U.S. patent application number 17/093485 was filed with the patent office on 2021-10-07 for intelligent automatic transfer switch module.
The applicant listed for this patent is ZONIT STRUCTURED SOLUTIONS, LLC. Invention is credited to Steve Chapel, William Pachoud.
Application Number | 20210313827 17/093485 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005709221 |
Filed Date | 2021-10-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210313827 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pachoud; William ; et
al. |
October 7, 2021 |
INTELLIGENT AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH MODULE
Abstract
An automatic transfer switch (100) for automatically switching
an electrical load between two power sources is provided. Two power
cords (106) enter the ATS (A power and B power inputs) and one cord
(109) exits the ATS (power out to the load). The ATS has indicators
(107) located beneath a clear crenelated plastic lens (108) that
also acts as the air inlets. The ATS (100) also has a communication
portal (103) and a small push-button (104) used for inputting some
local control commands directly to the ATS (100). The ATS (100) can
be mounted on a DIN rail at a rack and avoids occupying rack
shelves.
Inventors: |
Pachoud; William; (Boulder,
CO) ; Chapel; Steve; (Iliff, CO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ZONIT STRUCTURED SOLUTIONS, LLC |
Boulder |
CO |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005709221 |
Appl. No.: |
17/093485 |
Filed: |
November 9, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16831513 |
Mar 26, 2020 |
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17093485 |
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16824554 |
Mar 19, 2020 |
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16831513 |
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16351431 |
Mar 12, 2019 |
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16824554 |
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16351343 |
Mar 12, 2019 |
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16351431 |
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62820726 |
Mar 19, 2019 |
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62641929 |
Mar 12, 2018 |
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62641943 |
Mar 12, 2018 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 1/26 20130101; G06F
1/189 20130101; H01H 47/002 20130101; H02J 9/06 20130101; H01H
2300/018 20130101; H01H 33/121 20130101; H02J 1/14 20130101; H05K
7/1492 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H02J 9/06 20060101
H02J009/06; G06F 1/26 20060101 G06F001/26; G06F 1/18 20060101
G06F001/18; H02J 1/14 20060101 H02J001/14; H05K 7/14 20060101
H05K007/14; H01H 33/12 20060101 H01H033/12; H01H 47/00 20060101
H01H047/00 |
Claims
1. An automatic transfer switch, comprising: a first electrical
input for receiving power from a first power source; a second
electrical input for receiving power from a second power source; an
electrical output for outputting power to one or more electrical
devices; a power sense and transfer module for monitoring power
delivered by at least one of said first and second electrical
inputs and selectively coupling said electrical output to one of
said first and second electrical inputs based on said monitoring;
and a primary source selector for selecting one of said first and
second electrical inputs as a primary input for connection to said
power output in a default condition.
2. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said power sense and transfer module is operative to switch between
said first and second electrical inputs based on a quality of a
power signal delivered via one of said first and second electrical
inputs.
3. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said power sense and transfer module is operative to monitor the
power signals delivered via the first and second electrical inputs
and to connect one of said first and second electrical inputs to
said electrical output based on said monitored power signals.
4. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said primary source selector selects said primary input based on a
user input.
5. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said primary source selector selects said primary input based on a
comparison of power signals delivered via said first and second
electrical inputs.
6. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, wherein
said power sense and transfer module includes a first relay between
said first electrical input and said electrical output, and a first
solid state switch between said first electrical input and said
electrical output, each of said first relay and said first solid
state switch being operative for at least one of connecting and
disconnecting ("cycling") said first electrical input and said
electrical output.
7. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 6, wherein
said power sense and transfer module includes a second relay
between said second electrical input and said electrical output,
and a second solid state switch between said second electrical
input and said electrical output, each of said second relay and
said second solid state switch being operative for cycling said
second electrical input and said electrical output.
8. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 6, wherein
said solid state switch is operative for selectively cycling at or
near a zero crossing of a power signal.
9. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, further
comprising a power control for controlling power delivery to a
first electrical device based at least in part on an input separate
from power signals delivered via said first and second electrical
inputs.
10. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 9, wherein
said input comprises a user input.
11. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 9, wherein
said input comprises an environmental input from an environmental
sensor.
12. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 9, wherein
said input is a processor input from a processor operative for
comparing a parameter related to said first electrical device to a
threshold.
13. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, further
comprising a communications input for receiving an input
communications signal for use in controlling the operation of said
automatic transfer switch.
14. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, further
comprising a communications output for transmitting an output
communications signal to a remote processing platform.
15. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 14, wherein
said output communications signal comprises information concerning
a state of one of said automatic transfer switch and a connected
piece of electrical equipment.
16. An automatic transfer switch as set forth in claim 1, further
comprising a warning indication for providing an indication when a
monitored power reaches a predetermined state.
17.-32. (canceled)
33. A method for delivering power to electrical devices,
comprising: providing an automatic transfer switch including a
first electrical input for receiving power from a first power
source, a second electrical input for receiving power from a second
power source, an electrical output for outputting power to one or
more electrical devices, and a power sense and transfer module for
monitoring power delivered by at least one of said first and second
electrical inputs and selectively coupling said electrical output
to one of said first and second electrical inputs based on said
monitoring; selecting one of said first and second electrical
inputs as a primary input for connection to said power output in a
default condition; and changing to the other one of said first and
second electrical inputs as said primary input.
34. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising operating
said power sense and transfer module to switch between said first
and second electrical inputs based on a quality of a power signal
delivered via one of said first and second electrical inputs.
35. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising operating
said power sense and transfer module to monitor the power signals
delivered via the first and second electrical inputs and to connect
one of said first and second electrical inputs to said electrical
output based on said monitored power signals.
36. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising operating
said primary source selector to select said primary input based on
a user input.
37. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising operating
said primary source selector to select said primary input based on
a comparison of power signals delivered via said first and second
electrical inputs.
38. A method as set forth in claim 33, wherein said power sense and
transfer module includes a first relay between said first
electrical input and said electrical output, and a first solid
state switch between said first electrical input and said
electrical output, and said method further comprising operating
each of said first relay and said first solid state switch for at
least one of connecting and disconnecting ("cycling") said first
electrical input and said electrical output.
39. A method as set forth in claim 38, wherein said power sense and
transfer module includes a second relay between said second
electrical input and said electrical output, and a second solid
state switch between said second electrical input and said
electrical output, and said method further comprises operating each
of said second relay and said second solid state switch for cycling
said second electrical input and said electrical output.
40. A method as set forth in claim 38, further comprising
selectively cycling said solid state switch at or near a zero
crossing of a power signal.
41. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising
controlling power delivery to a first electrical device based at
least in part on an input separate from power signals delivered via
said first and second electrical inputs.
42. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein said input comprises
a user input.
43. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein said input comprises
and environmental input from an environmental sensor.
44. A method as set forth in claim 41, wherein said input is a
processor input from a processor operative for comparing a
parameter related to said first electrical device to a
threshold.
45. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising receiving
an input communications signal for use in controlling the operation
of said automatic transfer switch.
46. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising
transmitting an output communications signal to a remote processing
platform.
47. A method as set forth in claim 46, wherein said output
communications signal comprises information concerning a state of
one of said automatic transfer switch and a connected piece of
electrical equipment.
48. A method as set forth in claim 33, further comprising providing
an indication when a monitored power reaches a predetermined
state.
49.-79. (canceled)
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 16/831,513, entitled, "INTELLIGENT AUTOMATIC
TRANSFER SWITCH MODULE," filed on Mar. 26, 2020, which is a
continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
16/824,554, entitled, "INTELLIGENT AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH
MODULE," filed on Mar. 19, 2020, which claims priority from U.S.
Provisional Application No. 62/820,726, entitled, "INTELLIGENT
AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH MODULE," filed on Mar. 19, 2019, which
claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/351,431,
entitled, "MANAGEMENT MODULE, Z-STRIP, AND MINI-ATS SYSTEMS AND
RELATED COMPONENTS," filed on Mar. 12, 2019, which claims priority
from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/641,943, entitled, "POWER
DISTRIBUTION USING HYDRA CABLE SYSTEMS," filed on Mar. 12, 2018,
and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/641,929, entitled,
"MANAGEMENT MODULE, Z-STRIP, AND MINI-ATS SYSTEMS AND RELATED
COMPONENTS," filed on Mar. 12, 2018. This Application also claims
priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/351,343, entitled,
"POWER DISTRIBUTION USING HYDRA CABLE SYSTEMS," filed on Mar. 12,
2019, and PCT Application No. PCT/US2019/021936, entitled,
"MANAGEMENT MODULE, Z-STRIP, AND MINI-ATS SYSTEMS AND RELATED
COMPONENTS," filed on Mar. 12, 2019. The contents of the
above-noted applications (collectively, the "parent applications")
are incorporated by reference herein as if set forth in full and
priority to these applications are claimed to the full extent
allowable under U.S. law and regulations.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0002] The systems, components and processes described herein build
on and can be combined with a number of technologies of Zonit
Structural Solutions (Zonit) to yield synergies or combinative
advantages such as improved efficiency of rack space, reduced rack
size for a given payload of equipment, enhanced functionality,
enhanced networking and monitoring of equipment, reduced equipment
requirements and costs, and others. Accordingly, reference is made
at various points in the description to one or more of the
following families of U.S. cases (patents and applications) of
Zonit (it is intended to reference all related U.S. application and
patents in each family that are available to be incorporated by
reference), all of which are incorporated by reference herein in
their entireties. [0003] 1. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.
60/894,842; 12/049,130; 12/531,212; 12/569,733 (the ATS cases);
[0004] 2. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 60/894,844; 12/531,215;
13/889,181; 15/353,590; 14/217,225 (the Z-cool cases); [0005] 3.
U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 60/894,846; 12/531,226;
12/569,377; 13/757,156; 13/763,480; 14/717,899; 15/655,620;
15/656,229 (the Smart Outlets cases); [0006] 4. U.S. patent
application Ser. Nos. 60/894,848; 12/531,231; 12/569,745;
13/466,950; 14/249,151; 13/208,333; 14/191,339; 14/564,489;
15/603,217; 15/797,756; 61/970,267; 61/372,752; 61/372,756;
13/208,333; 61/769,688; 14/191,339; 14/564,489; 15/603,217;
15/797,756 (the Auto-Switching cases); [0007] 5. U.S. patent
application Ser. Nos. 61/324,557; 13/088,234; 14/217,278;
15/250,523; 15/914,877; 60/894,849; 12/531,235; 12/568,444;
13/228,331; 61/610,183; 61/619,137; 61/799,971; 61/944,506;
15/064,368; 15/332,878 (the Locking Receptacle cases); [0008] 6.
U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 60/894,850; 12/531,240;
12/569,609; 14/470,691; 15/673,153 (the NetStrip cases); [0009] 7.
U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 61/039,716; 12/891,500;
13/108,824; 14/217,204; 14/680,802; 15/450,281 (the Power
Distribution Methodology cases); [0010] 8. U.S. patent application
Ser. Nos. 61/040,542; 12/892,009; 13/108,838; 14/327,212 (the UCAB
cases); [0011] 9. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/680,670 (the
ZPDS case); [0012] 10. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.
14/217,159; 15/452,917; 14/217,172; 15/425,831; 14/217,179;
15/706,368 (the Relay cases);
[0013] The parent cases together with the other cases noted above
are occasionally referred to collectively herein as the Zonit
cases.
BACKGROUND
[0014] Electronic data processing (EDP) equipment, such as servers,
storage devices, or the like, are often fed by alternating current
(AC) power sources in a data center and require very high
reliability. For this reason, this equipment is generally fed by
one or more uninterruptible power sources (UPS). When redundant
power sources (e.g., A and B power sources) are supplied in a data
center, the data center manager must manage the provisioning and
capacity demand for both of the sources. The provisioning must be
done so that if either of the two sources fails, the remaining
power source has sufficient power capacity to carry the total load
of the equipment. However, the complexity of delivering power from
a UPS to the equipment often creates numerous possibilities for
interruption. For example, power distribution circuits, interim
circuit breakers, plugboards, power whips, power distribution units
(PDUs), power strips, power cords, non-locking or locking and other
distribution elements are often placed in the circuit path between
large UPS systems and the EDP equipment. These components increase
the probability of an interruption or disconnection of the
equipment from the power sources. EDP equipment may contain a dual
power supply arrangement that can provide direct current (DC) power
to the internal circuits of the equipment from two separate AC
sources. Also, UPS systems and other power distribution components
need maintenance which may require that they be taken out of
service.
[0015] In this arrangement, the failure of one of the AC sources
will result in the equipment load being supplied from the alternate
DC power supply in the unit. At times when both AC sources are
present, the load is either shared by both power supplies, or
favored to one of the power supplies. These systems, sometimes
referred to as "redundant supplied" systems, may be a final line of
defense for reliable power delivery to the electronic circuits
within the equipment. However, these solutions may be costly due to
the additional power supplies that may be required. Further, the
added components generate more heat, which is undesirable in many
applications. Alternatively, EDP equipment may include only one
power supply and one AC power input. In this configuration, the
equipment is subject to the failure of the single AC source.
Further, additional components such as Automatic Transfer Switches
to address this vulnerability may require rack space, which is
costly.
[0016] Aggregating a plurality of such affected EDP equipment onto
a multiple outlet power distribution unit (PDU) and powering that
PDU from a switching apparatus such as an Automatic Transfer Switch
(ATS) that selects from the available power sources (e.g. A or B)
is an alternative means of delivering redundant power to said EDP
equipment while reducing the number of power supplies, cords, etc.
