U.S. patent application number 17/152185 was filed with the patent office on 2021-08-19 for substituted benzamides and methods of use thereof.
This patent application is currently assigned to GENENTECH, INC.. The applicant listed for this patent is GENENTECH, INC., XENON PHARMACEUTICALS INC.. Invention is credited to Chien-an CHEN, Sultan CHOWDHURY, Shannon Marie DECKER, Christoph Martin DEHNHARDT, Ivan William HEMEON, Steven MCKERRALL, Brian SAFINA, Tao SHENG, Dan SUTHERLIN.
Application Number | 20210253548 17/152185 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005542588 |
Filed Date | 2021-08-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210253548 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
CHEN; Chien-an ; et
al. |
August 19, 2021 |
SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
Abstract
The invention provides compounds having the general formula (I):
##STR00001## and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
the variables R.sup.A, R.sup.AA, n, ring A, X.sup.2, L, m, R.sup.1,
R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.N have the meaning as
described herein, and compositions containing such compounds and
methods for using such compounds and compositions.
Inventors: |
CHEN; Chien-an; (South San
Francisco, CA) ; CHOWDHURY; Sultan; (Burnaby, CA)
; DECKER; Shannon Marie; (Burnaby, CA) ;
DEHNHARDT; Christoph Martin; (Burnaby, CA) ; HEMEON;
Ivan William; (Burnaby, CA) ; MCKERRALL; Steven;
(South San Francisco, CA) ; SAFINA; Brian; (South
San Francisco, CA) ; SHENG; Tao; (Burnaby, CA)
; SUTHERLIN; Dan; (South San Francisco, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
GENENTECH, INC.
XENON PHARMACEUTICALS INC. |
South San Francisco
Burnaby |
CA |
US
CA |
|
|
Assignee: |
GENENTECH, INC.
South San Francisco
CA
XENON PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
Burnaby
|
Family ID: |
1000005542588 |
Appl. No.: |
17/152185 |
Filed: |
January 19, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15779065 |
May 24, 2018 |
10899732 |
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PCT/US2016/063369 |
Nov 22, 2016 |
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17152185 |
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62260113 |
Nov 25, 2015 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 405/04 20130101;
C07D 401/04 20130101; C07D 403/06 20130101; C07D 405/14 20130101;
C07D 403/12 20130101; C07D 403/04 20130101; C07D 231/56 20130101;
A61P 29/00 20180101; C07D 401/14 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07D 401/04 20060101
C07D401/04; C07D 401/14 20060101 C07D401/14; C07D 405/14 20060101
C07D405/14; C07D 231/56 20060101 C07D231/56; C07D 403/04 20060101
C07D403/04; C07D 405/04 20060101 C07D405/04; C07D 403/06 20060101
C07D403/06; C07D 403/12 20060101 C07D403/12; A61P 29/00 20060101
A61P029/00 |
Claims
1. A method of treating pain in a mammal comprising, administering
to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of
a compound of formula (I): ##STR00147## or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-8 alkyl,
C.sub.2-8 alkenyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, C.sub.3-8
carbocycle, C-linked 3-15 membered heterocyclyl, or
--NR.sup.1AR.sup.1B, wherein R.sup.1A and R.sup.1B are each
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, and wherein R.sup.1A and
R.sup.1B are optionally combined to form a 3 to 8 membered
heterocyclyl ring optionally comprising 1 additional heteroatom
selected from N, O and S; and wherein R.sup.1 is optionally
substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, F, Cl, Br, I,
--OH, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --NR.sup.R1aR.sup.R1b, --OR.sup.R1a,
--SR.sup.R1a, --Si(R.sup.R1a).sub.3 and C.sub.3-6 carbocycle;
wherein R.sup.R1a and R.sup.R1b are independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl;
R.sup.N is hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl;
R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I,
--CN, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl and C.sub.1-8 alkoxy;
R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I,
--CN, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl and C.sub.1-8 alkoxy;
R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I,
--CN, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl and C.sub.1-8 alkoxy;
R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of H, C.sub.1-8
alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, and C.sub.3-8
cycloalkyl, wherein said C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, and C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl
is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from F,
Cl, Br and I; L is a linker selected from the group consisting of
C.sub.1-4 alkylene, C.sub.2-4 alkenylene, and C.sub.2-4 alkynylene,
wherein L is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents
selected from the group consisting of .dbd.O, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
halo, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl; m is 0 or 1; X.sup.2 is selected
from the group consisting of absent, --O--, --S(O)--,
--S(O).sub.2-- and --N(R.sup.X)-- wherein R.sup.x is H, C.sub.1-8
alkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkanoyl, or --S(O).sub.2(C.sub.1-8 alkyl); n is
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; the ring A is a 3-15 membered carbocyclyl, a
6-12 membered aryl, a 5-12 membered heteroaryl, or a 3-15 membered
heterocyclyl; each R.sup.AA is independently selected from the
group consisting of C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-6
heteroalkyl, CN, F, Cl, Br and I; and R.sup.A is selected from the
group consisting of H, --OR.sup.A1, --(X.sup.RA)-(6-12 membered
aryl), --(X.sup.RA)-(5-12 membered heteroaryl), and --R.sup.A2,
wherein said 6-12 membered aryl and 5-12 membered heteroaryl of
R.sup.A is optionally substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents
independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, and C.sub.1-4(halo)alkoxy;
R.sup.A1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.2-8 alkenyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl, C.sub.3-8
cycloalkyl, phenyl and benzyl; R.sup.A2 is selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1-8 alkyl that is optionally substituted with
one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo
(.dbd.O), fluoro, amino, C.sub.1-4 alkylamino and
di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino; X.sup.RA is selected from the group
consisting of absent, --C(.dbd.O)--, and C.sub.1-4 alkylene;
wherein any C.sub.1-4 alkylene, of X.sup.RA is optionally
substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, and phenyl that
is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from
the group consisting of, F, Cl, Br, I, --NH.sub.2, --OH, --CN,
--NO.sub.2, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy,
C.sub.1-4(halo)alkoxy, C.sub.1-4 alkylamino and C.sub.1-4
dialkylamino.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has
the formula (Ia): ##STR00148##
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has
the formula (Ib): ##STR00149##
4. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.2 is H.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.3 is halo.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.3 is F.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.4 is H.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-4 alkyl or
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is methyl.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has
the formula (Ic): ##STR00150##
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has
the formula (Id): ##STR00151##
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) has
the formula (Ie): ##STR00152##
13. The method of claim 1, wherein R is methyl, cyclopropyl, or
1-azetidinyl.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein A is an optionally substituted
piperidine, optionally substituted pyrrolidine, optionally
substituted azetidine, optionally substituted tetrahydronaphthlene,
optionally substituted cyclohexane, optionally substituted
tetrahydropyran, optionally substituted adamantly, or optionally
substituted pyridine ring.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein: ##STR00153## is: ##STR00154##
and A is a 3-15 membered heterocyclyl.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein: ##STR00155## is: ##STR00156##
and A is a 3-15 membered heterocyclyl.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein each R.sup.AA is independently
selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein: ##STR00157## is selected from
the group consisting of: ##STR00158## ##STR00159## ##STR00160##
19. The method of claim 1, wherein R.sup.A is selected from the
group consisting of: ##STR00161##
20. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (I) is
selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00162## ##STR00163##
##STR00164## ##STR00165## ##STR00166## ##STR00167## ##STR00168##
##STR00169## ##STR00170##
Description
PRIORITY APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 15/779,065 filed 24 May 2018, which is a 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
371 application of International Application Serial No.
PCT/US2016/063369, filed 22 Nov. 2016, which claims priority to
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/260,113, filed 25 Nov.
2015. The entire contents of these patent applications are hereby
incorporated by reference herein.
[0002] The present invention relates to organic compounds useful
for therapy and/or prophylaxis in a mammal, and in particular to
inhibitors of sodium channel (e.g., NAV1.7) that are useful for
treating sodium channel-mediated diseases or conditions, such as
pain, as well as other diseases and conditions associated with the
mediation of sodium channels.
[0003] Voltage-gated sodium channels, transmembrane proteins that
initiate action potentials in nerve, muscle and other electrically
excitable cells, are a necessary component of normal sensation,
emotions, thoughts and movements (Catterall, W. A., Nature (2001),
Vol. 409, pp. 988-990). These channels consist of a highly
processed alpha subunit that is associated with auxiliary beta
subunits. The pore-forming alpha subunit is sufficient for channel
function, but the kinetics and voltage dependence of channel gating
are in part modified by the beta subunits (Goldin et al., Neuron
(2000), Vol. 28, pp. 365-368). Electrophysiological recording,
biochemical purification, and molecular cloning have identified ten
different sodium channel alpha subunits and four beta subunits (Yu,
F. H., et al., Sci. STKE (2004), 253; and Yu, F. H., et al.,
Neurosci. (2003), 20:7577-85).
[0004] The hallmarks of sodium channels include rapid activation
and inactivation when the voltage across the plasma membrane of an
excitable cell is depolarized (voltage-dependent gating), and
efficient and selective conduction of sodium ions through
conducting pores intrinsic to the structure of the protein (Sato,
C., et al., Nature (2001), 409:1047-1051). At negative or
hyperpolarized membrane potentials, sodium channels are closed.
Following membrane depolarization, sodium channels open rapidly and
then inactivate. Channels only conduct currents in the open state
and, once inactivated, have to return to the resting state,
favoured by membrane hyperpolarization, before they can reopen.
Different sodium channel subtypes vary in the voltage range over
which they activate and inactivate as well as their activation and
inactivation kinetics.
[0005] The sodium channel family of proteins has been extensively
studied and shown to be involved in a number of vital body
functions. Research in this area has identified variants of the
alpha subunits that result in major changes in channel function and
activities, which can ultimately lead to major pathophysiological
conditions. The members of this family of proteins are denoted
NaV1.x, where x=1 to 9. NaV1.1 and NaV1.2 are highly expressed in
the brain (Raymond, C. K., et al., J. Biol. Chem. (2004),
279(44):46234-41) and are vital to normal brain function. Some loss
of function mutations in NaV1.1 in humans result in epilepsy,
apparently because many of these channels are expressed in
inhibitory neurons (Yu, F. H., et al., Nat Neurosci (2006), 9 (9),
1142-9). Thus, block of NaV1.1 in the CNS may be counter-productive
because it can produce hyperexcitability. However, NaV1.1 is also
expressed in the peripheral nervous system and block may afford
analgesic activity.
[0006] NaV1.3 is expressed primarily in the fetal central nervous
system. It is expressed at very low levels or not at all in the
peripheral nervous system, but expression is upregulated in the
dorsal horn sensory neurons of rats after nervous system injury
(Hains, B. D., et al., J. Neurosci. (2003), 23(26):8881-92). Thus,
it is an inducible target for treatment of pain following nerve
injury.
[0007] NaV1.4 is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle (Raymond,
C. K., et al., op. cit.). Mutations in this gene have been shown to
have profound effects on muscle function including paralysis,
(Tamaoka A., Intern. Med. (2003), (9):769-70).
[0008] NaV1.5, is expressed mainly in cardiac myocytes (Raymond, C.
K., et al., op. cit.), including atria, ventricles, the sino-atrial
node, atrio-ventricular node and cardiac Purkinje fibers. The rapid
upstroke of the cardiac action potential and the rapid impulse
conduction through cardiac tissue is due to the opening of NaV1.5.
Abnormalities in the function of NaV1.5 can result in the genesis
of a variety of cardiac arrhythmias. Mutations in human NaV1.5
result in multiple arrhythmic syndromes, including, for example,
long QT3 (LQT3), Brugada syndrome (BS), an inherited cardiac
conduction defect, sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome
(SUNDS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (Liu, H., et al.,
Am. J. Pharmacogenomics (2003), 3(3):173-9). Sodium channel blocker
therapy has been used extensively in treating cardiac
arrhythmias.
[0009] NaV1.6 is a widely distributed voltage-gated sodium channel
found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is
expressed at high density in the nodes of Ranvier of myelinated
neurons (Caldwell, J. H., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
(2000), 97(10): 5616-20).
[0010] NaV1.7 is a tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium
channel encoded by the gene SCN9A. Human NaV1.7 was first cloned
from neuroendocrine cells (Klugbauer, N., et al., 1995 EMBO J., 14
(6): 1084-90.) and rat NaV1.7 was cloned from a pheochromocytoma
PC12 cell line (Toledo-Aral, J. J., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA (1997), 94:1527-1532) and from rat dorsal root ganglia
(Sangameswaran, L., et al., (1997), J. Biol. Chem., 272 (23):
14805-9). NaV1.7 is expressed primarily in the peripheral nervous
system, especially nocieptors and olfactory neurons and sympathetic
neurons. The inhibition, or blocking, of NaV1.7 has been shown to
result in analgesic activity. Knockout of NaV1.7 expression in a
subset of sensory neurons that are predominantly nociceptive
results in resistance to inflammatory pain (Nassar, et al., op.
cit.). Likewise, loss of function mutations in humans results in
congenital indifference to pain (CIP), in which the individuals are
resistant to both inflammatory and neuropathic pain (Cox, J. J., et
al., Nature (2006); 444:894-898; Goldberg, Y. P., et al., Clin.
Genet. (2007); 71:311-319). Conversely, gain of function mutations
in NaV1.7 have been established in two human heritable pain
conditions, primary erythromelalgia and familial rectal pain,
(Yang, Y., et al., J. Med. Genet. (2004), 41(3):171-4). In
addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism (R1150W) that has very
subtle effects on the time- and voltage-dependence of channel
gating has large effects on pain perception (Estacion, M., et al.,
2009. Ann Neurol 66: 862-6; Reimann, F., et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA (2010), 107: 5148-53). About 10% of the patients with a variety
of pain conditions have the allele conferring greater sensitivity
to pain and thus might be more likely to respond to block of
NaV1.7. Because NaV1.7 is expressed in both sensory and sympathetic
neurons, one might expect that enhanced pain perception would be
accompanied by cardiovascular abnormalities such as hypertension,
but no correlation has been reported. Thus, both the CIP mutations
and SNP analysis suggest that human pain responses are more
sensitive to changes in NaV1.7 currents than are perturbations of
autonomic function.
[0011] NaV1.8 is expressed primarily in sensory ganglia of the
peripheral nervous system, such as the dorsal root ganglia
(Raymond, C. K., et al., op. cit.). There are no identified human
mutations for NaV1.8 that produce altered pain responses. NaV1.8
differs from most neuronal NaV's in that it is insensitive to block
by tetrodotoxin. Thus, one can isolate the current carried by this
channel with tetrodotoxin. These studies have shown that a
substantial portion of total sodium current is NaV1.8 in some
dorsal root ganglion neurons (Blair, N. T., et al., J Neurosci
(2002), 22: 10277-90). Knock-down of NaV1.8 in rats has been
achieved by using antisense DNA or small interfering RNAs and
virtually complete reversal of neuropathic pain was achieved in the
spinal nerve ligation and chronic constriction injury models (Dong,
X. W., et al., Neuroscience (2007),146: 812-21; Lai J., et al. Pain
(2002), 95: 143-52). Thus, NaV1.8 is considered a promising target
for analgesic agents based upon the limited tissue distribution of
this NaV isoform and the analgesic activity produced by knock-down
of channel expression.
[0012] NaV1.9 is also a tetrodotoxin insensitive, sodium channel
expressed primarily in dorsal root ganglia neurons (Dib-Hajj, S.
D., et al. (see Dib-Hajj, S. D., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
(1998), 95(15):8963-8). It is also expressed in enteric neurons,
especially the myenteric plexus (Rugiero, F., et al., J Neurosci
(2003), 23: 2715-25). The limited tissue distribution of this NaV
isoform suggests that it may be a useful target for analgesic
agents (Lai, J., et al., op. cit.; Wood, J. N., et al., op. cit.;
Chung, J. M., et al., op. cit.). Knock-out of NaV1.9 results in
resistance to some forms of inflammatory pain (Amaya, F., et al., J
Neurosci (2006), 26: 12852-60; Priest, B. T., et al., Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA (2005), 102: 9382-7).
[0013] This closely related family of proteins has long been
recognized as targets for therapeutic intervention. Sodium channels
are targeted by a diverse array of pharmacological agents. These
include neurotoxins, antiarrhythmics, anticonvulsants and local
anesthetics (England, S., et al., Future Med Chem (2010), 2:
775-90; Termin, A., et al., Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry
(2008), 43: 43-60). All of the current pharmacological agents that
act on sodium channels have receptor sites on the alpha subunits.
At least six distinct receptor sites for neurotoxins and one
receptor site for local anesthetics and related drugs have been
identified (Cestele, S., et al., Biochimie (2000), Vol. 82, pp.
883-892).
[0014] The small molecule sodium channel blockers or the local
anesthetics and related antiepileptic and antiarrhythmic drugs
interact with overlapping receptor sites located in the inner
cavity of the pore of the sodium channel (Catterall, W. A., Neuron
(2000), 26:13-25). Amino acid residues in the S6 segments from at
least three of the four domains contribute to this complex drug
receptor site, with the IVS6 segment playing the dominant role.
These regions are highly conserved and as such most sodium channel
blockers known to date interact with similar potency with all
channel subtypes. Nevertheless, it has been possible to produce
sodium channel blockers with therapeutic selectivity and a
sufficient therapeutic window for the treatment of epilepsy (e.g.,
lamotrignine, phenytoin and carbamazepine) and certain cardiac
arrhythmias (e.g., lignocaine, tocainide and mexiletine). However,
the potency and therapeutic index of these blockers is not optimal
and have limited the usefulness of these compounds in a variety of
therapeutic areas where a sodium channel blocker would be ideally
suited.
[0015] Sodium channel blockers have been shown to be useful in the
treatment of pain, including acute, chronic, inflammatory and/or
neuropathic pain (see, e.g., Wood, J. N., et al., J. Neurobiol.
(2004), 61(1), 55-71. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that sodium
channel blockers can suppress neuronal firing in peripheral and
central sensory neurons, and it is via this mechanism that they are
considered to be useful for relieving pain. In some instances,
abnormal or ectopic firing can original from injured or otherwise
sensitized neurons. For example, it has been shown that sodium
channels can accumulate in peripheral nerves at sites of axonal
injury and may function as generators of ectopic firing (Devor et
al., J. Neurosci.(1993), 132: 1976). Changes in sodium channel
expression and excitability have also been shown in animal models
of inflammatory pain where treatment with proinflammatory materials
(CFA, Carrageenan) promoted pain-related behaviors and correlated
with increased expression of sodium channel subunits (Gould et al.,
Brain Res., (1999), 824(2): 296-99; Black et al., Pain (2004),
108(3): 237-47). Alterations in either the level of expression or
distribution of sodium channels, therefore, may have a major
influence on neuronal excitability and pain-related behaviors.
[0016] Controlled infusions of lidocaine, a known sodium channel
blocker, indicate that the drug is efficacious against neuropathic
pain, but has a narrow therapeutic index. Likewise, the orally
available local anesthetic, mexiletine, has dose-limiting side
effects (Wallace, M. S., et al., Reg. Anesth. Pain Med. (2000), 25:
459-67). A major focus of drug discovery targeting voltage-gated
sodium channels has been on strategies for improving the
therapeutic index. One of the leading strategies is to identify
selective sodium channel blockers designed to preferentially block
NaV1.7, NaV1.8, NaV1.9 and/or NaV1.3. These are the sodium channel
isoforms preferentially expressed in sensory neurons and unlikely
to be involved in generating any dose-limiting side effects. For
example, there is concern that blocking of NaV1.5 would be
arrhythmogenic, so that selectivity of a sodium channel blocker
against NaV1.5 is viewed as highly desirable. Furthermore, nearly
700 mutations of the SCN1A gene that codes for NaV1.1 have been
identified in patients with Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy
(SMEI), making this the most commonly mutated gene in human
epilepsy. Half of these mutations result in protein truncation
(Meisler, M. H., et al., The Journal of Physiology (2010), 588:
1841-8). Thus, selectivity of a sodium channel blocker against
NaV1.1 is also desirable.
[0017] In addition to the strategies of identifying selective
sodium channel blockers, there is the continuing strategy of
identifying therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuropathic
pain. There has been some degree of success in treating neuropathic
pain symptoms by using medications originally approved as
anticonvulsants, such as gabapentin, and more recently pregabalin.
However, pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain has generally had
limited success for a variety of reasons: sedation, especially by
drugs first developed as anticonvulsants or antidepressants,
addiction or tachyphylaxis, especially by opiates, or lack of
efficacy, especially by NSAIDs and anti-inflammatory agents.
Consequently, there is still a considerable need to explore novel
treatment modalities for neuropathic pain, which includes, but is
not limited to, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia,
diabetic neuropathy, chronic lower back pain, phantom limb pain,
and pain resulting from cancer and chemotherapy, chronic pelvic
pain, complex regional pain syndrome and related neuralgias.
[0018] There are a limited number of effective sodium channel
blockers for the treatment of pain with a minimum of adverse side
effects which are currently in the clinic. There is also an unmet
medical need to treat neuropathic pain and other sodium channel
associated pathological states effectively and without adverse side
effects due to the blocking of sodium channels not involved in
nociception. The present invention provides methods to meet these
critical needs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0019] In one aspect the present invention provides for novel
compounds. In a first embodiment of such compounds (Embodiment 1;
abbreviated as "E1") the invention provides for a compound of
formula (I):
##STR00002##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
[0020] R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.2-8 alkenyl, C.sub.1-8
haloalkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, C.sub.3-8 carbocycle, C-linked 3-15
membered heterocyclyl, or --NR.sup.1AR.sup.1B, wherein R.sup.1A and
R.sup.1B are each independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, and wherein
R.sup.1A and R.sup.1B are optionally combined to form a 3 to 8
membered heterocyclyl ring optionally comprising 1 additional
heteroatom selected from N, O and S; and wherein R is optionally
substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, F, Cl, Br, I,
--OH, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --NR.sup.R1aR.sup.R1b, --OR.sup.R1a,
--SR.sup.R1a, --Si(R.sup.R1a).sub.3 and C.sub.3-6 carbocycle;
wherein R.sup.R1a and R.sup.R1b are independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8
haloalkyl;
[0021] R.sup.N is hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4
haloalkyl;
[0022] R.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl,
Br, I, --CN, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl and C.sub.1-8
alkoxy;
[0023] R.sup.3 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl,
Br, I, --CN, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl and C.sub.1-8
alkoxy;
[0024] R.sup.4 is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl,
Br, I, --CN, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl and C.sub.1-8
alkoxy;
[0025] R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of H,
C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, and
C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein said C.sub.1-8 alkoxy, and C.sub.3-8
cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected
from F, Cl, Br and I;
[0026] L is a linker selected from the group consisting of
C.sub.1-4 alkylene, C.sub.2-4 alkenylene, and C.sub.2-4 alkynylene,
wherein L is optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents
selected from the group consisting of .dbd.O, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
halo, and C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl;
[0027] m is 0 or 1;
[0028] X.sup.2 is selected from the group consisting of absent,
--O--, --S(O)--, --S(O).sub.2-- and --N(R.sup.X)-- wherein R.sup.x
is H, C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 alkanoyl, or
--S(O).sub.2(C.sub.1-8 alkyl);
[0029] n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
[0030] the ring A is a 3-15 membered carbocyclyl, a 6-12 membered
aryl, a 5-12 membered heteroaryl, or a 3-15 membered
heterocyclyl;
[0031] each R.sup.AA is independently selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-6
heteroalkyl, CN, F, Cl, Br and I; and
[0032] R.sup.A is selected from the group consisting of H,
--OR.sup.A1, --(X.sup.RA)-(6-12 membered aryl), --(X.sup.RA)-(5-12
membered heteroaryl), and --R.sup.A2, wherein said 6-12 membered
aryl and 5-12 membered heteroaryl of R.sup.A is optionally
substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected
from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, and C.sub.1-4(halo)alkoxy; R.sup.A1 is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C.sub.1-8 alkyl,
C.sub.2-8 alkenyl, C.sub.1-8 haloalkyl, C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl,
phenyl and benzyl; R.sup.A2 is selected from the group consisting
of C.sub.1-8 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more
substituents selected from oxo (.dbd.O), fluoro, amino, C.sub.1-4
alkylamino and di(C.sub.1-4alkyl)amino; X.sup.RA is selected from
the group consisting of absent, --C(.dbd.O)--, and C.sub.1-4
alkylene; wherein any C.sub.1-4 alkylene, of X.sup.RA is optionally
substituted with 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group
consisting of C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, and phenyl that
is optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents selected from,
F, Cl, Br, I, --NH.sub.2, --OH, --CN, --NO.sub.2, C.sub.1-4 alkyl,
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, C.sub.1-4(halo)alkoxy,
C.sub.1-4 alkylamino and C.sub.1-4 dialkylamino.
[0033] Further embodiments (E) of the first embodiment of compounds
of the invention, are described below.
[0034] E2. The compound of E1 that has the formula (Ia):
##STR00003##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0035] E3. The compound of E1 that has the formula (Ib):
##STR00004##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0036] E4. The compound of E1, E2, or E3 wherein R.sup.2 is H.
[0037] E5. The compound of E1, E2, E3, or E4 wherein R.sup.3 is
halo.
[0038] E6. The compound of E1, E2, E3, or E4 wherein R.sup.3 is
F.
[0039] E7. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, or E6 wherein
R.sup.4 is H.
[0040] E8. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, or E7 wherein
R.sup.5 is C.sub.1-4 alkyl or C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl.
[0041] E9. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, or E7 wherein
R.sup.5 is methyl.
[0042] E10. The compound of E1 that has the formula (Ic):
##STR00005##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0043] E11. The compound of E1 that has the formula (Id):
##STR00006##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0044] E12. The compound of E1 that has the formula (Ie):
##STR00007##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0045] E13. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9,
E10, E11, or E12 wherein R.sup.1 is methyl, cyclopropyl, or
1-azetidinyl.
[0046] E14. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9,
E10, E11, E12, or E13 wherein A is an optionally substituted
piperidine, optionally substituted pyrrolidine, optionally
substituted azetidine, optionally substituted tetrahydronaphthlene,
optionally substituted cyclohexane, optionally substituted
tetrahydropyran, optionally substituted adamantly, or optionally
substituted pyridine ring.
[0047] E15. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9,
E10, E11, E12, or E13 wherein:
##STR00008##
is: and A is a 3-15 membered heterocyclyl.
[0048] E16. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9,
E10, E11, E12, or E13 wherein:
##STR00009##
is: and A is a 3-15 membered heterocyclyl.
[0049] E17. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9,
E10, E11, E12, E13, E14, E15, or E16 wherein each R.sup.AA is
independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl and
C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl.
[0050] E18. The compound of E1, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9, E10, or E13
wherein:
##STR00010##
is selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013##
[0051] E19. The compound of E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7, E8, E9,
E10, E11, E12, E13, E14, E15, E16, or E17 wherein R.sup.A is
selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00014##
[0052] E20. The compound of E1 which is selected from:
##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019##
##STR00020## ##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023##
and salts thereof.
[0053] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient.
[0054] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating a disease or condition in a mammal selected from
the group consisting of pain, depression, cardiovascular diseases,
respiratory diseases, and psychiatric diseases, and combinations
thereof, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal
in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of
formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In
another aspect of the present invention said disease or condition
is selected from the group consisting of neuropathic pain,
inflammatory pain, visceral pain, cancer pain, chemotherapy pain,
trauma pain, surgical pain, post-surgical pain, childbirth pain,
labor pain, neurogenic bladder, ulcerative colitis, chronic pain,
persistent pain, peripherally mediated pain, centrally mediated
pain, chronic headache, migraine headache, sinus headache, tension
headache, phantom limb pain, dental pain, peripheral nerve injury
or a combination thereof. In another aspect of the present
invention said disease or condition is selected from the group
consisting of pain associated with HIV, HIV treatment induced
neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, eudynia,
heat sensitivity, tosarcoidosis, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohns
disease, pain associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS), diabetic neuropathy, peripheral
neuropathy, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
atherosclerosis, paroxysmal dystonia, myasthenia syndromes,
myotonia, malignant hyperthermia, cystic fibrosis,
pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypothyroidism, bipolar
depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, sodium channel toxi related
illnesses, familial erythromelalgia, primary erythromelalgia,
familial rectal pain, cancer, epilepsy, partial and general tonic
seizures, restless leg syndrome, arrhythmias, fibromyalgia,
neuroprotection under ischaemic conditions cause by stroke or
neural trauma, tach-arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and
ventricular fibrillation.
[0055] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating pain in a mammal by the inhibition of ion flux
through a voltage-dependent sodium channel in the mammal, wherein
the method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0056] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of decreasing ion flux through a voltage-dependent sodium
channel in a cell in a mammal, wherein the method comprises
contacting the cell with a compound of formula I, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0057] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating pruritus in a mammal, wherein the method
comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0058] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating cancer in a mammal, wherein the method comprises
administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically
effective amount a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof.
[0059] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating, but not preventing, pain in a mammal, wherein
the method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect of the
present invention the pain is selected from the group consisting of
neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, cancer pain,
chemotherapy pain, trauma pain, surgical pain, post-surgical pain,
childbirth pain, labor pain, neurogenic bladder, ulcerative
colitis, chronic pain, persistent pain, peripherally mediated pain,
centrally mediated pain, chronic headache, migraine headache, sinus
headache, tension headache, phantom limb pain, dental pain,
peripheral nerve injury or a combination thereof. In another aspect
the present invention the pain is associated with a disease or
condition selected from the group consisting of HIV, HIV treatment
induced neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia,
eudynia, heat sensitivity, tosarcoidosis, irritable bowel syndrome,
Crohns disease, pain associated with multiple sclerosis (MS),
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), diabetic neuropathy,
peripheral neuropathy, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis,
osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, paroxysmal dystonia, myasthenia
syndromes, myotonia, malignant hyperthermia, cystic fibrosis,
pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypothyroidism, bipolar
depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, sodium channel toxi related
illnesses, familial erythromelalgia, primary erythromelalgia,
familial rectal pain, cancer, epilepsy, partial and general tonic
seizures, restless leg syndrome, arrhythmias, fibromyalgia,
neuroprotection under ischaemic conditions cause by stroke or
neural trauma, tach-arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and
ventricular fibrillation.
[0060] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating, but not preventing, acute pain or chronic pain
in a mammal, wherein the method comprises administering to the
mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof.
[0061] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method of treating, but not preventing, neuropathic pain or
inflammatory pain in a mammal, wherein the method comprises
administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof.
[0062] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
method for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain, depression,
cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, or psychiatric
disease, or a combinations thereof, in an animal which method
comprises administering an effective amount of a compound of
formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0063] In another aspect the present invention provides for a
compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof for the use as a medicament for the treatment of diseases
and disorders selected from the group consisting of pain,
depression, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and
psychiatric diseases, or a combination thereof.
[0064] In another aspect the present invention provides for the use
of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of
diseases and disorders selected from the group consisting of pain,
depression, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and
psychiatric diseases, or a combination thereof.
[0065] In another aspect the present invention provides for the
invention as described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Definitions
[0066] As used herein, the term "alkyl", by itself or as part of
another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or
branched chain hydrocarbon radical, having the number of carbon
atoms designated (i.e., C.sub.1-8 means one to eight carbons).
Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
iso-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl,
n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like. The term "alkenyl" refers
to an unsaturated alkyl radical having one or more double bonds.
Similarly, the term "alkynyl" refers to an unsaturated alkyl
radical having one or more triple bonds. Examples of such
unsaturated alkyl groups include vinyl, 2-propenyl, crotyl,
2-isopentenyl, 2-(butadienyl), 2,4-pentadienyl,
3-(1,4-pentadienyl), ethynyl, 1- and 3-propynyl, 3-butynyl, and the
higher homologs and isomers.
[0067] As used herein, the term "alkanoyl" is a group
alkyl-C(.dbd.O)--. For example the group C.sub.1-8 alkanoyl is a
group C.sub.1-7 alkyl-C(.dbd.O)--.
[0068] The term "heteroalkyl," by itself or in combination with
another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or
branched chain hydrocarbon radical, consisting of the stated number
of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the
group consisting of O, N, Si and S, and wherein the nitrogen and
sulfur atoms can optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom
can optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N and S can be
placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. The
heteroatom Si can be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl
group, including the position at which the alkyl group is attached
to the remainder of the molecule. A "heteroalkyl" can contain up to
three units of unsaturation, and also include mono- and
poly-halogenated variants, or combinations thereof. Examples
include --CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O--CF.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--NH--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--S--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3, --S(O)--CH.sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--S(O).sub.2--CH.sub.3,
--CH.dbd.CH--O--CH.sub.3, --Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3,
--CH.sub.2--CH.dbd.N--OCH.sub.3, and
--CH.dbd.CH.dbd.N(CH.sub.3)--CH.sub.3. Up to two heteroatoms can be
consecutive, such as, for example, --CH.sub.2--NH--OCH.sub.3 and
--CH.sub.2--O--Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3.
[0069] The term "alkylene" by itself or as part of another
substituent means a divalent radical derived from an alkane
(including branched alkane), as exemplified by
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-- and
--CH(CH.sub.2)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2--. Typically, an alkyl (or alkylene)
group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those groups having
10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred in the present invention.
"Alkenylene" and "alkynylene" refer to the unsaturated forms of
"alkylene" having double or triple bonds, respectively.
[0070] The term "heteroalkylene" by itself or as part of another
substituent means a divalent radical, saturated or unsaturated or
polyunsaturated, derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified by
--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--S--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-- and
--CH.sub.2--S--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--NH--CH.sub.2--,
--CH.sub.2--CH.dbd.CH--,
--CH.sub.2--CH.dbd.C(H)CH.sub.2--O--CH.sub.2-- and
--S--CH.sub.2--C.ident.C--. For heteroalkylene groups, heteroatoms
can also occupy either or both of the chain termini (e.g.,
alkyleneoxy, alkylenedioxy, alkyleneamino, alkylenediamino, and the
like). The terms "alkoxy," "alkylamino" and "alkylthio", are used
in their conventional sense, and refer to those alkyl groups
attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom
("oxy"), an amino group ("amino") or thio group. Additionally, for
dialkylamino groups, the alkyl portions can be the same or
different.
[0071] The terms "halo" or "halogen," by themselves or as part of
another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine,
chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom. The term "haloalkyl," is meant
to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl. For example, the term
"C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl" is mean to include trifluoromethyl,
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 3-bromopropyl, difluoromethyl,
and the like.
[0072] The term "aryl" as used herein refers to a single all carbon
aromatic ring or a multiple condensed all carbon ring system
wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic. For example, in
certain embodiments, an aryl group has 6 to 20 carbon atoms, 6 to
14 carbon atoms, or 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Aryl includes a phenyl
radical. Aryl also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g.,
ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) having about 9 to 20
carbon atoms in which at least one ring is aromatic and wherein the
other rings may be aromatic or not aromatic (i.e., carbocycle).
Such multiple condensed ring systems are optionally substituted
with one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups on any carbocycle
portion of the multiple condensed ring system. The rings of the
multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other via
fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency
requirements. It is to be understood that the point of attachment
of a multiple condensed ring system, as defined above, can be at
any position of the ring system including an aromatic or a
carbocycle portion of the ring. Non-limiting examples of aryl
groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indenyl, naphthyl,
1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like.
[0073] The term "carbocycle" or "carbocyclyl" refers to a single
saturated (i.e., cycloalkyl) or a single partially unsaturated
(e.g., cycloalkenyl, cycloalkadienyl, etc.) all carbon ring having
3 to 7 carbon atoms (i.e., (C.sub.3-C.sub.7)carbocycle). The term
"carbocycle" or "carbocyclyl" also includes multiple condensed,
saturated and partially unsaturated all carbon ring systems (e.g.,
ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 carbocyclic rings). Accordingly,
carbocycle includes multicyclic carbocyles such as a bicyclic
carbocycles (e.g., bicyclic carbocycles having about 6 to 12 carbon
atoms such as bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane), and
polycyclic carbocycles (e.g tricyclic and tetracyclic carbocycles
with up to about 20 carbon atoms). The rings of the multiple
condensed ring system can be connected to each other via fused,
spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency requirements. For
example, multicyclic carbocyles can be connected to each other via
a single carbon atom to form a spiro connection (e.g.,
spiropentane, spiro[4,5]decane, etc), via two adjacent carbon atoms
to form a fused connection (e.g., carbocycles such as
decahydronaphthalene, norsabinane, norcarane) or via two
non-adjacent carbon atoms to form a bridged connection (e.g.,
norbornane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, etc). The "carbocycle" or
"carbocyclyl" can also be optionally substituted with one or more
(e.g., 1, 2 or 3) oxo groups. In one embodiment the term carbocycle
includes a 3-15 membered carbocycle.
[0074] In one embodiment the term carbocycle includes a 3-8
membered carbocycle. In one embodiment the term carbocycle includes
a 3-6 membered carbocycle. In one embodiment the term carbocycle
includes a 3-5 membered carbocycle. Non-limiting examples of
carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,
1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl,
cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl,
bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, pinane, adamantane, norborene, spirocyclic
C.sub.5-12 alkane, and 1-cyclohex-3-enyl.
[0075] The term "heteroaryl" as used herein refers to a single
aromatic ring that has at least one atom other than carbon in the
ring, wherein the atom is selected from the group consisting of
oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; "heteroaryl" also includes multiple
condensed ring systems that have at least one such aromatic ring,
which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below.
In one embodiment the term heteroaryl includes a 5-12 membered
heteroaryl. Thus, "heteroaryl" includes single aromatic rings of
from about 1 to 6 carbon atoms and about 1-4 heteroatoms selected
from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. The
sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in an oxidized form
provided the ring is aromatic. Exemplary heteroaryl ring systems
include but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, oxazolyl or
furyl. "Heteroaryl" also includes multiple condensed ring systems
(e.g., ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) wherein a
heteroaryl group, as defined above, is condensed with one or more
rings selected from heteroaryls (to form for example a
naphthyridinyl such as 1,8-naphthyridinyl), heterocycles, (to form
for example a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridinyl such as
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridinyl), carbocycles (to form for
example 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolyl) and aryls (to form for example
indazolyl) to form the multiple condensed ring system. Thus, a
heteroaryl (a single aromatic ring or multiple condensed ring
system) has about 1-20 carbon atoms and about 1-6 heteroatoms
within the heteroaryl ring. Such multiple condensed ring systems
may be optionally substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4)
oxo groups on the carbocycle or heterocycle portions of the
condensed ring. The rings of the multiple condensed ring system can
be connected to each other via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when
allowed by valency requirements. It is to be understood that the
individual rings of the multiple condensed ring system may be
connected in any order relative to one another. It is also to be
understood that the point of attachment of a multiple condensed
ring system (as defined above for a heteroaryl) can be at any
position of the multiple condensed ring system including a
heteroaryl, heterocycle, aryl or carbocycle portion of the multiple
condensed ring system. It is also to be understood that the point
of attachment for a heteroaryl or heteroaryl multiple condensed
ring system can be at any suitable atom of the heteroaryl or
heteroaryl multiple condensed ring system including a carbon atom
and a heteroatom (e.g., a nitrogen). Exemplary heteroaryls include
but are not limited to pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl,
pyridazinyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, indolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl,
isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolyl,
isoquinolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, indazolyl, quinoxalyl,
quinazolyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl benzofuranyl,
benzimidazolyl, thianaphthenyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl,
quinazolinyl-4(3H)-one, triazolyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole
and
3b,4,4a,5-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopropa[3,4]cyclo-penta[1,2-c]pyrazole.
[0076] The term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocycle" as used herein
refers to a single saturated or partially unsaturated ring that has
at least one atom other than carbon in the ring, wherein the atom
is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and
sulfur; the term also includes multiple condensed ring systems that
have at least one such saturated or partially unsaturated ring,
which multiple condensed ring systems are further described below.
In one embodiment the term heterocyclyl includes a 3-15 membered
heterocyclyl. Thus, the term includes single saturated or partially
unsaturated rings (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7-membered rings) from about
1 to 6 carbon atoms and from about 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from
the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in the ring.
