U.S. patent application number 17/271079 was filed with the patent office on 2021-10-14 for protective combat clothing.
This patent application is currently assigned to SOURCE VAGABOND SYSTEMS LTD.. The applicant listed for this patent is SOURCE VAGABOND SYSTEMS LTD.. Invention is credited to Yoram GILL.
Application Number | 20210315288 17/271079 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005722751 |
Filed Date | 2021-10-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210315288 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
GILL; Yoram |
October 14, 2021 |
PROTECTIVE COMBAT CLOTHING
Abstract
Protective combat clothing (PCC) may include a shirt and
trousers, wherein the shirt and the trousers are at least partially
made of woven fabric made of a composition of the materials
comprising flame-resistant fiber, flame-resistant meta-aramid
fiber, heat-resistant fiber, polyamide and anti-static fiber.
Inventors: |
GILL; Yoram; (Ein Hod,
IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SOURCE VAGABOND SYSTEMS LTD. |
Tirat Hacarmel |
|
IL |
|
|
Assignee: |
SOURCE VAGABOND SYSTEMS
LTD.
Tirat Hacarmel
IL
|
Family ID: |
1000005722751 |
Appl. No.: |
17/271079 |
Filed: |
August 5, 2019 |
PCT Filed: |
August 5, 2019 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/IL2019/050886 |
371 Date: |
February 24, 2021 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A41D 27/28 20130101;
A41D 31/265 20190201; A41D 13/0002 20130101; A41D 29/00 20130101;
A41B 9/12 20130101; A41D 2500/20 20130101; A41D 31/085
20190201 |
International
Class: |
A41D 13/00 20060101
A41D013/00; A41D 27/28 20060101 A41D027/28; A41D 31/08 20060101
A41D031/08; A41D 31/26 20060101 A41D031/26 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Aug 29, 2018 |
IL |
261474 |
Claims
1. Protective combat clothing (PCC) comprising a shirt and
trousers, wherein the shirt and the trousers are at least partially
made of woven fabric made of a composition of the materials
comprising flame-resistant fiber, flame-resistant meta-aramid
fiber, heat-resistant fiber, polyamide and anti-static fiber.
2. The PCC of claim 1, wherein the composition of the materials
comprises Lenzing FR.RTM., Nomex.RTM., Kevlar.RTM., polyamide and
anti-static fiber.
3. The PCC of claim 2, wherein the composition of the materials
comprises 30-60% Lenzing FR.RTM., 20-50% flame-resistant
meta-aramid fiber, e.g., Nomex.RTM., 10-25% Kevlar.RTM., 5-20%
polyamide and 1-5% anti-static fiber.
4. The PCC of claim 1, wherein the shirt and the trousers comprise
each at least a pair of venting openings.
5. The PCC of claim 4, wherein the shirt comprises two pairs of
spaced apart venting openings.
6. The PCC of claim 5, wherein each pair of venting openings of the
at least two pairs of venting opening of the shirt comprises a
venting opening on a forearm section of a sleeve, and a venting
opening at an armpit section of the shirt adjacent to that
sleeve.
7. The PCC of claim 4, wherein the trousers comprise a pair of
venting openings, each of the openings located across thighs of the
trousers, one at each of the thighs.
8. The PCC of claim 4, wherein the venting openings are designed to
be closed or opened.
9. The PCC of claim 8, wherein each of the venting openings
includes a zipper for closing or opening that venting opening.
10. The PCC of claim 8, wherein a net is placed over each of the
venting openings.
11. The PCC of claim 1, wherein each of the sleeves of the shirt
and each of the pant legs of the trousers includes a pocket for a
pad.
12. The PCC of claim 11, wherein the pocket includes a closable
opening.
13. The PCC of claim 11, wherein the pocket includes a strap of
hook-and-loop fastener.
14. The PCC of claim 11, wherein the PCC includes a pair of elbow
pads and a pair of knee pads.
15. The PCC of claim 14, wherein each of the elbow pads and each of
the knee pads comprises a three-layered article.
16. The PCC of claim 15 wherein the three-layered article includes
an impact resistant later, an puncture-resistant layer and a
cushioning layer.