It may be a superior method due to cost and efficiency for many
deployment scenarios, such as large server farms for example.
[0017] In another application, many industrial devices starting in
the 1960's have incorporated intelligent control modules using
digital processing components for example one or more single chip
microcontrollers (MCU) or other digital processing components. The
Intel 8051 is a famous and widely used example of this type of
component. These components have gained greatly in computing power
and capability, accelerated by the cell phone revolution which for
example uses many ARM-32 & ARM-64 MCU components. The increase
in computing power of these components has allowed significant
increases in the complexity and capability of the programming logic
they execute. Insuring that intelligent control modules have
maximum uptime delivers many benefits. Many failures of
long-service time modules occur at power-up. So, avoiding
unnecessary reboot or restart cycles improves reliability. Many
software algorithms used with control modules "learn" as runtime
increases and some or all of that learning may be lost when the
module is rebooted due to power distribution maintenance, UPS
maintenance, UPS failure or a power source failure. The use of an
appropriate ATS unit in the power path to the intelligent control
module(s) in these industrial devices can eliminate these potential
problems and maximize uptime.
[0018] It should be realized that laptop/desktop/server computers,
single board computers (SBC), system-on-a-chip (SOC),
Microcontroller units (MCUs), and other similar components that are
all essentially digital devices capable of executing programs.
Further SBC units, SOC, MCU and other similar digital processing
components are rarely built into computing devices that are
designed with dual power supplies. All of these computing devices
can run programs that can benefit from improved uptime, by
appropriately using appropriate Automatic Transfer Switch units as
described herein. The uptime benefits are obvious for any digital
processing device with a single power supply, but also can benefit
digital processing devices that have dual power supplies.
[0019] It is against this background that the automatic transfer
switch module described herein has been developed.
SUMMARY
[0020] The following embodiments and aspects of the invention
herein are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems,
tools, and methods which are meant to be exemplary and
illustrative, and not limiting in scope.
[0021] In accordance with one instantiation of the current
invention, an automatic transfer switch for automatically switching
an electrical load between two power sources is provided. The
automatic transfer switch includes a switch module, and primary and
secondary input cords, each attached to the switch module, and each
for receiving power from a different one of the two power sources.
For use in data center environments with A-B power sources, it is
desirable to deterministically manage the load on the A and B power
sources. The automatic transfer switch may be operable to prefer
and use the A power source (i.e., primary power source) when it is
available and only use the B power source (i.e., secondary power
source) when the A power source is unavailable. Conversely, the
automatic transfer switch may be operable to prefer and use the B
power source (i.e., primary power source) when it is available and
only use the A power source (i.e., secondary power source) when the
B power source is unavailable. For example, the source that has the
desired voltage or any other power quality characteristic or
combination of characteristics that is best suited for the EDP
equipment load being fed may be preferred as the desired source.
The automatic transfer switch can also make these determinations of
power source preference based not only on availability, but also on
the quality of the power. The ATS may be designed to allow the data
center manager to choose which power input is the preferred input.
This may be done by explicit interaction with the ATS unit (by a
manual power input selector, graphical user interface object, or
other user control for example), automatically (e.g., in response
to a sensed electrical condition or environmental sensor input) or
by remote control via remote EDP apparatus, for example the Zonit
control module as is described below. This is desirable so that the
data center manager can allocate power distribution system capacity
with control and assurance of what source will normally feed those
connected loads. The automatic transfer switch can also make these
choices about what power source to prefer based not only the
availability, but also on the quality of the input power. For
example, the source that has the voltage or any other power quality
characteristic or combination of characteristics that is best
suited for the EDP equipment load being fed may be preferred as the
desired source.
[0022] The automatic transfer switch also includes an output cord
(or one or more output receptacles) attached to the switch module,
for supplying power to the electrical load. Additionally, the
automatic transfer switch can include one or more relays (e.g.,
mechanical relays, solid-state relays, or a combination of both)
disposed within the switch module and coupled to the primary input
cord. The relay is operable to sense suitable power delivery
characteristics (i.e., quality) on the input cords and
automatically couple the output cord to either the primary or
secondary input cords in accordance with one or more values of the
input power quality.
[0023] The automatic transfer switch also may have one or more
communications mechanisms that allow it to be connected to remote
EDP apparatus (such as the Zonit control module for example)
enabling monitoring, control (including configuration) and
reporting of the automatic transfer switch via remote and/or local
electronic means. This can enable reporting of any power quality
characteristic measured or observed at the ATS, the status of
connected EDP equipment and any power quality characteristic that
the EPD equipment load(s) affects. It can also include other
variables such as the hardware and software health and internal
environmental conditions of the ATS unit or a connected device with
appropriate apparatus. Any other information that is desired about
the ATS unit and its components for example cooling fan performance
and status could be supplied. If desired the ATS unit can be
equipped with connections for additional sensors such as
environmental (temperature, humidity, moisture present, smoke
detection), safety (door lock status, moisture present, smoke
detection) or other sensor type as needed. The ATS unit can provide
the information needed to do electrical usage measurement and
billing functions if desired. The ATS unit can report any or all
the information gathered to the remote EDP apparatus as needed and
desired, where it can be processed, displayed and acted upon as
desired. Alternatively, the ATS unit can process the information
and take actions, generate alerts or use other status information
for display by the ATS unit as desired.
[0024] The ATS unit can incorporate the ability to sample the
waveform of one or more power inputs and/or the power output of the
ATS in high resolution, in one instantiation 15 kHz. An example
circuit to do this which can be constructed in a small space, with
a low power budget, for very low cost, (which makes it possible to
incorporate in any of the inventions and their possible
instantiations described herein) is described later. This sampling
rate is sufficient to provide very detailed information on the
power quality of the input source(s) and/or the connected output
load or loads. This level of sampling is equivalent to high-quality
dedicated power quality analysis instruments such as offered by
Fluke, Tektronics and other manufacturers. Additionally, this same
level of power quality measurement can be embedded as an optional
capability into the power distribution devices described in the
Zonit cases, including the Auto-Switching cases, which are
incorporated in full. Having this level of power quality
measurement embedded into the power distribution system of a data
center, factory, office or home allows a wide range of capability
as described in the Zonit cases.
[0025] The automatic transfer switch may be implemented in a
relatively small device that is suitable for deployment in less
than a full 1U of rack mounting space or adjacent to rack mounted
electrical devices or similarly to a PDU associated with those
electrical devices. It may be used in any structure suitable for
supporting electrical devices (e.g., 2 post equipment racks, 4 post
equipment racks, various types of cabinets, or the like). It may be
mounted in a partial 1U space that is already partially used by EDP
equipment (thus not sacrificing any 1U rack spaces) or in parts of
the rack that are not used when mounting. In some instantiations,
the switch module may occupy less than 85 cubic inches, for
single-phase configurations and 150 cubic inches for three-phase
configurations. In this regard, the automatic transfer switch is
likely to not require mounting space in an equipment rack, and this
may reduce cooling problems that are associated with sizable
components and longer power cords used in traditional designs. The
switch may also consume relatively little power (less than 2 Watts
in some instantiations) compared to other automatic transfer
switches, due to the use of modem solid-state components and
innovative design.
[0026] There are multiple instantiations of the automatic transfer
switch that can be created, depending on the needs and requirements
of the application. A variety of possible instantiations are shown
in FIGS. 18-20. Some of the instantiations can be either
single-phase or polyphase power ATS units. The instantiations have
a variety of possible form-factors, some of which are capable of
zero-U mounting, some of which are rack-mountable and some which
are sufficiently small to be conveniently embedded in an industrial
device, such as a control module enclosure or cabinet for that
industrial device, as described in more detail in the Zonit cases,
including the parent cases, the ATS cases, the Auto-Switching cases
and the Power Distribution Methodology cases. This small size
factor is very important, rack-mounted ATS units can be difficult
or impossible to integrate in many types of applications. Some of
the instantiations may have features suitable for industrial device
usage, such as DIN rail mounting compatibility, either by having
the integral slots in the case accept a standard dimension DIN rail
or by use of a DIN rail adapter, which can mount to the integral
slots. Some instantiations of the ATS units may incorporate
terminal blocks rather than input and/or output cords or
receptacles, since this can make it more convenient to connect the
ATS unit to the wiring harness of the industrial device or other
application.
[0027] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
an automatic transfer switch for automatically switching an
electrical load between two power sources is provided. The
automatic transfer switch includes a switch module that occupies
less than 85 cubic inches of space. The automatic transfer switch
also includes primary and secondary input cords, each attached to
the switch module, and each for receiving power from a different
one of the two power sources, and an output cord that is attached
to the switch module for supplying power to the electrical load, or
to a PDU capable of supplying power to a plurality of EDP equipment
loads. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch includes one or
more relays contained within the switch module and having a voltage
sensitive input coupled to the primary input cord for coupling the
output cord to the primary input cord when one or more power
qualities of the primary input cord is acceptable, and for coupling
the output cord to the secondary input cord when one or more power
qualities on the primary input cord are not acceptable.
Additionally, the primary source and the secondary source are
selectable with regards to which is assigned to the physical "A"
and "B" inputs of the automatic transfer switch.
[0028] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
an automatic transfer switch, (the Zonit .mu.ATS-Industrial.TM. is
one possible example) for automatically switching an electrical
load between two power sources is provided. The automatic transfer
switch includes a switch module that occupies less than 150 cubic
inches of space. It can be provided in a range of amperage
capacities as needed, but still be small enough to easily be
mounted in an industrial control enclosure or cabinet. It can be
DIN rail mounted, either directly or via an adapter. It can have a
very high MTBF and a wide operational temperature range, suitable
for industrial device environments. The automatic transfer switch
also includes primary and secondary input cords, each attached to
the switch module, and each for receiving power from a different
one of the two power sources, and an output cord that is attached
to the switch module for supplying power to the electrical load, or
optionally a terminal block for the input and output power
connections. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch includes
one or more relays contained within the switch module and having a
voltage sensitive input coupled to the primary input cord for
coupling the output cord to the primary input cord when one or more
power qualities of the primary input cord is acceptable, and for
coupling the output cord to the secondary input cord when one or
more power qualities on the primary input cord are not acceptable.
The relays can be designed to be open when the control logic is not
operational, which is the default for most ATS units. This insures
that if there is a logic problem with the ATS unit it does not
deliver power. Additionally, the primary source and the secondary
source are both capable of powering the unit up if only one is
energized. The unit can be equipped with either fuses and a Virtual
Circuit Breaker w/reset button (as described in the Zonit cases,
including the parent cases, the Smart Outlet cases, and the
Auto-Switching cases, and the Power Distribution Methodology cases
incorporated by reference in full) or one or more small-form factor
circuit breakers. In this way protection against overloads is
provided. Each method has advantages. The automatic transfer switch
can be provided with clearly visible status indicator lights that
can be viewed regardless of the angle or orientation of the
automatic transfer switch. This allows a wide variety of mechanical
mounting configurations without interfering with visibility of said
status indicators. The status indicator lights can be mirrored to
or replicated by a remote display and/or to the remote management
device(s) as desired, to be displayed as needed. The status
indicator lights can indicate which power input source is currently
being used. They can also display is the unused power source is
present. This can be done by controlling the intensity, blink rate,
pattern or other visible parameter of the indicator lights. The ATS
unit can also incorporate Zonit ZCrush circuitry to prevent
discharge of stored energy from the connected loads through the ATS
unit when the ATS unit is performing a power source transfer. A
number of examples of this phenomenon are discussed in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 16/817,504 entitled "Relay Conditioning and
Power Surge Control," filed on Mar. 12, 2020, (the ZCrush case)
which is incorporated herein by reference. A common practice in
industrial control modules is to use a large filter capacitor
across the AC main inputs (similar to what is done in AC/DC power
supplies as discussed in the ZCrush case) and/or step down the AC
voltage to 24 or 48 volts via a transformer that often can store a
large amount of energy in its core which can be discharged through
the ATS unit when a power transfer occurs. The ATS unit can also be
auto-ranging, that is operate on a wide range of input voltages for
example 24-277V, 48-277V, 80-277V or other desired voltage
operating ranges. The unit can be designed to work with either DC
or AC power.
