American
Groundnut, American Linden, American Mandrake, American Melissa,
American Saffron, American Sanicle, American Sarsaparilla, American
Sloe, American Spikenard, American Upland Cotton, American
Valerian, American Winter Cress, American Wormroot, American
Wormseed, Amla, Ammi Visnaga, Anacardium occidentale, Ananas
comosus, Anchusa officinalis, Andiroba, Andrographis, Andrographis
paniculata, Anemone, Anemone pulsatilla, Anemopsis californica,
Anethum graveolens, Angelica, Angelica archangelica, Angelica
sinensis, Angelica Tree, Angostura, Angostura trifoliata, Anise,
Aniseed, Aniseed Stars, Anise Fern, Anise Hyssop, Anise Plant,
Annatto, Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Annual marjoram,
Anthemis nobilis, Anthoxanthum nitens, Anthriscus cerefolium,
Antilles Cherry, Apios americana, Apium graveolens, Apple, Apple
Mint, Apple-of-Peru, Apricot Vine, Apsidium, Aralia racemosa, Arbe
a suif, Arberry, Arboloco, Arbor Vitae, Arbutus, Arbutus menziesii,
Arbutus uva Ursi, Archangel, Archangelica, Archangelica
officinalis, Arctium lappa, Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, Ardraka,
Argan, Argania, Argania spinosa, Argemone mexicana, Argentine,
Aristolochia serpentaria, Aristotelia chilensis, Aritha, Arjaka,
Arjuna, Armoracia Rusticana, Armstrong, Arnica, Arnica Flowers,
Arnica Montana, Arnica Root, Aromatic Sumac, Aromatic Wintergreen,
Arrowroot, Artemisia, Artemisia Abrotanum, Artemisia Absinthium,
Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia Dracunculus, Artemisia Tridentata,
Artemisia Vulgaris, Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus heterophyllus,
Arugula, Asafoetida, Asclepias tuberosa, Ascophyllum nodosum, Ash,
Ashwaganda, Asian Ginseng, Aspalathus linearis, Asparagus
cochinchinensis, Asparagus racemosus, Asparagus Root, Asperula
Odorata, Aspilia, Aspilia mossambicensis, Ass-ear, Asthma Plant,
Asthma Weed, Astragalus, Astragalus membranaceus, Atropa
belladonna, Auld Wife's Huid, Autumn Crocus, Avena sativa, Avens,
Averrhoa carambola, Avocado, Ayak Chichira, Ayuk Willku,
Azadirachta Indica, Azafran, Babchi Seeds, Bacc, Bachelor's-button,
Bacopa Monniera, Bahama Berry, Baical Skullcap, Bai Guo, Bai Mu
Erh, Ba Ji Tian, Baldina, Balinghoy, Ballota nigra, Balm Mint, Balm
of Gilead, Balmony, Balsam Copaiba, Balsam Fir, Balsam of Gilead,
Balsam of Peru, Balsam Tree, Bank Cress, Banisteriopsis caapi vine,
Baobab, Baptisia, Baptisia tinctoria, Barbados Aloe, Barbados
Cherry, Barbarea verna, Barberry, Barbary Fig, Bardana, Barley,
Barosma betulina, Barren Strawberry, Barun, Basil, Basil Thyme,
Basin Sagebrush, Basketbush, Basswood, Bastard Cardamom, Bastard
Saffron, Bast Tree, Bauple Nut, Bayawas, Bayberry, Bayberry Bush,
Bayberry Wax Tree, Bay Laurel, Beaked Parsley, Bean of India, Bean
Trefoil, Bearberry, Bearbind, Beard Lichen, Bear's Foot,
Bear's-grape, Bear's-paw, Bear's Weed, Beaumont Root, Beauty Leaf,
Bee Balm, Bee Bread, Beech, Beechdrops, Beech Wheat, Bee Plant, Bee
Sage, Bee's Nest, Beggar's Buttons, Belladonna, Belle Isle Cress,
Bellyache Root, Benjamin Bush, Benzoin Gum, Benzoin Tree,
Berberidis, Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberry,
Bergamot Mint, Bergamot Orange, Bertholletia excelsa, Betel,
Bethroot, Betony, Betula alba, Betula pendula, Bhang, Bian Xu,
Bible Hyssop, Bible-leaf, Big Sagebrush, Bilberry, Billy-goat
Clover, Biltmore Ash, Bindweed, Bird's-foot, Bird's Nest,
Birthroot, Birthwort, Biscuits, Bishop's Weed, Bistort, Bitter
Aloe, Bitter Ash, Bitter Bark, Bitter Dock, Bitter Leaf, Bitter
Melon, Bitter Nightshade, Bitter Orange, Bitter Orange Peel, Bitter
Quassia, Bittersweet, Bitter Trefoil, Bitter Wood, Bitterworm, Bixa
orellana, Black Alder, Black Alder Tree, Blackberry, Black Cherry,
Black Choke, Black Chokeberry, Black Cohosh, Black Cohush,
Blackcurrant, Black Dogwood, Black Ginger, Black Haw, Black
Henbane, Black Horehound, Black Locust, Black Mustard, Black
Pepper, Black Root, Black Sampson, Black Sanicle, Black Snakeroot,
Black Stinking Horehound, Black Tany, Blackthorn, Black Thyme,
Black Walnut, Black Whortleberry, Blackwort, Bladder Cherry,
Bladder Fucus, Bladderpod, Bladderwrack, Blazing Star, Blessed
Herb, Blessed Thistle, Blind Nettle, Bloodroot, Blood Vine,
Bloodwort, Blooming Sally, Blow Ball, Blue Balm, Blueberry,
Bluebottle, Blue Cohosh, Blue Curls, Blue Dandelion, Blue Flag,
Blue Giant Hyssop, Blue Ginseng, Blue Gum, Blue Gum Tree, Blue
Iris, Blue Mountain Tea, Blue Pimpernel, Blue Rocket, Blue-Sailors,
Blue Skullcap, Blue Violet, Blunt-leaved Dock, Bodhi Tree,
Bofareira, Bogbean, Bo He, Bola, Boldina, Boldo, Boldoa, Boldu,
Boldus, Boneset, Bookoo, Borage, Borago officinalis, Boswellia
carteri, Bo-Tree, Bottlebrush, Bouncing Bet, Bourtree, Bowman's
Root, Boxberry, Boxwood, Brahmi, Bramble, Brandy Mint, Brassica
alba, Brassica juncea, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica
rapa Pekinensis, Brazilian Ginseng, Brazil Nut, Breadfruit, Bread
Wheat, Bride's Button, Bridewort, Brigham Tea, Brindall Berry,
Brindle Berry, Brinton Root, British Myrrh, Broad-leaved Dock,
Bromelain, Brook Bean, Brooklime, Broom, Broom Flowers, Broom Tops,
Broom Tea-Tree, Brown Mustard, Brownwort, Bruisewort, Bryonia Alba,
Bryony, Buchu, Buckbean, Buckeye, Buckler-leaved Sorrel, Buckthorn,
Buckwheat, Bucku, Buddha Fruit, Buffalo Herb, Bugbane, Bugbane
Squawroot, Bugle, Bugleweed, Bugloss, Bu Gu Zhi, Bugwort, Bull
Flower, Bullock's Heart, Bull's Heart, Bunny's Ears, Bupleurum,
Bupleurum chinense, Bur, Burage, Burdock, Burdock Burrs, Burren
Myrtle, Burr Marigoldt, Burrs, Burr Seed, Bush Nut, Butcher's
Broom, Butterbur, Butterfly Weed, Butternut, Butter Winter,
Butterwort, Butterweed, Buttons, Caban Cherry, Cabbage, Cabbage
Palm, Cabbage Rose, Cacao, Cacari, Cajeput Tree, Cajueiro, Calabar
Bean, Calamint, Calamintha nepeta, Calamus, Calendula, Calendula
officinalis, California Poppy, Calluna vulgaris, Calophyllum
inophyllum, Caltrop, Calumba, Cambodian Mint, Camel Grass,
Cammellia Sinensis, Camocamo, Camphor, Camphor Tree, Camptotheca
acuminata, Camu Camu, Canabis, Canada Balsam, Canada Root, Canada
Tea, Canadian Fleabane, Canaigre, Cananga odorata, Cancerosa, Caner
Root, Cancer Tree, Candle Berry, Cane Ash, Canistel Fruit,
Cankerwort, Cannabis Sativa, Cape Aloe, Cape Gooseberry,
Caperberry, Caperbush, Capers, Capon's Tail, Capparis spinosa,
Capsaicin, Capsella bursa-Pastoris, Capsicum, Capsicum annuum,
Capsicum chinense, Carambola, Carapa guianensis, Caraway, Caraway
Seed, Cardamom, Cardamom Seeds, Cardamon, Carduus marianus, Carica
papaya, Carob, Carolina Jasmine, Carom, Carony Bark,
Carpenter's-herb, Carpenter's-square, Carpenter's Weed, Carrageen,
Carrot, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum carvi, Cascara, Cascara
Buckthorn, Cascara Sagrada, Caseweed, Cashew Nut Shells, Cassava,
Cassia senna, Castanea sativa, Castor Bean Plant, Castor Oil Plant,
Catalonian Jasmine, Catchweed, Catha, Catha edulis, Catmint,
Catnep, Catnip, Catrup, Cat's Claw, Cat's-foot, Cat's-play,
Catswort, Cat Thyme, Catuaba, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Cayenne,
Ceanothus americanus, Cedar Nut, Celandine, Celery, Centaurea
cyanus, Centaurium erythraea, Centaury, Centella asiatica, Century
Plant, Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Cerasee, Ceratonia siliqua, Cereso,
Cetraria islandica, Chaga Mushroom, Chai Hu, Chamaelirium luteum,
Chamomile, Chanca piedra, Chandan, Chang Pu, Chaparral, Charapilla,
Chaste Berry, Chaste Tree, Chat, Chaulmoogra, Checkerberry,
Cheeseflower, Cheese Rennet, Cheiranthus Cheiri, Chelidonium majus,
Chelone glabra, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chen-Pi, Cherry Birch,
Chervil, Chia, Chian, Chien, Chiang, Chickweed, Chicory, Chih-ma,
Chi-hsueh-ts'ao, Chilean Wineberry, Chilgoza, Chili Pepper,
Chimaphila umbellata, China Root, Chin-ch'iao-mai, Chinese
Angelica, Chinese Cabbage, Chinese Chives, Chinese Foxglove,
Chinese Ginseng, Chinese Gold Thread, Chinese Lantern, Chinese
Licorice, Chinese Mustard, Chinese Nettle, Chinese Star Anise,
Chinese Wolfberry, Chink, Chionanthus virginicus, Chirayata,
Chiretta, Chittembark, Chives, Chocolate, Chocolate Root, Chocolate
Vine, Choke Cherry, Chondrus Crispus, Christmas Tree,
Chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum balsamita, Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chuan Xin Liang,
Chuchupate, Church Steeples, Cicely, Cichorium intybus, Cilantro,
Cimicifuga, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cinchona, Cinchona Bark, Cinchona
spp, Cingulum sancti Johannis, Cinnabar Root, Cinnamomum camphora,
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cinnamon, Cinnamonwood, Cinquefoil, Cirsium
vulgare, Citroengrass, Citrus aurantium, Citrus bergamia, Citrus
ichangensis x Citrus reticulata var. austera, Citrus limon, Citrus
reticulata, Citrus thyme, City Avens, Clary, Clary Sage, Clear Eye,
Cleavers, Clematis Stem, Clove, Clove Garlic, Clover, Clover Broom,
Clove Root, Clown's Woundwort, Clubfoot Moss, Club Moss, Cnicus
benedictus, Coca, Coca Shrub, Cocashweed, Cochlearia officinalis,
Cocklebur, Cockle Buttons, Cocoa, Codonopsis, Codonopsis pilosula,
Coffea arabica, Coffee, Coffeeweed, Coicis, Coix, Coix
Lachryma-jobi, Cola nitida, Colchicum, Colchicum autumnale, Coleus,
Coleus forkolil, Coleus forskohlii, Colewort, Colicroot, Colla,
Collinsonia canadensis, Colorado Cough Root, Coltsfoot,
Colt's-tail, Comfrey, Commiphora molmol, Commiphora mukul,
Commiphora Opobalsamum, Common Alder, Common Alkanet, Common Anise,
Common Arnica, Common Ash, Common Balm, Common Barberry, Common
Basil, Common Blue Violet, Common Broom, Common Buckthorn, Common
Buckwheat, Common Bugle, Common Burnet, Common Caraway, Common
Centaury, Common Chamomile, Common Club Moss, Common Cotton, Common
Dock, Common Dill, Common Fennel, Common Fenugrec, Common Flax,
Common Foxglove, Common Hazel, Common Holly, Common Hop, Common
Horehound, Common Hyssop, Common Jasmine, Common Juniper, Common
Lavender, Common Lime, Common Madder, Common Mallow, Common
Marjoram, Common Nettle, Common Oats, Common Onion, Common Parsley,
Common Periwinkle, Common Privet, Common Rue, Common Sage, Common
Sagebrush, Common Sea-Buckthorn, Common Stinging Nettle, Common
Strawberry, Common Sundew, Common Thistle, Common Thyme, Common
Wheat, Common White Jasmine, Common Willow, Common Wormwood,
Compass Plant, Compass Weed, Compositae, Conium maculatum,
Consormol, Consumptive's Weed, Convallaria majalis, Convolvulus
sepium, Cool Tankard, Copaiba, Copal, Copaifera Species, Coptidis,
Coptis, Coptis chinensis, Coptis Rhizome, Cordyceps, Cordyceps
sinensis, Coriander, Coriandrum sativum, Corn, Cornelian Tree,
Cornflower, Cornish Lovage, Corn Mint, Corn Poppy, Corn Rose,
Cornsilk, Cornus florida, Corsican Mint, Corsican Pepper,
Corydalis, Corydalis Rhizome, Corydalis Yanhusuo, Corylus avellana,
Costmary, Cotton, Cotton Thistle, Couch Grass, Coughroot,
Coughweed, Coughwort, Countryman's-treacle, Cowbloom, Cow Chervil,
Cow Clover, Cow Cress, Cowgrass, Cowplant, Cowslip, Crampbark,
Crampweed, Cranberry, Cranberry Bush, Cranberry Tree, Cranesbill,
Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus oxyacantha, Crataeva, Crataeva
nurvula, Cream Of Tartar Tree, Creathnach, Creeping Charlie,
Creeping Thyme, Creosote Bush, Crocus sativus, Crosswort, Croton
Lechleri, Crowberry, Crow Coin, Cuban Oregano, Cubeb Pepper,
Cuckoo's Cap, Cucurbita pepo, Culantrillo, Culver's Physic,
Culver's Root, Cumaru, Cumaruzeiro, Cumin, Cuminum cyminum, Curacao
Aloe, Curare, Curcuma longa, Curcuma zedoaria, Cure-all, Curled
Dock, Curled Mint, Curly Parsley, Curry-leaf tree, Curry Tree,
Cuscus, Cuscuta Epithymum, Cusparia Bark, Custard Apple, Cutleaf
Bugleweed, Cutweed, Cydonia oblonga, Cymbopogon citratus,
Cypripedium pubescens, Da Huang, Dalcini, Dalmatian Iris, Dalmation
Insect Flower, Dalmation Pellitory, Dalmatian Sage, Damiana,
Dandelion, Dang Gui, Danish Dill, Dan Shen, Daruharidra, Da suan,
Datura stramonium, Daucus carota, Deadly Nightshade, Deadmen's
Bells, Dead Nettle, Dead-Rat Tree, Death-flower, Deerberry, Desert
Cactus, Desert Oregano, Desert Tea, Devil's-apple, Devil's Bit,
Devil's-bones, Devil's Cherries, Devil's Claw, Devil's Club,
Devil's Dung, Devil's-eye, Devil's Guts, Devil's Herb, Devil's
