U.S. patent application number 17/274326 was filed with the patent office on 2021-10-14 for uplink and downlink reciprocity management of interference.
This patent application is currently assigned to TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL). The applicant listed for this patent is Alex STEPHENNE, TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL). Invention is credited to Alex Stephenne.
Application Number | 20210320693 17/274326 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005724199 |
Filed Date | 2021-10-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210320693 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Stephenne; Alex |
October 14, 2021 |
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK RECIPROCITY MANAGEMENT OF INTERFERENCE
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to methods and devices for
mitigating inter-cluster interference in clusters where one or more
network nodes are transmitting in coordination using several
transceiver antennas. In particular the disclosure relates to
improved precoder algorithms to be used for coordinated multipoint
transmission applications. The disclosure also relates to
corresponding computer programs. The disclosure proposes a method,
performed in a communication system, of mitigating inter-cluster
interference, wherein the communication system is configured to
coordinate transmissions of one or more wireless devices within two
or more wireless device categories and one or more network nodes,
wherein the one or more network nodes are transmitting in
coordination to the wireless devices in the cluster using several
transceiver antennas.
Inventors: |
Stephenne; Alex;
(Stittsville, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
STEPHENNE; Alex
TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL) |
Stittsville
Stockholm |
|
CA
SE |
|
|
Assignee: |
TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON
(PUBL)
Stockholm
SE
|
Family ID: |
1000005724199 |
Appl. No.: |
17/274326 |
Filed: |
September 24, 2018 |
PCT Filed: |
September 24, 2018 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IB2018/057376 |
371 Date: |
March 8, 2021 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 25/0224 20130101;
H04L 25/021 20130101; H04B 7/0456 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04B 7/0456 20060101
H04B007/0456; H04L 25/02 20060101 H04L025/02 |
Claims
1. A method, performed in a communication network, of mitigating
inter cluster interference, wherein the communication network is
configured to coordinate transmissions of one or more wireless
devices (10a, 12a) within two or more wireless device categories
and one or more network nodes (110a), wherein the one or more
network nodes (110a) are transmitting in coordination to the one or
more wireless devices (10a, 12a) using a plurality of transceiver
antennas, the method comprising: receiving (S2a), for each of the
plurality of transceiver antennas in each of the one or more
network nodes (110a) a first signal comprising pre-defined sounding
sequences transmitted by at least one of the one or more wireless
devices (12a) from a first of the two or more wireless device
categories; receiving (S2b), for each of the plurality of
transceiver antennas in each of the one or more network nodes
(110a) a second signal comprising pre-defined sounding sequences
transmitted by at least one of the one or more wireless devices
(10a, 12a) from any of the two or more wireless device categories;
estimating (S4), from the first signal the sounding channel
interference from the one or more wireless devices (12a) from the
first wireless device category; and estimating (S4), from the
second signal the sounding channel interference from the one or
more wireless devices (10a, 12a) from any of the two or more
wireless device categories; and determining (S5) downlink precoder
weights, for use when transmitting from the transceiver antennas,
using the estimated first signal and second signal sounding channel
interference.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein one of the two or more
wireless device categories are interference mitigation non-capable
wireless devices.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein one of the two or more
wireless device categories are interference mitigation capable
wireless devices.
4. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the
determining (S5) of the precoder weights such that interference of
the transmissions from the transceiver antennas to the one or more
wireless devices from the first wireless device category to be
reduced.
5. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the
estimating (S4) comprises calculating (S4a) sounding channel
interference covariance estimates of the estimated sounding channel
interference, and wherein the determining (S5) comprises
determining (S5a) precoder weights based on the sounding channel
interference covariance estimates.
6. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the
estimating (S4) comprises estimating, from the received first
signal, the first sounding channel interference; and estimating,
from the received second signal, the second sounding channel
interference.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the estimating (S4)
comprises calculating (S4a) a first sounding channel interference
covariance estimate of the first estimated sounding channel
interference and a second sounding channel interference covariance
estimate of the second estimated sounding channel interference, and
wherein the determining (S5) comprises determining (S5a) precoder
weights based on a weighted sum of the first and second sounding
channel interference covariance estimates.
8. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the
method comprises: estimating (S3), using received pre-defined
sounding sequences, channel estimation error estimates
corresponding to respective downlink channel estimates based on the
received first signal and the received second signal, and wherein
the determining (S5) comprises determining (S5b) precoder weights
based on the estimated channel estimation error estimates.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the method comprises
calculating (S3a) channel estimation error covariance estimates,
and wherein the determining (S5) comprises determining (S5b)
precoder weights based on the channel estimation error covariance
estimates.
10. The method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein determining (S5)
implies that the precoder weights are selected such that
transmissions to wireless devices (10b) outside the cluster (100)
are minimized to a higher extent for a first signal corresponding
to a first channel estimation error than for a second signal
corresponding to a second channel estimation error, when the first
channel estimation error corresponds to a higher channel quality
than the second channel estimation error.
11. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein
the method comprises transmitting (S6) data using the determined
(S5) precoder weights.
12. The method according to claims 1 to 11, wherein the method
comprises scheduling (S1) the sounding sequences transmitted by the
at least one of the one or more wireless devices from a first of
the two or more wireless device categories and the sounding
sequences transmitted by at least one of the one or more wireless
devices from any of the two or more wireless device categories.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the scheduling (S1)
comprises scheduling sounding sequences of at least one of the
wireless devices (10a, 12a) within the cluster (100) to at least
partly overlap with the sounding sequences of at least one other
cluster.
14. The method according to any of claims 12 to 13, wherein the
scheduling (S1) comprises scheduling the sounding signals a
pre-defined time before a corresponding downlink transmission.
15. The method according to any of the claims 12 to 14 preceding
claims, wherein scheduling (S1) comprises scheduling orthogonal
sounding sequences within each cluster (100).
16. The method according to any of the claims 12 to 15, wherein the
scheduling (S1) comprises scheduling sounding sequences in
different clusters to have a correlation below a threshold.
17. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein
the determining (S5) comprises maximizing a Signal to Leakage and
Noise Ratio of a channel between the transceiver antennas and the
wireless devices in the cluster, wherein the maximizing comprises a
regularization term which is based on the sounding channel
interference estimates.
18. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein
the method is performed in a coordination unit in the communication
network.
19. A coordination unit (115) configured to coordinate
transmissions in a cluster comprising one or more wireless devices
and one or more network nodes, wherein the one or more network
nodes are transmitting in coordination to the wireless devices in
the cluster using several transceiver antennas, the coordination
unit (115) comprising: processing circuitry (113) configured to:
receive, for each of the plurality of transceiver antennas in each
of the one or more network nodes (110a) a first signal comprising
pre-defined sounding sequences transmitted by at least one of the
one or more wireless devices (12a) from a first of the two or more
wireless device categories; receive, for each of the plurality of
transceiver antennas in each of the one or more network nodes
(110a) a second signal comprising pre-defined sounding sequences
transmitted by at least one of the one or more wireless devices
(10a, 12a) from any of the two or more wireless device categories;
estimate, from the first signal the sounding channel interference
from the one or more wireless devices (12a) from the first wireless
device category; and estimate, from the second signal the sounding
channel interference from the one or more wireless devices (10a,
12a) from any of the two or more wireless device categories; and
determine downlink precoder weights, for use when transmitting from
the transceiver antennas, using the estimated first signal and
second signal sounding channel interference.
20. The coordination unit (115) according to claim 19, wherein the
processing circuitry (113) is configured to determine of the
precoder weights such that interference of the transmissions from
the transceiver antennas to the one or more wireless devices from
the first wireless device category to be reduced.
21. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 19-20, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to calculate sounding
channel interference covariance estimates of the estimated sounding
channel interference, and wherein the determining (S5) comprises
determining (S5a) precoder weights based on the sounding channel
interference covariance estimates.
22. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 19-21, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to estimate, from the
received first signal, the first sounding channel interference; and
estimating, from the received second signal, the second sounding
channel interference.
23. The coordination unit (115) according to claim 22, wherein the
processing circuitry (113) is configured to calculate (S4a) a first
sounding channel interference covariance estimate of the first
estimated sounding channel interference and a second sounding
channel interference covariance estimate of the second estimated
sounding channel interference, and wherein the determining (S5)
comprises determining (S5a) precoder weights based on a weighted
sum of the first and second sounding channel interference
covariance estimates.
24. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 19-23, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to estimate, using
received pre-defined sounding sequences, channel estimation error
estimates corresponding to respective downlink channel estimates
based on the received first signal and the received second signal,
and wherein the determining (S5) comprises determining (S5b)
precoder weights based on the estimated channel estimation error
estimates.
25. The coordination unit (115) according to claim 24, wherein the
processing circuitry (113) is configured to calculate channel
estimation error covariance estimates, and wherein the determining
(S5) comprises determining (S5b) precoder weights based on the
channel estimation error covariance estimates.
26. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 19-25, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to transmit data using
the determined (S5) precoder weights.
27. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 19-26, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to schedule the
sounding sequences transmitted by the at least one of the one or
more wireless devices from a first of the two or more wireless
device categories and the sounding sequences transmitted by at
least one of the one or more wireless devices from any of the two
or more wireless device categories.
28. The coordination unit (115) according to claim 27, wherein the
processing circuitry (113) is configured to schedule sounding
sequences of at least one of the wireless devices (10a, 12a) within
the cluster (100) to at least partly overlap with the sounding
sequences of at least one other cluster.
29. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 27-28, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to schedule the
sounding signals a pre-defined time before a corresponding downlink
transmission.
30. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 27-29, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to schedule orthogonal
sounding sequences within each cluster (100).
31. The coordination unit (115) according to claims 27-30, wherein
the processing circuitry (113) is configured to schedule sounding
sequences in different clusters to have a correlation below a
threshold.
32. A network node (110a) configured to coordinate transmissions in
a cluster comprising two or more wireless devices and one or more
network nodes (110a), wherein the one or more network nodes (110a)
are transmitting in coordination to the wireless devices in the
cluster using several transceiver antennas, the network node (110a)
comprising: a communication interface (111) comprising one or more
transceiver antennas, the communication interface (111) being
configured for communication with a wireless device, and a
coordination unit (115) according to any of claims 19 to 31.
33. A computer readable medium, having stored thereon a computer
program which, when run in a coordination unit, causes the
coordination unit to perform the method as disclosed in any of
claims 1-16.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to methods and devices for
management of interference in wireless communication systems. In
particular the disclosure relates to methods and devices for uplink
and downlink reciprocity-based management of interference. The
disclosure also relates to corresponding computer programs.
BACKGROUND
[0002] LTE is also sometimes referred to as Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Access Network, E-UTRAN. LTE is a technology for
realizing high-speed packet-based communication that can reach high
data rates both in the downlink and in the uplink, and is a next
generation mobile communication system relative to UMTS. LTE brings
significant improvements in capacity and performance over previous
radio access technologies.
[0003] The Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network, UTRAN, is
the radio access network of a UMTS and Evolved UTRAN, E-UTRAN, is
the radio access network of an LTE system. In an UTRAN and an
E-UTRAN, a User Equipment, UE, is wirelessly connected to a Radio
Base Station, RBS, commonly referred to as a NodeB, NB, in UMTS,
and as an evolved NodeB, eNB or eNodeB, in LTE. An RBS is a general
term for a radio network node capable of transmitting radio signals
to a UE and receiving signals transmitted by a UE.
[0004] Within the context of this disclosure, the terms "wireless
terminal" or "wireless device" encompass any device which is able
to communicate wirelessly with another device, as well as,
optionally, with an access node of a wireless network, by
transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals. Thus, the term
"wireless device" encompasses, but is not limited to: a user
equipment, e.g. an LTE UE, a mobile terminal, a stationary or
mobile wireless device for machine-to-machine communication, an
integrated or embedded wireless card, an externally plugged in
wireless card, a dongle etc. Throughout this disclosure, the term
"user equipment" is sometimes used to exemplify various
embodiments. However, this should not be construed as limiting, as
the concepts illustrated herein are equally applicable to other
wireless devices. Hence, whenever a "user equipment" or "UE" is
referred to in this disclosure, this should be understood as
encompassing any wireless device as defined above.
[0005] The ever increasing end-user demands are a significant
challenge to the operators. Separating users spatially by means of
precoding and/or beamforming is one way to improve the performance
of a wireless system. Such techniques include Multi-User
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MU-MIMO, coordinated beamforming
and multi-user coherent joint transmission, where the two latter
belong to the family of Coordinated Multi Point, CoMP, methods.
[0006] These techniques all use coherent transmission from many
transmitter antennas that are not necessarily in the same physical
site to multiple receiver antennas also not necessarily in the same
physical location or UE, to extend classical MIMO spatial
multiplexing to the Multi-User case. The coherent transmission is
typically not only aiming at maximizing the received signal power
at the desired receiver, but also at reducing interference to all
non-desired receivers. In some cases transmission, TX, antennas are
located in an antenna grid where all antenna elements effectively
help to create a narrow beam towards the desired receiver. This is
essentially the same as classical beamforming, but typically done
considering several users at the same time. Hence, beams are
directed to several users. In other cases, the TX antennas are
spread out over the physical network, similar to today's cellular
network deployments, but with a coherent transmission instead of
today's uncoordinated each-cell-for-itself transmission.
[0007] Hence, the Coordinated Multipoint in LTE is essentially a
range of different techniques that enable the dynamic coordination
of transmission and reception over a variety of different base
stations. The aim is to improve overall quality for the user as
well as improving the utilization of the network. In CoMP the eNB:s
dynamically coordinate their transmissions to provide joint
scheduling and transmissions, as well as proving joint processing
of the received signals. In this way a UE at the edge of a cell is
able to be served by two or more eNBs to improve signals
reception/transmission and increase throughput particularly under
cell edge conditions.
[0008] When using coordinated multipoint transmission, clusters are
defined in order to be able to coordinate the transmissions of
different transmission antennas. A CoMP cluster is a set of
transmission antennas which are transmitting in a coherent and
coordinated way to a set of wireless devices. There are multiple
CoMP clusters in a network. Coordination between different CoMP
clusters is often not practically possible. However, in any
practical Multi-User Joint Transmission deployment, the size of
each cluster will have to be limited in order to create a
reasonable load on the network baseband, backhaul communication
etc. This will typically lead to incoherent interference between
clusters. Though, today's precoder algorithms typically do not take
this inter-cluster interference into account.
[0009] FIG. 1 describes a prior art method proposed to compute
downlink precoding weights which mitigate inter-cluster
interference disclosed in PCT Application WO 2016/155758 A1,
Methods and Arrangements for Mitigating Inter-Cluster Interference,
filed Oct. 6, 2016. This method is known in the art as "Reciprocity
Assisted Interference-Aware Transmission" or "RAIT". One of the key
features of RAIT is inter- and intra-cell interference suppression
for automatic interference handling in a network, based only on
sounding information (no backhaul between sites required). The idea
behind inter-cell interference mitigation is to estimate the
inter-cell spatial interference covariance matrix in the uplink,
based on sounding information; assume that the spatial distribution
of the uplink inter-cell interferers is representative of the UE
spatial properties; and that the downlink transmission should be
made with the UE spatial awareness to avoid sending interference in
their "direction" (null-forming to inter-cell interfered UEs in the
downlink).
[0010] With RAIT, uplink inter-cell interference covariance
estimates are obtained and used, based on reciprocity, as
information about the spatial distribution of inter-cell UEs, which
should not be interfered "too much" in the downlink. The sounding
channel interference covariance estimates of the estimated sounding
channel interference are associated with the strength of the uplink
inter-cell interferers. Still, a strong uplink interferer should
not necessarily be associated with an inter-cell UE in the downlink
which should be "protected" from interference in the downlink.
There are multiple reasons for this. As an example, the device
could be doing only uplink transmissions at the moment of interest,
but knowledge of this would require joint inter-cell
scheduling.
[0011] A problematic case is one which can be covered without joint
inter-cell scheduling, and which relies instead on UE-specific
handling. UE have different characteristics (e.g. number of RX/TX
antennas) and capabilities (e.g. able to do Interference Rejection
Combining (IRC), or even Interference Cancelation (IC) at RX).
[0012] There is a need to modify the reciprocity-based approach of
prior art RAIT methods so that sounding channel interference
covariance estimates only includes UEs which should be "protected"
in the DL based on specific UE capabilities and/or abilities, such
as not having interference mitigation capabilities, i.e. a high
number of RX antennas and/or do use advanced reception algorithms
such as IRC or IC.