[0029] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
an automatic transfer switch, (the Zonit .mu.ATS-V2.TM. is one
possible example) for automatically switching an electrical load
between two power sources is provided. The automatic transfer
switch includes a switch module that occupies less than 150 cubic
inches of space. It can be provided in a range of amperage
capacities as needed, but still be small enough to easily be
mounted in an EDP equipment rack or cabinet. It can be DIN rail
mounted, either directly or via an adapter in the cabinet. The
automatic transfer switch also includes primary and secondary input
cords, each attached to the switch module, and each for receiving
power from a different one of the two power sources, and an output
cord that is attached to the switch module for supplying power to
the electrical load. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch
includes one or more relays contained within the switch module and
having a voltage sensitive input coupled to the primary input cord
for coupling the output cord to the primary input cord when one or
more power qualities of the primary input cord is acceptable, and
for coupling the output cord to the secondary input cord when one
or more power qualities on the primary input cord are not
acceptable. The relays can be designed to be closed when the
control logic is not operational, which is not the default for most
ATS units. This insures that if there is a logic problem with the
ATS unit it does continue to deliver power. Additionally, the
primary source and the secondary source are both capable of
powering the unit up if only one is energized. The unit can be
equipped with both fuses and a Virtual Circuit Breaker w/reset
button (as described in the Zonit cases which are incorporated by
reference in full). This is compatible with failing closed if the
ATS control logic fails, since in that case, the unit becomes a
fused power cord on the side that is connected when the relays are
not powered and closed. In this way protection against overloads is
provided, regardless if the control logic is functional or not. The
automatic transfer switch can be provided with clearly visible
status indicator lights that can be viewed regardless of the angle
or orientation of the automatic transfer switch. This allows a wide
variety of mechanical mounting configurations without interfering
with visibility of said status indicators. The status indicator
lights can be mirrored to or replicated by a remote display and/or
to the remote management device(s) as desired, to be displayed as
needed. The status indicator lights can indicate which power input
source is currently being used. They can also display is the unused
power source is present. This can be done by controlling the
intensity, blink rate, pattern or other visible parameter of the
indicator lights. The indicator lights can also indicate if there
is a power quality problem or the amperage being delivered exceeds
a given percentage of the capacity of the ATS unit. This is useful
in data center loads where EDP equipment is moved into and out of
racks and the power delivered by the ATS unit can thereby vary. It
helps data center staff not overload the ATS unit. The ATS unit can
also incorporate Zonit ZCrush circuitry to prevent discharge of
stored energy from the connected loads through the ATS unit when
the ATS unit is performing a power source transfer. A number of
examples of this phenomenon are discussed in the ZCrush case which
is incorporated by reference. The ATS unit can also be
auto-ranging, that is operate on a wide range of input voltages for
example 24-277V, 48-277V, 80-277V or other desired voltage
operating ranges.
[0030] According to a still further aspect of the present
invention, a method for use in providing power to an electrical
device is provided. The method includes providing an auto-switching
device having a first interface for coupling to a first power
source, a second interface for coupling to a second power source,
and one or more third interfaces for coupling to the electrical
device to be powered. The auto-switching device is operative to
automatically switch between the first and second power sources in
response to an interruption of the quality of the primary input
power. The method also includes coupling the first interface to the
first power source, coupling the second interface to the second
power source, coupling the third interface(s) to the electrical
device and selecting one of the first and second power sources as
the primary source. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch,
being connected via electronic means to remote management
equipment, can also serve to turn off or on power to the equipment
connected to the output of the automatic transfer switch in
response to either manual operator desire, or automatically in the
event of over-temperature, or fire/smoke detection, or any number
of other conditions deemed necessary by the remote controlling
equipment and any attached sensor devices monitorable by said
remote controlling equipment.
[0031] Additionally, the automatic transfer switch has clearly
visible status indicator lights that can be viewed regardless of
the angle or orientation of the automatic transfer switch. This
allows a wide variety of mechanical mounting configurations without
interfering with visibility of status indicators.
[0032] Additionally, the automatic transfer switch module can
incorporate unique mounting slots that ease the burden of
physically and securely mounting the automatic transfer switch
module to a secure mounting location. The unique slots allow use of
a variety of standard off-the-shelf hardware combinations to attach
to the automatic transfer switch module easily and without special
adapters or tools.
[0033] According to a still further aspect of the present
invention, a system for powering a rack mounted electrical device
is provided. The system includes a rack or cabinet that has a
plurality of power sources. Further, the system includes an
auto-switching module including a first cord coupled to the first
power source, a second cord coupled to the second power source, and
one or more third cord(s) coupled to an electrical device supported
on one of the shelves of or otherwise mounted to the rack or to a
power distribution unit (such as a horizontal or vertically mounted
plugstrip or power strip) capable of delivering power from the
output of the automatic transfer switch to a plurality of
equipment. The auto-switching module is operative to switch a
supply of power to the electrical device(s) between the first and
second power sources in response to an interruption on the current
input source or other power quality characteristic of the input
power. Additionally, the automatic transfer switch, via local or
remote means (by connection to remote management devices), can also
serve to turn off or on power to the equipment connected to the
output of the automatic transfer switch in response to either an
explicit operator request (e.g., entered by a user employing a
physical selector, such as a button or switch, or employing an
electronic sensor such as an object of a graphical user interface),
or automatically in the event of over-temperature, or fire/smoke
detection, or any number of other conditions deemed necessary,
either by the ATS unit or by the remote controlling equipment and
the attached sensory devices of each. The ATS may also include a
current limiting device for limiting the maximum current across the
device to remain within a defined range.
[0034] The automatic transfer switch has clearly visible status
indicator lights that can be viewed regardless of the angle or
orientation of the automatic transfer switch. This allows a wide
variety of mechanical mounting configurations without interfering
with visibility of said status indicators. The status indicator
lights can be mirrored to or replicated by a remote display and/or
to the remote management device(s) as desired, to be displayed as
needed. The housing may also include slots or other openings for
dissipating heat generated by the ATS.
[0035] The automatic transfer switch module can be provided with
unique mounting slots as part of its enclosure that ease the task
of physically and securely mounting the automatic transfer switch
module in a secure mounting location. The unique slots allow use of
a variety of standard off-the-shelf hardware combinations to attach
to the automatic transfer switch module easily and without special
adapters or tools.
[0036] The solutions we have invented are innovative and provide
considerable benefits. They include a number of electronic circuits
that perform various functions. We describe below their usage in
the context of an automatic transfer switch, but they may also be
useful in other applications. The automatic transfer switch we are
using as a descriptive example can incorporate the inventions
described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2008/057140, U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/897,842, and U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/569,733, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,004,115, all
of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0037] The circuits are described below in relationship to an
automatic transfer switch ("ATS") that is connected to two separate
power sources, A & B. It should be noted that the example ATS
is for single phase power, however polyphase ATS units can be
constructed using the same circuits, which would essentially be
multiple single phase ATS units acting in parallel. The only change
needed is to synchronize certain of the control circuits so that
they act together across the multiple ATS units to handle switching
and return from the A polyphase source to the B polyphase source
and back. The only change is to specify under what conditions to
switch power sources. For example, given three phase power with X,
Y & Z hot leads, a fault on any of three might be considered
reason to switch to the B polyphase source. To return to the A
polyphase source, all three polyphase leads may have to be present
and of sufficient quality to enable the return to the A source.
[0038] In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments
described above, further aspects and embodiments will become
apparent by reference to the drawings and by study of the following
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGS
[0039] For a more complete understanding of the present invention
and further advantages thereof, reference is now made to the
following detailed description taken in conjunction with the
drawings in which:
[0040] FIG. 1 is a basic block diagram showing an overview of the
Electrical and Electronic Subsections in accordance with the
present invention;
[0041] FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of the Input Disconnect
Switch and Sync detector in accordance with the present
invention;
[0042] FIG. 2-A is a schematic of one side of the Input Disconnect
Switch and Sync Detector in accordance with the present
invention;
[0043] FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram describing the various
functions of the components of the Input Selector (Gate Keeper) sub
section in accordance with the present invention;
[0044] FIG. 3-A is a schematic of the Input Selection and Power
Switching Section (Gate Keeper) in accordance with the present
invention;
[0045] FIG. 3-B shows an IGBT driver for the SSR portion of a Mini
ATS in accordance with the present invention;
[0046] FIG. 4 is a Current Sense block diagram providing an
overview of the current sensing apparatus associated with detecting
the output current of the ATS in accordance with the present
invention;
[0047] FIG. 5 is an Indicators and Communication block diagram
providing an overview of the communication apparatus and indicators
used in the ATS in accordance with the present invention;
[0048] FIG. 6 is a Power Supply block diagram providing an overview
of the various elements of the Power Supply system used to power
the ATS and the Remote Communications sections in accordance with
the present invention;
[0049] FIGS. 7A-7F show timing diagrams providing an overview of
the generic timing and sequencing of events in accordance with the
present invention;
[0050] FIG. 8 shows a 30-amp corded Automatic Transfer Switch in
accordance with the present invention, shown in perspective and
left end views;
[0051] FIG. 9 shows a 30-amp dual IEC type C19 Output, Corded Input
ATS in accordance with the present invention;
[0052] FIG. 10 shows a 20-amp dual IEC type C20 Input, Single IEC
type C19 Out ATS in accordance with the present invention;
[0053] FIG. 11 shows a circuit and method for detecting zero
crossings in accordance with the present invention;
[0054] FIG. 12 shows how the synch detector circuit extracts the AC
input voltage valve in accordance with the present invention;
[0055] FIG. 13 shows a cross-section end view of the case of an ATS
in accordance with the present invention;
[0056] FIG. 14 shows components of a relay contact authentication
detection module in accordance with the present invention;
[0057] FIGS. 15A-15C show block diagrams of an ATS including relay
operation authentication functionality in accordance with the
present invention;
[0058] FIG. 16 shows a circuit for implementing an inrush limiting
function in accordance with the present invention;
[0059] FIG. 17 shows a high definition waveform sensor circuit in
accordance with the present invention;
[0060] FIGS. 18-20 show a variety of instantiations of an ATS in
accordance with the present invention;
[0061] FIG. 21 shows a number of options for utilizing an ATS as
described herein to increase the uptime and maintainability of an
example SBC control module; and
[0062] FIG. 22 shows a number of housing or case configurations in
accordance with the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0063] An automatic transfer switch system is described below that
has a number of advantageous characteristics relating to data
conductivity, compact size, avoiding use of valuable rack space,
primary power source selection, remote monitoring and reporting,
maximum current control and the like. Specific examples embodying
these advantageous characteristics are described below. However, it
should be understood that alternative implementations are possible
in accordance with the claimed invention. Accordingly, the
following description should be understood as exemplary and not by
way of limitation.
[0064] The primary function of the ATS is accomplished by
transferring electrical power from one source to the other via a
set of mechanical relays. In addition, the closure of these
mechanical relays is augmented by the use of modem semiconductor
switches, e.g., Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors, (herein after
referred to as IGBT) but these devices could be other
semiconducting switches of sufficient Voltage and Current handling
capabilities in the categories of TRIACS, SCRs, Bipolar
Transistors, Field Effect Transistors, or combinations of each.
These can be configured in a variety of ways, each with advantages
and disadvantages. A preferred instantiation as applied to this ATS
is utilizing the IGBT. They are selected due to ease of turning
them on and off, robust construction, and resistance to false
conduction.
[0065] The timing and execution of desired functions is
accomplished utilizing a digital control circuit comprised of a
peripheral interface controller, or PIC. This device is a member of
the "programmable function" devices and allows for a set of code to
be recorded in the device that directs the actions of the overall
digital control system. The PIC has sufficient computational
capacity to perform certain mathematical computations to allow for
precision calculation of voltages, current, time and other
precision parameters necessary for very precise control of the
timing of the relays and solid-state switches.
[0066] The ATS also includes advanced communication capabilities
via a connection to remote EDP equipment for the purpose of
reporting status, electrical characteristics of the attached
electrical "mains," and a variety of other information contents
that could be useful in the maintenance of power systems attached
to the ATS, either as source power or as attached equipment (herein
after referred to as the "load"). This communication portal on the
ATS utilizes as a primary means of communicating, the
internationally accepted schema called Universal Serial Bus (USB),
and as a secondary communication protocol of PICKIT programming
transport. This secondary communication is included to allow field
upgrades to be made without requiring the ATS device to be opened
up for access to traditional programming ports. A third
communications means is also provided that allows simple Digital
Serial Data to be transmitted and received by the ATS via
un-encoded 5 Volt logic levels. This third communications means is
provided to allow interfacing with long-line communications means.
The USB transport and protocols are not especially well suited to
transmitting and receiving data over distances greater than 10 to
30 meters. For applications requiring communication in harsh
environments over long distances, an interface is necessary to
convert the signals to various other standards. The availability of
the raw "serial data" through the communication port enables the
direct attachment of alternate transport standards interfaces
simply and economically.
[0067] One challenging objective in constructing ATSs is achieving
a compact size or form factor. As noted above, rack space comes at
a premium in data centers. Accordingly, an ATS would ideally occupy
little or no rack space. In the latter regard, each equipment space
in a rack generally has a standard height of 1U or 1.75 inches.
Thus, a rack may be designated, for example, as a 48U rack. Servers
and some other pieces of equipment are typically constructed to
occupy 1U. Some other equipment may occupy two or more Us. Racks
typically have a width of about 20-24 inches and a depth of about
36-42 inches, though the specific dimensions vary by manufacturer
and model. Thus, the volume of a rack space may be about 650-950
in..sup.3. Equipment sizes are generally somewhat smaller than
these width and depth dimensions, for example, 17-21 inches wide
and 22-26 inches deep. While some of the difference between the
dimensions of the rack space and the equipment may be consumed by
slide rails, plug strips and the like, there remains some volume
that can be utilized to deploy an ATS while leaving the associated
rack space available for equipment. As a practical matter, such
ATSs should occupy as little space as possible, but preferably no
more than about 300 in..sup.3 and, more preferably, no more than
about 200 in..sup.3 in order to allow space for cord connections,
displays, and access to interfaces.
[0068] However, it is difficult to construct an ATS that has a
small volume but can handle an adequate level of power. In order to
power multiple pieces of equipment (e.g., directly using a Hydra
cord as described in the Zonit cases, including the parent cases,
or via a plug strip), it is desirable that the ATS be rated for 32
A or even 64 A. Moreover, for some applications, it is desirable
that the ATS handle three-phase power signals. Moreover, for data
center applications, the ATS is preferably rated for power signals
of at least about 277V. It will be appreciated that these power
levels make miniaturization difficult.