The ring may be substituted with one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) oxo
groups and the sulfur and nitrogen atoms may also be present in
their oxidized forms. Exemplary heterocycles include but are not
limited to azetidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl and piperidinyl. The term
"heterocycle" also includes multiple condensed ring systems (e.g.,
ring systems comprising 2, 3 or 4 rings) wherein a single
heterocycle ring (as defined above) can be condensed with one or
more groups selected from heterocycles (to form for example a
1,8-decahydronapthyridinyl), carbocycles (to form for example a
decahydroquinolyl) and aryls to form the multiple condensed ring
system. Thus, a heterocycle (a single saturated or single partially
unsaturated ring or multiple condensed ring system) has about 2-20
carbon atoms and 1-6 heteroatoms within the heterocycle ring. Such
multiple condensed ring systems may be optionally substituted with
one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3 or 4) oxo groups on the carbocycle or
heterocycle portions of the multiple condensed ring. The rings of
the multiple condensed ring system can be connected to each other
via fused, spiro and bridged bonds when allowed by valency
requirements. It is to be understood that the individual rings of
the multiple condensed ring system may be connected in any order
relative to one another. It is also to be understood that the point
of attachment of a multiple condensed ring system (as defined above
for a heterocycle) can be at any position of the multiple condensed
ring system including a heterocycle, aryl and carbocycle portion of
the ring. It is also to be understood that the point of attachment
for a heterocycle or heterocycle multiple condensed ring system can
be at any suitable atom of the heterocycle or heterocycle multiple
condensed ring system including a carbon atom and a heteroatom
(e.g., a nitrogen). In one embodiment the term heterocycle includes
a C.sub.2-20 heterocycle. In one embodiment the term heterocycle
includes a C.sub.2-7 heterocycle. In one embodiment the term
heterocycle includes a C.sub.2-5 heterocycle. In one embodiment the
term heterocycle includes a C.sub.2-4 heterocycle. Exemplary
heterocycles include, but are not limited to aziridinyl,
azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl,
morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,
dihydrooxazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl,
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolyl, benzoxazinyl, dihydrooxazolyl,
chromanyl, 1,2-dihydropyridinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl,
1,3-benzodioxolyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl,
spiro[cyclopropane-1,1'-isoindolinyl]-3'-one, isoindolinyl-1-one,
2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, imidazolidin-2-one
N-methylpiperidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, butyrolactam,
valerolactam, imidazolidinone, hydantoin, dioxolane, phthalimide,
1,4-dioxane, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine-S-oxide,
thiomorpholine-S,S-oxide, pyran, 3-pyrroline, thiopyran, pyrone,
tetrhydrothiophene, quinuclidine, tropane, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane,
(1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane,
(1s,4s)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane,
(1R,4R)-2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and pyrrolidin-2-one.
[0077] The above terms (e.g., "alkyl," "aryl" and "heteroaryl"), in
some embodiments, will include both substituted and unsubstituted
forms of the indicated radical. Preferred substituents for each
type of radical are provided below.
[0078] Substituents for the alkyl radicals (including those groups
often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl,
carbocycle, and heterocyclyl) can be a variety of groups including
but not limited to, -halogen, --OR', --NR'R'', --SR',
--SiR'R''R''', --OC(O)R', --C(O)R', --CO.sub.2R', --CONR'R'',
--OC(O)NR'R'', --NR''C(O)R', --NR'''C(O)NR'R'', --NR''C(O).sub.2R',
--NHC(NH.sub.2).dbd.NH, --NR'C(NH.sub.2).dbd.N H,
--NHC(NH.sub.2).dbd.NR', --NR'''C(NR'R'').dbd.N--CN,
--NR'''C(NR'R'').dbd.NOR', --NHC(NH.sub.2).dbd.NR', --S(O)R',
--S(O).sub.2R', --S(O).sub.2NR'R'', --NR'S(O).sub.2R'',
--NR'''S(O).sub.2NR'R'', --CN, --NO.sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--OR', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--NR'R'',
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--SR', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--SiR'R''R''',
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--OC(O)R', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--C(O)R',
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--CO.sub.2R', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4CONR'R'', in
a number ranging from zero to (2m'+1), where m' is the total number
of carbon atoms in such radical. R', R'' and R''' each
independently refer groups including, for example, hydrogen,
unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, unsubstituted heteroalkyl,
unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens,
unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxy or C.sub.1-6
thioalkoxy groups, or unsubstituted aryl-C.sub.1-4 alkyl groups,
unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, among others.
When R' and R'' are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be
combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or
7-membered ring. For example, --NR'R'' is meant to include
1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. Other substituents for alkyl
radicals, including heteroalkyl, alkylene, include for example,
.dbd.O, .dbd.NR', .dbd.N--OR', .dbd.N--CN, .dbd.NH, wherein R'
include substituents as described above.
[0079] Similarly, substituents for the aryl and heteroaryl groups
are varied and are generally selected from the group including, but
not limited to halogen, --OR', --OC(O)R', --NR'R'', --SR', --R',
--CN, --NO.sub.2, --CO.sub.2R', --CONR'R'', --C(O)R',
--OC(O)NR'R'', --NR''C(O)R', --NR''C(O).sub.2R', --NR'C(O)NR''R''
--NHC(NH.sub.2).dbd.NH, --NR'C(NH.sub.2).dbd.NH,
--NHC(NH.sub.2).dbd.NR', --S(O)R', --S(O).sub.2R',
--S(O).sub.2NR'R'', --NR'S(O).sub.2R'', --N.sub.3,
perfluoro-C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, and perfluoro-C.sub.1-4alkyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--OR', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--NR'R'',
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--SR', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--SiR'R''R''',
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--OC(O)R', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--C(O)R',
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--CO.sub.2R', --(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4CONR'R'', in
a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on
the aromatic ring system; and where R', R'' and R''' are
independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6
carbocycle, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, unsubstituted
aryl and heteroaryl, (unsubstituted aryl)-C.sub.1-4 alkyl, and
unsubstituted aryloxy-C.sub.1-4 alkyl. Other suitable substituents
include each of the above aryl substituents attached to a ring atom
by an alkylene tether of from 1-4 carbon atoms. When a substituent
for the aryl or heteroaryl group contains an alkylene linker (e.g.,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--NR'R''), the alkylene linker includes halo
variants as well. For example, the linker "--(CH.sub.2).sub.1-4--"
when used as part of a substituent is meant to include
difluoromethylene, 1,2-difluoroethylene, etc.
[0080] As used herein, the term "heteroatom" is meant to include
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si).
[0081] As used herein, the term "chiral" refers to molecules which
have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image
partner, while the term "achiral" refers to molecules which are
superimposable on their mirror image partner.
[0082] As used herein, the term "stereoisomers" refers to compounds
which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard
to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
[0083] As used herein a wavy line "" that intersects a bond in a
chemical structure indicates the point of attachment of the bond
that the wavy bond intersects in the chemical structure to the
remainder of a molecule.
[0084] As used herein, the term "C-linked" means that the group
that the term describes is attached the remainder of the molecule
through a ring carbon atom.
[0085] As used herein, the term "N-linked" means that the group
that the term describes is attached to the remainder of the
molecule through a ring nitrogen atom.
[0086] "Diastereomer" refers to a stereoisomer with two or more
centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of
one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g.
melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and
reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers can separate under high
resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and
chromatography.
[0087] "Enantiomers" refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which
are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
[0088] Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein
generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and
Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., "Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds",
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994. The compounds of the
invention can contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore
exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all
stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including
but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as
well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the
present invention. Many organic compounds exist in optically active
forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of
plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound,
the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absolute
configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The
prefixes d and l or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign
of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (-) or l
meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with
(+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these
stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of
one another. A specific stereoisomer can also be referred to as an
enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an
enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to
as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which can occur where there has
been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction
or process. The terms "racemic mixture" and "racemate" refer to an
equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical
activity.
[0089] When a bond in a compound formula herein is drawn in a
non-stereochemical manner (e.g. flat), the atom to which the bond
is attached includes all stereochemical possibilities. When a bond
in a compound formula herein is drawn in a defined stereochemical
manner (e.g. bold, bold-wedge, dashed or dashed-wedge), it is to be
understood that the atom to which the stereochemical bond is
attached is enriched in the absolute stereoisomer depicted unless
otherwise noted. In one embodiment, the compound may be at least
51% the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the
compound may be at least 80% the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In
another embodiment, the compound may be at least 90% the absolute
stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be
at least 95% the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In another
embodiment, the compound may be at least 97% the absolute
stereoisomer depicted. In another embodiment, the compound may be
at least 98% the absolute stereoisomer depicted. In another
embodiment, the compound may be at least 99% the absolute
stereoisomer depicted.
[0090] As used herein, the term "tautomer" or "tautomeric form"
refers to structural isomers of different energies which are
interconvertible via a low energy barrier. For example, proton
tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers) include
interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enol and
imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers include
interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding
electrons.
[0091] As used herein, the term "solvate" refers to an association
or complex of one or more solvent molecules and a compound of the
invention. Examples of solvents that form solvates include, but are
not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl
acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine. The term "hydrate" refers
to the complex where the solvent molecule is water.
[0092] As used herein, the term "protecting group" refers to a
substituent that is commonly employed to block or protect a
particular functional group on a compound. For example, an
"amino-protecting group" is a substituent attached to an amino
group that blocks or protects the amino functionality in the
compound. Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl,
trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ)
and 9-fluorenylmethylenoxycarbonyl (Fmoc). Similarly, a
"hydroxy-protecting group" refers to a substituent of a hydroxy
group that blocks or protects the hydroxy functionality. Suitable
protecting groups include acetyl and silyl. A "carboxy-protecting
group" refers to a substituent of the carboxy group that blocks or
protects the carboxy functionality. Common carboxy-protecting
groups include phenylsulfonylethyl, cyanoethyl,
2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl,
2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl, 2-(p-nitrophenylsulfenyl)ethyl,
2-(diphenylphosphino)-ethyl, nitroethyl and the like. For a general
description of protecting groups and their use, see P. G. M. Wuts
and T. W. Greene, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis
4.sup.th edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2006.
[0093] As used herein, the term "mammal" includes, but is not
limited to, humans, mice, rats, guinea pigs, monkeys, dogs, cats,
horses, cows, pigs, and sheep
[0094] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts"
is meant to include salts of the active compounds which are
prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending on the
particular substituents found on the compounds described herein.
When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidic
functionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting
the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the
desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples
of salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic bases
include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous,
lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc
and the like. Salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable
organic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines, including substituted amines, cyclic amines,
naturally-occurring amines and the like, such as arginine, betaine,
caffeine, choline, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine,
2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,
ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine,
glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine,
methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine
resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine,
trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like. When
compounds of the present invention contain relatively basic
functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contacting
the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the
desired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples
of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those
derived from inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic,
nitric, carbonic, monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric,
monohydrogenphosphoric, dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric,
monohydrogensulfuric, hydriodic, or phosphorous acids and the like,
as well as the salts derived from relatively nontoxic organic acids
like acetic, propionic, isobutyric, malonic, benzoic, succinic,
suberic, fumaric, mandelic, phthalic, benzenesulfonic,
p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric, methanesulfonic, and the like.
Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the
like, and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric
acids and the like (see, for example, Berge, S. M., et al.,
"Pharmaceutical Salts", Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977,
66, 1-19). Certain specific compounds of the present invention
contain both basic and acidic functionalities that allow the
compounds to be converted into either base or acid addition
salts.
[0095] The neutral forms of the compounds can be regenerated by
contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent
compound in the conventional manner. The parent form of the
compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical
properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the
salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the
purposes of the present invention.
[0096] In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides
compounds which are in a prodrug form. As used herein the term
"prodrug" refers to those compounds that readily undergo chemical
changes under physiological conditions to provide the compounds of
the present invention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to
the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical
methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be
slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when
placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme or
chemical reagent.
[0097] Prodrugs of the invention include compounds wherein an amino
acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two,
three or four) amino acid residues, is covalently joined through an
amide or ester bond to a free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid
group of a compound of the present invention. The amino acid
residues include but are not limited to the 20 naturally occurring
amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols and also
includes phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphotyrosine,
4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine,
gamma-carboxyglutamate, hippuric acid, octahydroindole-2-carboxylic
acid, statine, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid,
penicillamine, ornithine, 3-methylhistidine, norvaline,
beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine,
homoserine, methyl-alanine, para-benzoylphenylalanine,
phenylglycine, propargylglycine, sarcosine, methionine sulfone and
tert-butylglycine.
[0098] Additional types of prodrugs are also encompassed. For
instance, a free carboxyl group of a compound of the invention can
be derivatized as an amide or alkyl ester. As another example,
compounds of this invention comprising free hydroxy groups can be
derivatized as prodrugs by converting the hydroxy group into a
group such as, but not limited to, a phosphate ester,
hemisuccinate, dimethylaminoacetate, or
phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyl group, as outlined in Fleisher, D.
et al., (1996) Improved oral drug delivery: solubility limitations
overcome by the use of prodrugs Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,
19:115. Carbamate prodrugs of hydroxy and amino groups are also
included, as are carbonate prodrugs, sulfonate esters and sulfate
esters of hydroxy groups. Derivatization of hydroxy groups as
(acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers, wherein the acyl group
can be an alkyl ester optionally substituted with groups including,
but not limited to, ether, amine and carboxylic acid
functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as
described above, are also encompassed. Prodrugs of this type are
described in J. Med. Chem., (1996), 39:10. More specific examples
include replacement of the hydrogen atom of the alcohol group with
a group such as (C.sub.1-6)alkanoyloxymethyl,
1-((C.sub.1-6)alkanoyloxy)ethyl,
1-methyl-1-((C.sub.1-6)alkanoyloxy)ethyl,
(C.sub.1-6)alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl,
N--(C.sub.1-6)alkoxycarbonylaminomethyl, succinoyl,
(C.sub.1-6)alkanoyl, alpha-amino(C.sub.1-4)alkanoyl, arylacyl and
alpha-aminoacyl, or alpha-aminoacyl-alpha-aminoacyl, where each
alpha-aminoacyl group is independently selected from the naturally
occurring L-amino acids, P(O)(OH).sub.2,
--P(O)(O(C.sub.1-6)alkyl).sub.2 or glycosyl (the radical resulting
from the removal of a hydroxyl group of the hemiacetal form of a
carbohydrate).
[0099] For additional examples of prodrug derivatives, see, for
example, a) Design of Prodrugs, edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier,
1985) and Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 42, p. 309-396, edited by K.
Widder, et al. (Academic Press, 1985); b) A Textbook of Drug Design
and Development, edited by Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard,
Chapter 5 "Design and Application of Prodrugs," by H. Bundgaard p.
113-191 (1991); c) H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews,
8:1-38 (1992); d) H. Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 77:285 (1988); and e) N. Kakeya, et al., Chem. Pharm.
Bull., 32:692 (1984), each of which is specifically incorporated
herein by reference.
[0100] Additionally, the present invention provides for metabolites
of compounds of the invention. As used herein, a "metabolite"
refers to a product produced through metabolism in the body of a
specified compound or salt thereof. Such products can result for
example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation,
deamidation, esterification, deesterification, enzymatic cleavage,
and the like, of the administered compound.
[0101] Metabolite products typically are identified by preparing a
radiolabelled (e.g., .sup.14C or .sup.3H) isotope of a compound of
the invention, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose
(e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat,
mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for
metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours) and
isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other
biological samples. These products are easily isolated since they
are labeled (others are isolated by the use of antibodies capable
of binding epitopes surviving in the metabolite). The metabolite
structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS,
LC/MS or NMR analysis. In general, analysis of metabolites is done
in the same way as conventional drug metabolism studies well known
to those skilled in the art. The metabolite products, so long as
they are not otherwise found in vivo, are useful in diagnostic
assays for therapeutic dosing of the compounds of the
invention.
[0102] Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in
unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated
forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated
forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the
present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention can
exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all
physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the
present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the
present invention.
[0103] Certain compounds of the present invention possess
asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the
racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers, regioisomers and
individual isomers (e.g., separate enantiomers) are all intended to
be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
[0104] The terms "treat" and "treatment" refer to both therapeutic
treatment and/or prophylactic treatment or preventative measures,
wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired
physiological change or disorder, such as, for example, the
development or spread of cancer. For purposes of this invention,
beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited
to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease or
disorder, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease or
disorder, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or
palliation of the disease state or disorder, and remission (whether
partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable. "Treatment"
can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival
if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include
those already with the disease or disorder as well as those prone
to have the disease or disorder or those in which the disease or
disorder is to be prevented.
[0105] The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" or "effective
amount" means an amount of a compound of the present invention that
(i) treats or prevents the particular disease, condition, or
disorder, (ii) attenuates, ameliorates, or eliminates one or more
symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or
(iii) prevents or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the
particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein. For
cancer therapy, efficacy can, for example, be measured by assessing
the time to disease progression (TTP) and/or determining the
response rate (RR).
[0106] The term "bioavailability" refers to the systemic
availability (i.e., blood/plasma levels) of a given amount of drug
administered to a patient. Bioavailability is an absolute term that
indicates measurement of both the time (rate) and total amount
(extent) of drug that reaches the general circulation from an
administered dosage form.
[0107] In another embodiment, the compound is selected from
compounds of formula I as described in the Examples herein and
salts thereof.
Synthesis of Compounds
[0108] Compounds of formula (I) may be prepared by the process
illustrated in Scheme 1 below.
##STR00024##
[0109] Compounds of formula (I) can be prepared from compounds of
formulae (X) (V=Cl) according to reaction step (vii) by activation
of the acid group of formulae (IX) with reagents such as oxalyl
chloride, thionyl chloride, carbonyl di-imidazole (CDI), a uronium
based amide coupling agent, propylphosphonic anhydride or a
carbodiimide reagent followed by displacement with a suitable
sulfonamide of formula (XI) in the presence of a nucleophilic base
such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine, triethylamine, diethyliropropyl
amine.
[0110] Alternatively, compounds of formula (I) can be prepared from
compounds of formula (X) (V=NH.sub.2) according to reaction step
(ix) by displacement of a sulfonyl chloride of formula (XII) under
basic reaction conditions.
[0111] Compounds of formula (IX) can be prepared by hydrosis of the
ester functional group in compounds of formula (VIII) by either
acidic or basic methods according to step (vi) as required.
[0112] Compounds of formula (VIII) can be prepared from compounds
of formula (VI) under suitable N-alkylation conditions in a polar
aprotic solvent, such as, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide,
tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or dimethoxyethane in the presence of a
base, such as cesium carbonate, anhydrous potassium carbonate,
sodium hydride, or calcium hydride with compounds of formula (VII)
according to reaction step (v).
[0113] Compounds of formula (VI) can be prepared from compounds of
formula (V) according to reaction step (iv) by deprotection of the
protecting by either acidic conditions using acid such as
trifluoroacetic acid or hydrochloric acid in a aprotic non-polar
solvent such as dichlromethane, dichloroethane or hydrogenation
with a variety of palladium catalysis such a Palladium on carcoal
and palladium hydroxide in a polar protic solvent such a methanol,
ethanol. Compounds of formula (V) can be prepared from compounds of
formula (IV) according to the reaction step (iii) using either
metal catalyzed carbonylation using palladium catalysis such as
tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium (O), palladium acetate in a
polar aprotic solvent, such as dioxane, dimethoxyethane,
tetrahydrofuran, or acetonitrile in the presence of carbon monoxide
or molybdenumhexacarbonyl. Compounds of formula (IV) can be obtain
from compounds of formula (III) by using protecting group such as
benzyl chloride, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, benzyl chloroformate,
or para-methoxyl benzyl chloride. In a presence of a base such a
sodium hydride, DMAP, potassium carbonate, DIPEA, triethyl amine,
or pyridine in a solvent such as DMF, dioxane, or dichloromethane
according to the reaction step (ii). Compounds of formula (III) can
be prepared from commercially available compounds of formula (II)
according to the reaction step (i) using hydrazine in refluxing
conditions in a polar aprotic solvent such as toluene, benzene,
dioxane.
Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
[0114] In addition to one or more of the compounds provided above
(or stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, solvates,
metabolites, isotopes, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or
prodrugs thereof), the invention also provides for compositions and
medicaments comprising a compound of formula I or and embodiment
thereof and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,
diluent or excipient. The compositions of the invention can be used
to selectively inhibit NaV1.7 in patients (e.g, humans).
[0115] The term "composition," as used herein, is intended to
encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the
specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly
or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the
specified amounts. By "pharmaceutically acceptable" it is meant the
carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other
ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient
thereof.
[0116] In one embodiment, the invention provides for pharmaceutical
compositions (or medicaments) comprising a compound of formula I or
an embodiment thereof, and its stereoisomers, geometric isomers,
tautomers, solvates, metabolites, isotopes, pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, or prodrugs thereof) and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. In another embodiment,
the invention provides for preparing compositions (or medicaments)
comprising compounds of the invention. In another embodiment, the
invention provides for administering compounds of formula I or its
embodiments and compositions comprising compounds of formula I or
an embodiment thereof to a patient (e.g., a human patient) in need
thereof.
[0117] Compositions are formulated, dosed, and administered in a
fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for
consideration in this context include the particular disorder being
treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical
condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the
site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the
scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical
practitioners. The effective amount of the compound to be
administered will be governed by such considerations, and is the
minimum amount necessary to inhibit NaV1.7 activity as required to
prevent or treat the undesired disease or disorder, such as for
example, pain. For example, such amount may be below the amount
that is toxic to normal cells, or the mammal as a whole.
[0118] In one example, the therapeutically effective amount of the
compound of the invention administered parenterally per dose will
be in the range of about 0.01-100 mg/kg, alternatively about e.g.,
0.1 to 20 mg/kg of patient body weight per day, with the typical
initial range of compound used being 0.3 to 15 mg/kg/day. The daily
does is, in certain embodiments, given as a single daily dose or in
divided doses two to six times a day, or in sustained release form.
In the case of a 70 kg adult human, the total daily dose will
generally be from about 7 mg to about 1,400 mg. This dosage regimen
may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. The
compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day,
preferably once or twice per day.
[0119] The compounds of the present invention may be administered
in any convenient administrative form, e.g., tablets, powders,
capsules, solutions, dispersions, suspensions, syrups, sprays,
suppositories, gels, emulsions, patches, etc. Such compositions may
contain components conventional in pharmaceutical preparations,
e.g., diluents, carriers, pH modifiers, sweeteners, bulking agents,
and further active agents.
[0120] The compounds of the invention may be administered by any
suitable means, including oral, topical (including buccal and
sublingual), rectal, vaginal, transdermal, parenteral,
subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, intradermal,
intrathecal and epidural and intranasal, and, if desired for local
treatment, intralesional administration. Parenteral infusions
include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal,
intracerebral, intraocular, intralesional or subcutaneous
administration.
[0121] The compositions comprising compounds of formula I or an
embodiment thereof are normally formulated in accordance with
standard pharmaceutical practice as a pharmaceutical composition. A
typical formulation is prepared by mixing a compound of the present
invention and a diluent, carrier or excipient. Suitable diluents,
carriers and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art
and are described in detail in, e.g., Ansel, Howard C., et al.,
Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004; Gennaro,
Alfonso R., et al. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy.
Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000; and Rowe,
Raymond C. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. Chicago,
Pharmaceutical Press, 2005. The formulations may also include one
or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents,
lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives,
antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids,
colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents
and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the
drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical
composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the
pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament).
[0122] Suitable carriers, diluents and excipients are well known to
those skilled in the art and include materials such as
carbohydrates, waxes, water soluble and/or swellable polymers,
hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials, gelatin, oils, solvents,
water and the like. The particular carrier, diluent or excipient
used will depend upon the means and purpose for which a compound of
the present invention is being applied. Solvents are generally
selected based on solvents recognized by persons skilled in the art
as safe (GRAS) to be administered to a mammal. In general, safe
solvents are non-toxic aqueous solvents such as water and other
non-toxic solvents that are soluble or miscible in water. Suitable
aqueous solvents include water, ethanol, propylene glycol,
polyethylene glycols (e.g., PEG 400, PEG 300), etc. and mixtures
thereof. The formulations can also include one or more buffers,
stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating
agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives,
antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids,
colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other
known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug
(i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical
composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the
pharmaceutical product (i.e., medicament).
[0123] Acceptable diluents, carriers, excipients and stabilizers
are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations
employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate and other
organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine;
preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride;
hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium
chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as
methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol;
3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10
residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin,
or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as
polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,
asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides,
disaccharides and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose,
or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose,
mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such as
sodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or
non-ionic surfactants such as TWEEN.TM., PLURONICS.TM. or
polyethylene glycol (PEG). A active pharmaceutical ingredient of
the invention (e.g., compound of formula I or an embodiment
thereof) can also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for
example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial
polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or
gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules,
respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example,
liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and
nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed
in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy: Remington the
Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2005) 21.sup.st Edition,
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
[0124] Sustained-release preparations of a compound of the
invention (e.g., compound of formula I or an embodiment thereof)
can be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release
preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic
polymers containing a compound of formula I or an embodiment
thereof, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g.,
films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices
include polyesters, hydrogels (for example,
poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinyl alcohol)),
polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic
acid and gamma-ethyl-L-glutamate (Sidman et al., Biopolymers
22:547, 1983), non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate (Langer et
al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 15:167, 1981), degradable lactic
acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT.TM.
(injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid
copolymer and leuprolide acetate) and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric
acid (EP 133,988A). Sustained release compositions also include
liposomally entrapped compounds, which can be prepared by methods
known per se (Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
82:3688, 1985; Hwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77:4030,
1980; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and EP 102,324A).
Ordinarily, the liposomes are of the small (about 200-800
Angstroms) unilamelar type in which the lipid content is greater
than about 30 mol % cholesterol, the selected proportion being
adjusted for the optimal therapy.
[0125] The formulations include those suitable for the
administration routes detailed herein. The formulations can
conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and can be prepared
by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques
and formulations generally are found in Remington: The Science and
Practice of Pharmacy: Remington the Science and Practice of
Pharmacy (2005) 21.sup.st Edition, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. Such methods include the step of
bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier
which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
[0126] In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and
intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with
liquid carriers, diluents or excipients or finely divided solid
carriers, diluents or excipients, or both, and then, if necessary,
shaping the product. A typical formulation is prepared by mixing a
compound of the present invention and a carrier, diluent or
excipient. The formulations can be prepared using conventional
dissolution and mixing procedures. For example, the bulk drug
substance (i.e., compound of the present invention or stabilized
form of the compound (e.g., complex with a cyclodextrin derivative
or other known complexation agent) is dissolved in a suitable
solvent in the presence of one or more of the excipients described
above. A compound of the present invention is typically formulated
into pharmaceutical dosage forms to provide an easily controllable
dosage of the drug and to enable patient compliance with the
prescribed regimen.
[0127] In one example, compounds of formula I or an embodiment
thereof may be formulated by mixing at ambient temperature at the
appropriate pH, and at the desired degree of purity, with
physiologically acceptable carriers, i.e., carriers that are
non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed
into a galenical administration form. The pH of the formulation
depends mainly on the particular use and the concentration of
compound, but preferably ranges anywhere from about 3 to about 8.
In one example, a compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof)
is formulated in an acetate buffer, at pH 5. In another embodiment,
the compounds of formula I or an embodiment thereof are sterile.
The compound may be stored, for example, as a solid or amorphous
composition, as a lyophilized formulation or as an aqueous
solution.
[0128] Formulations of a compound of the invention (e.g., compound
of formula I or an embodiment thereof) suitable for oral
administration can be prepared as discrete units such as pills,
capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount
of a compound of the invention.
[0129] Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a
suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such
as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant,
inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent.
Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a
mixture of the powdered active ingredient moistened with an inert
liquid diluent. The tablets can optionally be coated or scored and
optionally are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled
release of the active ingredient therefrom.
[0130] Tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions,
dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules,
e.g., gelatin capsules, syrups or elixirs can be prepared for oral
use. Formulations of a compound of the invention (e.g., compound of
formula I or an embodiment thereof) intended for oral use can be
prepared according to any method known to the art for the
manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions
can contain one or more agents including sweetening agents,
flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order
to provide a palatable preparation. Tablets containing the active
ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are
acceptable. These excipients can be, for example, inert diluents,
such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium or sodium
phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize
starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as starch, gelatin or
acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic
acid or talc. Tablets can be uncoated or can be coated by known
techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and
adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a
sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay
material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone
or with a wax can be employed.
[0131] An example of a suitable oral administration form is a
tablet containing about 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 25 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, 80
mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 250 mg, 300 mg and 500 mg of the compound of
the invention compounded with about 90-30 mg anhydrous lactose,
about 5-40 mg sodium croscarmellose, about 5-30 mg
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30, and about 1-10 mg magnesium
stearate. The powdered ingredients are first mixed together and
then mixed with a solution of the PVP. The resulting composition
can be dried, granulated, mixed with the magnesium stearate and
compressed to tablet form using conventional equipment. An example
of an aerosol formulation can be prepared by dissolving the
compound, for example 5-400 mg, of the invention in a suitable
buffer solution, e.g. a phosphate buffer, adding a tonicifier, e.g.
a salt such sodium chloride, if desired. The solution may be
filtered, e.g., using a 0.2 micron filter, to remove impurities and
contaminants.
[0132] For treatment of the eye or other external tissues, e.g.,
mouth and skin, the formulations are preferably applied as a
topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an
amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w. When formulated in an
ointment, the active ingredient can be employed with either a
paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the
active ingredients can be formulated in a cream with an
oil-in-water cream base. If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream
base can include a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two
or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol,
mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG
400) and mixtures thereof. The topical formulations can desirably
include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the
active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas.
Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethyl
sulfoxide and related analogs.
[0133] The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention can be
constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the
phase can comprise merely an emulsifier, it desirably comprises a
mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with
both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is
included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a
stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up
the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil
and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms
the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations. Emulsifiers and
emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the
invention include Tween.RTM. 60, Span.RTM. 80, cetostearyl alcohol,
benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium
lauryl sulfate.
[0134] In one aspect of topical applications, it is desired to
administer an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition
according to the invention to target area, e.g., skin surfaces,
mucous membranes, and the like, which are adjacent to peripheral
neurons which are to be treated. This amount will generally range
from about 0.0001 mg to about 1 g of a compound of the invention
per application, depending upon the area to be treated, whether the
use is diagnostic, prophylactic or therapeutic, the severity of the
symptoms, and the nature of the topical vehicle employed. A
preferred topical preparation is an ointment, wherein about 0.001
to about 50 mg of active ingredient is used per cc of ointment
base. The pharmaceutical composition can be formulated as
transdermal compositions or transdermal delivery devices
("patches"). Such compositions include, for example, a backing,
active compound reservoir, a control membrane, liner and contact
adhesive. Such transdermal patches may be used to provide
continuous pulsatile, or on demand delivery of the compounds of the
present invention as desired.
[0135] Aqueous suspensions of a compound of the invention (e.g.,
compound of formula I or an embodiment thereof) contain the active
materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture
of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients include a suspending agent,
such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose, povidone,
methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium alginate,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing
or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g.,
lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty
acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of
ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g.,
heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene
oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol
anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). The aqueous
suspension can also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl
or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or
more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as
sucrose or saccharin.
[0136] Formulations of a compound of the invention (e.g., compound
of formula I or an embodiment thereof) can be in the form of a
sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable
aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated
according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or
wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned
above. The sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile
injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally
acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol
or prepared as a lyophilized powder. Among the acceptable vehicles
and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and
isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile fixed oils
can conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including
synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as
oleic acid can likewise be used in the preparation of
injectables.
[0137] The amount of active ingredient that can be combined with
the carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary
depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of
administration. For example, a time-release formulation intended
for oral administration to humans can contain approximately 1 to
1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and
convenient amount of carrier material which can vary from about 5
to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight). The
pharmaceutical composition can be prepared to provide easily
measurable amounts for administration. For example, an aqueous
solution intended for intravenous infusion can contain from about 3
to 500 g of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in
order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30
mL/hr can occur.
[0138] Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include
aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which can
contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which
render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended
recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which
can include suspending agents and thickening agents.
[0139] Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye
also include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved
or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent
for the active ingredient. The active ingredient is preferably
present in such formulations in a concentration of about 0.5 to 20%
w/w, for example about 0.5 to 10% w/w, for example about 1.5%
w/w.
[0140] Formulations suitable for topical administration in the
mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a
flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles
comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin
and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the
active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
[0141] Formulations for rectal administration can be presented as a
suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa
butter or a salicylate.
[0142] Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal
administration have a particle size for example in the range of 0.1
to 500 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 0.1 and
500 microns in increments microns such as 0.5, 1, 30 microns, 35
microns, etc.), which is administered by rapid inhalation through
the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach
the alveolar sacs. Suitable formulations include aqueous or oily
solutions of the active ingredient. Formulations suitable for
aerosol or dry powder administration can be prepared according to
conventional methods and can be delivered with other therapeutic
agents such as compounds heretofore used in the treatment of
disorders as described below.
[0143] The formulations can be packaged in unit-dose or multi-dose
containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and can be
stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the
addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water, for
injection immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection
solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders,
granules and tablets of the kind previously described. Preferred
unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit
daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction
thereof, of the active ingredient.
[0144] When the binding target is located in the brain, certain
embodiments of the invention provide for a compound of formula I
(or an embodiment thereof) to traverse the blood-brain barrier.
Certain neurodegenerative diseases are associated with an increase
in permeability of the blood-brain barrier, such that a compound of
formula I (or an embodiment thereof) can be readily introduced to
the brain. When the blood-brain barrier remains intact, several
art-known approaches exist for transporting molecules across it,
including, but not limited to, physical methods, lipid-based
methods, and receptor and channel-based methods.
[0145] Physical methods of transporting a compound of formula I (or
an embodiment thereof) across the blood-brain barrier include, but
are not limited to, circumventing the blood-brain barrier entirely,
or by creating openings in the blood-brain barrier.
[0146] Circumvention methods include, but are not limited to,
direct injection into the brain (see, e.g., Papanastassiou et al.,
Gene Therapy 9:398-406, 2002), interstitial
infusion/convection-enhanced delivery (see, e.g., Bobo et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:2076-2080, 1994), and implanting a
delivery device in the brain (see, e.g., Gill et al., Nature Med.
9:589-595, 2003; and Gliadel Wafers.TM., Guildford
Pharmaceutical).
[0147] Methods of creating openings in the barrier include, but are
not limited to, ultrasound (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No.
2002/0038086), osmotic pressure (e.g., by administration of
hypertonic mannitol (Neuwelt, E. A., Implication of the Blood-Brain
Barrier and its Manipulation, Volumes 1 and 2, Plenum Press, N.Y.,
1989)), and permeabilization by, e.g., bradykinin or permeabilizer
A-7 (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,596, 5,268,164, 5,506,206, and
5,686,416).
[0148] Lipid-based methods of transporting a compound of formula I
(or an embodiment thereof) across the blood-brain barrier include,
but are not limited to, encapsulating the a compound of formula I
(or an embodiment thereof) in liposomes that are coupled to
antibody binding fragments that bind to receptors on the vascular
endothelium of the blood-brain barrier (see, e.g., U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2002/0025313), and coating a compound
of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) in low-density lipoprotein
particles (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2004/0204354) or apolipoprotein E (see, e.g., U.S. Patent
Application Publication No. 2004/0131692).
[0149] Receptor and channel-based methods of transporting a
compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) across the
blood-brain barrier include, but are not limited to, using
glucocorticoid blockers to increase permeability of the blood-brain
barrier (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos.
2002/0065259, 2003/0162695, and 2005/0124533); activating potassium
channels (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2005/0089473), inhibiting ABC drug transporters (see, e.g., U.S.
Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0073713); coating a
compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) with a transferrin
and modulating activity of the one or more transferrin receptors
(see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0129186),
and cationizing the antibodies (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
5,004,697).
[0150] For intracerebral use, in certain embodiments, the compounds
can be administered continuously by infusion into the fluid
reservoirs of the CNS, although bolus injection may be acceptable.
The inhibitors can be administered into the ventricles of the brain
or otherwise introduced into the CNS or spinal fluid.
Administration can be performed by use of an indwelling catheter
and a continuous administration means such as a pump, or it can be
administered by implantation, e.g., intracerebral implantation of a
sustained-release vehicle. More specifically, the inhibitors can be
injected through chronically implanted cannulas or chronically
infused with the help of osmotic minipumps. Subcutaneous pumps are
available that deliver proteins through a small tubing to the
cerebral ventricles. Highly sophisticated pumps can be refilled
through the skin and their delivery rate can be set without
surgical intervention. Examples of suitable administration
protocols and delivery systems involving a subcutaneous pump device
or continuous intracerebroventricular infusion through a totally
implanted drug delivery system are those used for the
administration of dopamine, dopamine agonists, and cholinergic
agonists to Alzheimer's disease patients and animal models for
Parkinson's disease, as described by Harbaugh, J. Neural Transm.
Suppl. 24:271, 1987; and DeYebenes et al., Mov. Disord. 2: 143,
1987.
[0151] A compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) used in
the invention are formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion
consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in
this context include the particular disorder being treated, the
particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the
individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery
of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of
administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners. A
compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) need not be, but
is optionally formulated with one or more agent currently used to
prevent or treat the disorder in question. The effective amount of
such other agents depends on the amount of a compound of the
invention present in the formulation, the type of disorder or
treatment, and other factors discussed above.
[0152] These are generally used in the same dosages and with
administration routes as described herein, or about from 1 to 99%
of the dosages described herein, or in any dosage and by any route
that is empirically/clinically determined to be appropriate.
[0153] For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate
dosage of a compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) (when
used alone or in combination with other agents) will depend on the
type of disease to be treated, the properties of the compound, the
severity and course of the disease, whether the compound is
administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous
therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the
compound, and the discretion of the attending physician. The
compound is suitably administered to the patient at one time or
over a series of treatments. Depending on the type and severity of
the disease, about 1 .mu.g/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g., 0.1 mg/kg-10
mg/kg) of compound can be an initial candidate dosage for
administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more
separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. One typical
daily dosage might range from about 1 g kg to 100 mg/kg or more,
depending on the factors mentioned above. For repeated
administrations over several days or longer, depending on the
condition, the treatment would generally be sustained until a
desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. One exemplary
dosage of a compound of formula I (or an embodiment thereof) would
be in the range from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg. Thus, one
or more doses of about 0.5 mg/kg, 2.0 mg/kg, 4.0 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg
(or any combination thereof) may be administered to the patient.
Such doses may be administered intermittently, e.g., every week or
every three weeks (e.g., such that the patient receives from about
two to about twenty, or, e.g., about six doses of the antibody). An
initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses
may be administered. An exemplary dosing regimen comprises
administering an initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg, followed by
a weekly maintenance dose of about 2 mg kg of the compound.
However, other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this
therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and
assays.
[0154] Other typical daily dosages might range from, for example,
about 1 g/kg to up to 100 mg/kg or more (e.g., about 1 g kg to 1
mg/kg, about 1 g/kg to about 5 mg/kg, about 1 mg kg to 10 mg/kg,
about 5 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, about 50 mg/kg to about 150
mg/mg, about 100 mg/kg to about 500 mg/kg, about 100 mg/kg to about
400 mg/kg, and about 200 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg), depending on
the factors mentioned above. Typically, the clinician will
administer a compound until a dosage is reached that results in
improvement in or, optimally, elimination of, one or more symptoms
of the treated disease or condition. The progress of this therapy
is easily monitored by conventional assays. One or more agent
provided herein may be administered together or at different times
(e.g., one agent is administered prior to the administration of a
second agent). One or more agent may be administered to a subject
using different techniques (e.g., one agent may be administered
orally, while a second agent is administered via intramuscular
injection or intranasally). One or more agent may be administered
such that the one or more agent has a pharmacologic effect in a
subject at the same time. Alternatively, one or more agent may be
administered, such that the pharmacological activity of the first
administered agent is expired prior the administration of one or
more secondarily administered agents (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4
secondarily administered agents).