Plague, Dew of the Sea, Dhup, Digitalis purpurea, Di Huang, Dill,
Dillisk, Dillseed, Dillweed, Dilly, Dilsk, Dilo Oil Tree, Dioscorea
villosa, Diosma betulina, Dipsacus sylvestris, Dipteryx odorata,
Divale, Djamboe, Doda, Dodan, Doadni, Dodder, Dog Brier, Dog Grass,
Dog Rose, Dog's Mercury, Dog Tree, Dogwood, Dong Chong Xia Cao,
Dong Quai, Dovefoot, Drago, Dragon's Blood, Dragon's mugwort,
Dragonwort, Dropsy Plant, Drosera rotundifolia, Dryopteris
filix-mas, Ducks Foot, Dulse, Dutch Clover, Dwale, Dwarf Juniper,
Dwarf Nasturtium, Dwayberry, Dyeberry, Dyer's Broom, Dyer's
Greenweed, Dyer's Madder, Dyer's-saffron, Dysphania ambrosioides,
Early Winter Cress, Earth-smoke, Easter Flower, Easter Giant,
Eau-de-cologne Mint, Echinacea, Echinacea angustifolia, Egg Fruit,
Egg Wrack, Egyptian Privet, Eight-horned Anise, Eight-horns, Ela,
Elaci, Elder, Elder-berry, Elder-flower, Elecampane, Eletteria
Cardamomum, Eleuthero, Eleutherococcus Senticosus, Elk Mint, Emetic
Herb, Enandi, Endive, English Alder, English Balm, English Catnip,
English Chamomile, English Hawthorn, English Holly, English Hop,
English Mandrake, English Serpentary, English Thyme, English
Valerian, English Violet, English Wallflower, Epazote, Ephedra,
Ephedra nevadensis, Ephedra sinica, Epifagus virginiana, Epilobium
angustifolium, Epimedium, Epimedium grandiflorum, Equisetum
arvense, Erigeron canadensis, Eriodictyon californicum, Eruca
vesicaria sativa, Erythraea centaurium, Erythroxylum catuaba,
Erythroxylum coca, Eschscholzia californica, Espinheira santa
, Estragon, Ethiopian Cumin, Eucalyptus, Eucalyptus globulus,
Eugenia carophyllata, Eupatorium, Eupatorium perfoliatum,
Eupatorium purpureum, Euphorbia hirta, Euphrasia officinalis,
European Alder, European Angelica, European Ash, European Barberry,
European Black Alder, European Buckthorn, European Centaury,
European Chestnut, European Cowslip, European Dill, European Elder,
European Holly, European Hop, European White Water lily, European
Willow, Euterpe oleracea, Evening Primrose, Evening Star,
Evergreen, Eye Balm, Eyebright, Eyeroot, Fagopyrum esculentum,
Fagus grandifalia, Fah Tolai, Fairy Cup, Fairy's Glove, False
Acacia, False Box, False Chamomile, False Jasmine, False Saffron,
False Unicorn, False Valerian, False White Cedar, Featherfew,
Featherfoil, Feather Geranium, Febrifuge Plant, Felon Herb,
Felonwort, Female Fern, Fennel, Fenugreek, Ferula Asafoetida, Fetid
Horehound, Fever Bush, Feverfew, Fever Grass, Fever Tree,
Feverwort, Fiber, Ficus religiosa, Field Balm, Field Pansy, Field
Poppy, Field Pumpkin, Field Sorrel, Figwort, Filipendula Ulmaria,
Fir, Fir Balsam, Fireweed, Fir Pine, Fishfuddle, Five-fingers,
Five-leaf, Flag Lily, Flagroot, Flanders Poppy, Flannelleaf,
Flat-leaved Parsley, Flax, Flax Seed, Flax Weed, Fleabane, Flea
Seed, Flesh and Blood, Fleur-de-lis, Flinders Rose, Florentine
Iris, Florida Dogwood, Florida Fishpoison Tree, Flower de-luce,
Flowering Dogwood, Flowering Willow, Flowery Knotweed, Foeniculum
vulgare, Folk's Glove, Food Of The Gods, Forsythia, Forsythia
suspensa, Fo Ti, Foxberry, Fox Geranium, Foxglove, Fox Grape,
Foxtail, Fragaria ananassa, Fragaria vesca, Fragrant Balm, Fragrant
Giant Hyssop, Fragrant Sumac, Frankincense, Fraxinus americana,
Fraxinus excelsior, French Basil, French Lilac, French Parsley,
French Rose, French Sorrel, French Tarragon, French Thyme, Friar's
Cap, Fringe Tree, Fritillaria, Fritillaria thunbergii, Frog Plant,
Fucus Vesiculosus, Fu-ling, Fuller's-herb, Fumaria officinalis,
Fumitory, Gagroot, Galangal, Galega officinalis, Galipea
officinalis, Galium aparine, Galium odoratum, Galium verum,
Gambooge, Gan cao, Gandana, Ganja, Gan-jiang, Ganoderma lucidum,
Gao Liang, Garabato, Garcinia, Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia
gummi-gutta, Garcinia Kola, Garden Angelica, Garden Balm, Garden
Basil, Garden Burnet, Garden Chamomile, Garden Chervil, Garden
Chicory, Garden Dill, Garden Heliotrope, Garden Hyssop, Garden
Lavender, Garden Loosestrife, Garden Marigold, Garden Mint, Garden
Myrrh, Garden or Green Purslane, Garden Patience, Garden Rosemary,
Garden Rue, Garden Sage, Garden Thyme, Garden Violet, Garlic,
Garlic Chives, Garlic Sage, Gaultheria procumbens, Ge-gen,
Gelsemium sempervirens, Genista, Genista tinctoria, Gentian,
Gentiana lutea, Geranium maculatum, Geranium robertianum,
Geraniums, German Chamomile, Germander, German Mustard, German Rue,
German Tarragon, German Thyme, German Valerian, Geum urbanum,
Ghaap, Gill Run Over, Ginger, Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgo Nut,
Ginny Grains, Ginny Papper, Ginseng, Glechoma Hederacea, Glossy
Buckthorn, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Goathead, Goat's Rue,
Goatweed, Goat Wort, Gold Coin Grass, Golden Aspen, Goldenberry,
Golden Flower of Mary, Golden Loosestrife, Golden Ragwort, Golden
Root, Goldenrod, Goldenseal, Golden Senecio, Gold Melissa, Goldy
Star, Goosefoot, Goose Grass, Goosewort, Gorikapuli, Gospel Tree,
Gossypium hirsutum, Gotu Kola, Gourmet Parsley, Goutweed, Gow Choy,
Graines, Grains Of Paradise, Gramineus, Grape, Grape Vine, Grass,
Grass Burdock, Gravelroot, Graviola, Graybeard, Greasewood, Great
Burdock, Greater Burnet, Greater Cardamom, Great Morel, Great
Nettle, Great Stinging Nettle, Great Wild Valerian, Greek Hayseed,
Green Ginger, Green Ozier, Green Tea, Grifola frondosa, Grindelia,
Grindelia Camporum, Groats, Ground Berry, Ground Cherry, Ground
Holly, Ground Ivy, Ground Juniper, Ground Lemon, Ground Lily,
Groundnut, Ground Pine, Ground Raspberry, Grouse Berry, Guaiac,
Guaiacum, Guajacum, Guaiacum officinale, Gualtheria procumbens,
Guarana, Guasai, Guava Tree, Guelder Rose, Guggul, Gui, Guinea
Grains, Guinea Pepper, Guinea Seeds, Gum Bush, Gum Guggulu, Gum
Myrrh Tree, Gumplant, Gurmabooti, Gurmar, Gymnema, Gymnema
sylvestre, Gynostemma, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Gypsyweed,
Gypsywort, Habanero Pepper, Hackmatack, Hai-ts'ao, Hamamelis
virginiana, Handflower, Happy Tree, Hapusha, Hardock, Hareburr,
Hare's Ear Root, Harpagophytum procumbens, Hartshorn Plant, Harvest
Lice, Hasabis, Hashish, Hatomugi, Haw, Hawaii Nut, Hawkweed,
Hawthorn, Haymaids, Hazelnut Tree, Heal-All, Heart Of The Earth,
Heartsease, Heather, Hebanthe Paniculata, Hedge Bind Weed, Hedge
Fumitory, Hedge Maid, Hediondilla, Helianthus annuus, Heliotrope,
Hellweed, Helmet Flower, Helonias Root, Hemlock, Hemp, Henbane,
Henna, Herb Bennet, Herb-of-Grace, Herb of St. Barbara, Herb of The
Angels, Herb-of-the-cross, Herb Robert, Hercules Woundwort, He Shou
Wu, Hibiscus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Hieracium pilosella, Hierochloe
odorata, High Angelica, High Mallow, Hill Berry, Hina, Hind Heal,
Hineheel, Hing, Hini, Hippophae rhamnoides, Hip Rose, Hoarhound,
Hock-heal, Hodoimo, Hoelen, Hog Apple, Hog Bean, Hog Cranberry,
Hogweed, Holigold, Holly, Holy Basil, Holy Ghost Plant, Holy Herb,
Holy Grass, Holy Thistle, Honey Plant, Honeysuckle, Hoodia, Hoodia
pilifera, Hood Weed, Hoodwort, Hook-heal, Hopniss, Hops, Hops Vine,
Horehound, Horny Goatweed, Horse Balm, Horse Chestnut, Horsefly
Weed, Horseheal, Horse Mint, Horseradish, Horse Savin, Horsetail,
Horse Thistle, Horseweed, Ho She Wu, Ho Shou Wu, Hot Mint,
Hsia-ku-ts'ao, Hsiao-hui-hsiang, Hsieh-tzu-ts'ao, Hua-Hsian, Huang
Qi, Huang Quin, Huarango, Hu-chin-ts'ao, Huckleberry, Hu-lu-ba,
Hu-lu-pa, Humulus lupulus, Hungarian Chamomile, Huo Ma Ren,
Hurrburr, Hurtleberry, Hurtsickle, Husk Cherry, Hydnocarpus,
Hydnocarpus kurzii, Hydrangea, Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrastis
canadensis, Hyoscyamus niger, Hypericum, Hypericum perforatum,
Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis, Iceland Lichen, Iceland Moss,
I-chi-kao, Ignatia Amara, Ignatius Bean, Ilang-Ilang, Ilex
aquifolium, Ilex paraguariensis, Illicium verum, Ill-scented Sumac,
Imburana De Cheiro, Incensier, Indian Apple, Indian Arrowroot,
Indian Balm, Indian Balmony, Indian Bedellium, Indian Borage,
Indian Bread, Indian Chickweed, Indian Corn, Indian Dye, Indian
Elm, Indian Gentian, Indian Ginseng, Indian Gooseberry, Indian
Lotus, Indian Mustard, Indian Nettle, Indian Nut, Indian Olibanum,
Indian Paint, Indian Pennywort, Indian Pink, Indian Plant, Indian
Plume, Indian Potato, Indian Red Paint, Indian Root, Indian Sage,
Indian Shamrock, Indian Snakeroot, Indian Tobacco, Indian Tree,
Indigo Broom, Inonotus obliquus, Inula Helenium, Ipecac, Ipecac
Shrub, Ipio, Iporoni, Iporuru, Iris, Iris florentina, Iris
germanica, Irish Broom, Iris pallida, Irish Moss, Iris versicolor,
Italian Burnet, Italian Cress, Italian Jasmine, Italian Lovage,
Italian Pimpernel, Ivory Plum, Jaborandi, Jackfruit, Jack Tree,
Jak, Jacob's Chariot, Jacob's-staff, Jacon, Jamaican Dogwood,
Jamaica Pepper, Jamaica Sorrel, Jambu, Jambul, Jamestown Weed,
Japanese Catnip, Japanese Grapefruit, Japanese Horseradish,
Japanese Mint, Japanese Mushroom, Japanese Seaweed, Jasmin,
Jasmine, Jasmini Flos, Jasminum spp., Jateorhiza palmata, Jaundice
Berry, Jaundice Root, Java Pepper, Java Plum, Jersey Tea, Jerusalem
Oak, Jessamine, Jesuit's Balsam, Jesuit Tea, Jew's-harp Plant,
Jiaogulan, Jicara, Jimsonweed, Jing Jie, Jin Qian Cao, Jin Yin Hua,
Job's Tears, Joe Pye Weed, Juglans cinerea, Juglans nigra, Juglans
regia, Johnny-jump-up, Johnswort, Joint Fir, Ju Hua, Juniper,
Juniper Bark, Juniper Berry, Juniper Bush, Jupiter's Bean,
Juniperus Communis, Kachur, Kalmegh, Kamoteng Kahoy, Kanma,
Kan-ts'ao, Kappa, Katphala, Kava Kava, Kelp, Kelpware, Kemangen,
Keyflower, Key of Heaven, Khas Khas, Khat, Khella, Kiawe, Kidney
Stone Tree, King Of Bitters, King's-clover, King's Crown, King's
Cure, King's-cure-all, Kinnikinnick, Kiryat, Klamath Weed,
Knitback, Knitbone, Knotgrass, Knotted Kelp, Knotted Marjoram,
Knotted Wrack, Knotty Brake, Knotweed, Kola Nut, Korean Ginseng,
Kua-lou, Kuawa, Kudzu, Kuei, Kumari, Kumaru, Kuo-lao, K'u-tou, Ku
Ts'ai, Lactucarium, Lactuca Virosa, Ladder-to-heaven,
Ladies'-delight, Ladies' Seal, Lady Bleeding, Lady's Bedstraw,
Lady's Slipper, Lady's Mantle, Lady's-washbowl, Lai-ei-ts'ao, Lamb
Mint, Lamium album, Lammint, Lang-tu, Langue de Boeuf, Lapacho,
Lappa, Lappa minor, Large Fennel, Large-leaved Germander, Larrea
tridentata, Latherwort, Laurus nobilis, Lavender, Lavender Giant
Hyssop, Lavandula officinalis, Lawn Chamomile, Lawsonia inermis,
Leafcup, Lebanese Oregano, Leeks, Lemon, Lemon Balm, Lemon Thyme,
Lemon Verbena, Lemongrass, Lentinus Edodes, Leonurus cardiaca,
Leopard's Bane, Lepidium meyenii, Leptandra, Leptandra Virginica,
Leptospermum scoparium, Lesser Indian Cress, Lesser Periwinkle,
Le-ts'ao, Lettuce Opium, Levisticum officinale, Lian Qiao,
Licorice, Licorice Mint, Licorice Root, Life Root, Lignum Vitae,
Ligusticum porteri, Ligustrum vulgare, Lily Convalle, Lily of the
Valley, Limaosinho, Limeblossom, Lime Flowers, Lime Mint, Lime
Tree, Linden, Linden Flower, Lindera benzoin, Ling Chi, Ling-t'ung,
Ling Zhi, Link, Linseed, Lint Bells, Linum usitatissimum, Lion's
Ear, Lion's Foot, Lion's Tail, Lion's Tart, Lion's Tooth, Lippia
graveolens, Lipstick Tree, Liquorice, Live-Forever, Live-Long,
Liver Lily, Liverwort, Lizard's Tail, Lobelia, Lobelia inflata,
Longevity Herb, Lonicera caprifolium, Lonicera japonica, Lonicera
Spp, Loodroot, Loosestrife, Lophophora williamsii, Lotus, Lotus
corniculatus, Lousewort, Lovage, Love Apples, Love in Winter,
Love-lies-bleeding, Love Persley, Love Vine, Lucerne, Lu Hui,
Lungwort, Luole, Lychee, Litchi chinensis, Lycium, Lycium chinense,
Lycium Fruit, Lycopodium, Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopus americanus,
Lysimachia christinae, Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, Ma
Bian Cao, Macadamia Nut, Macadamia spp., Maca, Maca-Maca, Mace,
Macochihua, Madagascar Periwinkle, Mad Apple, Madder, Madder Root,
Madderwort, Mad Dog, Madweed, Madrone Tree, Ma huang, Maidenhair
Fern, Maidenhair Tree, Maid's-hair, Maino, Maitake, Maize, Maka,
Malabar Cardamom, Malabar Plum, Malabar Tamarind,
Mal-dos-sete-dias, Male Fern, Mallow, Malpighia species, Malus
Communis, Malva Sylvestris, Mamey Sapote, Manac, Mandioc,
Mandragora, Mandragora officinarum, Mandrake, Mangosteen Oil Tree,
Manihot esculenta, Manioc, Manioc Root, Manna Grass,
Man-t'ien-hsing, Manuka, Manuka Myrtle, Manuka Tree, Manzanilla,
Maqui, Maramar, Maranta Arundinaceae, Maranta Starch, Marapuama,