[0069] There are a number of characteristics of the designs
described herein that enable the construction of high-power ATSs in
the desired volume envelope. First, the circuits are carefully
implemented to carry power signals as noted on board mounted
components. This requires careful design to avoid too great a
current density (current per cross-sectional area of conductor) but
enables compact components and improves the use of
three-dimensional space. In addition, as noted at various points in
this description, the specific relay implementation and analog
components are highly efficient and generate little heat in
relation to corresponding solid-state digital circuitry.
Intelligently controlled fans and ventilation can also be used to
dissipate heat. The design described herein further minimizes use
of bulky components such as inductors. These characteristics allow
for high-power, zero U ATS implementations as described herein.
[0070] Thus, the ATS ideally is as small as possible and preferably
has a volume of no more than about 300 in..sup.3 and, more
preferably, no more than about 200 in..sup.3. Moreover, the ATS
preferably is rated to handle at least single phase, 32 A, 277 V
power (7.5 kW) and, more preferably, at least three phase, 32 A,
277 V power (22.5 kW) and, even more preferably, three-phase 62 A,
277 V power (45 kW). Thus, an important attribute of the ATS as
described herein may be expressed in terms of power density, e.g.,
power per volume or Watts per cubic inch. The specifications of the
ATSs illustrated in FIG. 19 are:
Single-phase, 32 Amp: .about. 80 cubic inches, 110 W/cubic inch
Three-phase, 32 Amp: .about. 165 cubic inches, 161 W/cubic inch
Three-phase 64 Amp: .about. 180 cubic inches, 295 W/cubic inch
[0071] More generally, it is understood that the ATS should be
rated for a power density of at least about 90 and, more
preferably, at least about 100 W/cubic inch and a power density of
at least about 130 and, more preferably, at least about 150 W/cubic
inch for three-phase power. With regard to volume, a single-phase,
32A (or similar) ATS should have a volume of no more than about 100
in..sup.3 and a three-phase 32 or 64A (or similar) ATS should have
a volume of no more than about 200 in..sup.3
Description of Circuit Operation.
[0072] FIG. 8 shows perspective and rear views of one instantiation
of the ATS 100. As shown, two power cords 106 enter the ATS (A
power and B power inputs) and one cord 109 exits the ATS (power out
to the load). It also shows that the ATS has indicators 107 located
beneath a clear crenelated plastic lens 108 that also acts as the
air inlets. Shown also is the aforementioned communication portal
103 and a small push-button 104 used for inputting some local
control commands directly to the ATS.
[0073] The ATS 100 has a pair of small fans internal to the
assembly that provide cooling to the various components inside as
necessary. These fans are operated only as needed and only at what
speed is necessary to maintain acceptable operating temperatures.
Two fans are included for redundancy, and the controller inside the
ATS 100 can report via the communications port to remote monitoring
equipment any detected faults, including the performance
characteristics of either of the fans. Temperature at the air inlet
of the unit as well as the air outlet is also reported to the
remote monitoring equipment.
[0074] Referring to FIG. 7, The Overview of Basic Switching
Concepts, a basic understanding of the operation of the ATS can be
gained.
[0075] FIG. 7a shows the off state of the ATS when no power is
applied. Switches 2, 3, 91 and 92 are all open.
[0076] FIG. 7b shows the state when power is applied to the A
input. The unit powers up and the controller turns on the A input
switch 2 and it also closes the Input Selection Switch 4 (herein
after referred to as the GK, short for Gate Keeper) and is allowed
to pass to the output through the GKA switch 91. Power can now flow
from the A input to the output.
[0077] FIG. 7c shows the state when power is applied to the B
input. The unit powers up and the controller turns on the B input
switch 3 and it also closes the Input Selection Switch 4 and is
allowed to pass to the output through the GKB switch 92. Power can
now flow from the A input to the output. When power is applied to
both inputs, as will be the normal condition, then both of the
Input Selection Switches will close and deliver power to the GK 4
where the controller will direct either the GKA switch 91 or the
GKB switch 92 to gate power to the output. Never should both GKA 91
and GKB 92 ever be closed at the same time. This will result in
shorting the two inputs together.
[0078] FIG. 7d shows the condition of having both GKA 91 and GKB 92
on at the same time. A fuse located on one side of the A input 12
is shown "blown" or open, in this case. Since the GK has shorted
both leads of A input to B input, then the opposing side must also
be protected. The B input also has a fuse 13 on one of its inputs,
but it is in the opposite lead path. It is also shown "blown," or
open. These two fuses 12, 13 not only protect the load from
exposing the circuit to a dangerous condition, but they also
prevent a serious overload of the input power sources in the
unlikely event of a catastrophic internal failure of the ATS. Using
this technique, two fuses can protect all 6 leads, two on the A
input, two on the B input and two on the Output, with any overload
condition in any combination.
[0079] FIG. 7e shows the introduction of the Solid-State Switching
elements 93, 94. Mechanical relays all require some finite amount
of time to operate after the signal is applied to the coil, either
to close or to open the contacts. Solid State Switching devices
generally have a very short time to operate, on the order of
microseconds. However, they do exhibit a voltage drop across the
junction when conducting (closed) and this voltage drop represents
loss of power in the circuit. For example, an IGBT based
semiconductor AC switch (such as applied in this instantiation)
exhibits a voltage drop of about 3 volts at 30 Amps of conducted
power. That relates to 90 Watts of loss. The equivalent mechanical
relay will exhibit a loss of about 1 Watt at the same applied
current. Thus, a mechanical relay augmented with a solid-state
relay is an ideal combination for maximizing efficiency as well as
operation speed. When desired to conduct, an augmented relay
configuration as shown in FIG. 7e, the conduction of electrical
current will commence within about 10 microseconds of the command
to conduct. This allows precise timing of the connection to the
power source. However, the disconnect time is still subject to the
response time of the mechanical relay since the contacts of the
mechanical relay are in parallel connection to the SSR element.
Even though the SSR element may disconnect, the mechanical contacts
will remain closed for a short time prior to releasing. This delay
is of little consequence when switching from one power source to
the other when power is available on both, such as is the case when
the ATS is returning to the preferred side after the power has been
restored on that preferred side. Precise timing of the disconnect
can be accomplished in this case because the mechanical relay can
be commanded to release prior to the desired time of the actual
disconnection, while the SSR is still conducting. Then, at the
desired time of disconnection, the SSR can be commanded to release.
Thus, for most conditions, precise timing can be achieved, with
little power loss in this configuration. The use of the IGBT and
bridge AC switch has the advantage of being able to turn on and off
in very short time periods. It is difficult to turn off a Triac, or
an SCR based switch, as those devices want to stay on until current
stops conducting, thus they stay on until the AC current passes
through the zero crossing as the sine wave changes polarity. In the
example shown in FIG. 7e, The SSR on side A 93 is shown in the on
condition and conducting power to the Output while the mechanical
relay contacts of GKA 91 are moving to try to close. Any variation
in timing that might be imposed by the mechanical effects of the
motion of the relay contacts are masked by the SSR conducting.
Albeit the associated power loss intrinsic to the SSR delivering
the current is present during this time, it is of only a very short
duration, about 10 milliseconds, before the mechanical relay
contacts close, thus reducing the power loss to a minimum. The SSR
can remain on but it will have no effect.
[0080] FIG. 7f shows the final configuration with power being
conducted through the GKA relay 91 to the output and bypassing the
SSR 93.
Sub-Circuit Detailed Descriptions
[0081] FIG. 1 shows the general configuration of all of the
sub-circuits and helps identify their function in the overall
operation of the ATS. Note that both the A side AC power connection
and the B side AC power connections pass through a "N" Side
Disconnect and Sync Generation sub-circuits 2,3. When AC voltage is
not present on the input to one or both of these circuits 2,3 the
internal mechanical relay inside of this circuit remains in the
"open" state, thus no power is passed through to the Gate Keeper 4.
These "N" Side Disconnect and Sync Generation sub-circuits 2, 3
provide several functions to the operation of the ATS.
[0082] Disconnection from the GK 4 when power is not present on the
input provides safety disconnection from the source and provides
required disconnection isolation voltage capacity required by
various safety agencies such as Underwriters Laboratory (UL). The
mechanical gap on the relay contacts prevent voltages as high as
3000 Volts from passing through.
[0083] Commands from the Digital Control Electronics 1 can command
the "N" Side Disconnect and Sync Generation sub-circuits 2, 3 to
engage or dis-engage, as timing needs are satisfied.
[0084] The "N" Side Disconnect and Sync Generation sub-circuits 2,
3 also have a circuit in them that detects the AC voltage near the
point where it crosses zero when changing from one polarity to the
other. This signal generation allows a pulse to be generated that
is symmetrical about the zero crossing to be formed and sent to the
Digital Control Electronics 4 for use in providing information
needed to electronically synchronize and control the various
actions of the ATS. [0085] FIG. 11 shows the simplified means that
this is accomplished in the "N" Side Disconnect and Sync Generation
sub-circuit. The circuit 200 is comprised of three main elements,
the input bridge 202, comparator 203 and isolation optical coupler
205. As AC voltage is applied to the input 201 it becomes rectified
in the bridge 202. The rectified voltage is scaled down to a
useable voltage by resistor divider R1 and R2 and that voltage is
applied to the input of the comparator 203. The other input of the
comparator 203 has a reference voltage applied to it formed by the
resistor divider R3 and R4 and is filtered by the capacitor C1.
When the applied rectified voltage from the AC bridge becomes
greater that the reference voltage, the output of the comparator
203 switches "On," in this case the output goes to 5 volts, or
High. When the applied rectified voltage from the AC bridge becomes
less that the reference voltage, the output of the comparator 203
switches "Off", in this case the output goes to 0 volts, or Low.
[0086] The synchograms 300 show the voltage - time waveforms
typical of this circuit 200. The AC In 207 is rectified 208, and
when the thresholds are crossed, the output of the comparator
produce pulses 209 at the point where the original AC in 207
crosses at the zero crossing plus the threshold of the comparator.
These pulses are nearly symmetrical about the actual zero crossing
of the original AC In voltage.
[0087] The Sync pulse formed in "N" Side Disconnect and Sync
Generation sub-circuits 2, 3 also carries information about the
applied voltage to that circuit in the form of the pulse width. As
the voltage increases the pulse width becomes narrower and
narrower. This allows detection of the applied voltage by the
Digital Control Electronics on the same signal path as the
synchronization pulse. [0088] FIG. 12 shows how the sync detector
circuit also functions for extracting the AC Input Voltage value in
the Digital Control Electronics Section. Assuming a high voltage
of, for example, 240 VAC, is represented by the synchogram 300 at
the AC In 207. The rectified Voltage 208 is then crossing the
threshold and results in pulses 209 formed that are narrow. But, if
a lower voltage, say 120 VAC is applied as shown in the second
synchogram 301 the voltage threshold of the rectified AC voltage
221 is crossed sooner and as a result the Comparator Out 222 pulses
become wider. The Digital Control Electronics can compare the time
of the rising edge to the falling edge of these pulses and apply
mathematical formulae to retrieve the exact voltage that is
represented by those pulse widths. Alternatively, the Digital
Control Electronics can hold a table of representative values that,
when compared to the detected pulse width times, can also result in
very accurate representations of the applied voltages.
[0089] The output of the comparator circuit in the "N" Side
Disconnect and Sync Generation sub-circuits is passed through an
optical isolation circuit to make sure that the Digital Control
Electronics is electrically isolated from any AC or DC Voltage
applied to the inputs. This is a safety requirement and is enforced
by various regulatory agencies such as Underwriters Laboratory
(UL). [0090] FIG. 2-A shows the schematic of the "N" Side
Disconnect and Sync Generation sub-circuits. The AC filter section
21 shows a simple Pi filter attaching the AC mains to the
electronics of the "N" Side Disconnect and Sync Generation
sub-circuit via a fuse F5 of 250 ma. A pair of inductor and a
capacitor are used to prevent any high frequency noise generated in
the attached circuits 22 from entering the AC mains lines. This is
done to prevent interference with other external electric and
electronic devices. This is also necessary for various compliance
agencies such as Federal Communication Commission, of FCC, as well
as others. After power is filtered, it is delivered to the
Switchmode Current Limiter 22 where the AC high voltage is
rectified in D2, D3 D8 and D9 and delivered to the filter capacitor
C2 via D4. D4 isolates the rectified DC from the bridge from the
filtered DC of C2. The un-filtered rectified DC is delivered to the
comparator through the resistive divider R6 and R5 for developing
sync and voltage data as previously described. Rectified and
filtered DC voltage at C2 is delivered to the Switching chip Q9 via
a filter inductor pair of L10, a ferrite bead for very high
frequencies, and L12, for medium frequency limiting. The switching
chip Q9 turns on and off at about 80 Khz, and the duty cycle
determines how much current is present in L1. Since this is
switching into L1 from a monopolar source, the flyback energy in L1
is contained by D10. The Switching chip Q9 is pre-programmed to
adjust the duty cycle to maintain a constant current of 20 ma. This
chip is originally designed for use in modern LED lighting, but is
r purposed to simplify the power supply design of this invention.