17. The PCC of claim 16, wherein each of the pads presents a
curvature that is substantially orthogonal to and extending along
an elongated axis of the pad, and is configured to bend along a
bending axis that is substantially orthogonal to the elongated
axis.
18. The PCC of claim 17, wherein a layer of said three-layered
article comprises two partially overlapping parts.
19. The PCC of claim 18, wherein the two partially overlapping
parts are connected such that an edge of one of the parts over the
other part is not secured to that other part, allowing bending of
the first layer about the bending layer.
20. The PCC of any of claims claim 1, further comprising
underwear.
21. The PCC of claim 20, wherein the underwear is made as a
complete piece of clothing from UHMWPE knit fabric.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to protective combat
clothing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Military uniform is standardized clothing designed to be
worn by soldiers and paramilitary forces.
[0003] Official dress uniform is designed to be worn at ceremonies
and on formal occasions.
[0004] Battledress is typically, field dress uniform designed for
field and routine work, typically outdoor, but is also used for
office work, in camps and barracks.
[0005] In many armies, battledress is worn by soldiers in combat,
however, it may be desired to introduce protective combat clothing
with enhanced protection and other safety and comfort features.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] There is thus provided, in accordance with an embodiment of
the present invention, Protective combat clothing (PCC) comprising
a shirt and trousers, wherein the shirt and the trousers are at
least partially made of woven fabric made of a composition of the
materials comprising flame-resistant fiber, flame-resistant
meta-aramid fiber, heat-resistant fiber, polyamide and anti-static
fiber.
[0007] According to some embodiments of the invention, the
composition of the materials comprises Lenzing FR.RTM., Nomex.RTM.,
Kevlar.RTM., polyamide and anti-static fiber.
[0008] According to some embodiments of the invention, the
composition of the materials comprises 30-60% Lenzing FR.RTM.,
20-50% flame-resistant meta-aramid fiber, e.g., Nomex.RTM., 10-25%
Kevlar.RTM., 5-20% polyamide and 1-5% anti-static fiber.
[0009] According to some embodiments of the invention the shirt and
the trousers comprise each at least a pair of venting openings.
[0010] According to some embodiments of the invention, the shirt
comprise two pairs of spaced apart venting openings.
[0011] According to some embodiments of the invention, each pair of
venting openings of the at least two pairs of venting opening of
the shirt comprises a venting opening on a forearm section of a
sleeve, and a venting opening at an armpit section of the shirt
adjacent to that sleeve.
[0012] According to some embodiments of the invention, the trousers
comprise a pair of venting openings, each of the openings located
across thighs of the trousers, one at each of the thighs.
[0013] According to some embodiments of the invention, the venting
openings are designed to be closed or opened.
[0014] According to some embodiments of the invention, the venting
openings include, each a zipper for closing or opening that venting
opening.
[0015] According to some embodiments of the invention, a net is
placed over each of the venting openings.
[0016] According to some embodiments of the invention, each of the
sleeves of the shirt and each of the pant legs of the trousers
includes a pocket for a pad.
[0017] According to some embodiments of the invention, the pocket
includes a closable opening.
[0018] According to some embodiments of the invention, the pocket
includes a strap of hook-and-loop fastener.
[0019] According to some embodiments of the invention, the PCC
includes a pair of elbow pads and a pair of knee pads.
[0020] According to some embodiments of the invention, each of the
elbow pads and each of the knee pads comprises a three-layered
article.
[0021] According to some embodiments of the invention, the
three-layered article includes an impact distribution layer, a
puncture-resistant layer and a cushioning layer.
[0022] According to some embodiments of the invention, each of the
pads presents a curvature that is substantially orthogonal to and
extending along an elongated axis of the pad, and is configured to
bend along a bending axis that is substantially orthogonal to the
elongated axis.
[0023] According to some embodiments of the invention, a layer of
the three-layered article comprises two partially overlapping
parts.
[0024] According to some embodiments of the invention, the two
partially overlapping parts are connected such that an edge of one
of the parts over the other part is not secured to that other part,
allowing bending of the first layer about the bending layer.