Mare's Tail, Marigold, Maroochi Nut, Marrubium, Marrubium vulgare,
Marshmallow, Marsh Marigold, Marsh Parsley, Marsh Trefoil, Marsh
Woundwort, Marum, Marvel, Mary Bud, Mary Golde, Mary Gowles, Mary
Jane, Maryland Pink, Mary's Grass, Mary's Mantle, Mary's Thistle,
Master of the Woods, Masterwort, Mastic, Mate, Matricaria
chamomilla, May, Mayapple, May Blossom, Maybush, May Lily, Maypop,
Maytenus, Maytenus Species, May Tree, Meadow Clover, Meadow
Eyebright, Meadow Saffron, Meadow Sage, Meadowsweet, Mealberry,
Medicago sativa, Mei-ts'ao, Melaleuca, Melaleuca alternifolia,
Melegueta Pepper, Melilot, Melilotus officinalis, Melissa, Melissa
officinalis, Melmot Berry, Mentha haplocalyx, Mentha piperita,
Mentha pulegium, Mentha requienii, Mentha suaveolens, Mentha
spicata, Menthol Mint, Mentha x piperita citrata, Menyanthes
trifoliata, Mercurialis Perennis, Mescal, Meshasringi, Mesquite,
Methi, Mexican Mint, Mexican Oregano, Mexican Poppy, Mexican
Potato, Mexican Tea, Mexican Thyme, Mexican Wild Yam, Mexico Seed,
Middle Comfrey, Mignonette Tree, Mi-kan, Milfoil, Milk Ipecac, Milk
Thistle, Milkwort, Millefoil, Mint, Mints, Miracle Herb, Miracle
Tea, Mistletoe, Mitchella repens, Mi-tieh-hsiang, Mi-ts'ao,
Moccasin Flower, Mogo, Molina, Mo Li Hua, Momordica charantia,
Monarda Didyma, Monkey-Bread Tree, Monkshood, Monk's Pepper,
Moonflower, Moon Grass, Moose Elm, Morinda, Morinda citrifolia,
Morinda officinalis, Mormon Tea, Moroccan Ironwood, Mortification
Root, Morus nigra, Mother-of-thyme, Mother's-heart, Motherwort,
Moujean Tea, Mountain Arnica, Mountain Ash, Mountain Aspen,
Mountain Balm, Mountain Berry, Mountain Box, Mountain Cranberry,
Mountain Daisy, Mountain Grape, Mountain Holly, Mountain Mint,
Mountain Savory, Mountain Strawberry, Mountain Tobacco, Mountain
Tea, Mouse-ear, Mugwort, Muira Puama, Mujonso, Mulberry, Mullein,
Murraya koenigii, Muscatel Sage, Mu-Su, Mu Tong, Mu-yao, Myrciaria
dubia, Myrica, Myrica cerifera, Myricae cortex, Myristica fragrans,
Myroxylon balsamum, Myroxylon pereirae, Myrrh, Myrrhis odorata,
Myrtle, Myrtle Pepper, Myrtus communis, Nagara, Naidi, Naked
Ladies, Napa Cabbage, Nappa, Narrow Dock, Narthex, Nashia
inaguensis, Nasturtium officinale, Naughty Man's Cherries, Neem,
Nelumbo nucifera, Nenuphar, Nep, Nepeta cataria, Nerveroot, Nettle,
Nettle Flowers, New England Pine, New Jersey Tea, New Zealand Tea
Tree, Niando, Nicotiana rustica, Nightshade, Night Willow Herb,
Nine Hooks, Nine Joints, Nip, Nira, Niu Bang, Noble Chamomile,
Noble Yarrow, Nodding Wakerobin, Noni, Normandy Cress, Northern
Pine, Northern Spicebush, Northern White Cedar, Norwegian Kelp,
Nosebleed, Nutmeg, Nux Vomica, Nymphaea alba, Oak, Oats, Ocimum
basilicum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Oenothera biennis, Ohio Curcuma, Oil
plant, Oilnut, Oil Nut Tree, Old English Lovage,
Old-maid's-nightcap, Old-maid's-pink, Old Man, Old-man's-beard, Old
Man's Nightcap, Old Man's Pepper, Old woman, Olea europaea,
Olibanum, Olive, Omam, Omum, One-berry, Onion, Opium Poppy,
Oplopanax horridus, Orange, Orange Mint, Orange Root, Ordeal Bean,
Oregano, Oregano Brujo, Oregon Grape, Oriental Garlic, Oriental
Mustard, Oriental Poppy, Origanum majorana, Origanum syriacum,
Origanum vulgare, Orpine, Orris Root, Osha, Osterick, Oswego Tea,
Our-Lady's-bedstraw, Our-Lady's-tears, Oval Buchu, Owler, Oxadoddy,
Ox Balm, Ox Heart, Ox-tongue, Pacific Madrone, Pacific Yew,
Padmaka, Paeonia officinalis, Paico, Paigle, Palisade Pine, Palma
Christi, Palmaria palmata, Palmetto, Panax ginseng, Panax
quinquefolium, Panay, Pansy, Papaver orientale, Papaver rhoeas,
Papaver somniferum, Papaya, Paper Birch, Papoose Root, Paracress,
Paraguay Tea, Pareira, Parell, Parietaria officinalis, Pariswort,
Parsley, Parsnip, Partridgeberry, Pasque Flower, Passiflora,
Passiflora incarnata, Passion Flower, Passions, Passion Vine,
Pastinaca sativa, Patchouli, Patience Dock, Patience Herb, Pau
d'Arco, Paullinia cupana, Pausinystalia yohimbe, Pauson, Peepal
Tree, Pei-ma, Peking Cabbage, Pelargonium, Pelargonium sidoides,
Pelargonium species, Pellitory, Pellitory Of The Wall, Pembina,
Pennyroyal, Peony, Pepperidge Bush, Peppermint, Pepperweed, Perfume
Tree, Periploca Of The Woods, Persea americana, Persian Berries,
Persicaria odorata, Personata, Peruvian Balsam, Peruvian Bark,
Peruvian Ginseng, Peruvian Ground Cherry, Petasites Hybridus,
Petokal, Petroselinum Crispum, Peumus Boldus, Peyote, Pfaffia
paniculata, Philanthropos, Phudina,
Phyllanthus, Phyllanthus emblica, Phyllanthus niruri, Physalis
alkekengi, Physalis peruviana L., Physic Root, Physostigma
venenosum, Phytolacca americana, Picrasma excelsa, Pigeon's Grass,
Pignoli, Pigweed, Pikake, Pill-Bearing Spurge, Pilocarpus
Microphyllus, Pilosella, Pimbina, Pimenta dioica, Pimenta
officinalis, Pimpinella anisum, Pine, Pine Nut, Pineapple,
Pineapple Strawberry, Pineapple Verbena, Pinkroot, Pink Rose, Pinon
Nut, Pinus spp., Pinus strobus, Pinus sylvestris, Pinyon Pinenut,
Piper betle, Piper cubeba, Piper methysticum, Piper nigrum, Pipe
Tree, Pipsissewa, Pistachio, Pistacia vera Piscidia piscipula,
Pissabed, Pistachio, Plantago major, Plantago psyllium, Plantago
Seed, Plantain, Plectranthus amboinicus, Pleurisy Root, Plum Rose,
Podophyllum peltatum, Poet's Jasmine, Pogostemon cablin, Poha
Berry, Poison Ash, Poison Flag, Poison Parsley, Poison Tobacco,
Pokeroot, Pokeweed, Polar Plant, Polygala Senega, Polygonatum
multiflorum, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum bistorta, Polygonum
multiflorum, Polygonum odoratum, Polypodium vulgare, Polypody, Poor
Man's Ginseng, Poor-man's-treacle, Poplar, Popotillo, Populus alba,
Populus tremuloides, Poria, Poria cocos, Portulaca oleracea, Pot,
Potato Bean, Potency Wood, Potentilla anserina, Potentilla erecta,
Potentilla reptans, Potenzholz, Pot Marigold, Pouteria sapota,
Pouteria campechiana, Prairie Smoke, Prickly Ash, Prickly Lettuce,
Prickly Pear Cactus, Prickly Poppy, Priest's-crown, Prim, Primrose,
Primula veris, Prince's Feather, Prince's-pine, Privet, Prosopis
pallida syn. Prosopis limensis, Provence Rose, Prunella, Prunella
vulgaris, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus dulcis, Prunus serotina, Prunus
spinosa, Psidium guajava, Psoralea, Psoralea corylifolia, Psoralea
Fruit, Psyllium, Ptychopetalum ovata, Pueraria Lobata, Puff Ball,
Pu gong ying, Pukeweed, Pu-kung-ying, Pulmonaria officinalis,
Pulsatilla, Pumpkin, Pumpkin Pine, Puncture Vine, Purging
Buckthorn, Purple Angelica, Purple Betony, Purple Clover, Purple
Coneflower, Purple Foxglove, Purple Leptandra, Purple Loosestrife,
Purple Medic, Purple Passionflower, Purple Rocket, Purplestem
Angelica, Purslane, Pygeum, Pygeum africanum, Pyrethrum, Pyrola
umbellata, Quack Grass, Quaking Aspen, Quassia, Quassia Bark,
Quassia Wood, Quebra Pedra, Queen Annes Lace, Queen Of The Meadow,
Queensland Nut, Queen's Delight, Queen's-root, Quercus alba, Queue
de Lezard, Quickbeam, Quick-set, Quince, Quinine Tree, Quinsy
Berries, Quiverleaf, Race Ginger, Racoon Berry, Rainbowweed,
Rashona, Raspberry, Raspberry Leaf, Rat's Tail, Rattlebush,
Rattleroot, Rattlesnake Root, Rattleweed, Rau Ram, Rauwolfia,
Rauwolfia Serpentina, Red Alder, Red Balm, Red Bearberry,
Red-bearded, Red Bergamot, Redberry Tea, Red Bush Tea, Red Clover,
Redcole, Red Dulse, Red Eyebright, Red Legs, Red Paint Root, Red
Pollom, Red Poppy, Red Puccoon, Red Raspberry, Red Robin, Red Root,
Red Root Sage, Red Rose, Red Sage, Red Sorrel, Red Sunflower, Red
Tea, Red Trillium, Red-veined Dock, Reefer, Rehmannia, Rehmannia
glutinosa, Reishi, Rhamnus cathartica, Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnus
purshiana, Rheumatism Root, Rheumatism Weed, Rheum palmatum,
Rhodiola, Rhodiola sacra, Rhubarb, Rhus trilobata, Ribes nigrum,
Ribwort, Richweed, Ricinus communis, Rimed scutatus, Ritha, Robinia
pseudoacacia, Rock Brake, Rock Fern, Rockweed, Roman Chamomile,
Roman Cumin, Roman Fennel, Rooibos, Root Of The Holy Ghost,
Roquette, Rosa canina, Rosa centifolia, Rosa gallica, Rose, Rose
Apple, Roselle, Rosemary, Rosemary Plant, Rose-noble, Rose Root,
Rosin Rose, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosy Periwinkle, Rou Dou Kou,
Round Buchu, Round-leaved Dock, Round-leafed Mint, Round-leaved
Sorrel, Rowan Tree, Royal Herb, Royal Jasmine, Rub Cherry, Rubia
tinctoria, Rubus fructicosus, Rubus idaeus, Rucola, Rue, Rugula,
Rumara, Rumex acetosella, Rumex crispus, Rumex hymenosepalus, Rumex
obtusifolius, Running Club Moss, Ruscus aculeatus, Russian
Chamomile, Russian Mustard, Rustic's Treacle, Ruta graveolens,
Sabal, saccharum officinarum, Sacred Bark, Sacred Basil, Sacred
Fig, Sacred Lotus, Sacred Plant, Sacred Sage, Sacred Tree, Sacred
Water Lotus, Safflower, Saffron, Sagackhomi, Sage, Sage-leaved
Germander, Sage Of Bethlehem, Sake, Salad Burnet, Salad Chervil,
Salad Rocket, Salai Gugal, Salix Alba, Saloip, Salvia, Salvia
apiana, Salvia hispanica, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Salvia officinalis,
Salvia sclarea, Sambucus nigra, Sampson Root, Sandalwood,
Sandberry, Sangre de Drago, Sangue de Drago, Sanguinaria,
Sanguinaria canadensis, Sanguisorba minor, Sanguisorba officinalis,
Sanicle, Sanicula europaea, Sanicula marilandica, Santalum album,
Sapin, Sapindus mukorossi, Saponaria officinalis, Sapote, Sarapia,
Sarepta Mustard, Sarothamnus Scoparius, Sarpagandha, Sarsaparilla,
Sassafras, Sassafras albidum, Satan's Apple, Satavar, Satinflower,
Satureja hortensis, Satureja montana, Saventaro, Savory, Saw
Palmetto, Saxifrax, Scabish, Scabwort, Scarlet Bergamot, Scarlet
Monarda, Scarlet Sage, Scarweed, Scented Fern, Scented Sumac,
Schisandra, Schisandra Chinensis, Schizonepeta, Schizonepeta
tenuifolia, Scopolia, Scopolia carniolica, Scotch Broom, Scotch
Fir, Scotch Heather, Scotch Pine, Scots Pine, Scouring Rush,
Scrofula Plant, Scrophularia nodosa, Scurfy Pea, Scurvy Grass,
Scurvy Weed, Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sea
Buckthorn, Sea Lettuce Flakes, Sea Oak, Sea Onion, Sea Parsley,
Seaweed, Seawrack, Sedum telephium, Self-Heal, Seneca Snakeroot,
Senecio aureus, Seneca Grass, Senega, Senega Root, Senna, Sereh,
Serenoa Repens, Serpentary, Serpyllum, Setwall, Shameface,
Shan-cha, Sha-ren, Shan-yao, Shatamull, Shatapushpa, Shatavari,
Shave Grass, Shea Tree, Sheepberry, Sheep Sorrel, Sheng Di, Sheng
Di Huang, Sheng Ti Huang, Shen-jiang, Shepherd's Knot, Shepherd's
Needle, Shepherd's Purse, Shi Chang Pu, Shield Fern, Shih-lo,
Shihuahuaco, Shiitake, Shiny Asparagus, Shirokikurage, Shoofly,
Short Buchu, Short-leaved Buchu, Shovelweed, Shu Di Huang, Shu Ti
Huang, Siberian Ginseng, Sicklewort, Silkweed, Silver Birch, Silver
Fir, Silver Leaf, Silver-leaf Poplar, Silver Mint, Silver Pine,
Silver Poplar, Silver Tree-ear Fungus, Silverweed, Silybum,
Silymarin, Simply Jack, Sinapis alba, Skullcap, Skunkbush,
Skunkbush Sumac, Skunk Cabbage, Slippery Elm, Sloe, Smallage,
Smallanthus sonchifolius, Small Nasturtium, Smelling-stick, Smilax
Uti Lis, Smooth Cicely, Smooth Strophanthus, Snakebite, Snake Lily,
Snake Root, Snakeweed, Snapping Hazelnut, Snap-Wood, Snowball Tree,
Snowdrop Tree, Snowflake, Snowflower, Snow Fungus, Soap Berry,
Soapnut, Soapwort, Soft Pine, Solanum dulcamara, Soldier's Cap,
Soldier's Woundwort, Solidago canadensis, Solidago virgaurea, Solis
sponsa, Solomon's Seal, Solsequia, Son-before-the-father, Sorbus
aucuparia, Sour Dock, Sour Grass, Soursop, Sour Weed, Southern
Ginseng, Southernwood, Sowberry, Soy, Soya, Soybean, Spanish
Chamomile, Spanish Chestnut, Spanish Jasmine, Spanish Thyme,
Spearmint, Speedwell, Spiceberry, Spicebush, Spicewood, Spicy
Wintergreen, Spigelia marilandica, Spike Lavender, Spiked
Loosestrife, Spikenard, Spilanthes acmella, Spoonwood, Spoonwort,
Spotted Alder, Spotted Thistle, Spring Cress, Spring Wintergreen,
Square Stalk, Squawbush, Squaw Root, Squaw Tea, Squaw Vine, Squill,
Stachys officinalis, Stachys palustris, Stagbush, Staghorn,
Stanchgrass, Star Anise, Starbloom, Star Flower, Star Fruit, Star
Grass, Starweed, Starwort, Stellaria, Stellaria media, Stickwort,
St. Ignatius Bean, Stillingia sylvatica, Stingnose, Stinking
Benjamin, Stinking Christopher, Stinging Nettle, Stingless Nettle,
Stinking Nightshade, Stinking Roger, Stinking Rose, Stinking Weed,
Stinking Willie, Stinkweed, Stitchwort, St. John's Bread, St.