The varying pulses in L1 are translated to a fairly constant
current of 20 ma and then is allowed to pass through the coils of
the two relays 21 that switch on the main AC power. The other side
of the two relay coils 21 enter the On-Off Switch 23 at the Drain
of Q5. If Q5 is "On," the current then passes to the secondary
filter capacitor C7 In the Sync Pulse Generator section 25. 20 ma
of current is presented to the Cathode of ZD3, and when the voltage
reaches 8.2 Volts, the Zener conducts to maintain about 8.2 Volts.
This voltage is presented to the input of the 5-volt regulator Q7.
This is a precision 5-volt linear regulator. As long as the total
power requirements of the output of the regulator, and the attached
circuits does not exceed 20 mA, then ample overhead voltage will be
present to maintain precision 5-volt regulation. The design of the
Sync Pulse Generator 25 Comparator circuit is such that there is
very little current necessary to accomplish the detection function.
Only about 2 mA is actually used in this part of the circuit. This
leaves 18 ma available. Some of the 18 mA available at the input to
the 5-volt regulator Q7, is diverted to the opto-coupler U4 26 and
through the 1K resistor connected to the output of the comparator
U7. If the U-7 is in worst case voltage detection mode, where the
output is "on" (or low) all of the time, then all 8.2 Volts is
dropping through the 1 K resistor, minus the 2 volt drop of the LED
in the opto-coupler U4. The resultant maximum current is 6.2 mA.
Thus, for all cases, the series switch mode regulation of a total
of 20 mA, is adequate to drive all possible combination of circuit
requirements. [0091] This method was chosen to optimize the
efficiency of operation of the circuits. Very little power is
wasted, and the total circuit power efficiency is about 84%. The
total quiescent power used to operate the "N" Side Disconnect and
Sync Generation sub-circuit is about 0.65 Watt. [0092] Both the A
and B sides add up to around 1.3 Watts. This is a very high
efficiency for all of the functions achieved. [0093] This scheme
also makes the operation of these circuits functional from about 30
Volts of AC applied to the mains inputs all the way up to 300
Volts. These circuits must function across the maximum range of AC
input voltages to allow monitoring and functionality of the ATS
regardless of the voltage applied.
[0094] A signal that comes from the Digital Control Electronics,
"Force Disconnect" 27 is presented in cases where the Controller
wishes to shut off an input. This is done during every transfer
cycle to prevent any possibility of carrying an arc between the
contacts of the Gate Keeper (FIGS. 3, 39 and 40) that would cause a
short between the A side and the B side Power Inputs.
[0095] The "Force Disconnect" 27 signal causes the LED in the
opto-coupler U1 to turn on the phototransistor in U1, which in turn
shorts the Gate of Q5 to the Source of Q5. This turns the Q5 Drain
off and shuts off the current path to the relays. About 2 ms later
the relay contacts open and power is disconnected between the input
and the output of the Disconnect relays 21.
[0096] When the "Force Disconnect" is removed from the opto-coupler
U1, and the phototransistor turns off, then current from R1, 3.9
Meg ohm resistor is applied to the gate of Q5, the voltage rises to
about 10 volts very quickly and the Drain of Q5 is connected to the
Source and Q5 is turned on. Current can now pass through the coils
of the switching relays, sourced by the switch mode chip Q9, as
described earlier. The relays 21 are now energized and the contacts
are closed about 7 to 10 ms later.
[0097] During the time that a "Force Disconnect" is present, there
is no need for sync pulses during the transfer process. Voltage and
timing have already been determined by the Digital Control
Electronics. But a "Force Disconnect" usually only lasts for 20 ms
or so, just long enough to complete a transfer. During that 20 ms,
power stored in C15 keeps the comparator operational, and pulses
can continue to be detected if there ever became a need to utilize
the information.
[0098] FIG. 3 shows the detailed block diagram of the Input
Selector, or Gate Keeper (GK). This is the core of the ATS. This is
where power from either the A side Disconnect Switch, of the B side
Disconnect Switch is directed to the Output and eventually to the
"load". Its operation is directed entirely by the commands from the
Digital Control Electronics. When no signals are present from the
Digital Control Electronics all of the relays in the GK, and the
Solid-State Relays (SSRs) are in the open, non-conducting state.
This presents a "Fail Safe" condition.
[0099] In order for the Digital Control Electronics to direct power
from the A Side Disconnect Switch output, it must first make sure
that no control signal is being sent to the B side steering
circuits. A special piece of code in the Digital Control
Electronics makes this check every time an attempt to change the
state of either input is made. It is critical that the A side and
the B side are never connected to the output at the same time, as
this would result in a short circuit between the A side and the B
side inputs and would cause a fuse to blow, and perhaps more
damage. A second layer of protection is included with the
implementation of hardware interlock 49 that prevents two commands
from conflicting. For example, if the Digital Control Electronics
requests that the A relay coil driver turns on by asserting the
control line 42, that signal will also be present at the input of
the logic gate 46. Since the true state of the A side request is
inverted at the input to the logic gate 46, any signals present at
41, the control line that would drive the B side, is blocked by the
gate 46. Conversely, a signal from the Digital Control Electronics
requesting to turn on the B side Relay Coil Driver 41 that is
asserted will be present at the inverting input to the logic gate
43 and in turn mask any signals coming from the A side Digital
Control Electronics command 42 to turn on the A side Relay Coil
Driver. The same concepts apply to the IGBT drivers. These function
similarly to the Relays, but with nearly instantaneous response
times. The commands to turn on one side or the other will result in
a masking signal sent to the opposite side and prevent a dual turn
on condition to exist. A "high" in the IGBT drive A side control
input 47 will be presented as a low to the gate on the b side 45
and inhibit any signaling from the Digital Control Electronics from
passing through the gate 45. Conversely, A "high" in the IGBT drive
B side control input 48 will be presented as a low to the gate on
the b side 44 and inhibit any signaling from the Digital Control
Electronics from passing through the gate 44. 5 KV Optical
Isolators are included between the Digital Control Electronics and
the IGBT Drivers. This is necessary since the IGBT drivers operate
at the AC Line voltage potential of their respective AC sources.
The Relay Coil Drivers do not require isolation, the Coils of the
relays 39, 40 are isolated from the AC Line voltage
mechanically.
[0100] FIG. 3-A shows the detailed Electronic Schematic of the
Input Selector, or Gate Keeper (GK).
[0101] When the Digital Control Electronics determines that the A
side AC power should be connected to the Output, it simply asserts
both the Gate Keeper o A (GK to A) signal and IGBT Drive A. The 5
volts logic control signal presented at GK to A will turn on the
FET Q11. It's Source is connected to ground, so the Drain goes to
ground, thus supplying current to the coils of the A side Gate
Keeper relays, RY 3 and RY 7 These relays acquire coil current from
the +12 Volt power supply. Magnetic field current starts to build
in the coils and the relay is starts to energize. Generally
speaking, these relays require 7 to 10 ms to operate. The bigger
the relay, the slower the operation, generally. During this time
the second half of the operation has begun. The Digital Control
Electronics has also issued an assert command to the IGBT Drive A
input. This High level (5 Volts) signal sends current to the LEDs
of U 13 and U 15, 5 KV Isolation opto-couplers, via resistors 27
and 28. This current is dependent on Q14 a PNP bipolar transistor
being turned on also. The turn on of Q4 is generally present due to
the base pull down resistor R31. If, for some reason, the IGBT
Drive B was high (asserted for some reason), the base of Q 14 would
also be high, and no current would be able to go through the
collector of Q14, thus disabling the IGBT Drive A command. The
transistor Q14 is essentially the logic gate discussed prior with
FIG. 3, Logic Gate 44. This is the second layer fail-safe discussed
earlier. However, assuming that the IGBT Drive B is not asserted,
and that the IGBT Drive A is asserted, and that current is now
flowing in U 15 and U 13, the other side of those opto-couplers
will now be also conducting.
[0102] To understand how the IGBT drivers turn on the IGBT, it must
be assumed that AC power has been present coming from the A Side
Disconnect Switch for at least a little while. That AC Voltage that
has been present has been conducting through Diodes 13 and 32, and
R 41 and R3, charging Capacitors 26 and 32, each to 20 Volts. When
these capacitors reach 20 Volts, the current is diverted through
Zener Diodes ZD 5 and ZD 1, and the voltage remains at 20 Volts.
The capacitors are 4.7 micro-Farads each. The amount of charge they
hold is important later on in the discussion.
[0103] When the optical coupler photo transistor in U13 turns on,
20 volts from C26 will be conducted through R9 and on to the base
of Q13 and resistor 2. Capacitor 33 presents a very short impedance
to this turn on and filter out transient noise. Otherwise,
Capacitor 33 has no effect. When the voltage is applied to the base
of Q13, the voltage rises very fast, limited essentially by the
charge rate of C33. As the Base of Q 13 rises, the transistor
releases its current path from the Emitter to the Collector,
essentially shutting off this transistor. The rising voltage at the
base of Q 13 now is passed to the base of the IGBT Q2 via the diode
21. These rising voltages are now limited by the base capacitance
of the IGBT Q2 and the current limiting of the Opto-coupler and
R33. Since the opto-coupler is around 200 ohms at this time, the
rise time is relatively fast, on the order of 150 microseconds. The
IGBT Q2 is now conducting. Any AC Voltage that appears across the
contacts of the RY7 at this time is shunted through the Diode
Bridge BR2 and through the IGBT Q2 Collector-Emitter. Effectively,
the AC inputs to the bridge BR3 are shorted. This whole process has
taken about 200 micro-seconds. Meanwhile, the Relay 7 is just
starting to energize. It will be another 7 to 10 ms before it
actually has the contacts meet one another. The AC input to this
side of the Load is now connected.
[0104] The same process is occurring on the other half of the A
side IGBT drive, the side driven by U15. Ultimately, IGBT Q3 will
be turned on, shunting Bridge 3 and delivering AC power to the
other side of the A side path between the A side Disconnect Switch
to the Output and to the load.
[0105] After a period of around 100 ms, it is assumed that the
relays have closed and that all of the current is bypassing the
IGBTs. The Digital Control Electronics will de-assert the IGBT
Drive A and the IGBT Drive B control signals. If, for some reason
the Digital Control Electronics did not release the drive signals,
a designed in feature of the IGBT Drivers themselves will release
the drive signal from the IGBT gates and disconnect the devices.
This is accomplished by the decay of the stored charge in the
aforementioned C26 and C32. The current path from the C26 and C32,
through the opto-couplers and through the 68 K base resistors for Q
13 and Q 21 will eventually discharge the C26 and C32 to the point
where the IGBTs do not have sufficient voltage on the Gates of
these devices to sustain current flow in the Collector to Emitters
of Q 2 and Q3. Even though some current is being supplied to the C
26 and C32 from the D13 and D32, the resistive divider of 560K and
68 K, through a half wave rectifier, will not provide sufficient
voltage at the base of the IGBTs to sustain current. At maximum
input voltage to the ATS of 277 volts AC, only about 6 volts will
be present at the gate of the IGBT and the device will turn off.
Careful selection of components has enabled this feature without
the addition of any additional circuitry.
[0106] When the Digital Control Electronics determines it is time
to shut off a particular side of the GK, there are two
possibilities. One is for an immediate shut off, implying it is
being turned off as fast as possible due to a loss of voltage on
this path. This would be the case when, for example, this is the A
side, the A side is the preferred, and the load has been connected
to the A side for some time. This is a normal state.
[0107] When the A input AC voltage fails below an acceptable level,
the control logic can determine that the A input power is failing
and an outage (vs. a power quality disturbance for example) is in
progress. It is now necessary to transfer to the alternate power
source (the B side in this example) as fast as possible. The first
action to consider after the Digital Control Electronics has
determined that the failure is valid by observing the Sync pulse
occurred at a time it shouldn't have, or the sync pulse was longer
than it should be, the Digital Control Electronics will immediately
start the disconnect process. It is paramount that the failed AC
power input be totally disconnected from the output prior to
connecting the alternate side power source to the Load. Otherwise,
current would be transferred from the Alternate power Source to the
Primary power source, which could be at a very low impedance (for
example, the whole AC grid). So, knowing that it has taken a couple
of milliseconds to verify that a failure has happened, another two
milliseconds (plus a little buffer insurance of 1 millisecond) is
desirable to ensure that the Input Relays and the Gatekeeper Relays
have had sufficient time to mechanically open. As mentioned before,
this time is on the order of 2 milliseconds average. Thus, the
command to "Force Disconnect" the primary side (A in this example)
is immediately issued along with the GK to A control lead being
de-asserted. This starts the process of disconnecting from the A
side. It is assumed that the IGBT Drive for the A side has long
since been removed, preferably about 200 ms after it was asserted
long ago when power was initially transferred to the Primary
side.
[0108] The Digital Control Electronics must now wait patiently for
at least two milliseconds. The ATS Digital Control Electronics
actually waits 3.5 ms, with the relays we are currently using, but
this value is programmable into the Digital Control Electronics and
may change depending on the relays sourced for use in these ATS
units. But it does wait until it is sure that enough time has
passed that the mechanical relays have opened the path from the
previously connected Power source and the output. At this point,
The Digital Control Electronics can assert the IGBT Drive B and the
GK to B signals and connect the load to the alternate power source
as described in the connect sequence above.
[0109] When the IGBT drive is off, and the opto-couplers are not
turned on, there is no current source to keep C33 (C47) charged and
they decay in voltage down from wherever they were until these
capacitors are fully discharged via resistors R2 and R4. At this
point, the bases of Q 13 and Q21 are at the collector potential.