[0025] According to some embodiments of the invention, the PCC may
further include underwear.
[0026] According to some embodiments of the invention, the
underwear is made as a complete piece of clothing from UHMWPE knit
fabric.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] In order for the present invention, to be better understood
and for its practical applications to be appreciated, the following
Figures are provided and referenced hereafter. It should be noted
that the Figures are given as examples only and in no way limit the
scope of the invention. Like components are denoted by like
reference numerals.
[0028] FIG. 1 is a front view of an infantry soldier wearing
protective combat clothing, according to some embodiments of the
present invention.
[0029] FIG. 2 is a rear view of an infantry soldier wearing
protective combat clothing (PCC), according to some embodiments of
the present invention.
[0030] FIG. 3 is a front view of an infantry soldier wearing
protective combat clothing, according to some embodiments of the
present invention, with open venting openings.
[0031] FIG. 4A is a rear view of a knee (or elbow) pad, according
to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0032] FIG. 4B is a front view of a knee (or elbow) pad, according
to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0033] FIG. 4C is an exploded view of a knee (or elbow) pad,
according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0034] FIG. 4D illustrates bending compliance of a knee or elbow
pad, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0035] FIG. 5A is a front view of a PCC underwear, according to
some embodiments of the invention.
[0036] FIG. 5B is a back view of a PCC underwear, according to some
embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0037] In the following detailed description, numerous specific
details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding
of the invention. However, it will be understood by those of
ordinary skill in the art that the invention may be practiced
without these specific details. In other instances, well-known
methods, procedures, components, modules, units and/or circuits
have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the
invention.
[0038] Although embodiments of the invention are not limited in
this regard, the terms "plurality" and "a plurality" as used herein
may include, for example, "multiple" or "two or more". The terms
"plurality" or "a plurality" may be used throughout the
specification to describe two or more components, devices,
elements, units, parameters, or the like. Unless explicitly stated,
the method embodiments described herein are not constrained to a
particular order or sequence. Additionally, some of the described
method embodiments or elements thereof can occur or be performed
simultaneously, at the same point in time, or concurrently. Unless
otherwise indicated, the conjunction "or" as used herein is to be
understood as inclusive (any or all of the stated options).
[0039] PCC, according to some embodiments of the present invention,
may be also referred to as combat uniform, field uniform,
battledress, fatigues, etc. is aimed at providing a combat soldier
(e.g., an infantry soldier) with enhanced protection from various
hazards, which the soldier may face in combat situations, and offer
added comfort.
[0040] PCC according to some embodiments of the present invention
is aimed at providing a complete set of protective combat clothing
for an infantry soldier, so as to meet various requirements. For
example, such requirements may include making all or some parts of
the clothing from fire-retardant material or materials, possessing
some ballistic protection, having paddings at particular places
(e.g., knees, elbows).
[0041] PCC according to some embodiments of the present invention
may be made of a various textile materials. For example, PCC may
include and/or incorporate knit, weave, non-woven fabric, etc.
[0042] FIG. 1 is a front view of an infantry soldier wearing PCC
100, helmet 102 and boots 152, according to some embodiments of the
present invention.
[0043] FIG. 2 is a rear view of an infantry soldier wearing
protective combat clothing, according to some embodiments of the
present invention.
[0044] PCC 100 may include trousers 106, shirt 104 and underwear
(the latter not shown in this figure, see FIGS. 5A and 5B).
[0045] The shirt 104 and/or trousers 106 may be made or at least
include textiles which are designed to withstand stubbing and/or
slashing, or stop high and/or low velocity projectiles and/or
shrapnel and or ricochets. In some embodiments of the present
invention, at least part or parts of the shirt are made of textile
comprising polyethylene felt. In some embodiments of the present
invention small polymeric discs (e.g., discs with a diameter
ranging between 1-4 mm) are printed over the fabric of the trousers
and/or shirt for increased durability. In some embodiments of the
invention, zones of the textile of the trousers and/or shirt, at
the knees and elbows are reinforced for enhanced durability and
added protection from wear.