John's Grass, St. John's Plant, St. John's Wort, St. Josephwort,
Stonecrop, Stone Root, Strawberry, Stork's Bill, Strawberry Tomato,
Strawberry Tree, Striped Alder, Strophanthus, Strophanthus Gratus,
Strychnine, Strychnine Tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, Styrax benzoin,
Succory, Sudanese Tea, Sugar Cane, Sui Hoi, Suma, Su Nanesi,
Sundew, Sunflower, Sunkfield, Sunthi, Surasa, Suterberry,
Swallowwort, Swamp Cedar, Swamp Root, Sweating Plant, Sweet Almond,
Sweet Balm, Sweet Basil, Sweet Bay, Sweet Birch, Sweet Bracken,
Sweet Brake, Sweet Bugle, Sweet Cane, Sweet Chervil, Sweet
Chestnut, Sweet Cicely, Sweet Clover, Sweet Coltsfoot, Sweet Cumin,
Sweet Dock, Sweet Elm, Sweet Fennel, Sweet Fern, Sweet Flag, Sweet
Flag Rhizome, Sweet Goldenrod, Sweet Grass, Sweet Iris, Sweet
Lavender, Sweet Licorice, Sweet Lucerne, Sweet Marjoram, Sweet
Myrrh, Sweet Root, Sweet Rush, Sweet-scented Geranium, Sweet Tea
Vine, Sweet Tongue, Sweet Violet, Sweetweed, Sweet Wood, Sweet
Woodruff, Swertia, Swertia chirayita, Swine Snout, Symphytum
officinale, Symplocarpus foetidus, Syrian Oregano, Syzygium cumini,
Syzygium jambos, Tabebuia Spp., Tagara, Taheebo, Ta-huang, Tailed
Cubebs, Tailed Pepper, Tailwort, Tall Nasturtium, Tallow Shrub,
Tall Speedwell, Tall Veronica, Tamanu Nut Tree, Tamarind,
Tamarindus indica, Tamus, Tanacetum parthenium, Tanacetum Vulgare,
Tang Kuei, Tanners Bark, Tanner's-dock, Tan Shen, Tansy, Tap Aloe,
Tapioca-root, Taraxacum officinale, Tarragon, Tartar Root, Tarweed,
Taxus brevifolia, Teaberry, Teasel, Tea Tree, Te Limon, Telltime,
Tenuifolia, Terminalia Arjuna, Tetterberry, Tetterwort, Teucrium
marum, Teucrium scorodonia, Thali, Theobroma cacao, Thorn Apple,
Thorn Poppy, Thorntree, Thorny Burr, Thoroughwort, Thousand-leaf,
Thousand-seal, Three-leaved Caper, Three-leaved Nightshade,
Throatwort, Thuja, Thuja Occidentalis, Thumb, Thunberg Fritillaria
Bulb, Thyme, Thymus citriodorus, Thymus Serpyllum, Thymus Vulgaris,
Tian Men Dong, Tibetan Rhodiola, T'ien-shih-li, Ti Huang, Ti Huang
Chiu, Tilia americana, Tilia cordata, Tilia europea, Tipton Weed,
Toad Flax, Tobacco Wood, Tokal, Tomillo, Tom Thumb Nasturtium,
Tongue Grass, Tonka, Tonka Bean, Tonka Bean Tree, Tonquin Bean,
Toothache Plant, Toothache Tree, Trachyspermum ammi, Treacle
Mustard, Tree Moss, Tree of Joy, Tree of Life, Tree's Dandruff,
Trefoil, Trembling Aspen, Trembling Poplar, Tremella fuciformis,
Tribulus, Tribulus terrestris, Tricolor Garlic, Trifolium pratense,
Trifolium repens, Trigonella, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Trillium,
Trillium erectum, Triticum aestivum, Tropaeolum minus, Tormentil,
True Angostura, True Chamomile, True Lavender, True Oregano, True
Sage, True Taragon, True Unicorn Root, Tse-lan, Tuber Root,
Tuckahoe, Tulasi, Tulsi, Tumeric Root, Tuna Cactus, Turkey
Burrseed, Turkish Oregano, Turmeric, Turnera Diffusa, Turtlebloom,
Turtlehead, Tussilago farfara, Twak, Twinflower, Tzu-mo-lo, Uassi,
Ulmus rubra, Uma, Umbrella Plant, Umcka, Umckaloabo, Una De Gato,
Uncaria tomentosa, Undaria pinnatifida, Upland Cotton, Upland
Cress, Upland Cranberry, Uppagi, Upside-Down Tree, Urginea
maritima, Urtica dioica, Usnea, Usnea spp., Uva ursi, Vaccinium
macrocarpon, Vaccinium myrtillus, Valerian, Valeriana officinalis,
Vandalroot, Vanilla, Vanilla fragrans, Vanilla Grass, Vanilla
planifolia, Varuna, Vegetable Antimony, Vegetable Marrow, Vegetable
Sulfur, Vegetable Tallow, Vegetable Wax, Venus' Basin, Venus'-hair
Fern, Verbascum thapsus, Verbena, Verbena officinalis, Vermont
Valerian, Vernonia amygdalina, Veronica beccabunga, Veronica
officinalis, Vervain, Vetiver, Vetiveria zizanioides, Vetivert,
Viburnum opulus, Viburnum prunifolium, Vietnamese Cilantro,
Vietnamese Coriander, Vietnamese Mint, Vinca minor, Vinca rosea,
Vine, Viola odorata, Viola Tricolor, Violet-bloom, Virginia
Bugleweed, Virginia Dogwood, Virginia Prune, Virginia Skullcap,
Virginia Snakeroot, Virginia Water Horehound, Viscum album,
Visnaga, Vitellaria paradoxa, Vitex, Vitex agnus-castus, Vitis
vinifera, Vomitroot, Wachsgagl, Wakame, Wake Robin, Waldmeister,
Wallflower, Walnut, Wasabi, Wasabia japonica, Wasei, Water Bugle,
Watercress, Water Dragon, Water Flag, Water Horehound, Water
Hyssop, Water Lily, Water Mint, Water Pimpernel, Water Shamrock,
Water Thistle, Wattle, Wax Cluster, Wax Dolls, Wax Myrtle, Way
Bennet, Weeping Ash, Weeping Forsythia, Wheatgrass, Whinberry,
Whippoorwill's-shoe, Whistling Thorn, White Archangel, White Ash,
White Birch, White Bird's-eye, White Bryony, White Cedar, White
Ceremonial Sage, White Chamomile, White Clover, White Deadnettle,
White Endive, White Flower De Luce, White Horehound, White
Jelly-leaf, White Muer, White Lotus, White Mustard, White Nettle,
White Pine, White Poplar, White Sage, White Tansy, Whitethorn,
White Tree-ear, White Turmeric, White Walnut, White Willow, Whitten
Tree, Whorlywort, Whortleberry, Whorts, Wild Allspice, Wild
Angelica, Wild Black Cherry, Wild Brier, Wild Bryony, Wild Carrot,
Wild Celery, Wild Chamomile, Wild Chicory, Wild Cotton, Wild
Crocus, Wild Endive, Wild Fennel, Wild Geranium, Wild Hops, Wild
Indigo, Wild Iris, Wild Lemon, Wild Lettuce, Wild Mandrake, Wild
Marjoram, Wild Oats, Wild Opium, Wild Pansy, Wild Parsnip, Wild
Passionflower, Wild Pieplant, Wild Rhubarb, Wild Rye, Wild
Snakeroot, Wild Strawberries, Wild Succory, Wild Sunflower, Wild
Sweetsop, Wild Tansy, Wild Teasel, Wild Thyme, Wild Tobacco, Wild
Valerian, Wild Vine, Wild Yam, Willow, Willow Herb, Windflower,
Wind Root, Wineberry, Winter Berry, Winterbloom, Winter Cherry,
Winter Clover, Wintergreen, Winterlien, Winter Marjoram, Winter
Savory, Winter Thyme, Winterweed, Witches'-moneybags, Witchgrass,
Witch Hazel, Witch's Bells, Withania, Withania somnifera,
Wolfsbane, Wolfs Claw, Woman's Long Hair, Wood Betony, Woodbine,
Wood Boneset, Wood Ear Fungus, Woodland Germander, Woodland
Strawberry, Wood Licorice, Woodruff, Wood Sage, Wood Strawberry,
Wood Turmeric, Wood Vine, Woodward, Woody Nightshade, Woolly Mint,
Woolly Thistle, Worm Grass, Wormseed, Wormweed, Wormwood,
Woundwort, Wu-pa-ho, Wu-wei-zi, Wycopy, Xiao-hue-xiang, Xi Shu, Xu
Ku Cao, Yacon, Yacuma, Yang-Mei, Yape, Yarrow, Yasmin, Yasti Madhu,
Yawroot, Yellow Bedstraw, Yellow Cedar, Yellow Dock, Yellow Eye,
Yellow Ginseng, Yellow Indian Paint, Yellow Indian Shoe, Yellow
Indigo, Yellow Jasmine, Yellow Jessamine, Yellow Lark's Heels,
Yellow Locust, Yellow Loosestrife, Yellow Melilot, Yellow Mustard,
Yellow Paint Root, Yellow Poppy, Yellow Puccoon, Yellow Rocket,
Yellowroot, Yellow Thistle, Yellow Vine, Yerba, Yerba Buena, Yerba
Mansa, Yerba Manza, Yerba Santa, Yin-hsing, Yin Yang Huo, Ylang
Ylang Tree, Yohimbe, Yohimbine, Yucca, Yucca spp., Yueh-kuei, Yuma,
Yu Mi Shu, Yuzu, Yuyu Chonta, Zaatar, Zacate Limon, Zanthoxylum
americanum, Zea Mays, Zedoary, or Zingiber officinale.
[0163] Probiotics can also be included in cannabis oil compositions
prepared according to the invention. Examples of suitable
probiotics include, but are not limited to, Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus, Arthrobacter agilis, Arthrobacter citreus,
Arthrobacter globiformis, Arthrobacter luteus, Arthrobacter
simplex, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter paspali, Azospirillum
brasiliense, Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillus ssp. (e.g., Bacillus
brevis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus
marcerans, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus
sphaericus, Bacillus subtilis), Bacteroides lipolyticum,
Bacteroides succinogenes, Bifidobacterium ssp. (e.g.,
Bifidobacterium animalis lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum,
Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium
longum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium breve),
Brevibacterium lipolyticum, Brevibacterium stationis, Enterococcus
faecium, Kurthia zopfii, Lactobacillus ssp. (e.g., Lactobacillus
acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus,
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii LE, Lactobacillus
gasseri, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus lacris,
Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarumtarum,
Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus
salivarius, Lactobacillus sporogenes), Myrothecium verrucaria,
Pseudomonas calcis, Pseudomonas dentrificans, Pseudomonas
fluorescens, Pseudomonas glathei, Phanerochaete chrysosporium,
Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Streptococcus
thermophilus, Streptomyces fradiae, Streptomyces cellulosae,
Streptomyces griseoflavus, and combinations thereof.
[0164] Homeopathic remedies can also be included in cannabis oil
compositions prepared according to the invention. Examples of
suitable homeopathic remedies and indications that can be treated
with homeopathic remedies include, but are not limited to,
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), Abies canadensis, Abies nigra,
Abrotanum, Absinthium, Acacia Arabica, Acalypha indica,
Acetaldehyde, Acetanilidum, Aceticum acidum, Acetylsalicylicum
acidum, Achyranthis calea, Aconite or Aconitum nap, Aconitum ferox,
Aconitum lycoctonum, Aconitum napellus, Aconitum, Radix, Acorus
calamus or Calamus, Actaea spicata Acrylate, Actaea rac or
Cimicifuga, Actaea spic, Adamas, Adelheidsquelle, Adenosinum
cyclophosphoricum, Adeps suillus, Adipose Tissue, Adonis vernalis,
Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Gland, Adrenalinum or Epinephrine,
Adrenocorticotrophin, Aesculinum, Aesculus carnea, Flos, Aesculus
glabra, Aesculus hippocastanum, Aesculus hippocastanum Flos,
Aethiops antimonialis, Aethiops mercurialis-mineralis, Aethusa
cynapium, Agaricinum, Agaricus campanulatus, Agaricus campestris,
Agaricus citrinus, Agaricus emeticus, Agaricus muscarius, Agaricus
pantherinus, Agaricus phalloides, Agaricus procerus, Agaricus
semiglobatus, Agaricus stercorarius, Agave americana, Agave
tequilana, Agnus castus, Agraphis nutans, Agrimonia eupatoria,
Agrimonia eupatoria, Flos, Agrimonia odorata, Flos, Agrostemma
githago, Ailanthus glandulosus, Aletris farinosa, Alfalfa, Alisma
plantago, Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Alloxanum, Alnus glutinosa,
Alnus serrulata, Aloe socotrina, Alstonia constricta, Alstonia
scholaris, Althaea officinalis, Alumen or Alum, Alumina, Alumina
silicata, Aluminum metallicum, Aluminum muriaticum, Ambra grisea,
Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Ammi visnaga, Ammoniacum gummi, Ammonium
aceticum, Ammonium benzoicum, Ammonium bromatum, Ammonium
carbonicum, Ammonium causticum, Ammonium citricum, Ammonium
iodatum, Ammonium muriaticum, Ammonium nitricum, Ammonium
phosphoricum, Ammonium picricum, Ammonium tartaricum, Ammonium
valerianicum, Ammonium vanadium, Amorphophallus rivieri, Ampelopsis
quinquefolia, Amygdala amara, Amygdalae amarae aqua, Amygdalae
amarae oleum, Amygdalus persica, Amyl nitrosum, Anacardium
occidentale, Anacardium orientale, Anagallis arvensis, Ananassa,
Anas barbariae Hepatis Et Cordis Extractum, Anatherum muricatum,
Anchusa officinalis, Anemone nemorosa, Anemopsis californica,
Anethum graveolens, Angelica archangelica, Angelica atropurpurea,
Angelica sinensis, Radix, Angophora lanceolata, Angustura vera,
Anhalonium lewinii, Anilinum, Anilinum sulphuricum, Anisum,
Anthemis nobilis, Anthemis pyrethrum, Anthoxanthum odoratum,
Anthracinum (anthrax), Antimonium arsenicicum, Antimonium crudum,
Antimonium Iodatum, Antimonium Muriaticum, Antimonium Oxydatum,
Antimonium Sulphuratum Aureum, Antimonium Tartaricum, Antipyrinum,
Apatite, Apiolum, Apis mellifica, Apis venenum purum, Apium
graveolens, Apocynum androsaemifolium, Apocynum cannabinum,
Apomorphinum, Apomorphinum muriaticum, Aqua marina, Aquilegia
vulgaris, Aralia hispida, Aralia quinquefolia, Aralia racemosa,
Aranea diadema, Arbutinum, Arbutus andrachne, Areca catechu,
Argemone mexicana, Argentum cyanatum, Argentum iodatum, Argentum
metallicum, Argentum muriaticum, Argentum nitricum, Argentum
oxydatum, Argentum phosphoricum, Aristolochia clematitis,
Aristolochia milhomens, Aristolochia serpentaria, Arnica montana,
Arnica montana, Radix, Arsenicum album, Arsenicum bromatum,
Arsenicum iodatum, Arsenicum metallicum, Arsenicum sulphuratum
flavum, Arsenicum sulphuratum rubrum, Artemisia vulgaris, Arum
dracontium, Arum italicum, Arum maculatum, Arum triphyllum, Arundo
mauritanica, Asafoetida, Asarum canadense, Asarum europaeum,
Asclepias curassavica, Asclepias incarnata, Asclepias syriaca,
Asclepias tuberosa, Asclepias vincetoxicum, Asclepias vincetoxicum
folia, Asimina triloba, Asparagus officinalis, Asperula odorata,
Astacus fluviatilis, Asterias rubens, Astragalus menziesii,
Atropinum, Atropinum sulphuricum, Aurum bromatum, Aurum iodatum,
Aurum met, Arum MUR, Aurum muriaticum kalinatum, Aurum muriaticum
natronatum, Aurum sulphuratum, Avena sativa, Aviaire, Azadirachta
indica, Bacillinum of Burnet, Badiaga, Baja, Balsamum Peru,
Baptisia tinctoria, Barosma cren, Baryta acetica, Baryta carbonica,
Baryta iodata, Baryta muriatica, BCG, Belladonna, Belladonna,
Radix, Bellis perennis, Benzinum, Benzinum dinitricum, Benzoicum
acidum, Benzoinum, Berberinum, Berberis aquifolium, Berberis
vulgaris, Berberis Vulgaris, Fructus, Beryllium metallicum, Beta
vulgaris, Betainum muriaticum, Betula pendula, Cortex, Betula
pendula, Folia, Bismuthum metallicum, Bismuthum oxydatum, Bismuthum
subnitricum, Bixa orellana, Blatta americana, Blatta Orientalis,
Boldo, Boletus luridus, Boletus satanas, Bombyx processionea,
Borago officinalis, Borax, Boricum acidum, Botulinum, Bovista,
Brassica napus, Bromelain, Bromium, Bromus ramosus, Flos, Brucinum,
Bryonia alba, Bufo rana, Bunias orientalis, Buthus australis,
Butyricum acidum, Buxus sempervirens, Cacao, Cactus grandiflorus,
Cadmium bromatum, Cadmium iodatum, Cadmium metallicum, Cadmium
muriaticum, Cadmium sulphuratum, Cadmium sulphuricum, Caffeinum,
Cahinca, Cajuputum, Caladium seguinum, Calcarea acetica, Calcarea
arsenicica, Calcarea carbonica, Calcarea caustica, Calcarea
fluorica, Calcarea hypochlorata, Calcarea hypophosphorosa, Calcarea
iodata, Calcarea lactica, Calcarea muriatica, Calcarea oxalica,
Calcarea phosphorica, Calcarea picrata, Calcarea silicata, Calcarea