Q13 and Q21 are Darlington coupled transistors and have gain
characteristics in excess of 20,000. Any attempt to raise the
voltage on the emitters of these transistors Q13 and Q21, will
result in immediate conduction to the collector potential. In other
words, the Gates of the IGBTs Q 2 and Q3 are shorted to their
Emitters. This is necessary. Because the Collectors are connected
indirectly to the output of the ATS via the Bridges BR2 and BR3,
when the IGBTs on the Alternate side do come on, and deliver AC to
the Load from that side, they will turn on very fast. The resultant
very high rate of voltage change at the output will appear at the
Collectors of the now off IGBTs Q2 and Q3. Without the very low
impedance clamp on the Gates of the IGBTs Q2 and Q2, the high rate
of rise at the Collectors will try to turn on the IGBTs through the
capacitive coupling internal to the devices. The higher the rate of
rise of the voltage, the more susceptible the IGBTs are to false
turn on. Thus, the ever-present clamp across the Gate to Emitters
of the IGBTs when they are off. This unique IGBT drive scheme is
both simple and robust. It requires no external power to operate.
Switching on the alternate side from IGBT Drive B and GK to B are
mirrored in function to the A side.
[0110] An alternative IGBT driver for the SSR portion of the MINI
ATS is represented by FIG. 3-B. The IGBT Drive Circuit 700 consists
of primarily a IGBT transistor 729 for conducting the major
current, a diode bridge 733 that allows the use of the monopolar
IGBT to control power in the AC switching application, and a high
isolation optical coupler 702 for conveying the digital commands
from the Digital Control Electronics to the IGBT drive circuits.
The operation is in general very similar to the IGBT control from
earlier versions, but this design has the additional feature of
having self-current regulation through the IGBT path. This
additional feature allows for the IGBT driver circuit to conduct
into a shorted load, or into a relay on the complementary side of
AC source in a manner that results in controlled current flow. For
example, if a fault condition occurs in the alternate side relay
and it becomes permanently or temporarily connected to the AC
source, when the switching of the local IGBT occurs, it will not be
switching into a potentially opposing low impedance phase of AC
source without current limited protection. This added feature
allows for the Digital Control Electronics to have adequate time to
detect this fault condition and respond by removing the IGBT drive
control before any damage can occur, or any over-loading of the
source power supplies can occur.
[0111] When the Digital Control Electronics issues a command to
turn on the IGBT (SSR) it raises the voltage on the input to the
optical coupler 702 at the input 701. This in turn causes the
emitter of the optical coupler 702 to supply voltage to resistor
725. Prior to this, the + input of analog comparator 727 had been
held at ground by resistor 722. At the same time, the - input to
the analog comparator 727 had been held at a reference value of
around 6 volts from resistor divider formed by two resistors 726
723. A small capacitor 724 is included at that reference node for
noise reduction. Because the - input to the analog comparator 727
is a higher voltage than the + input prior to the turn on command
the output of the analog comparator 727 is held low, or close to
zero volts. This low signal is amplified by the transistor pair 728
and a low voltage at low impedance is presented to the gate of the
IGBT 729. The IGBT is securely off at that time.
[0112] Shortly after the opto-coupler signal delivers supply
voltage to the limiting resistor 725, the voltage on the + input to
the analog comparator 727 rises above the reference voltage present
on the - input and the output of the analog comparator 727 changes
state from low voltage to almost the supply voltage at a very high
speed. This is amplified by the transistor pair 728 and supply
voltage is presented to the gate of the IGBT 729. The Amplifier
transistor pair 728 presents a very low impedance source to
overcome the fairly high capacitance of the input to the IGBT 729.
This increases the turn-on time of the IGBT 729 and reduces
heating.
[0113] When the IGBT is conducting, any AC power presented to the
contacts of the main relay 737 is shorted out through the diode
bridge 733 and the now conducting IGBT 729. The AC switch has
essentially been turned on.
[0114] At the same time, the - input to the analog comparator 718
is at ground voltage just prior to the turning on of the IGBT 729
because no current is flowing in the sense resistor 730. The +
input to this analog comparator 718 is held at about 0.6 volt via
the divider resistor pair 713, 716. Thus, the output of the analog
comparator 718 is switched to the supply voltage. Thus, the
blocking diode 719 is reverse biased and not conduction. The +
input to the analog comparator 727 remains at the divider voltage
established by the resistors 725, 722.
[0115] This is the normal operating state of the switched on IGBT
driver. It will remain in this state until the opto-coupler shuts
off, or an over current condition exists.
[0116] The current conducted through the IGBT also passes through
the sense resistor 730. The resistor is selected to pass the
desired maximum amperage without having enough voltage drop to be
detected by the analog comparator 727. For the Mini ATS products,
this is either 32 Amps or 64 amps, depending on the model. Any
amperage threshold can be set by simply selecting the resistor
appropriate for the desired Amperage. When the current through the
IGBT 729 exceeds the desired threshold, voltage generated across
the sense resistor 730 appearing at the - input to the analog
comparator 727 via resistor 720 exceeds the divider voltage
presented to the + input to the analog comparator, the output of
the analog comparator 727 switches to a low, or close to zero
voltage output. This is the beginning of the current limit
switching cycle. When this output goes low, current is conducted
through the blocking diode 719 and pulls the + input to the
comparator 727 low, or down to about 0.6 volts. The + input is now
less than the - input and the output of the analog comparator 727
switches to low voltage output. This is amplified through
transistor pair 728 and switches the gate of the IGBT 729 to ground
shutting the IGBT off. This causes current to cease in the Bridge
diode 733 and through the AC power path from input 706 to the
output 738. The IGBT AC power switch is now off.
[0117] At the instant that the output of the analog comparator 718
goes low, it also discharges capacitor 721. As soon as the current
through the IGBT ceases, shortly after that the voltage to the
input of the comparator 718 also falls to zero. This in turn causes
the output of the analog comparator 718 to go high. This occurs
within a few microseconds of the detection of the over-current
state. However, it is desirable to keep the IGBT turned off for a
fixed period of time. This is accomplished by the discharged
capacitor 721. The output of the analog comparator 718 has returned
to the supply voltage, but that is blocked by the blocking diode
719. Capacitor 721 must charge via the current supplied by resistor
725. Since this is a controlled resistance, the time to charge the
capacitor 721 to the voltage necessary to raise the + input to the
comparator 727 above the - input is predictable. When the charge on
the capacitor 721 is high enough, the output of the analog
comparator 727 switches to the high state and once again turns on
the IGBT 729 via the transistor pair amplifier 728.
[0118] This cycle will continue as long as an overload condition
exists.
[0119] A minimum on time is also set by the time constant of the
combination of resistor 720 and capacitor 715.
[0120] Resistor 732 limits the maximum current through the IGBT to
a peak of about 65 Amps. This allows for the minimum on time to be
set to a practical time such as 5 to 20 microseconds.
[0121] Capacitor 731 limits the rate of rise of a voltage appearing
across the collector and emitter of the IGBT 729. Limiting this
rate of rise is necessary to prevent exceeding the DVDT limits of
the IGBT and accidentally turning it on.
[0122] FIG. 4 shows how the ATS monitors current and retrieves data
necessary for synchronization of zero crossing using the output
current. As an ATS, the decision to transfer a load from one active
AC power source to another active AC power source requires
additional considerations other than performing the transfer as
quickly as possible. Since both AC sources are present, there may
be additional considerations to make when deciding when to
disconnect from the active source delivering power to the load, and
then connecting it to the active AC source that is considered the
Primary source. This event occurs every time there is a power
outage on the primary source, the ATS transfers to the alternate
source, and then eventually the Primary AC power source is
restored. AT this time, the transfer the ATS must make is from one
good source to another good source.
[0123] It is necessary to make the opening of the relay occur at or
near the zero crossing of current when disconnecting a load from an
active AC source. This helps fervent contact arcing and extends the
life of the relay contacts. In the ATS described here, the
Disconnect Relays in the Disconnect Switch and Sync Section do not
have solid state bypass circuits to unload the current from the
relay contacts during a disconnect. Thus, the disconnection must be
synchronized with the zero crossing of the current in the
circuit.
[0124] The ATS described herein can deliver power to a variety of
load types. One such load type is what is referred to as a reactive
load, often found where the load has capacitance, inductance, or a
combination of both. When there is capacitance or inductance in the
circuit, the voltage and current waveforms are not synchronous. The
power flow has two components--one component flows from source to
load and can perform work at the load and the other component known
as the "reactive power", is due to the delay between voltage and
current, referred to as phase angle, and does not do useful work at
the load. It can be thought of as current that is arriving at the
wrong time (too late or too early). This phase difference between
the actual voltage zero crossing and the zero crossing of the
current requires that, since the relay contacts can be damaged by
current, not volts, it becomes necessary to cause the relay
contacts to open at the time that the current is passing through
the zero. Since this can be different timing from the zero-crossing
detected in the Disconnect Switch and Sync Section, an alternate
method of determining the timing of the relay opening, and it must
be based on the current flow instead of the voltage present.
[0125] When power is present on both sources, and a transfer is
imminent, the Digital Control Electronics must measure the output
current, and if it is significant, use this to determine when to
open the various relays in the path of the current flow. In the ATS
described here the Digital Control Electronics has tables loaded
into its memory at the time of manufacture that contain the
measured time between the command to release a given relay, and
when it successfully opens the contacts. Generally, this time is
about 2 milliseconds, but it can vary significantly due to
manufacturing variables. Thus, the Digital Control Electronics
keeps track of the delay times for each of the relays in the ATS
and can use that information to calculate the exact disconnect time
when preparing to disconnect the load from an active AC source.
[0126] The Digital Control Electronics also has determined the time
from one half cycle to the next by measuring the rising edge to the
rising edge of the sync pulses generated in the Disconnect Switch
and Sync Section. By using this information, the Digital Control
Electronics can now subtract the known delay of a given relay from
the time between half cycles and arrive at a number that is
predictive of when the relay contacts will start to open, relative
to a zero crossing of current. The Digital Control Electronics will
prepare to make the relay opening, then at the next zero crossing
of the current will then delay the amount of time calculated by
subtracting the relay opening time from the half cycle to half
cycle time, then the Digital Control Electronics issues the
disconnect command.
[0127] In this manner, the ATS described here can disconnect a load
very close to the actual zero crossing of the current by performing
these predictive calculations. This minimizes the degradation of
the electrical contacts within the relays. In addition, conditions
could exist that prevent a relay contact from releasing when the
command from the Digital Control Electronics commands it to
disconnect. The most common cause of this is a welded contact that
is the result of some excessive current during the prior transfer.
Other conditions could include mechanical wear or degradation of
materials due to time, heat or other causes. In any of the cases
where a contact has not operated in the manner desired by the
Digital Control Electronics, a method is described here that allows
the Digital Control Electronics to detect that fault condition. If
the fault condition is detected before the commands are issued for
any additional relay or SSR action, then a shorting of the A side
power source to the B side power source can be avoided. In much
large Automatic Transfer Switch applications, traditional ATS
designs, this is accomplished by mechanically linking the power
contacts of the relay to an auxiliary set of contacts that can be
monitored by the Digital Control Electronics for this
authentication process. In the case of the MINT ATS application
described here the physical size is of significant concern. A novel
means of detecting the operation of the relay is described here,
referred to as the Relay Operation Authentication Detector, that
allows this authentication, while maintaining a small form factor.
In addition, this detection means is directly involving the active
electrically conductive portion of the relay that actually passes
the power through the relay. By detecting on that specific
electrical conductor, there is positive confirmation of the state
of that contact, either connected to the power source or not
connected. When the Digital Control Electronics commands either the
closure of the desired relay or opening of the desired relay, this
authentication feature allows the Digital Control Electronics to
immediately check the results of that action request and verify it
has completed before moving on to performing any other actions. In
the event of detecting a failure to complete the command by the
relay in question, the Digital Control Electronics can then undergo
a process to halt any additional actions, report this fault event
to the monitoring controller, and it can perform multiple attempts
to operate the relay and possibly self-repair the electrical fault
by breaking loose the potentially welded contact. In that event,
the Digital Control Electronics can then elect to return the entire
MINT ATS to operation or place it in a safe state such as totally
shut down. The determination of what to do with the fault condition
is fully programmable and can be specific to various applications.
This flexibility offered by implementing the authentication is
unique in Automatic Transfer Switches.
[0128] In addition, the authentication circuits allow the Digital
Control Electronics to operate in a mode where the next step is not
determined by time as described earlier, but by what state the
various components are physically, or electrically in. For example,
when the command to disconnect the relay from one source is issued,
instead of calculation when it should have disconnected, to allow
proceeding, the Digital Control Electronics simply waits for the
authentication signals from the affected relays to indicate a
successful completion of the action. The Digital Control
Electronics merely has to put a timed limit on that so detection of
a fault can be determined. But being a state-controlled process
means that the next action that is dependent on the upcoming change
of state is timed to the optimum time when that next action can
commence.
[0129] FIG. 4 shows the basic electrical and electronic components
of the Current sensing section of the ATS. The primary sensing
element is a Hall Effect sensor 51 adjacent to the Hot Out Lead
that is attached to the output of the ATS. The magnetic fields
generated by the passing current 57 is detected in the Hall effect
sensor 51 and amplified. Zero restoration 52 of the sensed signal
is necessary to stabilize the conversion from AC measurement to DC
in the Precision Rectifier 52. After the Current waveform has been
rectified, it is still returning to zero every half cycle. At the
moment it returns to zero, the Zero Crossing Detector 55 output
asserts. This signal is sent to the Digital Control Electronics for
use in calculating timing. In addition, the rectified current
output of the Precision Rectifier 52 is also sent to an integrator
that consists of an array of capacitors and resistors that smooth
out the sensed current and convert it to a smooth DC level. That DC
level then is sent to the Digital Control Electronics via a buffer
amplifier and enters the Digital Control Electronics through an
integrated Analog to Digital Converter for digital processing and
reporting of the current levels to the communication port, and
eventually to the remote monitoring equipment.