[0046] The shirt may include one or a plurality of enhanced
protection zones, such as, for example, collar, shoulders and lower
abdomen and back portions, all marked by 103, which may be made of
ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), or other
ballistic protective material, so as to prevent penetration of low
velocity projectiles and/or shrapnel and or ricochets. Shirt 104
may include a zipper 105 for opening or closing the neck zone, to
allow the soldier to put the shirt on or remove it. Shirt 104 may
comprise a torso portion 108 and sleeves 110. Shirt 104 may
comprise sections made of different textile types. Types of
textiles used in making of shirt 104 and/or trousers 106 may
include, knit, weave, not-woven fabric, etc, and possess various
textile characteristics. For example, the torso portion (front
and/or back) 108 may be made of breathable, quick-dry material, so
as to allow cooling of the body of the soldier, when heated as a
result of physical strain in action.
[0047] Pocket 112 may be provided on each of the sleeves 110
designed to allow the soldier to carry small items, such as
documents, a pocket knife, a small flashlight, etc. Pockets 112 may
be, each, provided with an opening 114. Opening 114 may be
controlled--opened or closed--by a zipper 116. The zipper may be
opened to allow insertion of items into the pocket, or for removing
them from the pocket. Zipper 116 may be provided for closing and
opening opening 114.
[0048] Shirt 104 may be provided with at least two pairs of venting
openings 120 and 122. Venting openings may be provided with a
zipper 124, so as to allow the soldier to open or close the venting
opening. The venting openings may be located at spaced apart
locations so as to allow, when open, air to pass inside the shirt,
and cool the soldier's body. In some embodiments of the present
invention, one venting opening 112 may be located on the part of
the sleeve 110 adjacent to the position of the forearm of the
soldier, when wearing the shirt. In some embodiments of the present
invention the other venting opening may be located adjacent to the
armpit, at the meeting of the sleeve with the torso portion of the
shirt.
[0049] Shirt 104, according to some embodiments, includes elbow
pads. In order to facilitate appropriate fit of the elbow pad to
the elbow of the soldier, each sleeve 110 may include a pad pocket
202, which is designed to hold an elbow pad (for example, see FIGS.
4a-4c). Each elbow pad pocket 202 may comprise an enclosure with an
opening 204, through which an elbow pad is inserted and placed in
position. After insertion of the elbow pad, the opening 204 may be
closed. The opening may be sealed using a fastener, e.g.,
hook-and-loop fastener 208. The soldier wearing the shirt may
reposition the elbow pad within the elbow pad pocket, so as to
properly align the elbow pad with the elbow, when wearing the
shirt. In order to facilitate repositioning of the elbow pad, an
elongated hook (or loop) strap of hook-and-loop fastener 206
extends inwardly along the inner surface of the pocket. A matching
patch of loops (or hooks) of a hook-and-loop fastener is provided
on the lower end of the elbow pad (see 412, FIG. 4B). The
dimensions of the elbow pad pocket 202 are big enough, so as to
allow positioning higher or lower within the pocket, and attaching
the hook-and-loop parts 206 and 412 (see FIG. 4B) in the desired
position, in order to properly align the elbow pad with the elbow
of the soldier wearing the shirt 104.
[0050] Fastening strap 118, e.g., with hook-and-loop fastener may
be provided to firmly secure the elbow pads to the elbows of the
soldier wearing the PCC.
[0051] In some embodiments of the present invention, the front
and/or back torso portions of the shirt 104 may be made of a
knitted fabric.
[0052] In some embodiments of the present invention the knitted
fabric of the torso portions of the shirt 104 may include, for
example, the following composition of materials: flame-resistant
fiber, e.g., Lenzing FR.RTM., flame-resistant meta-aramid fiber,
e.g., Nomex.RTM., elastic fiber, e.g., Lycra.RTM., heat-resistant,
strong fiber, e.g., Kevlar.RTM., and carbon fibers.
[0053] In some embodiments of the present invention, the knitted
fabric of the torso portions of shirt 104 may include the following
composition of materials: 45-65% Lenzing FR.RTM., 15-30%
Nomex.RTM., 5-20% Lycra.RTM., 2-10% Kevlar.RTM., and 1-5%
Pes/PA/carbon.