sulphurica, Calendula officinalis, Calluna vulgaris, Flos,
Calotropis gigantea, Caltha palustris, Camphora, Camphora
monobromata, Camphoricum acidum, Canchalagua, Candida albicans,
Candida parapsilosis, Canine Dapp, Cantharidinum, Cantharis,
Capsicum, Capsicum annuum, Carbo animalis, Carbo vegetabilis,
Carbolicum acidum, Carboneum, Carboneum chloratum, Carboneum
hydrogenisatum, Carboneum oxygenisatum, Carboneum sulphuratum,
Carcinosinum, Cardiospermum, Carduus benedictus, Carduus marianus,
Carpinus betulus, Flos, Cartilago Suis, Carum carvi, Cascarilla,
Cassada, Castanea sativa, Flos, Castanea vesca, Castor equi,
Castoreum, Catalpa bignonioides, Caulophyllum thalictroides,
Causticum, Ceanothus americanus, Cedron, Celtis occidentalis,
Cenchris contortrix, Centaurea tagana, Centaurium umbellatum, Flos,
Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cerasus virginiana, Ceratostigma
willmottianum, Flos, Cereus bonplandii, Cereus serpentinus, Cerium
oxalicum, Cetraria islandica, Chamomilla, Cheiranthus cheiri,
Chelidonium majus, Chelidonium majus, Radix, Chelone glabra,
Chenopodii glauci aphis, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Chenopodium
vulvaria, Chimaphila maculata, Chimaphila umbellata, Chininum
arsenicicum, Chininum arsenicosum, Chininum muriaticum, Chininum
purum, Chininum salicylicum, Chininum sulphuricum, Chionanthus
virginica, Chloralum, Chloramphenicolum, Chlorinum, Chloroforum,
Chlorpromazinum, Cholera, Cholesterinum, Cholinum, Chromicum
acidum, Chromium kali sulphuricum, Chromium oxydatum, Chromium
sulphuricum, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Chrysarobinum, Cicer
arietinum, Cichorium intybus, Cichorium intybus, Flos, Cicuta
maculata, Cicuta virosa, Cimex lectularius, Cimicifuga racemosa,
Cina, Cinchona officinalis, Cinchonium sulphuricum, Cineraria
maritima, Cineraria maritima, Succus, Cinnamomum, Cistus
canadensis, Citricum acidum, Citrus decumana, Citrus limonum,
Citrus vulgaris, Clematis erecta, Clematis virginiana, Clematis
vitalba, Flos, Clematis vitalba, Folia, Cobaltum metallicum,
Cobaltum muriaticum, Cobaltum nitricum, Coccinella septempunctata,
Cocculus indicus, Coccus cacti, Cochlearia armoracia, Cochlearia
officinalis, Coenzyme A, Coffea cruda, Coffea tosta, Colchicinum,
Colchicum autumnale, Colibacillinum, Collinsonia Canadensis,
Colocynthinum, Colocynthis, Colostrum, Comocladia Dentata,
Conchiolinum, Condurango, Coniinum, Coniinum Bromatum, Conium
maculatum, Convallaria majalis, Convolvulus arvensis, Copaiva
officinalis, Corallium rubrum, Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Coriaria
ruscifolia, Cornus alternifolia, Cornus circinata, Cornus florida,
Cortisone aceticum, Corydalis canadensis, Cotyledon umbilicus,
Coumarinum, Crataegus oxyacantha, Cresolum, Crocus sativus,
Crotalus cascavella, Crotalus horridus, Croton tiglium,
Crotonchloralum, Cubeba officinalis, Cucurbita citrullus, Cucurbita
pepo, Flos, Cucurbita pepo, Semen, Culex musca, Cuphea petiolata,
Cupressus australis, Cupressus lawsoniana, Cuprum aceticum, Cuprum
ammonio-sulphuricum, Cuprum arsenicosum, Cuprum carbonicum, Cuprum
metallicum, Cuprum muriaticum, Cuprum nitricum, Cuprum oxydatum
nigrum, Cuprum sulphuricum, Curare, Cyclamen europaeum, Cydonia
vulgaris, Cynara scolymus, Cynodon dactylon, Cypripedium pubescens,
Cysteinum, Cytisus scoparius, Damiana, Daphne indica, Datura
arborea, Datura metel, DDT, Delphininum, Derris pinnata,
Dichapetalum, Dictamnus albus, Digitalinum, Digitalis purpurea,
Digitoxinum, Dioscorea villosa, Dioscoreinum, Diphtherinum,
Diphtherotozinum, Diptherinum, Diptherotoxinum, Dirca palustris,
DNA, Dolichos pruriens, Doryphora decemlineata, Draba verna,
Drosera rotundifolia, DTTAB (Diptheria), Duboisia myoporoides,
Dulcamara, Dulcamara, Flos, Dysentery, E. Coli, Ear, Labyrinth of
(inner ear), Ear, Middle, Eberthinum, Echinacea angustifolia,
Echinacea purpurea, Elaeis guineensis, Elaps corallinus, Elaterium,
Embryo suis, Emetinum, Enterotoccinum, Eosinum natrum, Ephedra
vulgaris, Epigaea repens, Epilobium palustre, Epiphegus virginiana,
Equisetum arvense, Equisetum hyemale, Eranthis hyemalis, Erechtites
hieracifolia, Erigeron canadensis, Eriodictyon californicum,
Erodium, Eryngium Aquaticum, Eryngium maritimum, Erythraea
centaurium, Eschscholtzia californica, Eserinum, Etherum,
Ethylicum, Ethylum nitricum, Eucalyptol, Eucalyptus globulus,
Eugenia caryophyllata, Eugenia jambosa, Euonymus atropurpureus,
Euonymus europaeus, Eupatorium aromaticum, Eupatorium cannabinum,
Eupatorium perfoliatum, Eupatorium purpureum, Euphorbia
amygdaloides, Euphorbia corollata, Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbia
hypericifolia, Euphorbia lathyris, Euphorbia pilulifera, Euphorbium
officinarum, Euphrasia officinalis, Eupion, Eyebright herb,
Fagopyrum esculentum, Fagus sylvatica, Fagus sylvatica, Flos, Fel
Tauri, Ferrum aceticum, Ferrum arsenicicum, Ferrum bromatum, Ferrum
carbonicum, Ferrum citricum, Ferrum cyanatum, Ferrum iodatum,
Ferrum lacticum, Ferrum metallicum, Ferrum muriaticum, Ferrum
pernitricum, Ferrum phosphoricum, Ferrum picricum, Ferrum
sulphuricum, Ferrum tartaricum, Ferula glauca, Ficus religiosa,
Filix mas, Foeniculum vulgare, Folliculinum, Formalinum, Formica
rufa, Formicum acidum, Fragaria vesca, Franciscea uniflora,
Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus excelsior, Fuchsinum, Fucus
vesiculosus, Fumaria officinalis, Fumaricum acidum, Funiculus
umbilicalis suis, Galanthus nivalis, Galega officinalis, Galium
aparine, Gallicum acidum, Galphimia glauca, Gambogia, Garlic,
Gaultheria procumbens, Gelsemium sempervirens, Genista tinctoria,
Gentiana cruciata, Gentiana lutea, Gentiana quinqueflora,
Gentianella amarella, Flos, Geranium maculatum, Geranium
robertianum, Geum rivale, Geum urbanum, Ginkgo biloba, Glandula
suprarenalis suis, Glechoma hederacea, Glonoinum, Glycerinum,
Glycogenum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gnaphalium leontopodium, Gnaphalium
polycephalum, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Gonotoxinum, Gossypium
herbaceum, Granatum, Graphites, Gratiola officinalis, Grindelia,
Guaco, Guaiacum, Guarea trichilioides, Guatteria gaumeri,
Gunpowder, Gymnocladus Canadensis, Haematoxylon campechianum,
Haemophilus Infl. B, Hair Bulb, Pilo Sebaceous Zone, Hamamelis
virginiana, Haronga madagas-cariensis, Hedeoma pulegioides, Hedera
helix, Hekla lava, Helianthemum nummularium, Flos, Helianthus
annuus, Heliotropium peruvianum, Helix tosta, Helleborus foetidus,
Helleborus niger, Helleborus viridis, Heloderma, Helonias dioica,
Hepar suis, Hepar sulphuris calcareum, Hepar sulphuris Kalinum,
Hepatica triloba, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Heracleum
sphondylium, Herpes Zoster, Hippozaeninum, Hippuricum Acidum,
Hirudinum, Histaminum Hydrochloricum, Hoang-Nan, Hoitzia Coccinea,
Holarrhena Antidysenterica, Homarus, Hottonia Palustris, Flos,
Humulus lupulus, Hura brasiliensis, Hura crepitans, Hydrangea
arborescens, Hydrastininum muriaticum, Hydrastis canadensis,
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Hydrocyanicum acidum, Hydrofluoricum acidum,
Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Hyoscyaminum,
Hyoscyaminum, Hydrobromatum, Hyoscyamus niger, Hypericum
perforatum, Hypothalamus, Iberis amara, Ichthyolum, Ignatia amara,
Ilex aquifolium, Ilex aquifolium, Flos, Ilex Paraguariensis,
Illicium anisatum, Impatiens glandulifera, Flos, Imperatoria
ostruthium, Indigo, Indium metallicum, Indolum, Influenzinum, Inula
helenium, Iodium, Iodoformum, Ipecacuanha, Ipomoea stans, Iridium
metallicum, Iris florentina, Iris foetidissima, Iris germanica,
Iris tenax, Iris versicolor, Jacaranda caroba, Jalapa, Jasminum
officinale, Jasper, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha urens, Jequirity,
Jonesia asoca, Juglans cinerea, Juglans regia, Juglans regis, Flos,
Juncus effusus, Juniperus communis, Juniperus virginiana, Justicia
adhatoda, Kali aceticum, Kali arsenicosum, Kali bichromicum, Kali
bromatum, Kali carbonicum, Kali causticum, Kali chloricum, Kali
chromicum, Kali cyanatum, Kali ferrocyanatum, Kali iodatum, Kali
muriaticum, Kali nitricum, Kali oxalicum, Kali permanganicum, Kali
phosphoricum, Kali picricum, Kali silicatum, Kali sulphuricum, Kali
tartaricum, Kali telluricum, Kalmia latifolia, Kamala, Karaka,
Karwinskia Humboldtiana, Kino australiensis, Kousso, Kreosotum,
Laburnum anagyroides, Lac caninum, Lac defloratum, Lac felinum, Lac
maternum, Lac vaccinum, Lacerta agilis, Lachesis Mutus, Lachnanthes
tinctoria, Lacticum acidum, Lactuca virosa, Lamium album, Lapis
albus, Lappa major, Larix decidua, Flos, Lathyrus cicera, Lathyrus
sativus, Latrodectus katipo, Latrodectus mactans, Laurocerasus,
Lecithin granules, Lecithin potenized, Ledum palustre, Lemna minor,
Leonurus cardiaca, Lepidium bonariense, Leptandra virginica,
Lespedeza capitata, Levico, Levisticum officinale,
Levomepromazinum, Liatris spicata, Lilium tigrinum, Limulus,
Linaria vulgaris, Linum catharticum, Linum usitatissimum, Lithium
benzoicum, Lithium bromatum, Lithium carbonicum, Lithium
muriaticum, Lobelia cardinalis, Lobelia erinus, Lobelia inflata,
Lobelia purpurescens, Lobelia syphilitica, Lobelinum, Lolium
temulentum, Lonicera caprifolium, Flos, Lonicera periclymenum,
Lonicera xylosteum, Lophophytum leandri, Luesinum, Luffa
operculata, Lupulinum, Lycopersicum esculentum, Lycopodium
clavatum, Lycopus virginicus, Lysimachia nummularia, Lyssin,
Lyssinum, Macrotinum, Magnesia Carbonica, Magnesia Muriatica,
Magnesia Oxydata, Magnesia Phosphorica, Magnesia Sulphurica,
Magnesium Metallicum, Magnolia glauca, Magnolia grandiflora,
Malaria Off., Malus pumila, Flos, Mancinella, Mandragora
officinarum, Manganum aceticum, Manganum carbonicum, Manganum
metallicum, Manganum muriaticum, Manganum oxydatum nativum,
Manganum oxydatum nigrum, Manganum phosphoricum, Manganum
sulphuricum, Mangifera indica, Marrubium vulgare, Matico, Matthiola
graeca, Medorrhinum
(Gonorrheal virus), Medulla Ossis Suis, Medusa, Melastoma
ackermani, Melilotus alba, Melilotus officinalis, Melissa
officinalis, Menispermum canadense, Mentha piperita, Mentha
pulegium, Mentha viridis, Mentholum, Menyanthes trifoliata,
Mephitis mephitica, Mercurialis perennis, Mercurius aceticus,
Mercurius auratus, Mercurius bromatus, Mercurius corrosivus,
Mercurius Cum Kali Iodatus, Mercurius cyanatus, Mercurius dulcis,
Mercurius iodatus flavus, Mercurius iodatus ruber, Mercurius
methylenus, Mercurius nitricus, Mercurius Praecipitatus Albus,
Mercurius Praecipitatus Ruber, Mercurius Solubilis, Mercurius
Sulphocyanatus, Mercurius Sulphuratus Ruber, Mercurius Sulphuricus,
Mercurius Vivus, Methylene Blue, Mezereum, Millefolium, Mimosa
pudica, Mimulus guttatus, Flos, Mitchella repens, Momordica
balsamina, Mononucleosis, Monotropa uniflora, Morbillinum
(Measles), Moschus, Mucosa Nasalis Suis, Mullein Essence, Murex
purpurea, Muriaticum acidum, Musa sapientum, Mygale, Myosotis
arvensis, Myrica cerifera, Myristica sebifera, Myrrha, Myrtus
communis, Nabalus serpentarius, Nadidum, Naja tripudians,
Naphthalinum, Narceinum, Narcissus, Pseudo-, Narcissus, Narcotinum,
Nasturtium aquaticum, Natrum arsenicicum, Natrum bicarbonicum,
Natrum bromatum, Natrum carbonicum, Natrum fluoratum, Natrum
hypochlorosum, Natrum lacticum, Natrum muriaticum, Natrum nitricum,
Natrum nitrosum, Natrum oxalaceticum, Natrum phosphoricum, Natrum
pyruvicum, Natrum salicylicum, Natrum silicofluoricum, Natrum
sulphuratum, Natrum sulphuricum, Natrum sulphurosum, Negundo,
Nepenthes, Nepeta cataria, Niccolum carbonicum, Niccolum
metallicum, Niccolum sulphuricum, Nicotinamidum, Nicotinum, Nitri
spiritus dulcis, Nitricum acidum, Nitrogenum oxygenatum,
Nitromuriaticum acidum, Nosode Kit, Nosode-Select your own, Nuclear
Radiation, Nuphar luteum, Nux moschata, Nux vomica, Nymphaea
odorata, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, Ocimum sanctum, Oenanthe
crocata, Oenothera biennis, Olea europaea, Flos, Oleander, Oleum
animale, Oleum carvi, Oleum morrhuae, Oleum ricini, Oleum santali,
Olibanum, Oniscus, Ononis spinosa, Onopordum, Onosmodium
virginianum, Oophorinum, Opuntia vulgaris, Orchitinum, Oreodaphne
californica, Origanum majorana, Ornithogalum umbellatum,
Ornithogalum umbellatum, Flos, Oroticum acidum, Oscillococcinum,
Osmium metallicum, Ostrya, Ova tosta, Ovi gallinae pellicula,
Oxalicum acidum, Oxalis acetosella, Oxydendrum arboreum, Oxytropis
lambertii, Paeonia officinalis, Palladium metallicum, Paloondo,
Pancreas Suis, Pancreatinum, Paraffinum, Parathormonum,
Parathyroid, Paratyphoidinum B, Pareira brava, Parietaria
officinalis, Paris quadrifolia, Paronichia illecebrum, Parotidinum
(Mumps), Parthenium, Passiflora incarnata, Pastinaca sativa,
Paullinia pinnata, Paullinia sorbilis, Pecten, Pediculus capitis,
Penicillinum, Penthorum sedoides, Pepsinum, Perhexilinum, Persea
americana, Pertussinum (Whooping Cough), Petiveria tetrandra,
Petroleum, Petroselinum sativum, Phallus impudicus, Phaseolus,
Phellandrium aquaticum, Phenacetinum, Phenobarbitalum,
Phloridzinum, Phosphoricum Acidum, Phosphorus, Physalis Alkekenge,
Physotigma venenosum, Phytolacca decandra, Pichi, Picricum acidum,
Picrotoxinum, Pilocarpinum, Pilocarpinum Muriaticum, Pilocarpinum
Nitricum, Pilocarpus, Pimenta officinalis, Pimpinella saxifraga,
Pinus lambertiana, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus sylvestris, Flos, Piper
methysticum, Piper nigrum, Piperazinum, Piscidia erythrina,
Pituitarum Posterium, Pix Liquida, Placenta Totalis Suis, Plague,
Plantago major, Platanus, Platinum metallicum, Platinum muriaticum,
Plectranthus fruticosus, Plumbago littoralis, Plumbum aceticum,
Plumbum carbonicum, Plumbum chromicum, Plumbum iodatum, Plumbum
metallicum, Pneumococcinum, Podophyllinum, Podophyllum peltatum,
Polio, Polygonum punctatum, Polygonum sagittatum, Polyporus
officinalis, Polyporus pinicola, Populus candicans, Populus
tremula, Flos, Populus tremuloides, Potentilla anserina, Pothos
foetidus, Primula obconica, Primula veris, Primula vulgaris,
Proteus bulgaris, Proteus vulgaris, Prunus cerasifera, Flos, Prunus
padus, Prunus spinosa, Prunus virginiana, Psorinum, Ptelea
trifoliata, Pulex irritans, Pulsatilla niger, Pulsatilla
nuttalliana, Pyrethrum parthenium, Pyridoxinum Hydrochloricum,