SUMMARY
[0013] An object of the present disclosure is to provide methods
and devices which seek to mitigate, alleviate, or eliminate one or
more of the above-identified deficiencies in the art and
disadvantages singly or in any combination and to mitigate
inter-cluster interference in a communication system.
[0014] One embodiment provides a method, performed in a
communication network, of mitigating inter cluster interference,
wherein the communication network is configured to coordinate
transmissions of one or more wireless devices within two or more
wireless device categories and one or more network nodes, wherein
the one or more network nodes are transmitting in coordination to
the one or more wireless devices using a plurality of transceiver
antennas. The method includes receiving, for each of the plurality
of transceiver antennas in each of the one or more network nodes a
first signal comprising pre-defined sounding sequences transmitted
by at least one of the one or more wireless devices from a first of
the two or more wireless device categories and receiving, for each
of the plurality of transceiver antennas in each of the one or more
network nodes a second signal comprising pre-defined sounding
sequences transmitted by at least one of the one or more wireless
devices from any of the two or more wireless device categories. The
method further includes estimating, from the first signal and the
second signal the sounding channel interference from the one or
more wireless devices from the first wireless device category; and
determining downlink precoder weights, for use when transmitting
from the transceiver antennas, using the estimated sounding channel
interference from the one or more wireless devices from the first
wireless device category.
[0015] By using the proposed technique, inter cluster interference
between different categories of wireless devices may be mitigated.
By estimating sounding channel interference from the wireless
devices from the first wireless device category and using the
estimated sounding channel interference to determine downlink
precoder weights, sounding interference from wireless devices from
other categories clusters is actively used to estimate the channels
to inter-cluster wireless devices. The estimated channels are then
used to avoid creating interference in the joint transmission also
between the categories, and not only within a cluster. The
technique provides determining a precoder based on information
which can be estimated in the channel estimation procedure using
existing technology, thereby enabling low implementation costs.
[0016] According to some aspects, the wireless device categories
may be directed toward interference mitigation non-capable wireless
devices or interference mitigation capable wireless devices. The
interference mitigation capable devices are those wireless devices
that have multiple antennas and/or advanced receiver algorithms.
These wireless devices utilize multiple antennas, specialized
antennas and/or advanced receiver algorithms to mitigate
interference, such that interference mitigation assistance from a
network may not be as critical as compared to an interference
mitigation non-capable wireless device that does not have such
hardware or algorithms.
[0017] According to some aspects, the determining implies that the
precoder weights are determined such that interference of the
transmissions from the transceiver antennas to the one or more
wireless devices from the first wireless device category to be
reduced. These aspects enable multi-user joint transmission to give
large network capacity gains over traditional serving-cell
transmission, also in practical scenarios with non-coordinated
interference and practical channel estimation. It is expected to
bring performance benefits also in the cases of Multi-User
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output and coordinated beamforming.
[0018] According to an aspect, the estimating comprises calculating
sounding channel interference covariance estimates of the estimated
sounding channel interference, and wherein the determining
comprises determining precoder weights based on the sounding
channel interference covariance estimates. These estimates can be
obtained through a standard channel estimation procedure in
combination with a setup of sounding signals.
[0019] According to an aspect, the estimating may include
estimating, from the received first signal, the first sounding
channel interference; and estimating, from the received second
signal, the second sounding channel interference. Further, the
estimating may includes calculating a first sounding channel
interference covariance estimate of the first estimated sounding
channel interference and a second sounding channel interference
covariance estimate of the second estimated sounding channel
interference, and wherein the determining includes determining
precoder weights based on a weighted sum of the first and second
sounding channel interference covariance estimates. These estimates
can be obtained through a standard channel estimation procedure in
combination with a setup of sounding signals.
[0020] According to an aspect, the method may include estimating,
using received pre-defined sounding sequences, channel estimation
error estimates corresponding to respective downlink channel
estimates based on the received first signal and the received
second signal, and wherein the determining comprises determining
precoder weights based on the estimated channel estimation error
estimates. This aspect of the disclosure accounts for channel
estimation quality when calculating the precoder, specifically in,
but not limited to, forming the nulls to non-desired UEs. Since
channel estimation quality is known per TX antenna, it means that
the precoding algorithm will know which TX antennas are usable when
transmitting to a certain UE and which are not.
[0021] According to an aspect, determining implies that the
precoder weights are selected such that transmissions to wireless
devices outside the cluster are minimized to a higher extent for a
first signal corresponding to a first channel estimation error than
for a second signal corresponding to a second channel estimation
error, when the first channel estimation error corresponds to a
higher channel quality than the second channel estimation error.
Simply put, when channel estimation quality is low, the system will
not try to completely cancel its own signals for non-desired UEs,
since it is quite uncertain about the actual channel to this UE.
This increases robustness of the precoding.
[0022] According to an aspect, the method includes transmitting
data using the determined precoder weights. Then it is possible to
maximize the average system throughput and maximize the cell edge
user throughput and minimize the total system transmission
power.
[0023] According to an aspect, the method includes scheduling the
sounding sequences transmitted by the at least one of the one or
more wireless devices from a first of the two or more wireless
device categories and the sounding sequences transmitted by at
least one of the one or more wireless devices from any of the two
or more wireless device categories. The sounding sequences from
wireless devices from one category, and then from either another
category or from all wireless devices in all categories may then be
scheduled to enable efficient downlink shared channel sounding
sequence data resource assignment.
[0024] According to an aspect, the method includes scheduling the
sounding signals a pre-defined time before a corresponding downlink
transmission. This enables a good estimate of the sounding channel
interference at the time of sounding signal transmission, since all
wireless devices outside the cluster which the precoder tries to
avoid interfering, because of a future colliding downlink
transmission in a neighbor cluster, are being scheduled sounding
signals at the same time as the devices in the own cluster.
[0025] According to an aspect, the scheduling includes scheduling
orthogonal sounding sequences within each cluster. In this way, the
network can estimate the downlink channel for all Transmission
points to multiple wireless devices at the same time.
[0026] According to an aspect, the scheduling includes scheduling
sounding sequences in different clusters to have a correlation
below a threshold. By scheduling the sounding sequences to be
uncorrelated between, sounding interference from other clusters,
usually referred to as "pilot pollution", can be used to estimate
the channels to inter-cluster wireless devices.
[0027] According to some aspects, the disclosure relates to a
coordination unit configured to coordinate transmissions in a
cluster comprising one or more wireless devices and one or more
network nodes, wherein the one or more network nodes are
transmitting in coordination to the wireless devices in the cluster
using several transceiver antennas. The coordination unit comprises
processing circuitry configured to implement aspects of the
disclosed method of mitigating inter-cluster interference, with all
the advantages described above in relation to the disclosed method
of mitigating inter-cluster interference.
[0028] The present disclosure also relates to a network node
configured to coordinate transmissions in a cluster comprising one
or more wireless devices and one or more network nodes, wherein the
one or more network nodes are transmitting in coordination to the
wireless devices in the cluster using several transceiver antennas.
The network node comprises a communication interface comprising one
or more transceiver antennas, wherein the communication interface
is configured for communication with a wireless device. The network
node further comprises a coordination unit according as described
above, with all the advantages described above in relation to the
disclosed method of mitigating inter-cluster interference.
[0029] The present disclosure also relates to computer readable
mediums, having stored there on a computer program which, when run
in a coordination unit, causes the coordination unit to perform an
aspect of the disclosed method of mitigating inter-cluster
interference, with all the advantages described above in relation
to the disclosed method of mitigating inter-cluster
interference.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0030] The foregoing will be apparent from the following more
particular description of the example embodiments, as illustrated
in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters
refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The
drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being
placed upon illustrating the example embodiments.
[0031] FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating an embodiment of a prior
art Reciprocity Assisted Interference-Aware Transmission (RAIT)
method steps;
[0032] FIG. 2a illustrates multipoint transmission in a
communication system;
[0033] FIG. 2b illustrates sounding signal transmission;
[0034] FIG. 2c illustrates interference between clusters in a
communication system using multipoint transmission;
[0035] FIGS. 3a and 3b is a flowchart illustrating embodiments of
method steps;
[0036] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating embodiments of a
coordination unit;
[0037] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating embodiments of a
network node;
[0038] FIG. 6 illustrates a cluster comprising a single network
node comprising several transceiver antennas in a MIMO-MU
embodiment;
[0039] FIG. 7a illustrates throughput using a SLNR precoding
algorithm with ideal channel knowledge;
[0040] FIG. 7b illustrates throughput using a SLNR precoding
algorithm with practical channel estimates;
[0041] FIGS. 8a and 8b illustrate how throughput is improved in a
simulation using the proposed methods.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0042] Aspects of the present disclosure will be described more
fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. The
apparatus and method disclosed herein can, however, be realized in
many different forms and should not be construed as being limited
to the aspects set forth herein. Like numbers in the drawings refer
to like elements throughout.