[0054] Typically in combat situations a soldier may also be wearing
a tactical vest over the shirt that protects large parts of the
front and back torso.
[0055] In some embodiments of the invention, the sleeves 110 of
shirt 104 and the trousers 106 may be made of a woven fabric.
[0056] In some embodiments of the present invention, the woven
fabric of the shirt and/or trousers, may include, for example, the
following composition of materials: flame-resistant fiber, e.g.,
Lenzing FR.RTM., flame-resistant meta-aramid fiber, e.g.,
Nomex.RTM., heat-resistant, strong fiber, e.g., Kevlar.RTM.,
polyamide and anti-static fiber.
[0057] In some embodiments of the present invention, the woven
fabric of the shirt and/or trousers, may include, for example, the
following composition of materials: 30-60% Lenzing FR.RTM., 20-50%
flame-resistant meta-aramid fiber, e.g., Nomex.RTM., 10-25%
Kevlar.RTM., 5-20% polyamide and 1-5% anti-static fiber.
[0058] A PCC according to some embodiments of the invention, may
also include a pair of gloves 124. Each glove may include a
fastening strap 126 for firmly holding the glove about the wrist of
the soldier wearing the gloves 124.
[0059] Trousers 106 may comprise of a pelvis portion 109 and two
pant legs 132. Trousers 106 may include a belt 107. Trousers 106
may include pockets, e.g., pockets 134, 150, at various positions.
For example, hip pocket 134 may include a top opening covered by
top cover 138. Hip pocket 134 may also include a side opening 136,
which may be opened or closed using a zipper 137 that is provided
across the side opening 136.
[0060] The trousers 106 may be made of textile/s that are stab or
slash resistant.
[0061] Trousers 106 may include venting openings 128. The soldier
may keep the venting openings 128 closed or opened, by employing a
zipper (shown is the zipper puller 130). By opening the venting
openings, the soldier may facilitate air flow through the trousers
so as to cool the soldier's body. In some embodiments the venting
openings 128 may be positioned across the thighs, one at each of
the thighs, as illustrated in FIG. 1. Other design arrangements of
the venting openings may also be employed.
[0062] On each leg pant 132 a knee pad pocket 140 may be provided.
Similarly to the elbow pad pockets, the knee pad pockets 140 may be
located at the anticipated position of the knee of the soldier who
is to wear the trousers 106. Each knee pad pocket 140 is designed
to receive a knee pad.
[0063] Each knee pocket 140 has an opening (e.g. a bottom opening
144, through which the knee pad may be inserted into the pocket. A
fastener, e.g. hook-and-loop fastener 148 is placed across opening
144, so that the knee pad may be inserted and the pocket opening
144 is then sealed by the fastener 148.
[0064] In order to facilitate appropriate positioning of the knee
pad against the knee of the soldier wearing the trousers, the knee
pad pocket is designed so as to allow repositioning of the knee pad
within the pocket.
[0065] An elongated strap 146 of a hook-and-loop fastener extends
inwardly on the inside surface of pocket 140, so that the knee pad
may be properly positioned adjacent to the knee of the soldier, and
secured in position, by attaching the matching patch 412 of the
hook-and-loop fastener (see FIG. 4B) to corresponding strap 146.
This ensures that the soldier may rearrange the knee pad inside
knee pad pocket 140 to lay at a proper and convenient position.
Strap 142 (e.g., comprising two cooperating fastener straps 142a
and 142b) may be used to fasten the pant leg and secure the knee
pad in its proper position against the soldier's knee.
[0066] FIG. 3 is a front view of an infantry soldier wearing
protective combat clothing, according to some embodiments of the
present invention, with open venting openings.
[0067] Venting opening 128 (this may apply to any venting opening
provided on the PCC) may include a zipper across the opening (show
is the zipper puller 130) for opening or closing the venting
opening. Net (e.g., mesh) 302, with holes of predetermined size,
may be placed over the opening to allow ventilation and prevent
entry of dirt, bugs, etc. through the net 302.