Pyrogenium-sepsis, Pyrus americana, Quassia amara, Quebracho,
Quercus glandium spiritus, Quercus robur, Quercus robur, Flos,
Quillaja saponaria, Radium bromatum, Ranunculus acris, Ranunculus
bulbosus, Ranunculus ficaria, Ranunculus glacialis, Ranunculus
repens, Ranunculus sceleratus, Raphanus sativus, Ratanhia,
Rauwolfia Serpentina, Reserpinum, Resina laricis, Resorcinum,
Rhamnus californica, Rhamnus cathartica, Rhamnus frangula, Rhamnus
purshiana, Rheum officinale, Rhodium metallicum, Rhododendron
chrysanthum, Rhus aromatica, Rhus diversiloba, Rhus glabra, Rhus
toxicodendron, Rhus venenata, Riboflavinum, Ricinus communis, RNA,
Robinia pseudoacacia, Rock Water, Rosa canina, Rosa canina, Flos,
Rosa damascena, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubella (German Measles),
Rubeola (Measles), Rubia tinctorum, Rumex acetosa, Rumex crispus,
Rumex obtusifolius, Russula foetens, Ruta graveolens, Sabidilla,
Sabal serrulata, Sabina, Saccharinum, Saccharum lactis, Saccharum
officinale, Salicinum, Salicylicum acidum, Salix alba, Salix nigra,
Salix purpurea, Salix vitellina, Flos, Salmonella, Salol, Salvia
officinalis, Samarskite, Sambucus canadensis, Sambucus nigra,
Sanguinaria canadensis, Sanguinarinum nitricum, Sanicula,
Santoninum, Saponaria officinalis, Saponinum, Sarcode-Select your
own organ remedy, Sarcolacticum acidum, Sarracenia purpurea,
Sarsaparilla, Sassafras officinale, Scammonium, Scarlatinum,
secale-Ergot schinus molle, Scilla maritima, Scleranthus annuus,
Flos, Scolopendra, Scolopendrium vulgare, Scopolaminum
hydrobromidum, Scrophularia nodosa, Scutellaria lateriflora, Secale
cornutum, Secale-ergot, Sedum acre, Selenium metallicum,
Sempervivum tectorum, Senecio aureus, Senecio jacobaea, Senega
officinalis, Senna, Sepia, Serum anguillae, Serum
anticolibacillaire, Serum De Yersin, Serum Equi, Shigella, Silica
marina, Silicea, Silphium laciniatum, Sinapis alba, Sinapis
arvensis, Flos, Sinapis nigra, Sinusitisinum, Sium latifolium,
Skatolum, Skookum Chuck, Slag, Solaninum, Solanum arrebenta,
Solanum carolinense, Solanum mammosum, Solanum nigrum, Solanum
oleraceum, Solanum tuberosum, Solidago virgaurea, Sparteinum
sulphuricum, Spigelia anthelmia, Spigelia marilandica, Spilanthes
oleracea, Spinacia, Spiraea ulmaria, Spiranthes autumnalis, Spongia
Encephalitis, Spongia tosta, Stachys betonica, Stannum iodatum,
Stannum metallicum, Staphyloccoccus aureus, Staphylococcinum,
Staphylotoxinum, Staphysagria, Stellaria media, Sterculia
acuminata, Stibium metallicum, Sticta pulmonaria, Stigmata maidis,
Stillingia sylvatica, Stramonium, Streptococcinum, Strontium
bromatum, Strontium carbonicum, Strontium nitricum, Strophanthus
hispidus, Strophanthus sarmentosus, Strychninum, Strychinum
arsenicicum, Strychinum nitricum, Strychninum phosphoricum,
Strychninum sulphuricum, Succinicum acidum, Succinum,
Sulphanilamidum, Sulphonalum, Sulphur, Sulphur Hydrogenisatum,
Sulphur Iodatum, Sulphuricum Acidum, Sulphurosum Acidum, Sumbul,
Symphoricarpus Racemosus, Symphytum Officinale, Syphilinum
(Luesinum), Syzygium jambolanum, Tabacum, Tamus communis, Tanacetum
vulgare, Tanghinia venenifera, Tannicum acidum, Taraxacum
officinale, Taraxacum officinale, Radix, Tarentula cubensis,
Tarentula hispana, Tartaricum acidum, Taxus baccata, Tellurium
metallicum, Teplitz, Terebinthina, Tetanotoxinum, Tetradymite,
Teucrium marum, Teucrium scorodonia, Thallium metallicum, Thaspium
aureum, Thea Sinensis, Theobrominum, Theridion, Thiaminum
hydrochloricum, Thioproperazinum, Thiosinaminum, Thlaspi
bursa-pastoris, Thuja lobbi, Thuja occidentalis, Thymolum, Thymus
serpyllum, Thyroidinum, Tilia europaea, Titanium metallicum, Tongo,
Tormentilla, Torula cerevisiae, Toxicophis pugnax, Tradescantia
diuretica, Tribulus terrestris, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium
repens, Trillium pendulum, Trimethylaminum, Triosteum perfoliatum,
Triticum repens, Tropaeolum majus, Tuberculinum, Tuberculinum
Residuum, Tussilago farfara, Tussilago fragrans, Tussilago
petasites, Typhoidinum, Ulex europaeus, Flos, Ulmus fulva, Ulmus
procera, Flos, Upas tieute, Uranium nitricum, Urea, Uricum acidum,
Urtica crenulata, Urtica dioica, Urtica urens, Usnea barbata,
Ustilago maidis, Uva-ursi herb, Uva-ursi, V.A.B.-BCG, Vaccinium
myrtillus, Vaccinotoxinum, Valeriana officinalis, Vanadium
metallicum, Varicella enus Mercenaria (Chicken Pox), Variolinum
(Smallpox), Veratrinum, Veratrum album, Veratrum nigrum, Veratrum
viride, Verbascum thapsus, Verbena hastata, Verbena officinalis,
Verbena officinalis, Flos, Veronica beccabunga, Veronica
officinalis, Vesicaria, Vespa crabro, Viburnum Opulus, Viburnum
prunifolium, Vinca minor, Viloa odorata, Viola Tricolor, Vipera
berus, Viscum album, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K, Vitis vinifera, Flos,
Wiesbaden, Wyethia helenioides, X-Ray, Xanthoxylum fraxineum,
Xerophyllum asphodeloides, Yohimbinum, Yucca filamentosa, Zincum
aceticum, Zincum bromatum, Zincum carbonicum, Zincum cyanatum,
Zincum gluconicum, Zincum iodatum, Zincum metallicum, Zincum
muriaticum, Zincum oxydatum, Zincum phosphoratum, Zincum picricum,
Zincum sulphuricum, Zincum valerianicum, Zingiber officinale, and
combinations thereof.
[0165] Flower essences can also be included in cannabis oil
compositions prepared according to the invention. Examples of
suitable flower essences include, but are not limited to, Acacia,
Actaea, Agrimony, Alpine Lily, Angel's Trumpet, AloeVera, Angelica,
Basil, Apricot, Arnica Beech, Aspen, Avocado, Beech, Bee Balm,
Black Cohosh, Baby Blue Eyes, Black-Eyed Susan, Blackberry,
Bloodroot, Calendula, Bleeding Heart, California Fuchsia,
California Pitcher Plant, Borage, Buttercup, California Wild Rose,
California Poppy, CallaLily, Cerato, Canyon Dudleya, Chamomile,
Cayenne, Cedar, Chaparral, Centaury, Centaurium erythraea or
Centaurium umbellatum, Cerato, Cherry Plum, Chestnut Bud, Corn,
Dandelion, Chicory, Cinquefoil, Coffee, Coreopsis, Crab Apple,
Chrysanthemum, Clematis, Desert Dandelion, Deerbrush, Cosmos, Dill,
Elm, Evening Primrose, Dogwood, Easter Lily, Eucalyptus, Fairy
Lantern, Echinacea, Fawn Lily, Fig, Filaree, Gentian, Goldenrod,
Forget-Me-Not, Golden Ear Drops, Golden Yarrow, Fuchsia, Garlic,
Gorse, Honeysuckle, Heather, Hornbeam, Hibiscus, Hound's Tongue,
Holly, Impatiens, Indian Paintbrush, Larch, Lily, Indian Pink,
Larkspur, Iris, Iris douglasiana/Iris versicolor, Lady's Slipper,
Cypripedium parviflorum/Cypripedium reginae, Lotus, Lavender,
Love-Lies-Bleeding, Mariposa Lily, Madia, Magnolia, Milkweed,
Mallow, Mimulus, Manzanita, Morning Glory, Motherwort, Mountain
Pennyroyal, Mustard, Mountain Pride, Nasturtium, Mugwort,
Nicotiana, Noni, Oak, Olive, Pine, Orange, Oregon Grape, Pansy,
Passion Flower, Pear, Petunia, Pink Angel's Trumpet, Pink
Monkeyflower, Penstemon, Pink Yarrow Achillea millefolium var.
rubra, Peppermint, Poison Oak, Pomegranate, Queen Anne's Lace,
Pretty Face, Quince, Purple Monkeyflower, Rabbitbrush, Quaking
Grass, Red Chestnut, Red clover, Rescue Remedy, Rock Rose, Sacred
Datura, Sagebrush, Scarlet Pimpernel, Rock Water Solarized spring
water, Saguaro, Rosemary, Rose, Saint John's Wort, Scarlet
Monkeyflower, Shasta Daisy, Scleranthus, Shooting Star, Scotch
Broom, Snapdragon, Squash, Self-Heal, Star of Bethlehem, Star
Thistle, Sweet Chestnut, Star Tulip, Strawberry, Sun Cup, Sweet
Pea, Sticky Monkeyflower, Tansy, Sunflower, Thyme, Tiger Lily,
Trillium, Violet, Walnut, Trumpet Vine, Vervain, Water Lily, Water
Violet, Vine, White Chestnut, Wild Oat, Wild Rose, Yellow Star
Tulip, Willow, Yerba Santa, Yarrow, Yucca, Zinnia, and combinations
thereof.
[0166] In certain embodiments, additional carrier oils are added to
the cannabis oils.
[0167] Examples of carrier oils include, but are not limited to:
almond oil; aloe vera oil; apricot kernel oil; avocado oil; argan
oil; calendula oil; carrot seed oil; castor oil; coconut oil;
evening primrose oil; fish oils and oils rich in omega-3 fatty
acids (e.g., algae, krill, flaxseed); grape seed oil; hazelnut oil;
hemp seed oil; jojoba oil; macadamia oil; olive oil; raspberry seed
oil; sesame oil; sunflower oil; walnut oil; wheatgerm oil; and
combinations thereof.
[0168] When added, a carrier oil will typically be present in an
amount ranging from about 1% (w/w) to about 95% (w/w). A carrier
oil can be present, for example, in an amount ranging from about 5%
(w/w) to about 10% (w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 15%
(w/w), or from about 15% (w/w) to about 20% (w/w), or from about
20% (w/w) to about 25% (w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to about 30%
(w/w), or from about 30% (w/w) to about 35% (w/w), or from about
35% (w/w) to about 40% (w/w), or from about 40% (w/w) to about 45%
(w/w), or from about 45% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), or from about
50% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w), or from about 55% (w/w) to about 60%
(w/w), or from about 60% (w/w) to about 65% (w/w), or from about
65% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 70% (w/w) to about 75%
(w/w), or from about 75% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), or from about
80% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w), or from about 85% (w/w) to about 90%
(w/w), or from about 90% (w/w) to about 95% (w/w). A carrier oil
can be present in an amount ranging from about 5% (w/w) to about
95% (w/w), or from about 10% (w/w) to about 90% (w/w), or from
about 15% (w/w) to about 85% (w/w), or from about 20% (w/w) to
about 80% (w/w), or from about 25% (w/w) to about 75% (w/w), or
from about 30% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), or from about 35% (w/w) to
about 65% (w/w), or from about 40% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or
from about 45% (w/w) to about 55% (w/w).
[0169] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
composition comprising a cannabis oil (e.g., a cannabis oil extract
prepared according to the methods described herein) and hemp seed
oil as a carrier oil. In some such embodiments, the cannabis oil is
present in the cannabis oil composition in an amount ranging from
about 7% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w). In some such embodiments, hemp
seed oil is present in the cannabis oil composition in an amount
ranging from about 30% (w/w) to about 95% (w/w). In some
embodiments, the cannabis oil composition further comprises vitamin
E. In some such embodiments, the ratio of the hemp seed oil to the
vitamin E is around 200:1 by weight. In some such embodiments,
vitamin E is present in the cannabis oil composition in an amount
ranging from about 0.2% (w/w) to about 0.5% (w/w). The composition
containing cannabis oil, hemp seed oil, and vitamin E can be
administered orally via a gelatin capsule such as a vegetarian gel
capsule.
[0170] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
composition comprising about 9% (w/w) cannabis oil, about 90.5%
(w/w) hemp seed oil, and about 0.5% (w/w) vitamin E. In some such
embodiments, the cannabis oil composition is formulated in a
vegetarian gel capsule for oral administration.
[0171] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
composition comprising about 33.3% (w/w) cannabis oil, about 66.4%
(w/w) hemp seed oil, and about 0.3% (w/w) vitamin E. In some such
embodiments, the cannabis oil composition is formulated in a
vegetarian gel capsule for oral administration.
[0172] In some embodiments, the invention provides a cannabis oil
composition comprising about 66.7% (w/w) cannabis oil, about 33.2%
(w/w) hemp seed oil, and about 0.2% (w/w) vitamin E. In some such
embodiments, the cannabis oil composition is formulated in a
vegetarian gel capsule for oral administration.
IV. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Administration
[0173] The cannabis oil extracts described herein are useful in the
manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition or a medicament for
treating a number of conditions including, but not limited to,
cancer, headaches, vertigo, body aches, and glaucoma.
[0174] Pharmaceutical compositions or medicaments for use in the
present invention can be formulated by standard techniques or
methods well-known in the art of pharmacy using one or more
physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. Suitable
pharmaceutical carriers are described herein and in, e.g.,
"Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E.W. Martin. Cannabis oil
extracts can be formulated for administration by any suitable
route, including, but not limited to, orally, topically, nasally,
rectally, vaginally, pulmonary, parenterally (e.g., intravenously,
subcutaneously, intramuscularly, etc.), and combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the cannabis oil is diluted in a liquid, e.g.,
a carrier oil. The most suitable route of administration in any
given case will depend in part on the condition being treated as
well as the response of the subject to the particular route of
treatment.
[0175] In certain embodiments, cannabis oil compositions as
described herein are administered via a vaporizer or like device as
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,915,254; U.S. Pat. Appl.
Pub. No. 2014/0060552; U.S. Pat. No. 8,488,952; and U.S. Pat. Appl.
Pub. No. 2015/0040926. Compositions for pulmonary administration
also include, but are not limited to, dry powder compositions
consisting of the powder of a cannabis oil described herein, and
the powder of a suitable carrier and/or lubricant. The compositions
for pulmonary administration can be inhaled from any suitable dry
powder inhaler device known to a person skilled in the art. In
certain instances, the compositions may be conveniently delivered
in the form of an aerosol spray from pressurized packs or a
nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, for example,
dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas.
In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit can be
determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
Capsules and cartridges of, for example, gelatin for use in an
inhaler or insufflator can be formulated containing a powder mix of
the compound(s) and a suitable powder base, for example, lactose or
starch.