[0043] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing
particular aspects of the disclosure only, and is not intended to
limit the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an"
and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless
the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0044] Various aspects of the illustrative embodiments will be
described using terms commonly employed by those skilled in the art
to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.
However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that
alternate embodiments may be practiced with only some of the
described aspects. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers,
materials, and configurations are set forth in order to provide a
thorough understanding of the illustrative embodiments. However, it
will be apparent to one skilled in the art that alternate
embodiments may be practiced without the specific details. In other
instances, well-known features are omitted or simplified in order
not to obscure the illustrative embodiments.
[0045] Further, various operations will be described as multiple
discrete operations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in
understanding the illustrative embodiments; however, the order of
description should not be construed as to imply that these
operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these
operations need not be performed in the order of presentation.
[0046] The phrase "in some embodiments" is used repeatedly. The
phrase generally does not refer to the same embodiments; however,
it may. The terms "comprising," "having," and "including" are
synonymous, unless the context dictates otherwise. The phrase "A
and/or B" means (A), (B), or (A and B). The phrase "A/B" means (A),
(B), or (A and B), similar to the phrase "A and/or B". The phrase
"at least one of A, B and C" means (A), (B), (C), (A and B), (A and
C), (B and C) or (A, B and C). The phrase "(A) B" means (B) or (A
and B), that is, A is optional
[0047] The essence of the proposed technique is a novel multi-user
joint transmission scheme which takes inter-cluster interference of
wireless devices within two or more wireless device categories into
account. According to one variant the precoding scheme is further
based on the channel estimation error. The channel estimation error
is obtained through a standard channel estimation procedure in
combination with a setup of sounding signals. In essence, sounding
interference from at least one wireless device category is here
desirable and actively used to estimate the channels to
inter-cluster wireless devices, which are then used to avoid
creating interference in the Joint Transmission, and not only
within a cluster.
[0048] Hence, the present disclosure proposes a precoding scheme
which minimizes interference power caused to wireless devices in at
least one wireless category. The proposed precoder will beam form
away from active wireless devices not in the at lease one wireless
category which would otherwise have suffered from interference by
the transmissions. The proposed precoding is based entirely on
sounding signal measurements, i.e. information which can be
estimated in the channel estimation procedure.
[0049] The proposed technique will now be described in further
detail. However, as a starting point downlink channel estimation in
multi-user joint transmission will first be briefly introduced.
[0050] FIG. 2a illustrates one example network where the proposed
precoder may be implemented. In FIG. 2a three base stations 110, in
LTE eNodeBs, are jointly transmitting to wireless devices 10 within
a first device category, namely, interference mitigation capable
wireless devices or UEs and to wireless devices 12 within a second
device category, namely interference mitigation non-capable
wireless devices or UEs. As used herein, an interference mitigation
capable wireless device or UE is a UE having multiple antennas
and/or advanced receiver algorithms. Further, as used herein, an
interference mitigation non-capable wireless device or UE is a UE
with low antennas and/or does not use receiver (RX) algorithms. In
LTE this mode is referred to as coherent Joint TX, which is one of
the defined COMP modes in LTE. In this mode, more than one point
transmits the same data blocks to a UE simultaneously. The UE
receives a combined version of signals from the more than one
signal paths from different access points. The jointly transmitted
signal can raise an average signal to noise plus interference
ratio. As a consequence, the downlink transmission quality is
improved. Note that although LTE is generally used herein as an
example, the same principle may be used in other cellular systems
where cell synchronization is performed in a group of cells, in
particular in a 5G network.
[0051] Hence, the base stations 110 are e.g. transmitting the same
signal to one wireless device, from different antennas in different
base stations 110a. A number of coordinated base stations 110 and
wireless devices 10, 12 are referred to as a cluster 100.
[0052] One of the key obstacles in multi-user joint transmission is
that the transmitting side (e.g. the base station or similar
network side function) need to know the per-physical-resource radio
channel from transmission, TX, point to receiver, RX, antenna for
each Transmission point and RX antenna in the network (typically
called the downlink channel). In classical systems, only the
receiver of data needs to estimate the channel to be able to
demodulate the data, but here, in order to avoid interference and
aim right, the transmitter needs this information as well.
[0053] In order to overcome this obstacle, it is assumed that the
system uses the same radio channel frequency for both uplink and
downlink transmissions (TDD) and that the classical channel
reciprocity is usable. The latter means that the channel estimates
for one direction can be used directly or indirectly to estimate
the channel in the other direction.
[0054] The downlink channel estimates are obtained by letting the
UEs periodically or aperiodically transmit pilot (or sounding)
sequences to the transmission points which receive these sequences
in order to estimate the channel. Typically, multiple orthogonal
pilot sequences can be transmitted at the same time by several UEs
within one cluster. In this way, the network can estimate the
downlink channel for all Transmission points to multiple UEs at the
same time (again, assuming reciprocity). This is illustrated in
FIG. 2b.
[0055] Once the DL channel from each Transmission point to each UE
RX antenna is known (or estimated), the network needs to calculate
a precoding for each physical resource (or group of physical
resources) in order to transmit the D data streams from N TX
antennas to the M RX antennas. The vector of data symbols to be
simultaneously transmitted in a physical resource can be
denoted:
x = [ x 0 x 1 x D - 1 ] ##EQU00001##
[0056] The downlink channel matrix is denoted H. The transmitted
signal vector from the N TX antennas is denoted y and the received
signal vector collecting the received signals from all antennas of
all users in the cluster of interest is denoted z. Applying a
linear precoding matrix W, the received signal vector becomes:
z=Hy=HWx
[0057] Calculating the precoding matrix W requires knowledge of the
downlink channel H, in practice in form of a channel estimate H so
that W=f(H) (which can be a function of additional parameters as
well) where f is a function chosen e.g. to maximize the average
system throughput, to maximize the cell edge user throughput or to
minimize the total system TX power. Examples of classical precoding
functions are SLNR (maximizing Signal-to-Leakage-and-Noise ratio),
Zero Forcing (minimizing interference).
[0058] Turning to FIG. 2c, a problem will now be identified and
discussed. FIG. 2c illustrates two clusters a and b with
coordinated devices. The devices in the cluster are enumerated
using the letter of the cluster as a suffix. For examples the base
stations of cluster "a" are enumerated 110a and the wireless
devices of cluster "a" are enumerated 10a. As discussed before,
when the base stations in cluster "a" are transmitting they try to
cancel or at least minimize the interference caused to other
wireless devices 10a, 12a within the cluster using precoding and/or
beamforming. However, there may as well be wireless devices outside
the cluster 10b, 12b that may be interfered by the transmission.
This interference is referred to as inter-cluster interference. The
inventive methods and devices herein propose a new precoder weight
calculating algorithm which takes an estimate of the caused
inter-cluster interference into account and tries to minimize such
interference.
[0059] Further, since some wireless devices have certain
capabilities, functions and/or conditions, the need to transmit in
their direction is not needed. These wireless devices are
classified as being within one or more specific wireless device
categories. As such, the inventive methods and devices herein
propose a new precoder weight calculating algorithm which takes an
estimate of the caused inter-cluster interference based on wireless
devices within one or more wireless device category and tries to
minimize such interference.
[0060] Further as shown in FIG. 2c, wireless devices 10, 12 within
two wireless device categories are illustrated. The wireless
devices within each wireless device category have a common feature
and/or capability. In some embodiments, the common capability is
directed toward interference mitigation capability, i.e. those
wireless devices that are interference mitigation non-capable
wireless devices 12a and those wireless devices that are
interference mitigation capable wireless devices 10a. As used
herein, an interference mitigation capable wireless device or UE is
a UE having multiple antennas and/or advanced receiver algorithms.