Indications and Methods of Treatment
[0155] The compounds of the invention modulate, preferably inhibit,
ion flux through a voltage-dependent sodium channel in a mammal,
(e.g, a human). Any such modulation, whether it be partial or
complete inhibition or prevention of ion flux, is sometimes
referred to herein as "blocking" and corresponding compounds as
"blockers" or "inhibitors". In general, the compounds of the
invention modulate the activity of a sodium channel downwards by
inhibiting the voltage-dependent activity of the sodium channel,
and/or reduce or prevent sodium ion flux across a cell membrane by
preventing sodium channel activity such as ion flux.
[0156] The compounds of the invention inhibit the ion flux through
a voltage-dependent sodium channel. In one aspect, the compounds
are state or frequency dependent modifiers of the sodium channels,
having a low affinity for the rested/closed state and a high
affinity for the inactivated state. Without being bound by any
particular theory, it is thought that these compounds are likely to
interact with overlapping sites located in the inner cavity of the
sodium conducting pore of the channel similar to that described for
other state-dependent sodium channel blockers (Cestele, S., et al.,
op. cit.). These compounds may also be likely to interact with
sites outside of the inner cavity and have allosteric effects on
sodium ion conduction through the channel pore.
[0157] Any of these consequences may ultimately be responsible for
the overall therapeutic benefit provided by these compounds.
[0158] Accordingly, the compounds of the invention are sodium
channel blockers and are therefore useful for treating diseases and
conditions in mammals, for example humans, and other organisms,
including all those diseases and conditions which are the result of
aberrant voltage-dependent sodium channel biological activity or
which may be ameliorated by modulation of voltage-dependent sodium
channel biological activity. In particular, the compounds of the
invention, i.e., the compounds of formula (I) and embodiments and
(or stereoisomers, geometric isomers, tautomers, solvates,
metabolites, isotopes, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or
prodrugs thereof), are useful for treating diseases and conditions
in mammals, for example humans, which are the result of aberrant
voltage-dependent NaV1.7 biological activity or which may be
ameliorated by the modulation, preferably the inhibition, of NaV1.7
biological activity. In certain aspects, the compounds of the
invention selectively inhibit NaV1.7 over NaV1.5.
[0159] As defined herein, a sodium channel-mediated disease or
condition refers to a disease or condition in a mammal, preferably
a human, which is ameliorated upon modulation of the sodium channel
and includes, but is not limited to, pain, central nervous
conditions such as epilepsy, anxiety, depression and bipolar
disease; cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, atrial
fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation; neuromuscular conditions
such as restless leg syndrome and muscle paralysis or tetanus;
neuroprotection against stroke, neural trauma and multiple
sclerosis; and channelopathies such as erythromyalgia and familial
rectal pain syndrome.
[0160] In one aspect, the present invention relates to compounds,
pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using the compounds and
pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of sodium
channel-mediated diseases in mammals, preferably humans and
preferably diseases and conditions related to pain, central nervous
conditions such as epilepsy, anxiety, depression and bipolar
disease; cardiovascular conditions such as arrhythmias, atrial
fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation; neuromuscular conditions
such as restless leg syndrome and muscle paralysis or tetanus;
neuroprotection against stroke, neural trauma and multiple
sclerosis; and channelopathies such as erythromyalgia and familial
rectal pain syndrome, by administering to a mammal, for example a
human, in need of such treatment an effective amount of a sodium
channel blocker modulating, especially inhibiting, agent.
[0161] A sodium channel-mediated disease or condition also includes
pain associated with HIV, HIV treatment induced neuropathy,
trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, neuropathy
secondary to metastatic infiltration, adiposis dolorosa, thalamic
lesions, hypertension, autoimmune disease, asthma, drug addiction
(e.g., opiate, benzodiazepine, amphetamine, cocaine, alcohol,
butane inhalation), Alzheimer, dementia, age-related memory
impairment, Korsakoff syndrome, restenosis, urinary dysfunction,
incontinence, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular ischemia,
neurosis, gastrointestinal disease, sickle cell anemia, transplant
rejection, heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion
injury, intermittant claudication, angina, convulsion, respiratory
disorders, cerebral or myocardial ischemias, long-QT syndrome,
Catecholeminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, ophthalmic
diseases, spasticity, spastic paraplegia, myopathies, myasthenia
gravis, paramyotonia congentia, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis,
hypokalemic periodic paralysis, alopecia, anxiety disorders,
psychotic disorders, mania, paranoia, seasonal affective disorder,
panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias,
autism, Aspergers Syndrome, Retts syndrome, disintegrative
disorder, attention deficit disorder, aggressivity, impulse control
disorders, thrombosis, pre clampsia, congestive cardiac failure,
cardiac arrest, Freidrich's ataxia, Spinocerebellear ataxia,
myelopathy, radiculopathy, systemic lupus erythamatosis,
granulomatous disease, olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy,
spinocerebellar ataxia, episodic ataxia, myokymia, progressive
pallidal atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy and spasticity,
traumatic brain injury, cerebral oedema, hydrocephalus injury,
spinal cord injury, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, Prader-Willi
syndrome, obesity, optic neuritis, cataract, retinal haemorrhage,
ischaemic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, acute and chronic
glaucoma, macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, Chorea,
Huntington's chorea, cerebral edema, proctitis, post-herpetic
neuralgia, eudynia, heat sensitivity, sarcoidosis, irritable bowel
syndrome, Tourette syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Brugado
syndrome, Liddle syndrome, Crohns disease, multiple sclerosis and
the pain associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS), disseminated sclerosis, diabetic
neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy, charcot marie tooth syndrome,
arthritic, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, chondrocalcinosis,
atherosclerosis, paroxysmal dystonia, myasthenia syndromes,
myotonia, myotonic dystrophy, muscular dystrophy, malignant
hyperthermia, cystic fibrosis, pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis,
mental handicap, hypothyroidism, bipolar depression, anxiety,
schizophrenia, sodium channel toxin related illnesses, familial
erythromelalgia, primary erythromelalgia, rectal pain, cancer,
epilepsy, partial and general tonic seizures, febrile seizures,
absence seizures (petit mal), myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures,
clonic seizures, Lennox Gastaut, West Syndome (infantile spasms),
multiresistant seizures, seizure prophylaxis (anti-epileptogenic),
familial Mediterranean fever syndrome, gout, restless leg syndrome,
arrhythmias, fibromyalgia, neuroprotection under ischaemic
conditions caused by stroke or neural trauma, tachy-arrhythmias,
atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation and as a general
or local anesthetic.
[0162] As used herein, the term "pain" refers to all categories of
pain and is recognized to include, but is not limited to,
neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, nociceptive pain, idiopathic
pain, neuralgic pain, orofacial pain, burn pain, burning mouth
syndrome, somatic pain, visceral pain, myofacial pain, dental pain,
cancer pain, chemotherapy pain, trauma pain, surgical pain,
post-surgical pain, childbirth pain, labor pain, chronic regional
pain syndrome (CRPS), reflex sympathetic dystrophy, brachial plexus
avulsion, neurogenic bladder, acute pain (e.g., musculoskeletal and
post-operative pain), chronic pain, persistent pain, peripherally
mediated pain, centrally mediated pain, chronic headache, migraine
headache, familial hemiplegic migraine, conditions associated with
cephalic pain, sinus headache, tension headache, phantom limb pain,
peripheral nerve injury, pain following stroke, thalamic lesions,
radiculopathy, HIV pain, post-herpetic pain, non-cardiac chest
pain, irritable bowel syndrome and pain associated with bowel
disorders and dyspepsia, and combinations thereof.
[0163] Furthermore, sodium channel blockers have clinical uses in
addition to pain. The present invention therefore also relates to
compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using the
compounds and pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of
diseases or conditions such as cancer and pruritus (itch).
[0164] Pruritus, commonly known as itch, is a common dermatological
condition. While the exact causes of pruritus are complex and
incompletely understood, there has long been evidence that itch
involves sensory neurons, especially C fibers, similar to those
that mediate pain (Schmelz, M., et al., J. Neurosci. (1997), 17:
8003-8). In particular, it is believed that sodium influx through
voltage-gated sodium channels is essential for the propagation of
itch sensation from the skin. Transmission of the itch impulses
results in the unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire or
reflex to scratch.
[0165] Multiple causes and electrical pathways for eliciting itch
are known. In humans, pruritus can be elicited by histamine or
PAR-2 agonists such as mucunain that activate distinct populations
of C fibers (Namer, B., et al., J. Neurophysiol. (2008),100:
2062-9). A variety of neurotrophic peptides are known to mediate
itch in animal models (Wang, H., and Yosipovitch, G., International
Journal of Dermatology (2010), 49: 1-11). Itch can also be elicited
by opioids, evidence of distinct pharmacology from that of pain
responses.
[0166] There exists a complex interaction between itch and pain
responses that arises in part from the overlapping sensory input
from the skin (Ikoma, A., et al., Arch. Dermatol. (2003),139:
1475-8) and also from the diverse etiology of both pain and
pruritus. Pain responses can exacerbate itching by enhancing
central sensitization or lead to inhibition of painful scratching.
Particularly severe forms of chronic itch occur when pain responses
are absent, as in the case of post-herpetic itch (Oaklander, A. L.,
et al., Pain (2002), 96: 9-12).
[0167] The compounds of the invention can also be useful for
treating pruritus. The rationale for treating itch with inhibitors
of voltage-gated sodium channels, especially NaV1.7, is as
follows:
[0168] The propagation of electrical activity in the C fibers that
sense pruritinergic stimulants requires sodium entry through
voltage-gated sodium channels.
[0169] NaV1.7 is expressed in the C fibers and kerotinocytes in
human skin (Zhao, P., et al., Pain (2008), 139: 90-105).
[0170] A gain of function mutation of NaV1.7 (L858F) that causes
erythromelalgia also causes chronic itch (Li, Y., et al., Clinical
and Experimental Dermatology (2009), 34: e313-e4).
[0171] Chronic itch can be alleviated with treatment by sodium
channel blockers, such as the local anesthetic lidocaine
(Oaklander, A. L., et al., Pain (2002), 96: 9-12; Villamil, A. G.,
et al., The American Journal of Medicine (2005), 118: 1160-3). In
these reports, lidocaine was effective when administered either
intravenously or topically (a Lidoderm patch). Lidocaine can have
multiple activities at the plasma concentrations achieved when
administered systemically, but when administered topically, the
plasma concentrations are only about 1 .mu.M (Center for Drug
Evaluation and Research NDA 20-612). At these concentrations,
lidocaine is selective for sodium channel block and inhibits
spontaneous electrical activity in C fibers and pain responses in
animal models (Xiao, W. H., and Bennett, G. J. Pain (2008), 137:
218-28). The types of itch or skin irritation, include, but are not
limited to:
[0172] psoriatic pruritus, itch due to hemodyalisis, aguagenic
pruritus, and itching caused by skin disorders (e.g., contact
dermatitis), systemic disorders, neuropathy, psychogenic factors or
a mixture thereof;
[0173] itch caused by allergic reactions, insect bites,
hypersensitivity (e.g., dry skin, acne, eczema, psoriasis),
inflammatory conditions or injury;
[0174] itch associated with vulvar vestibulitis; and
[0175] skin irritation or inflammatory effect from administration
of another therapeutic such as, for example, antibiotics,
antivirals and antihistamines.
[0176] The compounds of the invention are also useful in treating
certain cancers, such as hormone sensitive cancers, such as
prostate cancer (adenocarcinoma), breast cancer, ovarian cancer,
testicular cancer and thyroid neoplasia, in a mammal, preferably a
human. The voltage gated sodium channels have been demonstrated to
be expressed in prostate and breast cancer cells. Up-regulation of
neonatal NaV1.5 occurs as an integral part of the metastatic
process in human breast cancer and could serve both as a novel
marker of the metastatic phenotype and a therapeutic target (Clin.
Cancer Res. (2005), August 1; 11(15): 5381-9). Functional
expression of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha-subunits,
specifically NaV1.7, is associated with strong metastatic potential
in prostate cancer (CaP) in vitro. Voltage-gated sodium channel
alpha-subunits immunostaining, using antibodies specific to the
sodium channel alpha subunit was evident in prostatic tissues and
markedly stronger in CaP vs non-CaP patients (Prostate Cancer
Prostatic Dis., 2005; 8(3):266-73). See also Diss, J. K. J., et
al., Mol. Cell. Neurosci. (2008), 37:537-547 and Kis-Toth, K., et
al., The Journal of Immunology (2011), 187:1273-1280.
[0177] In consideration of the above, in one embodiment, the
present invention provides a method for treating a mammal for, or
protecting a mammal from developing, a sodium channel-mediated
disease, especially pain, comprising administering to the mammal,
especially a human, in need thereof, a therapeutically effective
amount of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of the invention wherein the compound modulates the
activity of one or more voltage-dependent sodium channels.
[0178] In another embodiment of the invention is a method of
treating a disease or a condition in a mammal, preferably a human,
wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group
consisting of pain, depression, cardiovascular diseases,
respiratory diseases, and psychiatric diseases, and combinations
thereof, and wherein the method comprises administering to the
mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an
embodiment of a compound of the invention, as set forth above, as a
stereoisomer, enantiomer or tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof,
or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of the invention, as set forth
above, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer or tautomer thereof or
mixtures thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or
prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0179] One embodiment of this embodiment is wherein the disease or
condition is selected from the group consisting of neuropathic
pain, inflammatory pain, visceral pain, cancer pain, chemotherapy
pain, trauma pain, surgical pain, post surgical pain, childbirth
pain, labor pain, neurogenic bladder, ulcerative colitis, chronic
pain, persistent pain, peripherally mediated pain, centrally
mediated pain, chronic headache, migraine headache, sinus headache,
tension headache, phantom limb pain, peripheral nerve injury, and
combinations thereof.
[0180] Another embodiment of this embodiment is wherein the disease
or condition is selected from the group consisting of pain
associated with HIV, HIV treatment induced neuropathy, trigeminal
neuralgia, post herpetic neuralgia, eudynia, heat sensitivity,
tosarcoidosis, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohns disease, pain
associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), diabetic neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy,
arthritic, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis,
paroxysmal dystonia, myasthenia syndromes, myotonia, malignant
hyperthermia, cystic fibrosis, pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis,
hypothyroidism, bipolar depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, sodium
channel toxin related illnesses, familial erythromelalgia, primary
erythromelalgia, familial rectal pain, cancer, epilepsy, partial
and general tonic seizures, restless leg syndrome, arrhythmias,
fibromyalgia, neuroprotection under ischaemic conditions caused by
stroke or neural trauma, tachy arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and
ventricular fibrillation.
[0181] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of treating,
but not preventing, pain in a mammal, wherein the method comprises
administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of the invention, as set forth
above, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer or tautomer thereof or
mixtures thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or
prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, as
set forth above, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer or tautomer thereof
or mixtures thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate
or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
[0182] One embodiment of this embodiment is a method wherein the
pain is selected from the group consisting of neuropathic pain,
inflammatory pain, visceral pain, cancer pain, chemotherapy pain,
trauma pain, surgical pain, post surgical pain, childbirth pain,
labor pain, dental pain, chronic pain, persistent pain,
peripherally mediated pain, centrally mediated pain, chronic
headache, migraine headache, sinus headache, tension headache,
phantom limb pain, peripheral nerve injury, trigeminal neuralgia,
post herpetic neuralgia, eudynia, familial erythromelalgia, primary
erythromelalgia, familial rectal pain or fibromyalgia, and
combinations thereof.
[0183] Another embodiment of this embodiment is a method wherein
the pain is associated with a disease or condition selected from
HIV, HIV treatment induced neuropathy, heat sensitivity,
tosarcoidosis, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohns disease, multiple
sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetic neuropathy,
peripheral neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis,
atherosclerosis, paroxysmal dystonia, myasthenia syndromes,
myotonia, malignant hyperthermia, cystic fibrosis,
pseudoaldosteronism, rhabdomyolysis, hypothyroidism, bipolar
depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, sodium channel toxin related
illnesses, neurogenic bladder, ulcerative colitis, cancer,
epilepsy, partial and general tonic seizures, restless leg
syndrome, arrhythmias, ischaemic conditions caused by stroke or
neural trauma, tachy arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and
ventricular fibrillation.
[0184] Another embodiment of the invention is the method of
treating pain in a mammal, preferably a human, by the inhibition of
ion flux through a voltage dependent sodium channel in the mammal,
wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal in need
thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an embodiment of a
compound of the invention, as set forth above, as a stereoisomer,
enantiomer or tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, or a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective
amount of a compound of the invention, as set forth above, as a
stereoisomer, enantiomer or tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof,
and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0185] Another embodiment of the invention is the method of
treating pruritus in a mammal, preferably a human, wherein the
method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of an embodiment of a compound of
the invention, as set forth above, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer or
tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of the invention, as set forth above, as a stereoisomer,
enantiomer or tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0186] Another embodiment of the invention is the method of
treating cancer in a mammal, preferably a human, wherein the method
comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a
therapeutically effective amount of an embodiment of a compound of
the invention, as set forth above, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer or
tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of the invention, as set forth above, as a stereoisomer,
enantiomer or tautomer thereof or mixtures thereof, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0187] Another embodiment of the invention is the method of
decreasing ion flux through a voltage dependent sodium channel in a
cell in a mammal, wherein the method comprises contacting the cell
with an embodiment of a compound of the invention, as set forth
above, as a stereoisomer, enantiomer or tautomer thereof or
mixtures thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or
prodrug thereof.
[0188] Another embodiment of the invention is the method of
selectively inhibiting a first voltage-gated sodium channel over a
second voltage-gated sodium channel in a mammal, wherein the method
comprises administering to the mammal an inhibitory amount of a
compound of formula (I), or an embodiment of a compound of formula
(I).
[0189] Another embodiment of the invention is the method of
selectively inhibiting NaV1.7 in a mammal or a mammalian cell as
compared to NaV1.5, wherein the method comprises administering to
the mammal in need thereof an inhibitory amount of a compound of
formula (I) or an embodiment of an embodiment thereof.
[0190] For each of the above embodiments described related to
treating diseases and conditions in a mammal, the present invention
also contemplates relatedly a compound of formula I or an
embodiment thereof for the use as a medicament in the treatment of
such diseases and conditions.
[0191] For each of the above embodiments described related to
treating diseases and conditions in a mammal, the present invention
also contemplates relatedly the use of a compound of formula I or
an embodiment thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of such diseases and conditions.
[0192] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of using the
compounds of formula (I) as standards or controls in in vitro or in
vivo assays in determining the efficacy of test compounds in
modulating voltage-dependent sodium channels.
[0193] In another embodiment of the invention, the compounds of
formula (I) are isotopically-labeled by having one or more atoms
therein replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass
number. Such isotopically-labeled (i.e., radiolabelled) compounds
of formula (I) are considered to be within the scope of this
invention. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the
compounds of formula (I) include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, and
iodine, such as, but not limited to, .sup.2H, .sup.3H, .sup.11C,
.sup.13C, .sup.14C, .sup.13N, .sup.15N, .sup.15O, .sup.17O,
.sup.18O, .sup.31P, .sup.32P, .sup.35S, .sup.18F, .sup.36Cl,
.sup.123I, and .sup.125I, respectively. These isotopically-labeled
compounds would be useful to help determine or measure the
effectiveness of the compounds, by characterizing, for example, the
site or mode of action on the sodium channels, or binding affinity
to pharmacologically important site of action on the sodium
channels, particularly NaV1.7. Certain isotopically-labeled
compounds of formula (I), for example, those incorporating a
radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue
distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e.
.sup.3H, and carbon-14, i.e., .sup.14C, are particularly useful for
this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means
of detection.
[0194] Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e.
.sup.2H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from
greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo
half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be
preferred in some circumstances.
[0195] Substitution with positron emitting isotopes, such as
.sup.11C, .sup.18F, .sup.15O and .sup.13N, can be useful in
Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate
receptor occupancy. Isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I)
can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those
skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in
the Examples as set out below using an appropriate
isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent
previously employed.