[0130] The Digital Control Electronics also uses the integrated DC
levels to determine if the ATS should turn on the light that warns
of "maximum load acceptable." A feature of the ATS described here
is its ability to set a warning light when the load is above a
pre-programmed level.
[0131] Another action that the Digital Control Electronics can
perform using the integrated DC level is to shut off the output in
the event of an overload. If the current exceeds a pre-programmed
level, the ATS can de-energize the Gate Keeper relay very quickly
to protect the AC power circuit. The Digital Control Electronics
can then turn on another warning light to indicate that an overload
has occurred, and it can send status data through the communication
port to the remote monitoring equipment.
[0132] Another feature of the ATS described here is its ability to
set a warning light when the load exceeds a pre-programmed level
and turn off power to that load coincidentally.
[0133] A reset button (FIGS. 8, 9, 10, item 104) is provided as a
means for the operator to reset a Load-Fault condition once the
fault has been removed.
[0134] Unique filtering at the hardware level in the integrator 54
and software computations by the Digital Control Electronics allow
a precise imitation of any fuse curve desired, or any circuit
breaker desired.
[0135] The output current sense discriminated by the Digital
Control Electronics can also be used to predictively operate the
cooling fans. Instead of waiting until the interior of the ATS has
heated up due to heavy loading, and then turning on the fans, the
Digital Control Electronics can predict the internal heating due to
detected load in the current sensor 11. Thus, the fans come on
before individual components become hot. This feature can be useful
in improving the reliability of the ATS.
[0136] The ATS can be predictive about internal heating and start
the fan(s) proactively to reduce materials fatigue and improve
reliability.
[0137] FIG. 5 shows the overview of the Indicators 9 in the ATS,
and the Communication port 10.
[0138] The Indicators are generic LEDs of various colors. Utilizing
state-of-the-art components, bright and efficient LEDs provide
excellent indications of the various statuses of the ATS described
here. The unique crenelated lens assembly allows effective airflow
as well as an excellent range of angles of visibility of the
LEDs.
[0139] In addition, a current limiter 60 is in the path of the
electrical supply for all of the LEDs. This prevents overloading of
the power supply in the event that 3 or more LEDs are illuminated
simultaneously.
[0140] The Communication portal 10 provides a specialized
communication set between the Digital Control Electronics and the
remote monitoring and control electronics.
[0141] Three functions are provided by this port, but others could
also be implemented. [0142] i. USB communication with the remote
monitoring and control electronics. [0143] ii. Connection between
the Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) (a type of MCU) internal
to the ATS described here, and an external programming tool. This
allows updating the software (firmware) of the PIC without having
to open the case up. There may be customers that have ATSs as
described here that require special functions. Due to the unique
design of this ATS, these client needs may be met by supplying
specialized operating code to the Digital Control Electronics of
this ATS. [0144] iii. Connection between the Digital Control
Electronics and external communication interface converters to
allow long line communications to remote monitoring and control
electronics. USB has short length limitations and as such may not
be applicable to all communications requirements.
[0145] The Digital Control Electronics can send data via USB to the
remote monitoring and control electronics via the USB 2.0 interface
converter 71 through the panel accessed USB type C connector 72. A
USB type C connector is selected for its unique pairing of pins
that generally allow the connector to be mated in either polarity.
The pins from one side of the connector are mirrored on the other
side of the connector so that regardless of which way the mating
connector is inserted, the communication and voltages sent through
the connector system will be preserved. The ATS described here
leverages this bi-polar characteristic for an added feature. By
flipping the connector, that flip can be detected and send an alert
signal 76 to the Digital Control Electronics via a Polarity Detect
circuit 70. The Polarity Detect circuit operates by detecting if a
ground pin is present on one of the pins. The complement pin (in a
reversed condition of mating the connectors) is connected, instead,
to the +5 volts pin of the connector. In this manner, the
orientation of the connector can be determined by the Digital
Control Electronics. This is useful by allowing the Digital Control
Electronics to determine if it should be communicating via USB, or
if it should be preparing to accept data from a remote programming
tool. This feature also can be used to alert the operator that the
connector is flipped. This can be used to help improve the security
of the data contained in the Digital Control Electronics. By
flipping the connector one way, a physical barrier to writing data
into the Digital Control Electronics. However, flipping the
connector the other way allows data to be written to the Digital
Control Electronics, while simultaneously the Digital Control
Electronics can provide distinctive illumination to the LEDs that
alert the operator to this write vulnerability.
[0146] Thus, the unique wiring of the USB type C connector allows
the ATS described here to communicate with multiple types of
external electronics and improve the security of the data stored in
the ATS.
[0147] FIG. 6 shows the overview of the power supply system in the
ATS described here. Since it is unknown at any time if power will
be present on the A input, the B input or both, a power supply
system is included that is both 5 KV isolated from the Digital
Control Electronics, but it is available from both the A and B
inputs. A 12-volt DC supply is attached to the output of the A Side
Disconnect and Sync AC Power out. Also, a 12-volt DC supply is
attached to the output of the B Side Disconnect and Sync AC Power
out. Each of these power supplies are connected to a common +12 bus
via isolation diodes 86 that are contained within the power supply
modules. These diodes provide the capability of either power supply
to operate if one or the other fails. This is a redundant power
supply system and is an added feature of the ATS described
here.
[0148] The 12-volt bus is distributed to the various electronics on
Digital Control Electronics 1 and the A or B Side Selector 4
electronics where the 12 Volts DC is reduced, if needed, to 5 Volts
and 3.3 Volts as necessary with local regulator chips. The inputs
to the 12 Volt power supplies are protected by fuses 89, 90 for
safety reasons.
[0149] In addition to the local ATS power supply, an auxiliary
power supply 81 to deliver power to the USB port 91 is provided.
This is a 5 Volt 2-amp supply and again is Isolation Rated to
supply power to the USB client devices in accordance with
regulatory agency requirements such as the Underwriters Laboratory
(UL) and other similar regulatory bodies.
[0150] The input to the USB power supply 81 is supplied via a
selector relay 88. Each of the inputs to the selector relays have a
single fuse in line 84,85 to protect the 5 Volt power supply 81 and
to prevent the possibility of a through relay short circuit path
between the A side and the B side, in the event of a catastrophic
failure of the selector 81. [0151] 12. FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 show
various instantiations of the ATS described here 100. [0152] FIG. 8
shows a variant that has flexible cords entering 106 and exiting
109 the ATS described here 100. This is a 30 amp, or 32 Amp model,
but other current handling capacity cordage can easily be applied.
Various amperage capacity models differ only in the cords, the
connectors on the ends of the cords, the internal main fuse
ratings, and the pre-programmed information contained in the memory
of the Digital Control Electronics. Voltage range selection is
automatic in the main unit 100 but will be largely determined by
the plug type installed.
[0153] The output cord 109 of the ATS described here 100 exits the
end cap 101 through a strain relief bushing 102 that is selectable
for the cable size without varying the size of the hole in the end
cap. This reduces manufacturing costs.
[0154] The output end cap 101 also has the portal for
communications 103 described in FIG. 5-72. The end cap 101 also
contains the push button 104 for resetting the ATS electronic
circuit breaker or selecting the preferred input. [0155] FIG. 9
shows a variant that has flexible cords entering 106 and a pair of
IEC type C19 receptacles mounted in the end cap 101 of the ATS
described here 100. This is a 30 amp, or 32 Amp model. Amperage
capacity models differ only in the specifications related to the
country of usage assigned, the internal main fuse ratings, and the
pre-programmed information contained in the memory of the Digital
Control Electronics. Voltage range selection is automatic in the
main unit 100.
[0156] The dual IEC type C19 connectors of the ATS described here
100 are directly mounted in the end cap 101.
[0157] The output end cap 101 also has the portal for
communications 103 described in FIG. 5-72. The end cap 101 also
contains the push button 104 for resetting the ATS electronic
circuit breaker or selecting the preferred input. [0158] FIG. 10
shows a variant that and a pair of IEC type C20 chassis mount plugs
121 on the entry to the ATS described here 100. A single IEC type
C19 receptacle 120 is mounted in the end cap 101 of the ATS
described here 100. This is a 16-amp model. Voltage range selection
is automatic in the main unit 100.
[0159] The output end cap 101 also has the portal for
communications 103 described in FIG. 5-72. The end cap 101 also
contains the push button 104 for resetting the ATS electronic
circuit breaker or selecting the preferred input.
[0160] FIG. 13 shows a cross section end view of the extruded case
201 of the ATS described here.
[0161] The case has numerous features including: [0162] i. Extruded
aluminum for strength and durability ii. All metal construction
minimizes electrical and magnetic interference problems iii. Slots
on each side of the case with ample surface area for dissipation of
heat iv. Slots on each side for mounting.
[0163] The slots on the sides are configured at "T" slots, meaning
that the slot has a small cavity behind the slot that facilitates
ease of mounting with a variety of hardware. The size and shape of
these "T" sots is optimized for use with off-the-shelf mounting
hardware. Generally speaking, "T" slots are commonplace, but in
this instantiation the slots have additional features that make
them unique.
[0164] The slots are extruded for the whole length of the case.
This allows mounting fasteners to be inserted from either end and
positioned laterally along the length of the ATS to facilitate
locating adjoining holes in mating apparatus such as computer
racks, clamp assemblies, flexible hinges, and so on. In addition,
the spacing of the slots with respect to each other is such that a
standard off-the-shelf DIN rail can be inserted directly.
[0165] In addition, each slot also has a rib along the centerline
212 that acts to engage with the slot in standard round head and
flat head screws.
[0166] In addition, the slots have relief grooves 213 in the sides
of the slots that facilitate a standard off-the-shelf flat washer
when fastener hardware has variable size head flange widths.
[0167] In addition, the sides of the slots are sized so they are
just a little wider than standard off-the-shelf hex nuts of the
size appropriate for mounting to data center racks.
[0168] Some fastener types that this improved "T" slot system can
accommodate, but are not limited to are listed below:
TABLE-US-00001 #10 .times. 32 Hex Head bolt 202 #10 .times. 24 Hex
Head bolt 202 M5 .times. .8 mm Metric Hex head bolt 202 #8 .times.
24 Hex Head bolt 202 #8 .times. 32 Carriage head bolt 203 #8
.times. 32 Standard round head screw with washer 204 #10 .times. 24
Standard round head screw without washer 204 Hex Nut, #8 and #10
205, 206 #8 .times. 32 flat head screw and washer 207 #8 and #10
Allen or Spline socket tip screws (nonstandard) 209 #8 and #10 Torx
socket tip screws (nonstandard) 210 #8 and #10 slotted tip screws
211
[0169] The ability to utilize a wide variety of mounting hardware
styles, along with the slots being the full length of the
enclosure, and the included ribs that prevent round head and flat
head screws from turning inside of the slot make mounting this
product versatile and convenient.
[0170] FIG. 14 shows the general principal components of one relay
contact operation authentication detection 400 that comprise the
Relay Operation Authentication Detector section of the MINT
ATS.
[0171] AC power 212 is present always on the armature of the relay
211. When a command from the Digital Control Electronics is
initiated through the GK Relay Control 210 the relay 211 will move
the armature to the Switched High Voltage output leg 213 of the
relay 211. This is the normal power path for operation of the relay
switch. There are four such switches in the Mini ATS that comprise
switching of the Hot and neutral (or secondary Hot) of the A side,
and the Hot and neutral (or secondary Hot) of the B side.
[0172] The relay contact detection circuitry consists of a very
small pulse transformer 214 designed to operate at low voltages,
such as 5 volts connected across the armature of the relay 211 and
the unused normally closed contact 217 of the relay 211. The
windings 216 of the pulse transformer 214 are thereby normally
shorted out by the normally closed position of the relay 211 when
it is not actuated, and no power is being sent through the relay
from the input 212 to the output 213.
[0173] At all times, a small 400 Kilohertz (KHz) oscillator 215 is
operating. This frequency can be anything appropriate to the
characteristics of the selected pulse transformer 214 and could
vary from various applications to another. For the use in the MINT
ATS, a transformer that operates well at 400 KHz is selected due to
its small size and efficiency. The output of the oscillator 215 is
connected to the pulse transformer 214 through a current limiting
resistor 220. Thus, when the set of windings 216 are shorted due to
the position of the contacts of the relay 211, the windings of the
oscillator connected side of the transformer 219 are also shorted
out. Most of the output power of the oscillator 215 is dissipated
in the current limiting resistor 220. Subsequently, the windings of
the pulse transformer 218 that are connected to the bridge
rectifier 221 have very little signal transmitted there also. Thus,
no voltage is developed across the capacitor 222 and the bleed down
resistor 223. The voltage output at 224 is essentially zero. Thus,
a zero output voltage represents that the relay 211 contacts are in
the open condition with regards to the power path.