[0068] FIG. 4A is a rear view of a knee (or elbow) pad 400,
according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0069] FIG. 4B is a front view of a knee (or elbow) pad 400,
according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0070] FIG. 4C is an exploded view of a knee (or elbow) pad 400,
according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0071] Pad 400 may be designed as a three-layered article.
[0072] Top protection layer 404 may be impact-distribution layer
404, which is aimed at distributing an impact on the knee, when
kneeling or otherwise. This layer may be made, for example, from a
laminate of polypropylene and aramide, and is aimed at distributing
an incoming impact over the layer so as to reduce the pressure
imparted by the impact on the knee and minimize any risk of
damage.
[0073] Second protection later 403 (see FIG. 4C) may be a
puncture-resistant layer, which may be made, for example from
aramide. This layer is design to prevent, or greatly reduce the
possibility of a sharp object, such as, for example, a blade, a
nail, broken glass, etc. from penetrating the pad and injuring the
soldier's knee, when kneeling down.
[0074] A third cushioning layer 402--which is designed to face the
knee or elbow, serves as a cushioning layer, to cushion the knee,
when placed on the ground, when the soldier kneels, or when coming
in contact with or hit by a rigid object (e.g., wall, stone, metal
object, etc.). The third layer may be made, for example, from
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene foam, etc.
[0075] FIG. 4D illustrates bending compliance of a knee or elbow
pad, according to some embodiments of the present invention.
[0076] The elbow or knee pad, according to some embodiments of the
present invention are designed to dynamically change from a
generally flat orientation, along the elongated axis of the leg or
arm, when placed over a straightened knee or elbow, to a bent
orientation, when the knee or elbow bend, in compliance with the
bending of that limb. At the same time, the pad is designed to
present a curvature that is orthogonal to and extending along the
longitudinal axis of the limb, so as to conform to the curvature of
the limb.
[0077] Thus, according to some embodiments, the pad has a
substantially fixed curvature 414 orthogonally to the elongated
axis 415. The cushioning layer may be provided with two
substantially opposite indentations 410, which define an axis
extending between these indentations, about which the pad may bend.
A groove 408 in the cushion padding 406 may enhance this bending
axis, as the padding is likely to more readily yield along the
groove 408 in response to bending force applied on the pad.
[0078] The second puncture resistant layer is typically rather thin
and possess some flexibility, that allows it to bend easily with
the bending of the third cushioning layer.
[0079] The first, impact distribution layer, is typically hard and
not as flexible as the other two layers. Furthermore, because of
its curvature extending along the elongated axis, it may be hard to
bend it about the bending axis 413, which is substantially
orthogonal (right angle 418) to the elongated axis 415. To address
this problem the first puncture-resistant layer 404 may be
comprised of two parts 404a and 404b, which partially overlap. The
two parts may be stitched together along stitch line 407, so that
the edge 409 of part 404b, which is over part 404a, is free--not
secured to part 404a. Thus, when the pad is bent in conjunction
with bending of the knee or elbow, a bend curvature 416 of the pad
may be obtained.
[0080] FIG. 5A is a front view of a PCC underwear 500, according to
some embodiments of the invention.
[0081] FIG. 5B is a back view of a PCC underwear 500, according to
some embodiments of the invention.
[0082] Underwear 500 may be made as a complete piece of clothing
502, from for example, UHMWPE knit fabric, for enhanced protection
against shrapnel and/or ricochets. A rubber band 504 may be
provided for holding the underwear about the waist and/or thighs of
the wearer. Preferably, Lycra threads may be incorporated into the
UHMWPE knit fabric for added flexibility and comfort.
[0083] Different embodiments are disclosed herein. Features of
certain embodiments may be combined with features of other
embodiments; thus certain embodiments may be combinations of
features of multiple embodiments. The foregoing description of the
embodiments of the invention has been presented for the purposes of
illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive
or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. It should
be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that many
modifications, variations, substitutions, changes, and equivalents
are possible in light of the above teaching. It is, therefore, to
be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all
such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of
the invention.
[0084] While certain features of the invention have been
illustrated and described herein, many modifications,
substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of
ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that
the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications
and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
* * * * *