Testing Compounds
[0196] The assessment of the compounds of the invention in
mediating, especially inhibiting, the sodium channel ion flux can
be determined using the assays described hereinbelow.
Alternatively, the assessment of the compounds in treating
conditions and diseases in humans may be established in industry
standard animal models for demonstrating the efficacy of compounds
in treating pain. Animal models of human neuropathic pain
conditions have been developed that result in reproducible sensory
deficits (allodynia, hyperalgesia, and spontaneous pain) over a
sustained period of time that can be evaluated by sensory testing.
By establishing the degree of mechanical, chemical, and temperature
induced allodynia and hyperalgesia present, several
physiopathological conditions observed in humans can be modeled
allowing the evaluation of pharmacotherapies.
[0197] In rat models of peripheral nerve injury, ectopic activity
in the injured nerve corresponds to the behavioural signs of pain.
In these models, intravenous application of the sodium channel
blocker and local anesthetic lidocaine can suppress the ectopic
activity and reverse the tactile allodynia at concentrations that
do not affect general behavior and motor function (Mao, J. and
Chen, L. L, Pain (2000), 87:7-17). Allometric scaling of the doses
effective in these rat models, translates into doses similar to
those shown to be efficacious in humans (Tanelian, D. L. and Brose,
W. G., Anesthesiology (1991), 74(5):949-951). Furthermore,
Lidoderm.RTM., lidocaine applied in the form of a dermal patch, is
currently an FDA approved treatment for post-herpetic neuralgia
(Devers, A. and Glaler, B. S., Clin. J. Pain (2000),
16(3):205-8).
[0198] The present invention readily affords many different means
for identification of sodium channel modulating agents that are
useful as therapeutic agents. Identification of modulators of
sodium channel can be assessed using a variety of in vitro and in
vivo assays, e.g., measuring current, measuring membrane potential,
measuring ion flux, (e.g., sodium or guanidinium), measuring sodium
concentration, measuring second messengers and transcription
levels, and using e.g., voltage-sensitive dyes, radioactive
tracers, and patch-clamp electrophysiology.
[0199] One such protocol involves the screening of chemical agents
for ability to modulate the activity of a sodium channel thereby
identifying it as a modulating agent.
[0200] A typical assay described in Bean et al., J. General
Physiology (1983), 83:613-642, and Leuwer, M., et al., Br. J.
Pharmacol (2004), 141(1):47-54, uses patch-clamp techniques to
study the behavior of channels. Such techniques are known to those
skilled in the art, and may be developed, using current
technologies, into low or medium throughput assays for evaluating
compounds for their ability to modulate sodium channel
behavior.
[0201] Throughput of test compounds is an important consideration
in the choice of screening assay to be used. In some strategies,
where hundreds of thousands of compounds are to be tested, it is
not desirable to use low throughput means. In other cases, however,
low throughput is satisfactory to identify important differences
between a limited number of compounds. Often it will be necessary
to combine assay types to identify specific sodium channel
modulating compounds.
[0202] Electrophysiological assays using patch clamp techniques is
accepted as a gold standard for detailed characterization of sodium
channel compound interactions, and as described in Bean et al., op.
cit. and Leuwer, M., et al., op. cit. There is a manual
low-throughput screening (LTS) method which can compare 2-10
compounds per day; a recently developed system for automated
medium-throughput screening (MTS) at 20-50 patches (i.e. compounds)
per day; and a technology from Molecular Devices Corporation
(Sunnyvale, Calif.) which permits automated high-throughput
screening (HTS) at 1000-3000 patches (i.e. compounds) per day.
[0203] One automated patch-clamp system utilizes planar electrode
technology to accelerate the rate of drug discovery. Planar
electrodes are capable of achieving high-resistance, cells-attached
seals followed by stable, low-noise whole-cell recordings that are
comparable to conventional recordings. A suitable instrument is the
PatchXpress 7000A (Axon Instruments Inc, Union City, Calif.). A
variety of cell lines and culture techniques, which include
adherent cells as well as cells growing spontaneously in suspension
are ranked for seal success rate and stability. Immortalized cells
(e.g. HEK and CHO) stably expressing high levels of the relevant
sodium ion channel can be adapted into high-density suspension
cultures.
[0204] Other assays can be selected which allow the investigator to
identify compounds which block specific states of the channel, such
as the open state, closed state or the resting state, or which
block transition from open to closed, closed to resting or resting
to open. Those skilled in the art are generally familiar with such
assays.
[0205] Binding assays are also available. Designs include
traditional radioactive filter based binding assays or the confocal
based fluorescent system available from Evotec OAI group of
companies (Hamburg, Germany), both of which are HTS.
[0206] Radioactive flux assays can also be used. In this assay,
channels are stimulated to open with veratridine or aconitine and
held in a stabilized open state with a toxin, and channel blockers
are identified by their ability to prevent ion influx. The assay
can use radioactive 22[Na] and 14[C] guanidinium ions as tracers.
FlashPlate & Cytostar-T plates in living cells avoids
separation steps and are suitable for HTS. Scintillation plate
technology has also advanced this method to HTS suitability.
Because of the functional aspects of the assay, the information
content is reasonably good.
[0207] Yet another format measures the redistribution of membrane
potential using the FLIPR system membrane potential kit (HTS)
available from Molecular Dynamics (a division of Amersham
Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.). This method is limited to slow
membrane potential changes. Some problems may result from the
fluorescent background of compounds. Test compounds may also
directly influence the fluidity of the cell membrane and lead to an
increase in intracellular dye concentrations. Still, because of the
functional aspects of the assay, the information content is
reasonably good.
[0208] Sodium dyes can be used to measure the rate or amount of
sodium ion influx through a channel. This type of assay provides a
very high information content regarding potential channel blockers.
The assay is functional and would measure Na+ influx directly.
CoroNa Red, SBFI and/or sodium green (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene
Oreg.) can be used to measure Na influx; all are Na responsive
dyes. They can be used in combination with the FLIPR instrument.
The use of these dyes in a screen has not been previously described
in the literature. Calcium dyes may also have potential in this
format.
[0209] In another assay, FRET based voltage sensors are used to
measure the ability of a test compound to directly block Na influx.
Commercially available HTS systems include the VIPR.TM. II FRET
system (Life Technologies, or Aurora Biosciences Corporation, San
Diego, Calif., a division of Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) which
may be used in conjunction with FRET dyes, also available from
Aurora Biosciences. This assay measures sub-second responses to
voltage changes. There is no requirement for a modifier of channel
function. The assay measures depolarization and hyperpolarizations,
and provides ratiometric outputs for quantification. A somewhat
less expensive MTS version of this assay employs the
FLEXstation.TM. (Molecular Devices Corporation) in conjunction with
FRET dyes from Aurora Biosciences. Other methods of testing the
compounds disclosed herein are also readily known and available to
those skilled in the art.
[0210] Modulating agents so identified are then tested in a variety
of in vivo models so as to determine if they alleviate pain,
especially chronic pain or other conditions such as cancer and
pruritus (itch) with minimal adverse events. The assays described
below in the Biological Assays Section are useful in assessing the
biological activity of the instant compounds.
[0211] Typically, the efficacy of a compound of the invention is
expressed by its IC50 value ("Inhibitory Concentration--50%"),
which is the measure of the amount of compound required to achieve
50% inhibition of the activity of the target sodium channel over a
specific time period. For example, representative compounds of the
present invention have demonstrated IC50's ranging from less than
100 nanomolar to less than 10 micromolar in the patch voltage clamp
NaV1.7 electrophysiology assay described herein.
[0212] In another aspect of the invention, the compounds of the
invention can be used in in vitro or in vivo studies as exemplary
agents for comparative purposes to find other compounds also useful
in treatment of, or protection from, the various diseases disclosed
herein.
[0213] Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting
NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.5, NaV1.6, NaV1.7, NaV1.8, or
NaV1.9 activity, preferably NaV1.7 activity, in a biological sample
or a mammal, preferably a human, which method comprises
administering to the mammal, preferably a human, or contacting said
biological sample with a compound of formula (I) or a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I).
The term "biological sample", as used herein, includes, without
limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof, biopsied material
obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof, and blood, saliva,
urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts
thereof.
[0214] Inhibition of NaV1.1, NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.5,
NaV1.6, NaV1.7, NaV1.8, or NaV1.9 activity in a biological sample
is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill
in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited
to, the study of sodium ion channels in biological and pathological
phenomena; and the comparative evaluation of new sodium ion channel
inhibitors.
[0215] The compounds of the invention (or stereoisomers, geometric
isomers, tautomers, solvates, metabolites, isotopes,
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or prodrugs thereof) and/or the
pharmaceutical compositions described herein which comprise a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and one or more compounds of
the invention, can be used in the preparation of a medicament for
the treatment of sodium channel-mediated disease or condition in a
mammal.
Combination Therapy
[0216] The compounds of the invention may be usefully combined with
one or more other compounds of the invention or one or more other
therapeutic agent or as any combination thereof, in the treatment
of sodium channel-mediated diseases and conditions. For example, a
compound of the invention may be administered simultaneously,
sequentially or separately in combination with other therapeutic
agents, including, but not limited to:
[0217] opiates analgesics, e.g., morphine, heroin, cocaine,
oxymorphine, levorphanol, levallorphan, oxycodone, codeine,
dihydrocodeine, propoxyphene, nalmefene, fentanyl, hydrocodone,
hydromorphone, meripidine, methadone, nalorphine, naloxone,
naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nalbuphine and
pentazocine;
[0218] non-opiate analgesics, e.g., acetomeniphen, salicylates
(e.g., aspirin);
[0219] nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), e.g.,
ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, celecoxib, diclofenac,
diflusinal, etodolac, fenbufen, fenoprofen, flufenisal,
flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac,
meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen,
nimesulide, nitroflurbiprofen, olsalazine, oxaprozin,
phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulfasalazine, sulindac, tolmetin and
zomepirac;
[0220] anticonvulsants, e.g., carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine,
lamotrigine, valproate, topiramate, gabapentin and pregabalin;
[0221] antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants, e.g.,
amitriptyline, clomipramine, despramine, imipramine and
nortriptyline;
[0222] COX-2 selective inhibitors, e.g., celecoxib, rofecoxib,
parecoxib, valdecoxib, deracoxib, etoricoxib, and lumiracoxib;
[0223] alpha-adrenergics, e.g., doxazosin, tamsulosin, clonidine,
guanfacine, dexmetatomidine, modafinil, and
4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(5-methane
sulfonamido-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinol-2-yl)-5-(2-pyridyl)
quinazoline;
[0224] barbiturate sedatives, e.g., amobarbital, aprobarbital,
butabarbital, butabital, mephobarbital, metharbital, methohexital,
pentobarbital, phenobartital, secobarbital, talbutal, theamylal and
thiopental;
[0225] tachykinin (NK) antagonist, particularly an NK-3, NK-2 or
NK-1 antagonist, e.g., (aR,
9R)-7-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)]-8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-9-methyl-5-(-
4-methylphenyl)-7H-[1,4]diazocino[2,1-g][1,7]-naphthyridine-6-13-dione
(TAK-637),
5-[[2R,3S)-2-[(1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethylphenyl]ethoxy-3-(4-fluorophe-
nyl)-4-morpholinyl]-methyl]-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one
(MK-869), aprepitant, lanepitant, dapitant or
3-[[2-methoxy5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-methylamino]-2-phenylpiperidine
(2S,3S);
[0226] coal-tar analgesics, in particular paracetamol;
[0227] serotonin reuptake inhibitors, e.g., paroxetine, sertraline,
norfluoxetine (fluoxetine desmethyl metabolite), metabolite
demethylsertraline, 3 fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram,
citalopram metabolite desmethylcitalopram, escitalopram, d,
l-fenfluramine, femoxetine, ifoxetine, cyanodothiepin, litoxetine,
dapoxetine, nefazodone, cericlamine, trazodone and fluoxetine;
[0228] noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitors, e.g.,
maprotiline, lofepramine, mirtazepine, oxaprotiline, fezolamine,
tomoxetine, mianserin, buproprion, buproprion metabolite
hydroxybuproprion, nomifensine and viloxazine (Vivalan.RTM.)),
especially a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor such as
reboxetine, in particular (S,S)-reboxetine, and venlafaxine
duloxetine neuroleptics sedative/anxiolytics;
[0229] dual serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, such as
venlafaxine, venlafaxine metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine,
clomipramine, clomipramine metabolite desmethylclomipramine,
duloxetine, milnacipran and imipramine;
[0230] acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil;
[0231] 5-HT3 antagonists such as ondansetron;
[0232] metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists;
[0233] local anaesthetic such as mexiletine and lidocaine;
[0234] corticosteroid such as dexamethasone;
[0235] antiarrhythimics, e.g., mexiletine and phenytoin;
[0236] muscarinic antagonists, e.g., tolterodine, propiverine,
tropsium t chloride, darifenacin, solifenacin, temiverine and
ipratropium;
[0237] cannabinoids;
[0238] vanilloid receptor agonists (e.g., resinferatoxin) or
antagonists (e.g., capsazepine);
[0239] sedatives, e.g., glutethimide, meprobamate, methaqualone,
and dichloralphenazone;
[0240] anxiolytics such as benzodiazepines,
[0241] antidepressants such as mirtazapine,
[0242] topical agents (e.g., lidocaine, capsacin and
resiniferotoxin);
[0243] muscle relaxants such as benzodiazepines, baclofen,
carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol and
orphrenadine;
[0244] anti-histamines or H1 antagonists;
[0245] NMDA receptor antagonists;
[0246] 5-HT receptor agonists/antagonists;
[0247] PDEV inhibitors;
[0248] Tramadol.RTM.;
[0249] cholinergic (nicotinc) analgesics;
[0250] alpha-2-delta ligands;
[0251] prostaglandin E2 subtype antagonists;
[0252] leukotriene B4 antagonists;
[0253] 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors; and
[0254] 5-HT3 antagonists.
[0255] Sodium channel-mediated diseases and conditions that may be
treated and/or prevented using such combinations include but not
limited to, pain, central and peripherally mediated, acute,
chronic, neuropathic as well as other diseases with associated pain
and other central nervous disorders such as epilepsy, anxiety,
depression and bipolar disease; or cardiovascular disorders such as
arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation;
neuromuscular disorders such as restless leg syndrome and muscle
paralysis or tetanus; neuroprotection against stroke, neural trauma
and multiple sclerosis; and channelopathies such as erythromyalgia
and familial rectal pain syndrome.
[0256] As used herein "combination" refers to any mixture or
permutation of one or more compounds of the invention and one or
more other compounds of the invention or one or more additional
therapeutic agent. Unless the context makes clear otherwise,
"combination" may include simultaneous or sequentially delivery of
a compound of the invention with one or more therapeutic agents.
Unless the context makes clear otherwise, "combination" may include
dosage forms of a compound of the invention with another
therapeutic agent. Unless the context makes clear otherwise,
"combination" may include routes of administration of a compound of
the invention with another therapeutic agent. Unless the context
makes clear otherwise, "combination" may include formulations of a
compound of the invention with another therapeutic agent. Dosage
forms, routes of administration and pharmaceutical compositions
include, but are not limited to, those described herein.
[0257] The invention will be more fully understood by reference to
the following examples. They should not, however, be construed as
limiting the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES
[0258] These examples serve to provide guidance to a skilled
artisan to prepare and use the compounds, compositions and methods
of the invention. While particular embodiments of the present
invention are described, the skilled artisan will appreciate that
various changes and modifications can be made without departing
from the spirit and scope of the inventions.
[0259] The chemical reactions in the examples described can be
readily adapted to prepare a number of other compounds of the
invention, and alternative methods for preparing the compounds of
this invention are deemed to be within the scope of this invention.
For example, the synthesis of non-exemplified compounds according
to the invention can be successfully performed by modifications
apparent to those skilled in the art, for example, by appropriately
protecting interfering group, by utilizing other suitable reagents
known in the art, for example, by appropriately protecting
interfering groups by utilizing other suitable reagents known in
the art other than those described, and/or by making routine
modifications of reaction conditions.
[0260] In the examples below, unless otherwise indicated all
temperatures are set forth in degrees Celsius. Commercially
available reagents were purchased from suppliers such as Aldrich
Chemical Company, Lancaster, TCI or Maybridge and were used without
further purification unless otherwise indicated. The reactions set
forth below were done generally under a positive pressure of
nitrogen or argon or with a drying tube (unless otherwise stated)
in anhydrous solvents, and the reaction flasks were typically
fitted with rubber septa for the introduction of substrates and
reagents via syringe. Glassware was oven dried and/or heat dried.
.sup.1H NMR spectra were obtained in deuterated CDCl.sub.3,
d.sub.6-DMSO, CH.sub.3OD or d.sub.6-acetone solvent solutions
(reported in ppm) using or trimethylsilane (TMS) or residual
non-deuterated solvent peaks as the reference standard. When peak
multiplicities are reported, the following abbreviates are used: s
(singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), q (quartet), m (multiplet, br
(broadened), dd (doublet of doublets), dt (doublet of triplets).
Coupling constants, when given, ar reported in
[0261] Hz (Hertz).
[0262] All abbreviations used to describe reagents, reaction
conditions or equipment are intended to be consistent with the
definitions set forth in the "List of standard abbreviates and
acronyms". The chemical names of discrete compounds of the
invention were obtained using the structure naming feature of
ChemDraw naming program.
LCMS Analytical Methods
[0263] Final compounds were analyzed using three different LC/MS
conditions, with UV detector monitoring at 214 nm and 254 nm, and
mass spectrometry scanning 110-800 amu in ESI+ ionization mode.
LC/MS Method A (8.0 min LC-MS Run): XBridge C18 column
(4.6.times.50 mm, 3.5 .mu.m, 40.degree. C.); mobile phase: A=10 mM
ammonium hydrogen carbonate in water, B=acetonitrile; gradient:
0.0-8.0 min, 5%-95% B; flow rate=1.2 mL/min. LC/MS Method B (8.0
min LC-MS Run): XBridge C18 column (4.6.times.50 mm, 3.5 .mu.m,
40.degree. C.); mobile phase: A=0.1% ammonia in water,
B=acetonitrile; gradient: 0.0-8.0 min, 5%-95% B; flow rate=1.2
mL/min. LC/MS Method C (8.0 min LC-MS Run): XBridge C18 column
(4.6.times.50 mm, 3.5 .mu.m, 40.degree. C.); mobile phase: A=0.1%
TFA in water, B=acetonitrile; gradient: 0.0-8.0 min, 5%-95% B; flow
rate=1.2 mL/min. LC/MS Method D: Agilent SB C18, 2.1.times.30 mm,
1.8 .mu.m; mobile phase: A water (0.05% TFA), B CH.sub.3CN (0.05%
TFA); gradient: 3% B (0.3 min), followed by 3-95% B (6.5 min), 95%
B (1.5 min); flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; oven temperature 25.degree. C.
LC/MS Method E: Acquity BEH C18, 2.1.times.50 mm, 1.8 .mu.m; mobile
phase: A water (0.1% FA), B CH.sub.3CN (0.1% FA); gradient: 3% B
(0.4 min), followed by 3-95% B (7.5 min), 95% B (0.5 min); flow
rate: 0.5 mL/min; oven temperature 25.degree. C. LC/MS Method F:
Agilent SB C18, 2.1.times.30 mm, 1.8 .mu.m; mobile phase: A water
(0.05% TFA), B CH.sub.3CN (0.05% TFA); gradient: 3% B (0.3 min),
followed by 3-95% B (6.5 min), 95% B (1.5 min); flow rate: 0.4
mL/min; oven temperature 25.degree. C. LC/MS Method G: Acquity BEH
C18, 2.1.times.50 mm, 1.8 .mu.m; mobile phase: A water (0.1% FA), B
CH.sub.3CN (0.1% FA); gradient: 3% B (0.4 min), followed by 3-95% B
(7.5 min), 95% B (0.5 min); flow rate: 0.5 mL/min; oven temperature
25.degree. C.