[0176] For oral administration, a pharmaceutical composition or a
medicament can take the form of, e.g., a tablet or a capsule
prepared by conventional means with a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient. Preferred are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising
the active ingredient(s), together with (a) diluents or fillers,
e.g., lactose, dextrose, sucrose, mannitol, maltodextrin, lecithin,
agarose, xanthan gum, guar gum, sorbitol, cellulose (e.g., ethyl
cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose), glycine, pectin,
polyacrylates and/or calcium hydrogen phosphate, calcium sulfate,
(b) lubricants, e.g., silica, anhydrous colloidal silica, talcum,
stearic acid, its magnesium or calcium salt (e.g., magnesium
stearate or calcium stearate), metallic stearates, colloidal
silicon dioxide, hydrogenated vegetable oil, corn starch, sodium
benzoate, sodium acetate and/or polyethyleneglycol; for tablets
also (c) binders, e.g., magnesium aluminum silicate, starch paste,
gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and/or hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose; if desired (d) disintegrants, e.g., starches
(e.g., potato starch or sodium starch), glycolate, agar, alginic
acid or its sodium or potassium salt, or effervescent mixtures; (e)
wetting agents, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate, and/or (f) absorbents,
colorants, flavors and sweeteners. Tablets can be either uncoated
or coated according to methods known in the art. The excipients
described herein can also be used for preparation of buccal dosage
forms and sublingual dosage forms (e.g., films and lozenges) as
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,981,552 and 8,475,832.
Formulation in chewing gums as described, for example, in U.S. Pat.
No. 8,722,022, is also contemplated.
[0177] Further preparations for oral administration can take the
form of, for example, solutions, syrups, suspensions, and
toothpastes. Liquid preparations for oral administration can be
prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable
additives, for example, suspending agents, for example, sorbitol
syrup, cellulose derivatives, or hydrogenated edible fats;
emulsifying agents, for example, lecithin, xanthan gum, or acacia;
non-aqueous vehicles, for example, almond oil, sesame oil, hemp
seed oil, fish oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, or fractionated
vegetable oils; and preservatives, for example, methyl or
propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid. The preparations can also
contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring, and/or sweetening agents
as appropriate.
[0178] Typical formulations for topical administration include
creams, ointments, sprays, lotions, hydrocolloid dressings, and
patches, as well as eye drops, ear drops, and deodorants. Cannabis
oils can be administered via transdermal patches as described, for
example, in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2015/0126595 and U.S. Pat. No.
8,449,908. Formulation for rectal or vaginal administration is also
contemplated. The cannabis oils can be formulated, for example, as
suppositories containing conventional suppository bases such as
cocoa butter and other glycerides as described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,508,037 and 4,933,363. Compositions can contain other solidifying
agents such as shea butter, beeswax, kokum butter, mango butter,
ilipe butter, tamanu butter, carnauba wax, emulsifying wax, soy
wax, castor wax, rice bran wax, and candelila wax. Compositions can
further include clays (e.g., Bentonite, French green clays,
Fuller's earth, Rhassoul clay, white kaolin clay) and salts (e.g.,
sea salt, Himalayan pink salt, and magnesium salts such as Epsom
salt).
[0179] The compositions set forth herein can be formulated for
parenteral administration by injection, for example, by bolus
injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection can be
presented in unit dosage form, for example, in ampoules or in
multi-dose containers, optionally with an added preservative.
Injectable compositions are preferably aqueous isotonic solutions
or suspensions, and suppositories are preferably prepared from
fatty emulsions or suspensions. The compositions may be sterilized
and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting
or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the
osmotic pressure, buffers, and/or other ingredients. Alternatively,
the compositions can be in powder form for reconstitution with a
suitable vehicle, for example, a carrier oil, before use. In
addition, the compositions may also contain other therapeutic
agents or substances.
[0180] The compositions can be prepared according to conventional
mixing, granulating, and/or coating methods, and contain from about
0.1 to about 75%, preferably from about 1 to about 50%, of the
cannabis oil extract. In general, subjects receiving a cannabis oil
composition orally are administered doses ranging from about 1 to
about 2000 mg of cannabis oil. A small dose ranging from about 1 to
about 20 mg can typically be administered orally when treatment is
initiated, and the dose can be increased (e.g., doubled) over a
period of days or weeks until the maximum dose is reached.
V. Examples
[0181] The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to
limit, the claimed invention.
Example 1. Compositions Containing Cannabis Oil and Vitamin E
[0182] Reference is now made to FIG. 2, which is a graph depicting
the viscosities of cannabis oil compositions as a function of
vitamin E percentage in the cannabis oil compositions, according to
one or more embodiments. As indicated in FIG. 2, the viscosities of
the cannabis oil compositions can be measured in centipoise (cP)
and the % w/w of vitamin E 121 can be based on the total weight of
the cannabis oil composition.
[0183] FIG. 2 depicts the results of viscosity experiments
conducted by mixing vitamin E 121 of various quantities with the
extract 119. In these experiments, the total weight of the cannabis
oil composition was set at approximately 25.00 grams. As indicated
in Table 2 below, the % w/w of the vitamin E 121 ranged from 10%
w/w to 50% w/w:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Amounts of Vitamin E and Extract in Cannabis
Oil Composition Used in Viscosity Experiments Vitamin E Extract
Total cannabis Vitamin E Amount Amount Oil Composition % w/w
(grams) (grams) (grams) 10 2.50 22.50 25.00 20 5.00 20.00 25.00 30
7.50 17.50 25.00 40 10.00 15.00 25.00 50 12.50 12.50 25.00
[0184] The purpose of the experiments was to determine a preferred
quantity of vitamin E 121 that will reduce the viscosity of the
cannabis oil composition yet preserve the gustatory or aromatic
qualities of the extract 119. Moreover, the preferred quantity of
vitamin E 121 should also provide beneficial reductions in
viscosity while also not displacing too much of the cannabinoids
107 in the cannabis oil composition.
[0185] As indicated above, cannabis oil is often highly viscous,
making it difficult to work with and load into new delivery devices
such as vaporizers, E-cigarettes, or pens. As will be discussed in
more detail below, one unexpected benefit of mixing the vitamin E
121 with the extract 119 is reducing the viscosity of the cannabis
oil composition and making the cannabis oil composition conducive
for loading or packing into modern day vaporizers, E-cigarettes, or
pens.
[0186] The viscosity experiments were conducted using a viscometer.
For example, the viscometer can be a falling ball viscometer. More
specifically, the falling ball viscometer can be a PDVdi-120
Portable Falling Ball Viscometer from Stony Brook Scientific.TM..
Each of the cannabis oil compositions were first heated on a
hotplate at approximately 95.degree. C. and mixed with a glass
stirring rod. Aliquots of the cannabis oil compositions were then
transferred into the falling ball viscometer and falling times in
seconds were measured at 45.8.degree. C. Results of the viscosity
experiments are presented in Table 3 below:
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Falling Times as a Functions of Vitamin E %
w/w Viscosity (cP), calculated Vitamin E % w/w Falling Times (s)
using Falling Times 10 333.1 5868.73 20 272.1 4794.00 30 200.9
3539.56 40 159.3 2806.63 50 83.7 1474.67
[0187] The viscosity of each cannabis oil composition was
calculated using the applicable falling time in Table 3 above and
Equation 1 below:
Viscosity (cP)=9.1463 cm.sup.2 s.sup.-2*(Needle Density-Approximate
Fluid Density)*Falling Time Equation 1:
[0188] In the above Equation 1, Needle Density=2.9263 g*cm.sup.-3
and Approximate Fluid Density=1.0000 g*cm.sup.-3. As shown in FIG.
2 and Table 3 above, an increase in the % w/w of vitamin E 121 by
10% corresponds to an approximate 1000 cP decrease in the viscosity
of the cannabis oil composition.
[0189] In one preferred embodiment, the cannabis oil composition
has a viscosity of less than 3500 cP. In another preferred
embodiment, the cannabis oil composition has a viscosity of less
than 3000 cP. In yet another preferred embodiment, the cannabis oil
composition has a viscosity of less than 2000 cP.
[0190] All cannabis oil compositions were subjected to organoleptic
analysis after addition of vitamin E, including tests designed to
ascertain the taste, smell, and ease of inhaling the cannabis oil
compositions. Based on this organoleptic analysis, it was
discovered that vitamin E concentrations around 30% w/w provide
useful viscosity levels while preserving the gustatory or aromatic
qualities of the extract 119.
[0191] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a graph depicting
THC and CBD percentages in cannabis oil compositions made from
three strains of cannabis plant material 103, according to one or
more embodiments. In one embodiment, the cannabis oil composition
can be made from cannabis plant material comprising the AC/DC
cannabis strain. In another embodiment, the cannabis oil
composition can be made from cannabis plant material comprising the
Blueberry cannabis strain. In yet another embodiment, the cannabis
oil composition can be made from cannabis plant material comprising
the Cannatonic cannabis strain.
[0192] The three cannabis strains were selected for their varying
levels of cannabinoids 107. For example, the AC/DC strain was
selected to represent cannabis strains with high levels of CBD and
low levels of THC. Also, for example, the Blueberry strain was
selected to represent cannabis strains with high levels of THC and
low levels of CBD. Also yet another example, the Cannatonic strain
was selected to represent cannabis strains with moderate levels CBD
and THC.
[0193] As depicted in FIG. 3, cannabis oil compositions of uniform
volume were made with 30% w/w vitamin E 121 mixed with extract 119
produced from the AC/DC, Blueberry, and Cannatonic strains of
cannabis plant material 103. These cannabis oil compositions were
assayed using HPLC-UV to determine the level of cannabinoids 107 in
each cannabis oil composition. In addition, HPLC-UV was also
performed on extracts with no vitamin E 121 to determine the level
of cannabinoids 107 in such extracts.
[0194] While the mixing of extract 119 with vitamin E 121 reduced
the amount of cannabinoids detected in the cannabis oil
compositions relative to the extracts, 30% w/w of vitamin E 121 was
discovered to reduce the viscosity of the cannabis oil compositions
made from all three strains. Moreover, organoleptic analysis of
each cannabis oil composition revealed that 30% w/w of vitamin E
121 also did not have an adverse effect on the aromatic or
gustatory qualities of the extract 119 in the cannabis oil
composition.
Example 2. Preparation of Cannabis Oils
[0195] Preparation of AC/DC cannabis oil. 2 pounds of cannabis
plant material (strain: AC/DC) and 17 L of EtOH were stored for 24
hours at -18.degree. C. prior to extraction. The 2 pounds were
split between two colanders, which were placed on top of a
collection vessel. 3 L of cold EtOH was poured evenly over each
pound (6 L total) of plant material and collected in the vessel
below. After dripping for about 2 min, the resulting solution was
poured over the same plant material and collected and repeated 3
more times (5 total pours for over each colander). After the final
pour, the material was left to drip into the collection vessel for
20 min. The solution was then filtered through the Chemex filter
(.about.300 micron) into a collection flask. This combined solution
was poured into a glass jar with airtight lid and left underneath a
plasma light source for 15 minutes and then stored at -18.degree.
C. for 20 hours (Batch 2-1A).
[0196] The plant material from the colanders was placed in a
5-gallon bucket and covered with 11 L of cold EtOH and left to sit
for 2 hours. The material was filtered through the Chemex filter
into a collection flask. This combined solution was poured into a
glass jar with airtight lid and left underneath a plasma light
source for 18 hours. Following exposure to light, the solution was
stored at -18.degree. C. for 20 hours (Batch 2-1B).
[0197] The 2-1A and 2-1B batches were independently filtered while
cold through a Buchner funnel with Whatman 150 mm filter paper in
place into a filtration flask while under vacuum. The 2-1A batch
solution was split between two Megahome distillers. The distillers
were turned on and the distillate was collected in a glass
receiving vessel until complete. Upon completion, the oil in the
distiller was immediately transferred into a tared, glass petri
dish and placed into the vacuum oven at 46.degree. C. and 27 mbar
for 87 hours (the pressure was checked daily and brought back down
to 21-27 mbar as necessary). The 2-1B batch solution was split
between three Megahome distillers. The distillers were turned on
and the distillate was collected in a glass receiving vessel until
complete. Upon completion, the oil in the distiller was immediately
transferred into a tared, glass petri dish and placed into the
vacuum oven at 44.degree. C. and 22 mbar for 120 hours.
[0198] Preparation of Prize Kush cannabis oil. 3 pounds of cannabis
plant material (strain: Prize Kush) and 21 L of EtOH were stored
for 24 hours at -18.degree. C. prior to extraction. The 3 pounds
were split between three colanders, which were placed on top of a
collection vessel. 3 L of cold EtOH was poured evenly over each
pound (9 L total) of plant material and collected in the vessel
below. After dripping for about 2 min, the resulting solution was
poured over the same plant material and collected and repeated 4
more times (6 total pours for over each colander). After the final
pour, the material was left to drip into the collection vessel for
20 min. The solution was then filtered through the Chemex filter
(.about.300 micron) into a collection flask. This combined solution
was poured into a glass jar with airtight lid and then stored at
-18.degree. C. for 20 hours (2-2A).
[0199] The plant material from the colanders was placed in a
5-gallon bucket and covered with 12 L of cold EtOH and left to sit
for 2 hours. The material was filtered through the Chemex filter
into a collection flask. This combined solution was poured into a
glass jar with airtight lid and left underneath a plasma light
source for 18 hours. Following exposure to light, the solution was
stored at -18.degree. C. for 20 hours (2-2B).
[0200] The 2-2A and 2-2B batches were independently filtered while
cold through a Buchner funnel with Whatman 150 mm filter paper in
place into a filtration flask while under vacuum. The 2-2A batch
solution was split between two Megahome distillers. The distillers
were turned on and the distillate was collected in a glass
receiving vessel until complete. Upon completion, the oil in the
distiller was immediately transferred into a tared, glass petri
dish and placed into the vacuum oven at 47.degree. C. and 27 mbar
for 72 hours (the pressure was checked daily and brought back down
to 21-27 mbar as necessary). The 2-2B batch solution was split
between four Megahome distillers. The distillers were turned on and
the distillate was collected in a glass receiving vessel until
complete. Upon completion, the oil in the distiller was immediately
transferred into a tared, glass petri dish and placed into the
vacuum oven at 47.degree. C. and 27 mbar for 72 hours.
[0201] Preparation of Blueberry cannabis oil. 2 pounds of cannabis
plant material (strain: Blueberry) and 14 L of EtOH were stored for
24 hours at -18.degree. C. prior to extraction. The 2 pounds were
split between two colanders, which were placed on top of a
collection vessel. 3 L of cold EtOH was poured evenly over each
pound (6 L total) of plant material and collected in the vessel
below. After dripping for about 2 min, the resulting solution was
poured over the same plant material and collected and repeated 4
more times (6 total pours for over each colander). After the final
pour, the material was left to drip into the collection vessel for
20 min. The solution was then filtered through the Chemex filter
(.about.300 micron) into a collection flask. This combined solution
was poured into a glass jar with airtight lid and then stored at
-18.degree. C. for 20 hours (2-A).
[0202] The plant material from the colanders was placed in a
5-gallon bucket and covered with 8 L of cold EtOH and left to sit
for 2 hours. The material was filtered through the Chemex filter
into a collection flask. This combined solution was poured into a
glass jar with airtight lid and left underneath a plasma light
source for 18 hours. Following exposure to light, the solution was
stored at -18.degree. C. for 20 hours (2-3B).
[0203] The A and B batches were independently filtered while cold
through a Buchner funnel with Whatman 150 mm filter paper in place
into a filtration flask while under vacuum. The 2-A batch solution
was split between two Megahome distillers. The distillers were
turned on and the distillate was collected in a glass receiving
vessel until complete. Upon completion, the oil in the distiller
was immediately transferred into a tared, glass petri dish and
placed into the vacuum oven at 46.degree. C. and 21 mbar for 143
hours (the pressure was checked daily and brought back down to
21-27 mbar as necessary). The 2-3B batch solution was split between
four Megahome distillers. The distillers were turned on and the
distillate was collected in a glass receiving vessel until
complete. Upon completion, the oil in the distiller was immediately
transferred into a tared, glass petri dish and placed into the
vacuum oven at 47.degree. C. and 27 mbar for 69 hours.
Example 3. Preparation of Cannabis Oils
[0204] A first extract (Extract A) is prepared according to the
following procedure.
[0205] Ethanol (EtOH; Alchemical Solutions organic 190 proof
neutral grain wheat spirits) and raw cannabis material are stored
in at -10.degree. C. for at least 16 hr, or for other time periods
as necessary. In certain instances, ethanol and raw cannabis
material are used at room temperature. Three liters of alcohol are
typically used for each pound of raw cannabis material.
[0206] Cold (or room temperature) raw cannabis material is placed
in a tabletop Buchner funnel (18''-36'' diameter; Bel-Art) with
perforated, creped white cellulose filter paper in place.