Further, as used herein, an interference mitigation non-capable
wireless device or UE is a UE with low antennas and/or does not use
receiver (RX) algorithms. Other constraints may include, but not
limited to, subscription rate, bandwidth, VIP status, and devices
that are known to be typically used for transmission of delay
sensitive traffic, i.e. devices typically used for critical MTC
which need ultra-reliable low latency communication.
[0061] In addition, many algorithms assume that the channel
estimate H is perfect, i.e. that the estimated channel is equal to
the actual channel H=H. In other cases, the algorithm assumes a
constant error covariance for all TX-RX antenna pairs. Neither of
the assumptions is typically correct, which leads to a precoder
which tries to perfectly cancel interference at the UE positions.
However, since H.noteq.H this typically leads to bad
performance.
[0062] An embodiment of a method, performed in a coordination unit
configured to coordinate transmissions in a cluster 100, for
mitigating inter-cluster interference, is now described referring
to FIG. 3a-b. The cluster, for example the cluster in FIG. 2a-c,
comprises wireless devices 10a, 12a, where wireless device 12a are
interference mitigation non-capable wireless devices and wireless
device 10a are interference mitigation capable wireless devices,
and one or more network nodes 110a, wherein the one or more network
nodes 110a are transmitting in coordination to the wireless devices
10a, 12a in the cluster using several transceiver antennas. The
method is typically performed when network node 110a, such as an
eNodeB, is about to transmit a signal to a wireless device in the
cluster.
[0063] As discussed above, in order to calculate a suitable
precoder, before transmitting, the network node needs to listen to
the sounding signals transmitted by wireless devices in the
cluster. According to some embodiments, the method comprises
scheduling S1 the sounding sequences transmitted by the one or more
wireless devices 10a, 12a in the cluster 100. This implies that the
network node 110a allocates resources e.g. time and frequency for
the sounding signals and also informs the wireless devices about
the resources. In most communication systems of today, the network
node is responsible for all scheduling. However, other solutions
are also possible, as discussed below.
[0064] The scheduling S1 typically comprises scheduling orthogonal
sounding sequences transmitted by the one or more wireless devices
within each cluster 100. The scheduling may include reserving some
of the time intervals, i.e. contrained time intervals, for only
interference mitigation non-capable wireless devices 12a. The other
time intervals, i.e. uncontrained time intervals, do not have such
constraints so that, if uplink wireless devices can be scheduled in
those TTIs, no wireless devices are excluded from being scheduled.
In this way, the network can estimate the downlink channel for all
transmission points to multiple wireless devices based on their
respective interference mitigation capabilities at the same time
(again, assuming reciprocity). The downlink channel matrix is
denoted H. In this embodiment, the contrained time interval is
directed toward the sounding sequences by interference mitigation
non-capable wireless devices 12a. This is illustrative. Those
skilled in the art will recognized that the contrained time may
also be directed to additional categories of wireless devices.
[0065] Then, in step S2, for each transceiver antenna in each of
the one or more network nodes 110a, a signal is received comprising
pre-defined sounding sequences transmitted by the one or more
wireless devices 10a, 12a of the cluster 100 and sounding channel
interference from one or more wireless devices 10b, 12b. Each
antenna corresponds to a transmission point. The antennas may be
located in one or several network nodes. Because the sounding
signals are known to the network nodes this enables calculation of
the physical channel from the network nodes' transmit antennas to
the wireless devices' receive antennas for a certain resource r at
a certain time t. The time may be referred to as a transmission
time interval, TTI.
[0066] Based on the knowledge of the channel and the sounding
signals within the cluster it is also possible to estimate the part
of the signal which is not sounding sequences transmitted by
wireless devices within a particular device category in the
cluster. Based on the knowledge the system estimates S4, from the
received signals, the sounding channel interference from those
wireless devices not associated with the particular device
category. These estimates include two sets of inter-cluster
(inter-cell) estimates, one based on the signal received during the
constrained time intervals associated with the particular device
category, i.e. a constrained estimate, and the second based on the
signal received from during the unconstrained time intervals from
all of the two or more wireless devices, i.e. an unconstrained
estimate.
[0067] In other words, the network node estimates the channel,
using the known sounding sequences. By analyzing the actually
received signal it is, when knowing the channel, also possible to
estimate the interference and noise. The sounding schedule such
that sounding sequences in different clusters have a correlation
below a threshold. In other words, the sounding sequences are
uncorrelated, or at least almost uncorrelated, between clusters. By
channel analysis it may therefore be able to extract so called
"pilot pollution". Hence, the network node may identify the sum of
the "unknown" wireless devices that are also transmitting sounding
signals.
[0068] The method further comprises determining S5 downlink
precoder weights, for use when transmitting from the transceiver
antennas of the cluster 100, using the estimated sounding channel
interference from the one or more wireless devices 10b, 12b. This
step implies utilizing the knowledge about possible "unknown"
wireless devices in order to avoid disturbing them. Typically,
implies that the precoder is estimated based on the estimated
channel between the transmitters and receiver of the transmission
in accordance with prior art, wherein the estimated sounding
channel interference is also taken into account as an additional
factor, where the estimated sounding channel interference is
obtained from a weighted sum of the estimates obtained from the
constrained and nonconstrained estimate. The weighted sum of the
estimates obtained from the constrained and nonconstrained
estimates may be based on a tradeoff between how much interference
protection should be dedicated to the constrained UE set versus to
all UEs. The selection of proper weights, to optimize a proper
performance metric, such as throughput, can be made using network
simulations, or in a live network environment through manual tuning
or machine learning approaches.
[0069] The weighted sum may be calculated by multiplying both the
constrained and unconstrained estimates by weighting values that
equal 1. For example, a weighted sum of 70% for the constrained
estimate and 30% for the unconstrained estimate would be calculated
as (0.7)*constrained estimate+(0.3)*uncontrained estimate. In this
example, the weighting values of 0.7 and 0.3 equal 1 when added
together. The weighting value for the constrained estimate can
range from 0 to 1, while the weighting value for the unconstrained
estimate can range from 0 to 1. The basis for using a weighted sum
is to tune how considerate to be for the category of UEs which are
not seen as being the prioritized UEs for interference
avoidance.
[0070] According to some aspects, the determining S5 implies that
the precoder weights are determined such that the interference that
the transmissions from the transceiver antennas will cause to the
wireless devices 10b, 12b outside the cluster 100 is minimized or
reduced. Stated differently, the precoder is set to optimize the
channel to the receiver or receivers, while still cancelling the
interference both for wireless devices inside and outside the own
cluster.
[0071] According to some aspects the method comprises the step of
transmitting S6 data using the determined S5 precoder weights. This
implies that the network node transmits data using the calculated
precoder. Because the precoder was selected to consider even other
cluster's wireless devices, the inter-cluster interference is
reduced.
[0072] Different aspect and embodiments of the proposed technique
will now be described in further detail.
Calculating Sounding Channel Interference Covariance
[0073] The sounding channel interference may be estimated in
different ways. One example embodiment is to calculate S4a sounding
channel interference covariance estimates of the estimated sounding
channel interference, for each of the constrained and unconstrained
estimates. Then, the determining S5 comprises determining S5a
precoder weights based on a weighted sum of the sounding channel
interference covariance constrained and unconstrained estimates.
This implies that the sounding channel interference covariance is
estimated and that the precoder is calculated using the sounding
channel interference covariance as one input value. The covariance
represents the spatial statistics of the intercluster
interference.
[0074] One example of calculating the channel interference
covariance estimates will now be described in more detail.
[0075] The physical channel from the eNodeB TX antennas to the UE
RX antennas for a certain resource r at a certain time t is denoted
H(r, t) and since the channel is assumed reciprocal, the channel in
the reverse direction is H.sup.T (r, t). In most of the equations
below, the resource and time notation (r, t) is omitted for
readability. The subscript U is used for the UE signals and
matrices, and subscript E for the eNodeB signals.
[0076] Under noise-less conditions, given a vector of transmitted
symbols f.sub.eNB at the eNB TX antennas, the channel H and the
diagonal maximum TX gain is given by P.sub.E (which may be a
complex rotation due to RX-TX phase differences), the noise-less
received vector y.sub.UE is given by
y.sub.U=HP.sub.Ex.sub.E
and symmetrically for the reverse direction with max UE TX gain
matrix P.sub.U
y.sub.E=H.sup.TP.sub.Ux.sub.U.