Abbreviations
[0264] MeCN Acetonitrile [0265] EtOAc Ethyl acetate [0266] DCE
Dichloroethane [0267] DCM Dichloromethane [0268] DIPEA
Diisopropylethylamine [0269] DEA Diethylamine [0270] DMAP
4-dimethylaminopyridine [0271] DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide [0272]
DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide [0273] FA Formic acid [0274] IPA Isopropyl
alcohol [0275] TFA Trifluoroacetic acid [0276] EDCI
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride [0277]
HCl Hydrochloric acid [0278] HPLC High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography [0279] LCMS Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
[0280] MeOH Methanol [0281] NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone [0282]
RPHPLC Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography [0283] RT
Retention time [0284] THF Tetrahydrofuran
Example 1
Synthesis of
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
Step 1. Preparation of
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carbonitrile
##STR00025##
[0286] To a solution of 5-bromo-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole (9.0
g, 39.3 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was added zinc
cyanide (10.0 g 85.0 mmol). The flask was degassed under nitrogen
and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) (9.00 g, 7.80 mmol)
was added. The reaction mixture was heated at 100.degree. C. for 16
h, cooled to ambient temperature and poured onto mixture of water
(100 mL) and saturated sodium chloride (100 mL). The mixture was
extracted with dichloromethane (3.times.100 mL), dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was
concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified on a silica
column eluting with gradient of 0-100% ethyl acetate containing 10%
ammonia in hexanes to afford the title compound as yellow solid
(7.00 g, quant. yield): MS (ES+) m/z 177.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of 6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic
acid
##STR00026##
[0288] A mixture of 6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carbonitrile
(0.84 g, 4.7 mmol), concentrated hydrochloric acid (10 mL, 37% in
water), and dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mL) was heated at 100.degree. C.
for 16 h. After cooling to ambient temperature, the precipitate was
filtered off and dried under vacuum to afford the title compound as
a yellow solid (0.56 g, 61% yield): MS (ES-) m/z 193.2 (M-1).
Step 3. Preparation of methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00027##
[0290] To a 0.degree. C. mixture of
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid (0.56 g, 2.9 mmol)
in methanol (20 mL) was added thionyl chloride (1 mL). The reaction
mixture was heated to reflux for 16 h and cooled to ambient
temperature. The solvent was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was
stirred with diethyl ether and the precipitate was filtered to
afford the title compound as a beige solid (0.48 g, 80% yield): MS
(ES+) m/z 209.3 (M+1).
Step 4. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-
-carboxylate
##STR00028##
[0292] A mixture of methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate (0.50 g, 2.41 mmol),
tert-butyl 4-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.84 g,
2.89 mmol) and cesium carbonate (1.60 g, 4.91 mmol) in
N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was heated at 80.degree. C. for 16 h.
The reaction was cooled to ambient temperature then water was added
(10 mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate
(3.times.10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was
concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by column
chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford the
title compound as a colorless gum (0.38 g, 40 yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.29 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d,
J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.80-4.68 (in, 1H), 4.11-4.06 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s,
3H), 3.19-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.78 (m, 4H), 1.39 (s,
9H); MS (ES+) m/z 392.4 (M+1).
Step 5. Preparation of methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00029##
[0294] To a solution of methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-
-carboxylate (0.38 g, 0.97 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was
added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL). The reaction solution was
stirred at ambient temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for 20
h. The solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford the title
compound as a colorless solid (0.41 g, quant. yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 8.96 (br s, 1H), 8.74 (br s, 1H),
8.33 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.87-4.79 (m, 1H),
3.83 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.05-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H),
2.30-2.16 (m, 2H), 2.05-2.00 (m, 2H); .sup.19F NMR (282 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. -113.5 (s, 3F); MS (ES+) m/z 292.2 (M+1).
Step 6. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00030##
[0296] To a 0.degree. C. solution of
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (0.50 g, 2.20
mmol) and triethylamine (0.6 mL, 4.40 mmol) in dichloromethane (10
mL) was added para-toluenesulfonyl chloride (0.50 g, 2.60 mmol).
The reaction solution was stirred for 2 hours at ambient
temperature then water (20 mL) was added and the organic layer was
separated. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium
sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and
the residue was redissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (3 mL) then
methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.29 g, 1.00 mmol) and potassium carbonate
(0.55 g, 4.00 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at
80.degree. C. for 16 h. The reaction was cooled to ambient
temperature, then water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was
extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.10 mL). The combined organic
layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The
filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by
column chromatography eluting with a 0-20% gradient of ethyl
acetate with 10% isopropanol and 10% triethylamine in hexanes to
afford the title compound as a colorless gum (0.25 g, 50% yield):
MS (ES+) m/z 502.2, 504.0 (M+1).
Step 7. Preparation of
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00031##
[0298] A mixture of methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.5 mmol) and lithium
hydroxide (0.40 g, 5.00 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (3 mL) and water
(3 mL) was heated to reflux for 5 h. After cooling to ambient
temperature, the solution was neutralized with 1M hydrochloric acid
and extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.5 mL). The combined
extracts were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The
filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound as
a colorless gum (0.08 g, 31% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 488.2, 490.1
(M+1).
Step 8. Preparation of
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00032##
[0300] A mixture of
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid (0.0.8 g, 0.15 mmol),
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (0.055 g, 0.35 mmol),
4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.043 g, 0.35 mmol) and methanesulfonamide
(0.022 g, 0.23 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was stirred at a
ambient temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with
ethyl acetate (5 mL), washed with brine (10 mL), dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was
concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by reverse-phase
HPLC, eluting with a 20-80% gradient of acetonitrile in water with
0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to afford the title compound as a
colorless solid (0.050 g, 58% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.16 (br s, 1H), 10.10 (br s, 1H), 8.37-8.28
(m, 1H), 8.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.13-8.07 (m, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=9.0
Hz, 1H), 4.81 (br s, 1H), 4.54 (br s, 2H), 3.62 (br s, 2H), 3.39
(s, 3H), 3.28-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.23 (m, 2H),
2.20-2.08 (m, 2H); MS (ES+) m/z 565.1, 567.2 (M+1).
Example 2
Synthesis of
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cycl-
opropylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00033##
[0302] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
methanesulfonamide with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.056 g, 63% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.10 (br s, 1H), 10.03 (br s, 1H),
8.34-8.28 (m, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.13-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.62
(d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (br s, 2H), 4.53 (br s, 2H), 3.62 (br s,
3H), 3.28-3.05 (m, 3H), 2.44-2.03 (m, 5H), 1.22-1.06 (m, 4H); MS
(ES+) m/z 592.1, 594.1 (M+1).
Example 3
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benz-
yl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00034##
[0304] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
methanesulfonamide with azetidine-1-sulfonamide, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.040 g, 44% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 11.88 (br s, 1H), 9.99 (br s, 1H),
8.35-8.24 (m, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.13-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.62
(d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (br s, 1H), 4.53 (br s, 2H), 4.09 (t,
J=6.0 Hz, 4H), 3.34-2.95 (m, 5H), 2.41-2.04 (m, 8H); MS (ES+) m/z
607.1 (M+1).
Example 4
Synthesis of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00035##
[0306] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 6)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanol, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless gum (0.07 g, 45% yield): MS (ES+) m/z
500.2, 501.9 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid (16)
##STR00036##
[0308] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)-piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as
colorless solid (0.050 g, 73% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 486.1, 488.2
(M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00037##
[0310] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, the title compound was obtained
as a colorless solid (0.006 g, 11% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.10 (br s, 1H), 10.01 (br s, 1H), 8.15 (d,
J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.66 (m, 3H), 7.63 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (br
s, 1H), 4.54 (br s, 2H), 3.62 (br s, 2H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.12
(m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.08 (m, 2H); MS
(ES+) m/z 563.0, 565.0 (M+1).
Example 5
Synthesis of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopropyls-
ulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00038##
[0312] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide
with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.12 g, 65% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 8.14 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=12.0 Hz,
1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.07-6.83 (m, 1H),
4.65-4.49 (m, 1H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.15-2.93 (m, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H),
2.40-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.18-1.05
(m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z 590.0, 592.0 (M+1).
Example 6
Synthesis of
N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-
-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5--
carboxylate
##STR00039##
[0314] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 6)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(3,5-dichlorophenyl)methanol, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless gum (0.097 g, 80% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 452.2, 450.2
(M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5--
carboxylic acid
##STR00040##
[0316] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5--
carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as colorless solid
(0.097 g, 81% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 437.1, 439.1 (M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-
-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00041##
[0318] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5--
carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide with
cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.012 g, 13% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.07 (br s, 1H), 9.87 (br s, 1H), 8.15 (d,
J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.70-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=12.0 Hz,
1H), 4.80 (br s, 2H), 4.31 (br s, 3H), 3.60-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.15-2.87
(m, 4H), 2.38-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.21-1.04 (m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z 539.1,
541.1 (M+1).
Example 7
Synthesis of
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopropylsu-
lfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00042##
[0320] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 6)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanol, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless gum (0.32 g, 60% yield): MS (ES+) m/z
544.1, 546.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00043##
[0322] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as
colorless solid (0.10 g, 31% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 530.1, 531.2
(M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopropylsu-
lfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00044##
[0324] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide
with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.03 g, 25% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.06 (br s, 1H), 9.80 (br s, 1H), 8.15 (d,
J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.93-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.83-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.60 (d,
J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.41 (m, 1H), 4.82 (br s, 2H), 4.50 (br s,
3H), 3.44-2.92 (m, 5H), 2.39-1.90 (m, 5H), 1.18-1.03 (m, 4H); MS
(ES+) m/z 633.0, 635.0 (M+1).
Example 8
Synthesis of
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopropylsu-
lfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00045##
[0326] The Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step
6) and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless gum (0.19 g, 80% yield): MS (ES+) m/z
483.2, 485.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00046##
[0328] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(2-bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as
colorless solid (0.12 g, 67% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 470.2, 472.1
(M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopropylsu-
lfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00047##
[0330] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide
with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.17 g, 58% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 11.75 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.89
(s, 1H), 7.79-7.66 (m, 2H), 7.67-7.54 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.52 (m, 1H),
3.71 (s, 2H), 3.17-3.04 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.41-2.22 (m, 2H),
2.22-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.17-1.06 (m, 3H), 0.94-0.83
(m, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 573.2, 575.1 (M+1).
Example 9
Synthesis of
(R)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-
-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
Step 1. Preparation of (S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl
4-methylbenzenesulfonate
##STR00048##
[0332] To a solution of borane dimethyl sulfide complex (1.2 mL,
13.0 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (60 mL) was added a 1 M
solution of (S)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine in toluene (2.1 mL,
2.1 mmol). After stirring at ambient temperature for 45 minutes a
solution of 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethanone (2.0 g, 10.6 mmol) in
anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) was slowly added. After stirring
at ambient temperature for 16 h, the reaction mixture was quenched
with methanol (20 mL), concentrated to 20% of its initial volume,
diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane
(3.times.25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 1 M
hydrochloric acid (80 mL), water (80 mL), dried over anhydrous
sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo
to give the corresponding alcohol which was used directly for the
next step. To a solution of the alcohol (0.41 g, 2.12 mmol) in
anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) was added para-toluenesulfonyl
chloride (0.82 g, 4.27 mmol) and triethylamine (1.5 mL, 11.0 mmol).
The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h
then diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL), washed with water (100
mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous
magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue
was purified by column chromatography eluting with a 0-10% gradient
of ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford the title compound as a
colorless solid (0.19 g, 27% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 173.0, 175.0
(M-171).
Step 2. Preparation of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-in-
dazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00049##
[0334] To a solution of methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
hydrochloride (0.14 g, 0.41 mmol) and
(S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.17 g,
0.49 mmol) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added
potassium carbonate (0.20 g, 1.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was
heated to 90.degree. C. for 16 h, then a further portion of
(S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.061 g,
0.18 mmol) was added. After heating at 90.degree. C. for 5 h, the
mixture was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with water (100
mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.100 mL). The
combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous magnesium
sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was
purified by column chromatography, eluting with a 0-20% gradient of
ethyl acetate with 10% isopropanol and 10% triethylamine in hexanes
to afford the title compound as a light yellow syrup (0.15 g, 80%
yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.30 (d, J=6.8
Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.03 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.11 (m,
1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.44 (q, J=6.7, 6.7, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.17-3.12 (m,
1H), 2.95-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.08 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.85
(m, 2H) 1.33 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); .sup.19F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. -112.8 (s, 1F); MS (ES+) m/z 464.1, 466.1 (M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
(R)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-
-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00050##
[0336] To a solution of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-in-
dazole-5-carboxylate (0.15 g, 0.33 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL)
was added water (5 mL) and lithium hydroxide (0.084 g, 3.5 mmol).
The reaction mixture was heated to reflux for 18 h, then cooled to
ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was acidified with 1 M
hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and diluted with a mixture of saturated
aqueous ammonium chloride and water (100 mL). The mixture was
extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.75 mL) and the combined
organic extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate,
filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in
anhydrous dichloromethane (10 mL) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5
mL) then N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide
hydrochloride (0.20 g, 1.0 mmol), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (0.12
g, 0.97 mmol) and cyclopropanesulfonamide (0.10 g, 0.83 mmol) were
added. The solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 23 h
then diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed with saturated
aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL), brine (2.times.100 mL), dried
over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in
vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse-phase HPLC, eluting with
a 20-80% gradient of acetonitrile in water with 0.1%
trifluoroacetic acid to afford the title compound as a colorless
solid (0.014 g, 6% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6)
.delta. 12.03 (br s, 1H), 9.73 (br s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H),
7.76-7.68 (m, 3H), 7.54 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.59 (m, 2H),
3.74-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.76
(m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.06 (m, 4H), 1.64 (br s, 3H),
1.12-1.09 (m, 4H); .sup.19F NMR (282 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.
-73.5 (s, 3F), -115.6 (s, 1F); MS (ES+) m/z 553.0, 555.0 (M+1).
Example 10
Synthesis of
(S)--N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin--
4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
Step 1. Preparation of (S)-methyl
1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-in-
dazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00051##
[0338] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 9 (Step 2)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate with
(R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate, the title
compound was obtained as light yellow syrup (0.17 g, 90% yield):
.sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.30 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H),
7.25-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.03 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.21-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.93
(s, 3H), 3.44 (q, J=6.7, 6.7, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.16-3.11 (m, 1H),
2.94-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.08 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.85 (m,
2H) 1.32 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); .sup.19F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. -112.8 (s, 1F); MS (ES+) m/z 464.1, 466.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
(S)--N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin--
4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00052##
[0340] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 9 (Step 3)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(R)-methyl
1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-in-
dazole-5-carboxylate with (S)-methyl
1-(1-(1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-in-
dazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid as a trifluoroacetic acid salt (0.020 g, 8% yield):
.sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.02 (br s, 1H), 9.84
(br s, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.68 (m, 3H), 7.54 (d,
J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.56 (m, 2H), 3.70-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.44 (m,
1H), 3.11-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.34-2.07
(m, 4H), 1.64 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 1.12-1.09 (m, 4H); .sup.19F NMR
(282 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. -73.5 (s, 3F), -115.7 (s, 1F); MS
(ES+) m/z 553.0, 555.0 (M+1).
Example 11
Synthesis of
(R)-1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopr-
opylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (26)
Step 1. Preparation of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole--
5-carboxylate
##STR00053##
[0342] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 4)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
tert-butyl 4-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate with
tert-butyl 3-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate, the
title compound was obtained as a colorless gum (0.50 g, 21% yield):
MS (ES+) m/z 378.2 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of (R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00054##
[0344] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 5)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-
-carboxylate with (R)-methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole--
5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as a yellow oil
(2.51 g, quant. yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
9.61 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=10.8
Hz, 1H), 5.33-5.26 (m, 1H), 3.99 (s, 3H), 3.96-3.69 (m, 4H),
2.78-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.26 (m, 1H); MS (ES+) m/z
278.2 (M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00055##
[0346] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 6)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanol and to replace methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate with (R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless gum (0.10 g, 29% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 486.1, 488.2
(M+1).
Step 4. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00056##
[0348] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with (R)-methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as
colorless solid (0.075 g, 80% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 472.0, 474.1
(M+1).
Step 5. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopr-
opylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00057##
[0350] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
(R)-1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace
methanesulfonamide with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.030 g, 33% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 11.97 (br s, 1H), 9.72 (br s, 1H),
8.15, (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.34 (s,
1H), 5.50 (br s, 2H), 4.50 (br s, 3H), 3.82-3.18 (m, 6H), 2.87-2.17
(m, 2H), 1.22-1.04 (m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z 575.1, 577.2 (M+1).
Example 12
Synthesis of
(R)-1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopro-
pylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
Step 1. Preparation of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00058##
[0352] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 6)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate with (R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate and to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.14 g, 29% yield): MS (ES+) m/z
470.1, 472.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3--
methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00059##
[0354] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with (R)-methyl
1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as
colorless solid (0.12 g, 88% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 456.2, 458.1
(M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopro-
pylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00060##
[0356] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
(R)-1-(1-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3--
methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace
methanesulfonamide with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.025 g, 17% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 11.99 (br s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=6.0
Hz, 1H), 7.97 (br s, 1H), 7.80-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=12.0 Hz,
1H), 7.63-7.58 (m, 1H), 5.38 (br s, 1H), 4.10 (br s, 2H), 3.20-2.80
(m, 5H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.17 (br s, 2H), 1.18-1.02 (m, 5H); MS (ES+)
m/z 559.1, 561.1 (M+1).
Example 13
Synthesis of
1-(1-(5-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopr-
opylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(5-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00061##
[0358] In a 20 mL microwave vial methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
(0.29 g, 1.00 mmol), 3,6-dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (0.32
g, 1.50 mmol), cesium carbonate (1.30 g, 4.00 mmol) and toluene (10
mL) were added. The reaction mixture was degassed with nitrogen
then (2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl) (BINAP) (0.12 g,
0.20 mmol) and tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(O) (0.12 g,
0.20 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at
100.degree. C. for 16 h, cooled to ambient temperature, filtered
through a pad of diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was
concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column
chromatography eluting with ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford the
title compound as pale yellow solid (0.15 g, 32% yield): MS (ES+)
m/z 471.1, 473.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-(1-(5-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic Acid
##STR00062##
[0360] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(5-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained
as a colorless solid (0.10 g, 69% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 456.2, 458.1
(M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
1-(1-(5-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-(cyclopr-
opylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00063##
[0362] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(5-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace
methanesulfonamide with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.050 g, 40% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.06 (br s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J=6.0
Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d,
J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (br s, 2H), 4.99-4.82 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.05 (m,
3H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.08-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.20-1.09 (m, 4H); MS (ES+)
m/z 560.0, 562.0 (M+1).
Example 14
Synthesis of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5--
carboxylate
##STR00064##
[0364] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 4)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
tert-butyl 4-((methylsulfonyl)oxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate with
tert-butyl 3-iodoazetidine-1-carboxylate, the title compound was
obtained as a pale yellow solid (2.34 g, 66% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.31 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d,
J=11.1 Hz, 1H), 5.23-5.14 (m, 1H), 4.48-4.36 (m, 4H), 3.93 (s, 3H),
2.56 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H); .sup.19F NMR (282 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta. -111.4 (s, 1F); MS (ES+) m/z 364.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of methyl
1-(azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
hydrochloride
##STR00065##
[0366] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (Step 5)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-
-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5--
carboxylate and to replace trifluoroacetic acid with 4 M solution
of hydrochloric acid in 1,4-dioxane, the title compound was
obtained as a colorless solid (2.26 g, quant. yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta..quadrature.9.67 (br s, 1H), 9.37
(br s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H),
5.80-5.70 (m, 1H), 4.19-3.92 (m, 4H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H);
.sup.19F NMR (282 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. -112.7 (s, 1F); MS
(ES+) m/z 264.1 (M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00066##
[0368] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 6)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate with methyl
1-(azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
hydrochloride and to replace
(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol with
(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methanol, the title compound
as a colorless syrup (1.16 g, 33% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 472.0, 474.0
(M+1).
Step 4. Preparation of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00067##
[0370] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as
colorless solid (0.48 g, 42% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 458.0, 460.0
(M+1).