[0174] When a command from the Digital Control Electronics is
initiated through the GK Relay Control 210 the relay 211 will move
the armature to the Switched High Voltage output leg 213 of the
relay 211 and thus remove the short condition on the winding of the
transformer 216 the moment that the armature of the relay 211
leaves the contact 217 when the coil of the relay is energized.
When the short condition on the winding 216 is removed, the
oscillator 215 output can now energize the input winding of the
pulse transformer 219 and the 400 KHz will be transmitted through
the pulse transformer 214 to the output winding 218. The AC will be
rectified in the bridge rectifier 221 and filtered by the capacitor
222. Thus, an output voltage represents that the relay 211 contacts
are on their way to or at the closed condition with regards to the
power path and allowing the relay to pas power from the input 212
to the output 213. The selection of the winding ratio and the
operational voltage of the oscillator 215 determine the output
voltage of the bridge rectifier 221. In this instantiation the
output voltage selected is 5 volts and is directly compatible with
the electronics in the Digital Control Electronics.
[0175] A bleed down resistor 223 is connected across the filter
capacitor 222 to deplete the voltage there when the output of the
pulse transformer 214 ceases to deliver voltage due to a short
condition returning to the relay 211 contact closure where
connected to the Normally Closed contact 217. This bleed down is
very fast since the filter capacitor is selected to be only big
enough to ensure consistent output voltage during the transition
from positive to negative on the output of the transformer 214.
[0176] When the command from the Digital Control Electronics to
disconnect the AC power path through the relay 211 occurs, the
relay armature transitions from the Normally Open contact position
213 to the normally closed contact 217. For the pulse transformer
relay switch position sense winding 216 to become shorted out and
thus signal successful completion of opening of the power path, the
armature must physically become disconnected from the output. This
increases the reliability of accurately detecting the state of the
relay.
[0177] In addition, because the transformer is connected only to
the unused Normally Closed contact 217, the circuit operates
efficient and autonomously from whatever voltages or frequencies
are present on the power path.
[0178] FIG. 15a shows the basic block diagram of the Mini ATS now
including the Relay Operation Authentication Detectors 301, 302,
303 and 304. It shows the device with no input to output
connections such as would be the off condition of the Mini ATS.
Note that there is no power path shown connected from either input
to the output. Also note that the output of each of the Relay
Operation Authentication Detectors is represented by an L, for Low,
or no voltage from the detectors within each Relay Operation
Authentication Detector section. Each of the four Relay Operation
Authentication Detector relays are now in the Normally Closed
position (non-energized) states, and thus the contact sense
windings of all four are shorted.
[0179] In normal operation, one or the other of the inputs will be
connected to the output. FIG. 15b shows that, in this case, the
input "A" is connected to the output "OUT". Now, each of the
outputs of the Relay Operation Authentication Detectors associated
with the "A" side 301 and 302 are now outputting a high signal
represented by an H for each. This hi signal is sent to the Digital
Control Electronics where it can verify the state of the relays and
can continue to operate normally. Each change of state commanded by
the Digital Control Electronics can be monitored and authenticated
by the Digital Control Electronics in this manner.
[0180] FIG. 15c shows a possible fault condition where the Digital
Control Electronics is commanding the A side Gate Keeper relays to
disconnect via the Gate Keeper Amplifier 91 by turning off power to
the relay. But the Normally Open contact on the Hot side is shown
diagrammatically as being "stuck" to the output connection. The
complementary relay has successfully opened. Thus, the output from
the Relay Operation Authentication Detector for that relay contact
remains in the "High" state, thus signaling the Digital Control
Electronics that the operation to disconnect that relay contact has
failed. This allows the Digital Control Electronics to take
appropriate steps and not apply power to the Gate Keeper amplifier
on the B side thus potentially causing a hazardous short of the A
side to the B side.
[0181] It is possible now for the Digital Control Electronics to
repeated turn on and off the affected relay and monitor the state
of that Relay Operation Authentication Detector. It is possible,
even likely that repeated operation of the relay will eventually
cause the stuck contacts to dislodge. The unit reliability is
subsequently improved by this self-healing potential of this
design.
[0182] FIG. 16 shows several methods for increasing the uptime and
maintainability of an SBC module that is acting as the control
module either standalone or as part of a larger device. Several of
the ATS instantiations described herein can be used to eliminate
power-related downtime. It allows single power supply SBC modules
and other critical loads to be fed by both filtered utility line
power and a UPS, or two UPS units, with either as the primary or
backup power source. If possible, the UPS can be plugged into a
different branch circuit than the second input to the .mu.ATS.TM.
allowing the UPS to be taken out of service for maintenance or
testing without SBC downtime. With this configuration, both the
utility line power and the UPS must fail at the same time to result
in downtime. The FIG. below compares the traditional methods of
powering an SBC module to those possible with a suitable ATS.
[0183] FIG. 16 describes one possible instantiation of a novel
method to activate the inrush limiting function that can be used in
ATS units, as described in this filing or other possible ATS
instantiations.
[0184] The sub-assembly 500 is comprised of a relay 506 in the path
of the AC power that exits the ATS. The power that is delivered to
the output of the uATS or the Industrial uATS must pass through
this relay. Across the input 505 and the output 507 of the relay
506 is connected a low value resistor 512, approximately 10 ohms.
This resistance can be fixed, or it can be of a Negative
Temperature Coefficient (NTC) type used specifically for inrush
applications. In the case of the Zonit uATS and Zonit Industrial
products, this resistor is of the NTC variety, and is 10 ohms.
[0185] Since the intent of the inrush limiter is to limit the peak
current at them moment of the transfer from one source to the other
source and then become transparent, the circuit relies on the
electronic drive circuits in those products that change the state
of the relays that direct the power within the ATS. The signal to
the Gate Keeper relays within the ATS can be used to signal this
Inrush limiter circuit to operate. When transferring to the
alternate power source in the ATS, a drive signal of 12 to 48 volts
is applied to a steering relay, known as a Gate Keeper or GK relay.
When the transfer is back, the signal to that GK relay is removed
and the relay then connects the AC power to the original source. In
other words, the drive to the GK relay inside of the ATS product
can be used to actuate this inrush limiter circuit 500 for both
transitions. At the moment of the transfer, either direction in the
ATS product, this inrush limiter circuit actuates its relay 506
momentarily to bypass the AC power through the limiting resistor
512. After a short period of time, 20 to 100 milliseconds in the
case of uATS and uATS Industrial products, the relay 506 is
de-energized and the Normally Closed (NC) contacts again pass the
power from the input 505 to the output 507, thus bypassing the
internal limiting resistor 512.
[0186] The signal from the ATS product that actuates GK relays is
directed to the input of the Inrush Limiter Circuit from connection
514 through limiting resistor 501 and capacitor 502 to the three
transistors 508, 509 and 515. If the transition is positive going,
current is directed to the base of Q508 and blocked by the reverse
emitter of Q509. In that case, Q508 is turned on for a period of
time determined by the discharge rate of the capacitor 502 and the
limited current from resistor 501. These components are selected to
supply adequate turn on current in Q 508 for a period of about 30
milliseconds before the capacitor charges up adequately to stop
presenting current to the base of Q 508, thus allowing it to turn
off. While Q 508 is in the on condition, the collector of Q 508 is
pulled to the emitter voltage, turned ON so to say. The low going
pulse on the collector of the transistor 508 is coupled through the
coupling capacitor 504 to the relay 506 coil 511 thus turning that
relay on, and actuating the armature of the relay 506, and
disconnecting the short across the inrush limiting resistor 512. AC
power must now pass from the input of the inrush limiter circuit
505 to the output 507 via the inrush limiting resistor 512. After a
period of about 30 milliseconds, the charge that was stored in the
coupling capacitor 504 is nearing depletion, but at that time the
drive signal from the transistor 508 turns off, thus releasing the
drive to the relay 506. At this time, the coupling capacitor is
discharged, and now begins recharging through the charge limiter
resistor 503 from an internal DC power supply located in the main
ATS unit. This method of powering the relay is novel in that it
only stores enough energy to actuate the relay for the desired time
period, about 30 milliseconds in this case. And this configuration
also takes advantage of the fact that after a transfer, the main
ATS device will pause for a minimum of about 3 to 5 seconds before
another transfer is initiated. This allows the coupling capacitor
ample time to recharge slowly in preparation for the next
interruption cycle. This imposes very little drain on the main
power supplies of the ATS itself. Those power supplies are designed
to operate at the very minimum power needs of the main ATS product
and were not designed to drive an additional relay directly. Not
utilizing the novel power circuit of this invention would impose
excessive power draw on the main power supply and possibly affect
normal operation of the ATS. This design allows for this circuit to
be added to the existing design with little modification to those
products other than tapping into the GK relay drive for signaling,
connection to the power supply and inserting the relay 506, and
resistor 512 in the power path exiting the ATS device.
[0187] When the input signal to the inrush limiter circuit 500 goes
from the high state to the low state as in the case where the main
ATS unit is transferring back to the original source, the falling
voltage at the input to the inrush limiter is coupled via
connection 514 through current limiting resistor 510 and coupling
capacitor 502 to the three transistors 508, 509 and 515. In this
case, the falling signal tries to go negative and is blocked by the
reversed biased base of 508 thus fully shutting it off. Now, the
negative going pulse from the coupling capacitor 502 causes forward
conduction through the emitter of the negative translation
detection transistor 509 from its base which is grounded. At this
point the negative transition detection transistor turns on and the
collector is pulled towards ground. It is connected to the base of
relay drive transistor two 515, which is configured in an emitter
follower current amplifier connection to the coupling capacitor
504. Again, as in the opposing scenario, the current through the
transistor 515 actuates the armature of the relay 506 and
disconnecting the short across the inrush limiting resistor 512. AC
power must now pass from the input of the inrush limiter circuit
505 to the output 507 via the inrush limiting resistor 512. After a
period of about 30 milliseconds, the charge that was stored in the
coupling capacitor 504 is nearing depletion, but at that time the
drive signal from the negative translation detection transistor 509
turns off, thus releasing the drive to the relay 506. At this time,
the coupling capacitor is discharged, and now begins recharging
through the charge limiter resistor 503 from an internal DC power
supply located in the main ATS unit in preparation for the next
interrupt cycle.
[0188] FIG. 17 shows an example instantiation of a high definition
(HD) waveform sensor circuit. The key design constrains are small
size, low energy usage and very low cost, which is novel, because
it enables large numbers of HD waveform sensors to be very widely
deployed and that information to be gathered and analyzed. This in
turn enables many types of status, diagnostic and predictive
analysis for the power distribution system and connected devices,
many details of which are described in the Zonit cases, including
the parent cases and the Smart Outlet cases. The inventions
described in the Zonit cases (e.g., power signal signature
recognition) can incorporate this high definition sensor capability
for detecting and reporting high resolution (for example 0-100 kHz
sampling rates, note zero Hz is DC power) waveform sampling to
measure power quality parameters, for example Voltage and Current
information regarding the AC power lines that the various devices
are connected to both for their inputs and outputs. It can also be
incorporated into any of the Zonit inventions referenced herein and
also implemented in a plug-in module or other convenient
form-factor (many of which are described herein) and include
provisions to store and/or communicate the waveform information to
other devices via a variety of communication methods, such as
wireless, USB, Ethernet and others. These requirements have
resulted in the creation of a specialized set of circuits that
perform the required function.
[0189] The measurement of these AC lines requires very high voltage
isolation from the digital and analog circuits for safety reasons.
Isolation in excess of 3000 VAC is often necessary. In addition,
small size is important in the Zonit products, as well as efficient
operation. The high isolation buffer/amplifier shown in FIG. 600
consists of an AC power path through the buffer consisting of the
AC Line in 601, to the AC Line out 619 via a Hall Effect current
sense chip 615.
[0190] AC power generally also supplies AC power into the power
supply 605 that generates a DC output that is isolated from the AC
mains. The DC output drives the output amplifiers that are
connected to the digital and analog sub-circuits that are external.
The isolated DC output 603 is also routed to another High Isolation
power supply 607 which in turn supplies the input of the voltage
buffer 613 allowing the DC input to have a reference to the AC Line
620.
[0191] For Voltage detection, the AC line 601 is connected to the
precision rectifier 608 to generate a rectified DC output with no
filtering for detection. The output of the rectifier is referenced
to the AC line 620. The input of the High Isolation buffer
amplifier 613 is referenced to the same AC line, 620. The High
Isolation buffer amplifier 613 input 612 detects the output of the
voltage dividing resistors 610 and 611. The high isolation buffer
amplifier 613 then outputs a rectified and scaled Sensed Voltage
Output 617 to the external measurement electronics.
[0192] For Current detection, the AC current is passed through the
input 616 of a Hall Effect current sense chip 615 where the faint
magnetic field 614 is detected across a High Isolation voltage
barrier. The Sensed Current output 618 of the Hall Effect magnetic
detector 616 is routed to the external measurement electronics.
FIG. 18 shows a perspective view of one possible instantiation of a
Zonit .mu.ATS-INDUSTRIAL. This same form-factor can be used for a
Zonit .mu.ATS-V2 or other ATS instantiations.
[0193] The foregoing description of the present invention has been
presented for purposes of illustration and description.
Furthermore, the description is not intended to limit the invention
to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and
modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and skill and
knowledge of the relevant art, are within the scope of the present
invention. The embodiments described hereinabove are further
intended to explain best modes known of practicing the invention
and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in
such or other embodiments and with various modifications required
by the particular application(s) or use(s) of the present
invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to
include alternative embodiments to the extent permitted by the
prior art.
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