[0077] It may be assumed that the UE TX gain matrix is diagonal
with identical power gain on the diagonal, but the phase may be
arbitrary:
P.sub.UP.sub.U.sup.H=|p.sub.U.sup.2|I
[0078] The precoder weights W are used by the transmitter eNB to
calculate the transmitted signal vector as:
x.sub.E=Ws
where s is a vector of unity power data symbols to be transmitted
simultaneously from the set of eNBs to the set of UEs, i.e.
y.sub.U=HP.sub.EWs
The channel estimate of H is denoted H. The channel from the
cluster TX antennas to inter-cluster UEs (i.e. UEs in other
clusters) is denoted G. Note that one typical case is that the
channel estimates of G are not available, since the precise
sounding resources of another cluster are not known by the own
cluster, possibly due to slow backhaul communication between
clusters. The interference received by inter-cluster UEs from the
transmission in this cluster is
z.sub.U=GP.sub.EWs.sub.E.
[0079] It is then possible to define the inter-cluster interference
channel covariance
.LAMBDA..sub.G=E{G.sup.HG}.
[0080] Hence, this aspect proposes to include the interference
channel covariance .LAMBDA..sub.G in the calculation of the
precoder weights, i.e.
W=f(H,.LAMBDA..sub.c).
Calculation of Channel Error
[0081] The examples so far have been assuming Ideal channel
knowledge. However, this is not always the case. Simulations have
shown that it the precoding algorithm assumes ideal channel
knowledge, but if the channel knowledge is not ideal, due to e.g. a
bad channel, the throughout will be affected.
[0082] FIG. 7a illustrates simulation of throughput using a SLNR
precoding algorithm with ideal channel knowledge as input and FIG.
7b illustrates the same precoder with practical channel estimates
as input. In both cases the SLNR precoding algorithm assumes that
it has ideal channel knowledge. As can be seen, SLNR precoding
gives nice gains for ideal channel knowledge, FIG. 7a, but all
gains are turned into loss, FIG. 7b, compared to the legacy serving
cell transmission when practical channel estimates are used.
[0083] Therefore, the proposed technique can be extended to further
comprise estimating S3, using received pre-defined sounding
sequences, channel estimation error estimates corresponding to
respective downlink channel estimates based on the received signal
and wherein the determining S5 comprises determining S5b precoder
weights based on the estimated channel estimation error estimates.
This aspect will now be further explained.
[0084] A typical example is that the determining S5 implies that
the precoder weights are selected such that, transmissions to
wireless devices 10b, 12b outside the cluster 100 are reduced to a
higher extent for a first signal corresponding to a first channel
estimation error than for a second signal corresponding to a second
channel estimation error, when the first channel estimation error
corresponds to a higher channel quality than the second channel
estimation error.
[0085] In other words, ignoring this issue may create a precoding
algorithm which does not work well in practical deployments.
Therefore, according to some aspects, the method comprises
calculating S3a channel estimation error covariance estimates, and
the determining S5 comprises determining S5b precoder weights based
on the channel estimation error covariance estimates. An example
follows.
[0086] Define the channel estimation error {tilde over (H)}=H-H and
the channel estimation error covariance
.LAMBDA..sub.H=E{{tilde over (H)}.sup.H{tilde over (H)}}
[0087] Hence, this aspect of the proposed technique is to include
both the channel estimation error covariance .LAMBDA..sub.H as well
as the interference channel covariance .LAMBDA..sub.G in the
calculation of the precoder weights, i.e.
W=f(H,.LAMBDA..sub.H,.LAMBDA..sub.G)
[0088] In particular, the differences in results between FIGS. 7a
and 7b illustrate that it is typically not a good idea for the
precoder to try to perfectly cancel the interference at the
positions of the wireless devices. Therefore, according to some
aspects, determining S5 downlink precoder weights implies that the
precoder weights are selected such that, transmissions to wireless
devices outside the cluster are reduced to a higher extent for a
first signal corresponding to a first channel estimation error than
for a second signal corresponding to a second channel estimation
error, when the first channel estimation error corresponds to a
higher channel quality than the second channel estimation
error.
[0089] Below, a few different potential embodiments of how the
precoder may be determined in step S5, using a so called precoding
calculation function, as well as the estimation of .LAMBDA..sub.H
and .LAMBDA..sub.G are presented.
Estimation of Channel Error Covariance and Inter-Cluster
Interference Channel Covariance
[0090] One example of channel estimation and inter-cluster
interference channel covariance estimation follow below. In this
example, the channel estimation and inter-cluster interference
channel covariance estimation are computed separately for the
sounding information obtained from the two different sounding
intervals for the two different UE categories. These estimates from
the two sounding intervals can then be weighted appropriately as
mentioned above. However, the disclosure is not limited to this
example.
[0091] In the uplink, the set of eNodeBs receives a vector samples
y.sub.E per resource r
y.sub.E=H.sup.TP.sub.Ux.sub.U+G.sup.TP.sub.Ix.sub.I+e
where e is white background noise with E{ee.sup.H}=.SIGMA., and
P.sub.I is the UE TX gain matrix for the inter-cluster UEs.
[0092] It is assumed that the UE maximum TX scaling P.sub.U is
known (through e.g. calibration), as well as the sounding sequences
x.sub.U for the own cluster. It is also assumed that the outside
cluster sounding sequences are x.sub.I uncorrelated with x.sub.U.
Also, the x.sub.U sequences are chosen so that UEs within the
cluster are orthogonal over a set of resources, and each sequence
symbol has unity gain so that E{x.sub.Ux.sub.U.sup.H}=I,
E{x.sub.Ix.sub.I.sup.H}=I, and E{x.sub.Ux.sub.I.sup.H}=0.
[0093] A standard channel estimation procedure is used to obtain a
channel estimate H from the received samples y.sub.E on sounding
resources.
[0094] The instantaneous interference samples y.sub.E are
calculated as:
y.sub.E=y.sub.E-H.sup.TP.sub.Ux.sub.U=(H.sup.T-H.sup.T)P.sub.Ux.sub.U+G.-
sup.TP.sub.xx.sub.I+e
[0095] The expected covariance of y.sub.E is formed as
.LAMBDA. = E .times. { ( y E _ .function. ( y E _ ) H ) T } = E
.times. { H ~ H .times. P U * .times. x U * .times. x U T .times. P
U T .times. H ~ } + E .times. { G H .times. P I * .times. P I T
.times. G } + .SIGMA. T .apprxeq. .apprxeq. E .times. { H ~ H
.times. P U * .times. P U T .times. H ~ } + E .times. { G H .times.
P I * .times. P I T .times. G } + .SIGMA. T .times. = | p U 2 | E
.times. { H ~ H .times. H ~ } + | p I 2 | E .times. { G H .times. G
} + .SIGMA. T = | p U 2 | .LAMBDA. H + | p I 2 | .LAMBDA. G +
.SIGMA. T ##EQU00002##
where the approximately equal comes from some remaining the
correlation between {tilde over (H)} and x.sub.U from the channel
estimation procedure, but this correlation becomes very small for
larger channel estimation processing gains.
[0096] The estimate {circumflex over (.LAMBDA.)} is straightforward
to calculate by e.g. averaging of y.sub.E(y.sub.E).sup.H samples
over a coherent region of resources. With the assumption that the
system is interference limited so that .parallel..SIGMA..parallel.
.parallel..LAMBDA..parallel. and UE TX gains intra- and
inter-cluster are equal |p.sub.I.sup.2|=|p.sub.U.sup.2| the
following approximation holds:
.LAMBDA. H + .LAMBDA. G .apprxeq. 1 | p U 2 | .times. .LAMBDA.
.apprxeq. 1 | p U 2 | .times. .LAMBDA. ^ ##EQU00003##
[0097] It should be noted that the 3GPP requirements for UE power
control are not very strict, and thus the assumptions above on
output power being equal may not hold. Techniques for mitigating
this, if necessary, are outside the scope of this disclosure.
Precoder Weight Selection
[0098] Two different precoder weight calculation methods that may
be used to determine S5 the precoder weights, will now be
described. It should be noted that these methods produce identical
weights given the same input, in spite of vastly different
expressions.
[0099] According to some aspects, the determining S5 comprises
minimizing a sum of the estimated interference for the one or more
wireless devices 10b, 12b outside the cluster 100, and a difference
between the resulting effective channel between the transceiver
antennas and the wireless devices in the cluster and a
corresponding desired effective channel.