Ethanol-compatible tubing (e.g., Tyron Tyoprene) is attached to the
funnel drain spigot and connected to a collection media bottle. 1-3
lb of raw cannabis material is typically used with an 18'' funnel;
2-5 lb of raw cannabis material is typically used with a 24''
funnel; and 4-10 lb of cannabis material is typically used with a
36'' funnel. 1-5 L (e.g., 3 L) of EtOH per lb of raw cannabis
material is poured evenly over the raw cannabis material while
collecting the ethanolic eluate ("menstruum") in a 2-5 L media
bottle. The menstruum is collected and re-poured over the cannabis
material 3-6 times. Re-pouring is stopped before the menstruum
turns from yellow-toned to green.
[0207] If necessary, the menstruum is filtered through a Chemex
300-.mu.m mesh stainless steel filter into a Chemex glass flask.
The menstruum is then transferred to a media bottle with screw cap
and stored at -10.degree. C. for no less than 18 hr.
[0208] A second extract (Extract B) is prepared using the material
("marc") remaining from the procedure described above. Marc from
extract A remains in the tabletop Buchner funnel, and the funnel
spigot is closed to prevent draining. Cold (or room temperature)
EtOH is poured over the marc remaining in the Buchner funnel in an
amount sufficient to completely cover the marc (e.g., 4-5 L per
lb). The marc is soaked ("macerated") for a period of time
typically ranging from a few minutes to about 6 hours (e.g., 2 hr).
If raw cannabis material is used without prior preparation of
Extract A, the maceration step is typically conducted for less than
1 hr (e.g., less than 15 min). After the maceration step, the
funnel valve is opened to separate the marc from the menstruum and
menstruum is collected in a suitable vessel.
[0209] The menstruum is filtered through a Chemex mesh stainless
steel filter into a Chemex glass flask (this step is optional
depending upon amount of marc in menstruum after maceration step).
The filtered menstruum is poured from the Chemex flask back into a
media bottle with screw cap.
[0210] For extract B, menstruum, while still in media bottles, is
optionally exposed to sunlight (.about.2 hr) or plasma light
(.about.8-10 hr). Menstruum is solarized until the nettle green
color shifts to yellow brown. After solarization, the media bottle
is placed into a freezer for 18-48 hr.
[0211] An appropriately sized cellulose filter paper is placed on
top of the perforated filter of the table-top Buchner funnel. The
vacuum tubing, which is connected to a vacuum, is attached to the
Buchner funnel. Menstruum, that is still in the media bottle, is
removed from freezer. The filter paper is wetted using EtOH. The
vacuum pump is turned on and the valve is opened to the vacuum
pump. Just before the extract is poured into the funnel,
approximately half of an inch of EtOH is poured into the funnel
quickly followed by the extract.
[0212] The filtered menstruum is poured into an evaporation flask
(no more than -60% full). A B-491 rotavapor is prepared by turning
on the heating bath to around 50.degree. C. (e.g., 20-60.degree.
C.) and turning on a F-105 recirculating chiller with the water
temperature set to 5.degree. C.
[0213] The evaporation flask is secured to the R-215 rotavapor and
the rotation rate of the evaporation flask is set to around 150 rpm
(e.g., 30-300 rpm). The vacuum gradient is initiated using a V-855
vacuum controller. The vacuum pressure is maintained around 125
mbar (e.g., 50-300 mbar). Once the liquid has stopped condensing,
the vacuum is released and the rotation of the evaporation flask is
slowly stopped.
[0214] The resulting oil from the evaporation step is optionally
transferred to an appropriately sized round-bottom flask (no more
than -40% full) with a magnetic stir bar in the oil for heating.
The round-bottom flask containing the evaporated oil/liquid is
placed in an OptiTherm reaction block on an IKA stirring hotplate.
A condenser is attached to the top of the round-bottom flask and
the recirculating chiller is turned on. Once the condenser is
turned on, stirring and heating is initiated. The oil is heated at
around 120.degree. C. (e.g., 60-150.degree. C.) for between 5 min
and 24 hr (e.g., 1 hr) depending on the temperature of the heating
block and the desired ratio of acidic to neutral cannabinoids.
[0215] Prior to optional silica gel filtration, the oil is
homogenized in EtOH (or EtOAc or Heptane; 1:2 ratio, i.e. 100 g oil
to 200 mL solvent). Around 2 parts silica gel is combined with 1
part oil/EtOH mixture, and the resulting slurry is concentrated on
a rotavapor. A silica gel pad is prepared in an appropriate funnel
(6:1 ratio, i.e. 600 g silica to 100 g oil), which is positioned on
a vacuum flask, and is wetted with EtOH. The homogenized oil
(optionally with silica gel) is placed on top of the silica pad and
is pulled using light vacuum until all solution is absorbed on
silica. EtOH is gently poured (1000 mL for 100 g of oil) on top of
the silica gel and is pulled through with vacuum. The filtrate is
collected in a flask and concentrated on the rotavapor at
40.degree. C. bath temperature and 100 mbar vacuum pressure.
[0216] The extract is placed into an Across International Vacuum
oven set to 46.degree. C./115.degree. F. for no less than 12 hours
and no more than 5 days. Alternatively, the extract is transferred
to appropriate glass vials for use with a Buchi multivapor
apparatus set to 50-70.degree. C. under reduced pressure between
10-100 mbar for a specified time. Once excess EtOH has been fully
evaporated, the extract is organoleptically analyzed for
determination of complete EtOH removal.
Example 4. Cannabinoid and Terpene Content of Cannabis Oils
[0217] The cannabinoid content and terpene content of cannabis oils
prepared according to the methods of the invention was studied.
Cannabinoid content was determined using liquid chromatography/mass
spectrometry (LC-MS), and terpene content was determined using gas
chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FTD).
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Neutral cannabinoid content of cannabis oils
Cannabinoid content Cannabis (mg cannabinoid per gram oil) Example
Strain THC CBD CBG CBN 2-1A AC/DC 26.3 642.4 28.8 0.7 2-1B AC/DC
38.4 594.1 28.5 1.2 2-2A Prize Kush 675.6 1.0 38.7 2.5 2-2B Prize
Kush 655.6 5.0 32.6 14.9 2-3A Blueberry 790.4 7.8 11.7 8.5 3A AC/DC
26.3 659.8 24.6 0.9 4B Afghan 686.6 10.8 30.1 13.4 Goo 5A
Blackberry 773.8 10.7 22.5 9.2 Kush 6A Blue Diesel 744.5 26.4 27.7
6.8 7A Buddha 282.1 484.8 17.7 3.1 Passion 8A Cannatonic 366.0
319.9 15.5 18.5 9A Cannatonic 25.8 668.2 18.9 0.3 10A Cannatonic
186.2 525.1 30.7 2.9 11A Girl Scout 677.2 0.0 59.0 6.3 Cookies 12B
Harle OG 31.2 659.3 26.1 2.8 13A Harle Tsu 200.4 539.4 34.3 3.0 14A
Harlequin 209.1 569.2 29.9 2.2 14B Harlequin 171.3 511.2 24.8 6.1
15A Infinite 745.0 11.8 48.4 9.1 Euphoria 16A Medihaze 214.7 493.7
31.8 3.3 17B Medihaze 217.7 450.2 24.5 5.9 18B Prize Kush 707.8 5.1
34.9 11.4 19A Sour Kush 737.7 12.4 16.2 5.9 19A Blueberry 639.1
24.2 13.3 13.5
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Acidic cannabinoid content of cannabis oils
Cannabinoid content Cannabis (mg cannabinoid per gram oil) Example
Strain THCA CBDA CBGA 2-1A AC/DC 0.0 2.6 0.0 2-1B AC/DC 0.0 8.2 0.0
2-2A Prize Kush 0.0 0.0 0.0 2-2B Prize Kush 0.0 0.0 1.8 2-3A
Blueberry 0.0 0.5 0.0 3A AC/DC 0.0 5.7 0.0 4B Afghan Goo 3.3 0.3
4.4 5A Blackberry Kush 1.9 0.3 2.9 6A Blue Diesel 2.8 0.4 6.6 7A
Buddha Passion 0.0 25.6 1.9 8A Cannatonic 0.0 2.6 0.8 9A Cannatonic
0.0 0.2 2.3 10A Cannatonic 0.0 1.8 0.0 11A Girl Scout Cookies 0.0
0.0 0.0 12B Harle OG 0.0 9.2 1.6 13A Harle Tsu 0.0 45.9 3.8 14A
Harlequin 0.0 4.1 1.1 14B Harlequin 0.0 10.5 1.4 15A Infinite
Euphoria 0.0 0.0 1.3 16A Medihaze 0.0 1.2 2.6 16B Medihaze 0.0 10.4
0.0 17B Prize Kush 6.2 0.3 6.6 18A Sour Kush 2.2 0.3 3.0 19A
Blueberry 4.4 2.9 4.0
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Terpene content of cannabis oils Terpene
content (mg terpene per gram oil) Example .beta.-myrcene linalool
.alpha.-terpineol .beta.-caryophyllene .alpha.-humulene valencene
cis-nerolidol 2-1A 0.0 2.0 0.0 8.1 4.3 0.0 2.3 2-1B 0.0 1.8 0.0 5.7
2.9 0.0 1.8 2-2A 0.6 0.6 0.0 5.3 1.8 0.0 8.1 2-2B 0.0 3.2 0.0 4.3
1.7 0.0 0.0 2-3A 0.0 3.4 1.6 9.2 5.2 1.3 5.5 3A 0.0 1.6 0.0 5.3 2.4
0.0 1.3 4B 0.0 4.0 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 5A 0.0 2.2 0.0 5.4 2.6 0.0
3.4 6A 0.0 2.9 0.0 10.6 4.4 0.0 3.2 7A 0.0 2.6 0.0 4.7 1.8 0.0 4.0
8A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9A 0.0 1.9 0.0 6.1 3.3 0.0 2.2 10A
0.0 2.0 0.0 5.3 3.1 0.0 1.9 11A 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 1.1 0.0 3.3 12A 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13A 0.0 2.3 0.0 4.7 2.4 0.0 1.5 14A 0.0 2.1
0.0 4.9 2.2 0.0 1.7 14B 0.0 1.9 0.0 4.6 2.0 0.0 0.0 15A 0.0 2.5 0.0
4.5 1.8 0.0 2.6 16A 0.0 1.7 0.0 5.0 2.8 0.0 3.2 16B 0.0 2.1 0.0 2.9
1.5 0.0 0.0 17B 0.0 3.7 0.0 3.7 1.4 0.0 0.0 18A 0.0 2.4 0.0 8.8 4.4
0.0 5.5 19A 0.0 3.2 0.0 7.5 4.2 0.0 4.8
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Terpene content of cannabis oils Terpene
content (mg terpene per gram oil) caryophyllene other Example oxide
guaiol .gamma.-eudesmol .beta.-eudesmol .alpha.-eudesmol
.alpha.-bisabolol terpenoids TOTAL 2-1A 1.3 6.8 1.7 3.8 4.9 10.2
16.9 62.3 2-1B 3.0 3.9 1.6 3.4 4.7 8.0 6.0 42.6 2-2A 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.9 1.2 18.6 2-2B 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 13.6 2-3A 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.2 40.4 3A 0.0 6.8 1.7 3.9 4.9 8.3 15.9 52.1
4B 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 1.7 14.2 5A 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 10.4
27.9 6A 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 8.7 33.6 7A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6.0 19.2 8A 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.9 4.1 9.4 9A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7
0.0 3.2 18.4 10A 0.0 3.1 0.0 1.4 2.3 2.6 9.8 31.6 11A 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 8.6 12A 0.0 2.1 0.0 1.5 2.8 0.0 2.1 8.5 13A 0.0 2.3
0.0 0.0 2.0 2.4 7.6 25.1 14A 0.0 3.2 0.0 1.6 1.9 2.5 9.5 29.6 14B
1.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.5 4.1 22.5 15A 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 6.4
22.6 16A 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.7 8.6 27.4 16B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9
0.0 1.5 11.9 17B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 10.9 18A 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 2.2 7.8 31.0 19A 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 8.9 31.8
Example 5. Activation of Cannabinoid Receptors by Cannabis Oils of
the Invention
[0218] Activation of cannabinoid receptors CNR1 (also known as CB1)
and CNR2 (also known as CB2) by cannabis oils of the invention was
characterized using a .beta.-arrestin GPCR assay (PathHunter.RTM.,
DiscoverRX) specific for either receptor. The assay is a cell-based
functional assay that quantitatively measures GPCR activation
through .beta.-arrestin recruitment to activated GPCRs. GPCR
activity is monitored by detecting the interaction of
.beta.-arrestin with the activated GPCR using .beta.-galactosidase
(0-gal) enzyme fragment complementation. Aspects of the assay are
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,342,345; 7,135,325; and
8,101,373. Activation of CNR1 and CNR2 by cannabis oils prepared
according to the methods was observed using the .beta.-arrestin
assay, as summarized in Table 8 below.
[0219] Activation of CNR1 and CNR2 is accompanied by the release of
second messenger signaling molecules including cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP). CNR1 activation and CNR2 activation by
cannabis oils of the invention were characterized using a cAMP
competitive inhibition immunoassay (HitHunter.RTM., DiscoverRX). In
the assay, a fragment .beta.-galactosidase (.beta.-gal) enzyme
donor (ED) is conjugated with cAMP, which competes with cellular
cAMP (resulting from GPCR activation) for binding to an anti-cAMP
antibody. When GPCR activation results in high levels of cellular
cAMP, the anti-cAMP antibody becomes saturated allowing for the
ED-cAMP complex to complement with the .beta.-gal acceptor (EA).
The complex forms an active enzyme that hydrolyzes a substrate to
produce a chemiluminescent signal that is directly proportional to
the amount of cAMP in the cells. Aspects of the assay are
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,708,929; 4,956,274;
5,244,785; 5,444,161; 5,604,091; and 5,643,734. Activation of CNR1
and CNR2 by cannabis oils prepared according to the methods was
observed using the cAMP assay, as summarized in Table 8 below.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 GPCR Activation Activity of Cannabis Oils
Determined by Cell-Based Assays CNR1 CNR2 cAMP .beta.-Arrestin cAMP
.beta.-Arrestin EC50 EC50 EC50 EC50 Example Strain (.mu.M) (.mu.M)
(.mu.M) (.mu.M) THC Control 0.00102 3.05 0.279 >16.7 11-OH-
Control 0.0108 >16.7 0.571 >16.7 THC CBD Control >16.7
>16.7 >16.7 >16.7 2-1A AC/DC 0.117 >16.7 >16.7
>16.7 2-1B AC/DC 0.0791 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7 2-2A Prize
Kush 0.00661 >16.7 0.245 >16.7 2-2B Prize Kush 0.00572
>16.7 0.199 >16.7 2-3A Blueberry 0.00311 >16.7 0.252
>16.7 3A AC/DC 0.159 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7 4B Afghan Goo
0.00453 >16.7 0.193 >16.7 5A Blackberry 0.00459 1.63 0.308
>16.7 Kush 6A Blue Diesel 0.00527 >16.7 0.277 >16.7 7A
Buddha 0.0114 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7 Passion 8A Cannatonic
0.0111 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7 9A Cannatonic 0.0133 >16.7
>16.7 >16.7 10A Cannatonic 0.0107 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7
11A Girl Scout 0.00582 >16.7 0.190 >16.7 Cookies 12A Harle OG
0.0902 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7 13A Harle Tsu 0.208 >16.7
>16.7 >16.7 14A Harlequin 0.0245 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7
14B Harlequin 0.0211 >16.7 >16.7 >16.7 15A Infinite
0.00725 >16.7 0.160 >16.7 Euphoria 16A Medihaze 0.0202
>16.7 >16.7 >16.7 16B Medihaze 0.0248 >16.7 >16.7
>16.7 17B Prize Kush 0.00405 >16.7 0.340 >16.7 18A Sour
Kush 0.00374 >16.7 0.185 >16.7 19A Blueberry 0.00176 6.76
0.504 >16.7
[0220] A number of embodiments have been described. Nevertheless,
it will be understood that various modifications may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed
invention. The flowcharts depicted in the figures do not require
the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve
desirable results. In addition, other steps may be provided, or
steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other
components may be added to, or removed from, the described
composition. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of
the following claims.
[0221] It may be appreciated that the various method steps may be
performed in any order. The steps may also be merged with each
other, may perform overlapping functions, or may be coupled with
other steps not shown to be connected in the figures. Accordingly,
the specification, the drawings, or a combination thereof may be
regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
[0222] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some
detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity
of understanding, one of skill in the art will appreciate that
certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope
of the appended claims. In addition, each reference provided herein
is incorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as
if each reference was individually incorporated by reference.
* * * * *