[0100] The classical Zero Forcing precoder weight calculation means
calculating W so that HW=R, where R is the desired effective
channel from data stream to receiver antenna. Typically R is chosen
to be diagonal. Given only channel estimates H with error
covariance .LAMBDA..sub.H the problem can be posed as minimizing
.parallel.HP.sub.EW-R.parallel..sub.F.sup.2 and yields the optimal
solution
W=(P.sub.EH.sup.HHP.sub.E+P.sub.E.LAMBDA..sub.HP.sub.E).sup.-1P.sub.EH.s-
up.HR=P.sub.E.sup.-1(H.sup.HH+.LAMBDA..sub.H).sup.-1H.sup.H
If instead the MSE of the effective channel plus the caused
interference power for intercluster UEs, is minimized, i.e.
.parallel.HP.sub.EW-R.parallel..sub.F.sup.2+.parallel.GP.sub.EW.parallel-
..sub.F.sup.2
the optimal solution becomes
W=P.sub.E.sup.-1(H.sup.HH+.LAMBDA..sub.H+.LAMBDA..sub.G).sup.-1H.sup.HR
[0101] Using the estimates of .LAMBDA..sub.H+.LAMBDA..sub.G
obtained in the channel estimation procedure, the Interference
Aware Zero Forcing precoder becomes
W = P E - 1 .function. ( H ^ H .times. H ^ + 1 | p U 2 | .times.
.LAMBDA. ^ ) - 1 .times. H ^ H .times. R ##EQU00004##
[0102] SLNR is another popular precoder weight calculation method,
and it has actually been shown to give identical results to ZF
under certain circumstances. According to some aspects, the
determining S5 comprises maximizing a Signal to Leakage and Noise
Ratio of a channel between the transceiver antennas and the
wireless devices in the cluster, wherein the maximizing comprises a
regularization term which is based on the sounding channel
interference estimates.
[0103] The standard SLNR weight calculation is to solve for
generalized eigenvalues for each data stream (i.e. calculate each
column of W individually). Defining H.sub.m,: as H with the mth row
removed, and H.sub.m,: as the mth row of H, column d of W is
calculated as
W.sub.i,:=argmax(eig(H.sub.d,:.sup.HH.sub.d,:,H.sub.d,:.sup.HH.sub.d,:+.-
SIGMA.))
where .SIGMA. is a regularization term and the argmax(eig(x, y))
notation means the eigenvector corresponding to the largest
generalized eigenvalue of x and y.
[0104] To exploit the channel estimation error covariance estimate
in the calculation, the regularization term .SIGMA. is simply
replaced by .LAMBDA..sub.H+.LAMBDA..sub.G:
W.sub.:,d=argmax(eig(H.sub.d,:.sup.HH.sub.d,:,H.sub.d,:.sup.HH.sub.d,:+.-
LAMBDA..sub.H+.LAMBDA..sub.G))
[0105] Using the estimated covariance matrices from channel
estimation procedure, the resulting precoder becomes
W : , d = arg .times. .times. max .function. ( e .times. i .times.
g .function. ( H ^ d , : H .times. H ^ d , : , H ^ d , : _ H
.times. H ^ d , : _ + 1 | p U 2 | .times. .LAMBDA. ^ ) )
##EQU00005##
Time and Synchronization Aspects
[0106] In the preceding sections, the time aspect of the estimates
was omitted for clarity. Typically, the UL and DL transmissions do
not take place in the same time instant, and therefore the
coordination unit does not have the latest information on neither
channel estimates nor interference covariance estimates. The
channel estimation filtering or extrapolation to the given time
from previous sounding instants is a standard procedure outside of
the scope of this disclosure. However, the timing aspect of the
interference covariance estimate part will now be discussed.
[0107] In terms of the above notation, the problem is that for
optimal precoding it is desirable to know .LAMBDA.(t) but only
estimates up to time t-.delta. are available (due to e.g. signaling
delays or UL/DL switching). Since different users are typically
scheduled at different time instants, the covariance of the
interfered inter-cluster users .LAMBDA..sub.G(t)=G(t)G.sup.H(t) can
change drastically with time t. The aspect of time-varying channels
over time due to fading is of course also present, but usually much
less important than the variation of scheduled users.
[0108] From the equations and reasoning above it should be clear
that it is important that the UEs from neighboring clusters seen on
the UL pilot sounding resources in step S1 of FIG. 3 are
substantially the same as those out of own cluster UEs hit by
interference from the transmission in step S6, and vice versa for
surrounding clusters. If these two sets of UEs are substantially
different, then the estimate of .LAMBDA..sub.G becomes erroneous
and the performance would thus suffer.
[0109] There are at least two ways of handling this. According to
some aspects, the scheduling S1 comprises coordinating sounding
sequence transmissions between the cluster 100 and at least one
other cluster.
[0110] One way to prevent the timing issues above is to introduce
some form of coordination of pilot sounding transmission between
clusters. Hence according to some aspects, the scheduling S1
comprises scheduling the sounding signals a pre-defined time before
a corresponding downlink transmission. In its simplest form, this
could be to set a fixed sounding-to-DL-transmission time gap
.DELTA..sub.DL-SRS so that the UEs scheduled for sounding at time
instant t-.DELTA..sub.DL-SRS are exactly the same UEs being
scheduled for DL transmission at time tin all clusters. Then using
{circumflex over (.LAMBDA.)}(t-.DELTA..sub.DL-SRS) as an estimate
for .DELTA.(t) in the precoder calculation is a good approximation
since all UEs in G which the precoder tries to avoid interfering
are being scheduled own DL data at the same time.
[0111] More advanced ways to coordinate include if one cluster
knows the pilot sounding resources of another cluster the former
cluster could select among its own UEs that are likely to be
significant victim UEs (based e.g. on pathgain/RSRP estimates to
find out the most strongly interfered UEs) of the latter cluster's
transmissions during the time period between two pilot sounding
occasions for the latter cluster and let those selected UEs' pilot
sounding collide with the pilot sounding of the latter cluster.
This implies that according to some aspects, the scheduling S1
comprises scheduling sounding sequences of at least one of the
wireless devices 10a, 12a within the cluster 100 to at least partly
overlap with the sounding sequences of at least one other
cluster.
[0112] This thus provides a mechanism for a cluster to control
which of its UEs should be taken into account (seen as victims) in
a neighboring cluster's determination of its precoding. The
clusters' pilot sounding resources could be set up in a
predetermined fashion and knowledge of that sounding pattern could
be shared among multiple clusters. Alternatively, a cluster may
signal another cluster the pilot sounding pattern or individual
future occasions.
[0113] If there is no way to coordinate the transmissions in the
different CoMP clusters, one fallback solution is to filter or
average the .LAMBDA.(t) in order to form an estimate of the
expected interfered UE covariance at time t,
E{.LAMBDA..sub.G(t)}=E{G(t)G.sup.H(t)}. In other words, this
implies averaging several transmission time intervals, TTI, such as
LTE sub frames.
[0114] On simple such filtering is a linear filter of the available
{circumflex over (.LAMBDA.)}(t) samples, i.e.
.LAMBDA. H .function. ( t ) + .LAMBDA. G .function. ( t ) .apprxeq.
s = t - N t - .delta. .times. a s .times. .LAMBDA. ^ .function. ( s
) ##EQU00006##
for some filter time horizon N and a delay from latest received
sounding to DL transmission .delta.. This approach requires no
coordination at all between clusters, but on the other hand will
result a very cautious precoding which tries to avoid a lot
potential of inter-cluster UEs which are actually not being
scheduled DL transmission at time t.
MU-MIMO Implementation
[0115] Although the focus of this disclosure has been exemplified
by the application of coherent multi-user joint transmission CoMP,
the technique can also be applied to MU-MIMO and coordinated
beamforming. Hence, in one aspect of this disclosure the cluster
comprises a single network node 110a comprising several transceiver
antennas, as illustrated in FIG. 6.
[0116] An application for MU-MIMO is obtained by setting the number
of network nodes to one in the previous derivation, i.e. only one
network point/node is included in the cluster. This would allow one
point/node to partly also avoid transmitting towards victim UEs of
neighboring nodes/points. This could also be referred to as a
version of coordinated beamforming. A variant of the MU-MIMO
application could be to explicitly estimate also the channel G to
victim UEs of neighboring points/nodes with a corresponding
estimation error covariance
.LAMBDA..sub.G=E{{tilde over (G)}.sup.H{tilde over (G)}}
[0117] The precoder would then be based on the expression
W=P.sub.E.sup.-1(H.sup.HH+G.sup.HG+.LAMBDA..sub.H+.LAMBDA..sub.G).sup.-1-
H.sup.HR
[0118] This latter approach is also an example of coordinated
beamforming. In fact, for both of the previously mentioned MU-MIMO
techniques, a single UE, instead of multiple UEs, could be
co-scheduled in the serving point/node and the focus would then be
on the coordinated beamforming aspect, i.e., precoding to reduce
interference to victim UEs of neighboring points/nodes.
Example Node Embodiments
[0119] FIG. 4 illustrates an example coordination unit 115,
according to some of the example embodiments, wherein the
coordination unit 115 is configured to coordinate transmissions in
a cluster comprising one or more wireless devices and one or more
network nodes, wherein the one or more network nodes are
transmitting in coordination to the one or more wireless devices in
the cluster using several transceiver antennas. The inclusion of
coordination unit 115 is dependent upon whether any applicable
rules are to be implemented on a network wide basis or not. If such
rules are to be applied network wide, then coordination unit 115
may not be utilized. In those situations where different cells
within a network need different rules, coordination unit 115 may be
utilized.
[0120] The coordination unit 115 comprises processing circuitry 113
configured to receive, for each transceiver antenna in each of the
one or more network nodes 110a, a signal comprising pre-defined
sounding sequences transmitted by the one or more wireless devices
inside the cluster and sounding channel interference from one or
more wireless devices outside the cluster. The processing circuitry
113 is further configured to estimate, from the received signal,
the sounding channel interference from the wireless devices outside
the cluster. The processing circuitry 113 is also configured to
determine downlink precoding weights, for use when transmitting
from the transceiver antennas of the cluster, based on the received
signal and the estimated sounding channel interference. The
processing circuitry 113 may be any suitable type of computation
unit, e.g. a microprocessor, digital signal processor, DSP, field
programmable gate array, FPGA, or application specific integrated
circuit, ASIC, or any other form of circuitry. It should be
appreciated that the processing circuitry 113 need not be provided
as a single unit but may be provided as any number of units or
circuitry. The processing circuitry 113 may be in communication,
directly or indirectly, with a radio communication interface (not
shown). The processing circuitry 113 may be capable of executing
computer program code. The coordination unit 115 may comprise a
memory, MEM 112. The memory 112 may be comprised in the processing
circuitry 113. A computer program may be stored in the memory 112.
The computer program may, when run in the coordination unit 115,
cause the coordination unit 115 to perform aspects of the method as
disclosed above. The memory 112 can be any combination of a Random
Access Memory, RAM, and a Read Only Memory, ROM. The memory 112 may
comprise persistent storage, which, for example, can be any single
one or combination of magnetic memory, optical memory, or solid
state memory or even remotely mounted memory.
[0121] According to some aspects the processing circuitry 113
comprises modules configured to perform the methods described
above. Hence, according to some aspects, the processing circuitry
113 comprises a receive module M1 configured to receive, for each
transceiver antenna in each of the one or more network nodes 110a,
a signal comprising pre-defined sounding sequences transmitted by
the one or more wireless devices inside the cluster and sounding
channel interference from one or more wireless devices outside the
cluster. The processing circuitry 113 further comprises an
estimation module M5 configured to estimate, from the received
signal, the sounding channel interference from the wireless devices
outside the cluster. The processing circuitry 113 also comprises a
determination module M7 configured to determine downlink precoding
weights, for use when transmitting from the transceiver antennas of
the cluster, based on the received signal and the estimated
sounding channel interference. The processing circuitry 113 may
additionally comprise a transmit module M9 configured to transmit
data using the determined precoding weights. The processing
circuitry 113 may additionally comprise an estimation and
calculation module M3 configured to estimate, using received
pre-defined sounding sequences, channel estimation error estimates
corresponding to respective downlink channel estimates based on the
received signal, and calculate channel estimation error covariance
estimates. According to some aspects, the coordination unit is
implemented in a computer cloud. According to some aspects, the
coordination unit is implemented in a software defined network,
SDN.
[0122] Further details and advantages of the following aspects have
been discussed above relating to aspects of the disclosed
method.
[0123] According to some aspects, the processing circuitry 113 is
configured to calculate sounding channel interference covariance
estimates of the estimated sounding channel interference, and to
determine precoding weights based on the sounding channel
interference covariance estimates.
[0124] According to some aspects, the processing circuitry 113 is
configured to estimate, using received pre-defined sounding
sequences, channel estimation error estimates corresponding to
respective downlink channel estimates based on the received signal
and wherein the determining comprises determining precoding weights
based on the estimated channel estimation error estimates.
[0125] According to some aspects, the processing circuitry 113 is
configured to calculate channel estimation error covariance
estimates, and wherein the determining comprises determining
precoding weights based on the channel estimation error covariance
estimates.
[0126] According to some aspects, determining implies that the
precoding weights are selected such that, transmissions to wireless
devices outside the cluster are reduced to a higher extent for a
first signal corresponding to a first channel estimation error than
for a second signal corresponding to a second channel estimation
error, when the first channel estimation error corresponds to a
higher channel quality than the second channel estimation
error.
[0127] According to some aspects, the processing circuitry 113 is
configured to schedule the sounding sequences transmitted by the
one or more wireless devices in the cluster.
[0128] According to some aspects, the processing circuitry 113 is
configured to transmit data using the determined precoding
weights.
[0129] FIG. 5 illustrates an example network node 110a, according
to some of the example embodiments, wherein the network node 110a
is configured to coordinate transmissions in a cluster comprising
one or more wireless devices and one or more network nodes 110a,
wherein the one or more network nodes 110a are transmitting in
coordination to the wireless devices in the cluster using several
transceiver antennas. The network node 110a comprises an embodiment
of a coordination unit as described above in relation to FIG. 3.
The network node 110a further comprises a communication interface
111 comprising one or more transceiver antennas, wherein the
communications interface 111 is configured for communication with a
wireless device. The communication interface 111 comprises a radio
communication interface 111a and a network communication interface
111b.
[0130] The radio communication interface 111a is configured for
communication with wireless devices within reach of the network
node over a radio communication technology.
[0131] The network communication interface 111b is configured for
communication with other network nodes. This communication is often
wired e.g. using fiber. However, it may as well be wireless. The
connection between network nodes is generally referred to as the
backhaul.
[0132] FIGS. 8a and 8b illustrate predicted gains obtained by
Multi-User Joint Transmission over traditional serving cell
transmission using the present invention.
[0133] FIG. 8a illustrates a simulation of a Multi-User Joint
transmission using a custom Matlab simulator using standard 3GPP
Hexagonal Hetnet models extracted from the Raptor simulator. There
are two network clusters 100, 200 where Multi-User Transmission is
done individually within each cluster but where the two clusters
are completely uncoordinated.
[0134] FIG. 8b illustrates mean wireless device throughput for
different served traffic conditions. Multi-User Joint Transmission
schemes based on Minimum Mean-Square-Error Zero Forcing, MMSE ZF,
where inter-cluster interference is (the present invention), legend
(3), and is not, legend (2), taken into account, are compared to
legacy serving cell only scheduling (the typical LTE or HSPA
networks today). The present invention is predicted to improve the
mean wireless device throughput, with the improvement increasing as
the served traffic, measured in data rate per area unit,
increases.
[0135] Within the context of this disclosure, the terms "wireless
terminal" or "wireless device" encompass any device which is able
to communicate wirelessly with another device, as well as,
optionally, with an access node of a wireless network, by
transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals. Thus, the term
"wireless device" encompasses, but is not limited to: a user
equipment, e.g. an LTE UE, a mobile terminal, a stationary or
mobile wireless device for machine-to-machine communication, an
integrated or embedded wireless card, an externally plugged in
wireless card, a dongle etc. Throughout this disclosure, the term
"user equipment" is sometimes used to exemplify various
embodiments. However, this should not be construed as limiting, as
the concepts illustrated herein are equally applicable to other
wireless devices. Hence, whenever a "user equipment" or "UE" is
referred to in this disclosure, this should be understood as
encompassing any wireless device as defined above.
* * * * *