Step 5. Preparation of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00068##
[0372] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, the title compound as a colorless
solid (0.11 g, 31% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6)
.quadrature..quadrature.11.73 (br s, 1H), 10.93 (br s, 1H), 8.20
(d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.58 (m, 2H),
5.66 (br s, 1H), 4.55-4.48 (m, 6H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, 3H);
.sup.19F NMR (282 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. -56.9 (s, 3F), -73.8
(s, 3F), -115.0 (s, 1F); MS (ES+) m/z 534.9, 536.9 (M+1).
Example 15
Synthesis of
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopropylsu-
lfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00069##
[0374] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-(1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)azetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methy-
l-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide
with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid as a trifluoroacetic acid salt (0.10 g, 29% yield):
.sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .quadrature..quadrature.11.71
(br s, 1H), 10.96 (br s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H),
7.66 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.59 (m, 2H), 5.66 (br s, 1H), 4.52-4.49 (m,
6H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 1.13-1.10 (m, 4H); .sup.19F
NMR (282 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. -56.9 (s, 3F), -73.7 (s, 3F),
-114.9 (s, 1F); MS (ES+) m/z 560.9, 562.9 (M+1).
Example 16
Synthesis of
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide, trifluoroacetic
acid salt
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00070##
[0376] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 9 (step 2)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
hydrochloride with (R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless oil (0.33 g, 62% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 450.0, 452.0
(M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00071##
[0378] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.32 g, 99% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 436.0, 438.0
(M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide, trifluoroacetic
acid salt
##STR00072##
[0380] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, the title compound was obtained
as a colorless solid (0.082 g, 43% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6+1% D.sub.2O) .delta. 11.90 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=6.8 Hz,
1H), 7.72-7.61 (m, 4H), 5.58-5.44 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.56 (m, 1H),
4.02-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.50-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H),
2.43-2.35 (m, 1H), 1.65 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 513.0,
515.0 (M+1).
Example 17
Synthesis of
N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrroli-
din-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
2,2,2-trifluoroacetate
##STR00073##
[0382] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide
with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.070 g, 35% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.13 (s, 1H), 10.88 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=6.8
Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.62 (m, 4H), 5.68-5.41 (m, 1H), 4.72-4.50 (m, 1H),
4.13-3.30 (m, 5H), 3.16-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.43-2.27 (m,
1H), 1.65 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.17-1.12 (m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z 539.0,
541.0 (M+1).
Example 18
Synthesis of
1-((R)-1-((S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide, trifluoroacetic
acid salt
##STR00074##
[0384] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-((R)-1-((S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, the title compound was obtained
as a colorless solid (0.058 g, 32% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.22 (s, 1H), 10.81 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=6.5
Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.69 (m, 4H), 5.56-5.47 (m, 1H), 4.70-4.56 (m, 1H),
3.87-3.56 (m, 5H), 3.39 (s, 3H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.44-2.32 (m, 1H),
1.65 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H); MS (ES+) m/z 513.1, 515.0 (M+1).
Example 19
Synthesis of
N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-((R)-1-((S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrroli-
din-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide,
trifluoroacetic acid salt
##STR00075##
[0386] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-((R)-1-((S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-met-
hyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace methanesulfonamide
with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.064 g, 33% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.10 (s, 1H), 10.58 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=6.9
Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.65 (m, 4H), 5.54-5.43 (m, 1H), 4.64-4.51 (m, 1H),
3.75-3.43 (m, 5H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.26 (m,
1H), 1.65-1.57 (m, 3H), 1.12-1.10 (m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z 539.1,
541.0 (M+1).
Example 20
Synthesis of
(R)-1-(1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopro-
pylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide,
trifluoroacetic acid salt
Step 1. Preparation of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00076##
[0388] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 9 (step 2)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
hydrochloride with ((R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate,
trifluoroacetic acid salt and to replace
(S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate with
(4-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, the title
compound was obtained as a yellow oil (0.07 g, 19% yield): .sup.1H
NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.30 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d,
J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=1.9, 8.3 Hz,
1H), 7.36 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 5.19-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.89
(d, J=14.9 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H), 3.13-2.90 (m, 3H),
2.77-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.51-2.23 (m, 2H); MS m/z 472.1,
470.0 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3--
methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, hydrochloric acid salt
##STR00077##
[0390] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl R)-methyl
1-(1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-meth-
yl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.07 g, quant. yield): MS (ES+) m/z 456.1, 458.0
(M+1)
Step 3. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-(cyclopro-
pylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide,
trifluoroacetic acid salt
##STR00078##
[0392] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
(R)-1-(1-(4-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3--
methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, hydrochloric acid salt and to
replace methanesulfonamide with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title
compound was obtained as a colorless solid (0.008 g, 8% yield):
.sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 8.21 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H),
7.99-7.90 (m, 3H), 7.66 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (br, s, 1H), 4.69
(s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 1H), 3.43-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.52 (m, 2H),
3.45-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.22 (m,
1H), 1.24-1.08 (m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z 559.1, 561.1 (M+1).
Example 21
Synthesis of
(R)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6--
fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
Step 1. Preparation of (R)-methyl
1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole--
5-carboxylate
##STR00079##
[0394] To a solution of ((R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate,
trifluoroacetic acid salt (0.89 g, 2.27 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran
(4.5 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (4.5 mL) was
added 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.52 g, 2.50 mmol) at 0.degree.
C. The reaction mixture was warmed to ambient temperature and
stirred for 16 h. The reaction was extracted with dichloromethane
(3.times.15 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried over
magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue
was purified by column chromatography eluting with a 10-50%
gradient of ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford the title compound
as a colorless solid (0.80 g, 78% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 8.41-8.28 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.32 (m, 3H), 7.09-6.95
(m, 1H), 5.15-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.05 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.98 (m, 1H),
3.98-3.92 (m, 3H), 3.91-3.54 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.55 (m, 3H), 2.55-2.33
(m, 2H); MS m/z 452.1, 450.1 (M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
(R)-1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indaz-
ole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00080##
[0396] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with (R)-methyl
1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole--
5-carboxylate, the title compound was obtained as colorless solid
(0.70 g, 100%): MS (ES-) m/z 436.0, 434.3 (M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
(R)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-1-(1-(3,5-dichlorobenzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-6--
fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00081##
[0398] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid and to replace
methanesulfonamide with cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound
was obtained as a colorless solid (0.084 g, 9% yield): .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.16-12.02 (m, 1H), 8.23-8.12 (m,
1H), 7.80-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.53 (m, 2H), 5.49-5.25 (m, 1H),
4.02-3.51 (m, 4H), 3.17-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.52 (m, 3H), 2.46-2.31
(m, 2H), 1.24-1.08 (m, 4H); MS (ES-) m/z 537.2, 539.2 (M-1).
Example 22
Synthesis of
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide,
trifluoroacetic acid salt
Step 1. Preparation of methyl
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00082##
[0400] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 9 (step 1)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate
hydrochloride with ((R)-methyl
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate,
trifluoroacetic acid salt and to replace
(S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate with
(S)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl
4-methylbenzenesulfonate, the title compound was obtained as a
yellow oil (0.06 g, 40% yield): MS (ES+) m/z 499.8, 502.1
(M+1).
Step 2. Preparation of
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid
##STR00083##
[0402] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 7)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace methyl
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate with methyl
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate, the title compound
was obtained as colorless solid (0.06 g, 100% yield): MS (ES+) m/z
486.1, 488.0 (M+1).
Step 3. Preparation of
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide,
trifluoroacetic acid salt
##STR00084##
[0404] Following the procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 (step 8)
and making non-critical variations as required to replace
1-(1-(3-chloro-2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-6-fluor-
o-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid with
1-((R)-1-((R)-1-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-y-
l)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxylic acid, hydrochloric
acid salt and to replace methanesulfonamide with
cyclopropanesulfonamide, the title compound was obtained as a
colorless solid (0.004 g, 6% yield): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 12.16-11.95 (m, 2H), 8.11 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H),
7.61 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 2H),
5.35-5.18 (m, 2H), 3.51 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.10-3.00 (m, 2H),
2.89-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.69 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.25 (m, 3H), 2.21-2.05
(m, 2H), 1.33 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.11-0.89 (m, 4H); MS (ES+) m/z
589.1, 591.1 (M+1).
Example 23
Synthesis of
1-((1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl)methyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl-
)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00085##
[0406] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
507.0.
Example 24
Synthesis of
1-(1-benzhydrylazetidin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-ind-
azole-5-carboxamide
##STR00086##
[0408] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1, the
title compound was synthesized along with EXAMPLE 24 and separated
by prep-HPLC (30-40% MeCN in 0.1% NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3); the title
compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z 493.1.
Example 25
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthal-
en-2-yl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00087##
[0410] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
443.1.
Example 26
Synthesis of
6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl-
)-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00088##
[0412] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
402.0.
Example 27
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-(4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl--
H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00089##
[0414] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
451.3.
Example 28
Synthesis of
1-(4-(tert-butyl)cyclohexyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-inda-
zole-5-carboxamide
##STR00090##
[0416] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
410.1.
Example 29
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1H-ind-
azole-5-carboxamide
##STR00091##
[0418] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
409.2.
Example 30
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-1-(4-isopropylcyclohexyl)-3-methyl-1H--
indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00092##
[0420] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
437.2.
Example 31
Synthesis of
6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-
-carboxamide
##STR00093##
[0422] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
368.1.
Example 32
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)--
1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00094##
[0424] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
397.1.
Example 33
Synthesis of
6-fluoro-1-(4-isopropylcyclohexyl)-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazol-
e-5-carboxamide
##STR00095##
[0426] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
396.1.
Example 34
Synthesis of
6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1H-inda-
zole-5-carboxamide
##STR00096##
[0428] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
356.1.
Example 35
Synthesis of
1-((3s,5s,7s)-adamantan-1-yl)-N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-
-H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00097##
[0430] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
447.1.
Example 36
Synthesis of
1-((3s,5s,7s)-adamantan-1-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-ind-
azole-5-carboxamide
##STR00098##
[0432] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
406.1.
Example 37
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-cyclohexyl-6-fluoro-3-methyl-1H-indazole-5-ca-
rboxamide
##STR00099##
[0434] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
395.1.
Example 38
Synthesis of
1-cyclohexyl-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-indazole-5-carboxami-
de
##STR00100##
[0436] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
354.1.
Example 39
Synthesis of
1-(5-chloro-6-isobutoxypyridin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-
-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00101##
[0438] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
455.0.
Example 40
Synthesis of
1-(((s,3s)-adamantan-1-yl)methyl)-6-fluoro-3-methyl-N-(methylsulfonyl)-1H-
-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00102##
[0440] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
420.0.
Example 41
Synthesis of
1-(((1s,3s)-adamantan-1-yl)methyl)-N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-6-fluoro-3-m-
ethyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00103##
[0442] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 1 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
461.0.
Example 42
Synthesis of
N-(azetidin-1-ylsulfonyl)-1-(5-chloro-6-isobutoxypyridin-3-yl)-6-fluoro-3-
-methyl-1H-indazole-5-carboxamide
##STR00104##
[0444] Following the same procedure as described in EXAMPLE 3 the
title compound was obtained as a white solid. MS (ES+) m/z
496.0.
Example 43
Electrophysiological Assay (EP) (In Vitro Assay)
[0445] Patch voltage clamp electrophysiology allows for the direct
measurement and quantification of block of voltage-gated sodium
channels (NaV's), and allows the determination of the time- and
voltage-dependence of block which has been interpreted as
differential binding to the resting, open, and inactivated states
of the sodium channel (Hille, B., Journal of General Physiology
(1977), 69: 497-515).
[0446] The following patch voltage clamp electrophysiology studies
were performed on representative compounds of the invention using
human embryonic kidney cells (HEK), permanently transfected with an
expression vector containing the full-length cDNA coding for the
desired human sodium channel .alpha.-subunit, grown in culture
media containing 10% FBS, 1% PSG, and 0.5 mg/mL G418 at 37.degree.
C. with 5% CO.sub.2. HEK cells used for the electrophysiology (EP)
recordings had a passage number of less than 40 for all studies and
were used within three days from the time of plating. NaV1.7 and
NaV1.5 cDNAs (NM_002977 and AC137587; SCN5A, respectively) were
stably expressed in HEK-293 cells. The 1 subunit was coexpressed in
both the NaV1.7 and NaV1.5 cell lines.
[0447] Sodium currents were measured using the patch clamp
technique in the whole-cell configuration using either a
PatchXpress automated voltage clamp or manually using an Axopatch
200B (Axon Instruments) or Model 2400 (A-M systems) amplifier. The
manual voltage clamp protocol was as follows: Borosilicate glass
micropipettes were fire-polished to a tip diameter yielding a
resistance of 2-4 Mohms in the working solutions. The pipette was
filled with a solution comprised of: 5 mM NaCl, 10 mM CsCl, 120 mM
CsF, 0.1 mM CaCl2), 2 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM EGTA; and
adjusted to pH 7.2 with CsOH. The external solution had the
following composition: 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2), 1 mM
MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES; and adjusted to pH 7.4 with NaOH. In some
studies, the external sodium was reduced by equimolar replacement
with choline. Osmolarity in the CsF internal and NaCl external
solutions was adjusted to 300 mOsm/kg and 310 mOsm/kg with glucose,
respectively. All recordings were performed at ambient temperature
in a bath chamber with a volume of 150 .mu.L. Control sodium
currents were measured in 0.5% DMSO. Controls and representative
compounds of the invention were applied to the recording chamber
through a 4-pinch or 8-pinch valve bath perfusion system
manufactured by ALA Scientific Instruments.
[0448] Currents were recorded at 40 kHz sampling frequency,
filtered at 5 Hz, and stored using a Digidata-1322A
analogue/digital interface with the pClamp software (Axon
Instruments). Series resistance compensation was applied (60-80%).
Cells were rejected if currents showed inadequate voltage control
(as judged by the IV relationship during stepwise activation). All
statistics in this study are given as mean SD.
[0449] The membrane potential was maintained at a voltage where
inactivation of the channel is complete (which was -60 mV for both
NaV1.7 and NaV1.5). The voltage is then stepped back to a very
negative (Vhold=150 mV) voltage for 20 ms and then a test pulse is
applied to quantify the compound block. The 20 ms brief
repolarization was long enough for compound-free channels to
completely recover from fast inactivation, but the compound-bound
channels recovered more slowly such that negligible recovery could
occur during this interval. The percent decrease in sodium current
following wash-on of compound was taken as the percent block of
sodium channels. Data for representative compounds of formula (I)
is provided in Table 1.
Example 44
Tritiated Sulfonamide Binding to Membranes Isolated from Cells that
Heterologously Express hNav1.7 and the .beta.1 Subunit
[0450] Preparation of membranes containing recombinantly expressed
sodium channels: Frozen recombinant cell pellets were thawed on ice
and diluted to 4 times the cell pellet weight with ice cold 50 mM
Tris HCl, pH 7.4 buffer. The cell suspensions were homogenized on
ice using a motorized glass dounce homogeniser. Homogenates were
further diluted 8.4 times with ice cold 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.4
buffer and then centrifuged at 200.times.g at 4.degree. C. for 15
min. The supernatants were collected and centrifuged at
10000.times.g at 4.degree. C. for 50 min. The pellets were then
re-suspended in 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.4 buffer
containing 1% v/v protease inhibitors (Calbiochem) and
re-homogenized on ice. The homogenized membranes were then
processed through a syringe equipped with a 26 gauge needle.
Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford Assay and the
membranes were stored at -80.degree. C.
[0451] Radioligand Binding Studies: Saturation experiments. A
competitive NaV1.7 inhibitor having a methyl group was tritiated.
Three tritiums were incorporated in place of methyl hydrogens to
generate [.sup.3H]compound. Binding of this radioligand was
preformed in 5 mL borosilicate glass test tubes at room
temperature. Binding was initiated by adding membranes to
increasing concentrations of [3H]compound in 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM
Tris HCl, pH 7.4 buffer containing 0.01% w/v bovine serum albumin
(BSA) for 18 h. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence
of 1 .mu.M unlabelled compound. After 18 h, the reactants were
filtered through GF/C glass fiber filters presoaked in 0.5% w/v
polyethylene imine. Filters were washed with 15 mL ice cold 100 mM
NaCl, 20 mM Tris HCl, pH7.4 buffer containing 0.25% BSA to separate
bound from free ligand. [3H]compound bound to filters was
quantified by liquid scintillation counting.
[0452] Competitive binding experiments: Binding reactions were
performed in 96-well polypropylene plates at room temperature for
18 h. In 360 .mu.L, membranes were incubated with 100 pM
[.sup.3H]compound and increasing concentrations of Test Compound.
Non-specific binding was defined in the presence of 1 .mu.M
unlabelled compound. Reactions were transferred and filtered
through 96-well glass fiber/C filter plates presoaked with 0.5%
polyethylene imine. The filtered reactions were washed 5 times with
200 .mu.L ice cold buffer containing 0.25% BSA. Bound radioactivity
was determined by liquid scintillation counting.
Data Analysis: For saturation experiments, non-specific binding was
subtracted from total binding to provide specific binding and these
values were recalculated in terms of pmol ligand bound per mg
protein. Saturation curves were constructed and dissociation
constants were calculated using the single site ligand binding
model: Beq=(Bmax*X)/(X+Kd), where Beq is the amount of ligand bound
at equilibrium, Bmax is the maximum receptor density, Kd is the
dissociation constant for the ligand, and X is the free ligand
concentration. For competition studies percent inhibition was
determined and IC.sub.50 values were calculated using a 4 parameter
logistic model (% inhibition=(A+((B-A)/(1+((x/C){circumflex over (
)}D)))) using XLfit, where A and B are the maximal and minimum
inhibition respectively, C is the IC.sub.50 concentration and D is
the (Hill) slope.
[0453] Representative compounds, when tested in this model,
demonstrated affinities as set forth in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Nav1.7 (LBA) Nav1.7 Nav1.5 Example Structure
(.quadrature.M) (.quadrature.M) (.quadrature.M) 1 ##STR00105##
0.034 0.68 22 2 ##STR00106## 0.013 0.086 4.9 3 ##STR00107## 0.033
0.25 7.4 4 ##STR00108## 0.024 0.42 26 5 ##STR00109## 0.006 0.051
2.4 6 ##STR00110## 0.014 0.072 7 7 ##STR00111## 0.005 0.009 0.63 8
##STR00112## 0.005 0.026 0.61 9 ##STR00113## 0.006 0.046 8.3 10
##STR00114## 0.01 0.033 14 11 ##STR00115## 0.013 0.023 0.8 12
##STR00116## 0.005 0.032 0.51 13 ##STR00117## 0.015 0.25 2.4 14
##STR00118## 0.032 0.4 13 15 ##STR00119## 0.011 0.088 3.2 16
##STR00120## 0.017 0.1 13 17 ##STR00121## 0.006 0.045 0.88 18
##STR00122## 0.04 0.15 17 19 ##STR00123## 0.012 0.041 6.3 20
##STR00124## 0.01 0.062 0.58 21 ##STR00125## 1.5 4 30 22
##STR00126## 0.02 0.11 4.8 23 ##STR00127## 0.28 0.55 30 24
##STR00128## 0.048 0.087 8.6 25 ##STR00129## 0.26 0.044 ND 26
##STR00130## 0.1 0.16 ND 27 ##STR00131## 0.023 0.14 ND 28
##STR00132## 0.047 0.32 ND 29 ##STR00133## 0.35 1.00 ND 30
##STR00134## 0.025 0.039 ND 31 ##STR00135## 0.34 2 ND 32
##STR00136## 10 30.0 30.0 33 ##STR00137## 0.02 0.079 20.0 34
##STR00138## 10 30 30 35 ##STR00139## 0.18 1.0 30 36 ##STR00140##
0.37 3.1 30 37 ##STR00141## 0.49 3.6 30 38 ##STR00142## 1 11 30 39
##STR00143## 0.008 0.039 30 40 ##STR00144## 0.41 1.2 30 41
##STR00145## 0.3 3.40 30 42 ##STR00146## 0.007 0.071 30
Example 45
Additional Assays
Formalin Assay
[0454] The formalin test is used as an animal model of acute pain.
In the formalin test, animals are briefly habituated to the
Plexiglas test chamber on the day prior to experimental day for 20
minutes. On the test day, animals are randomly injected with the
test articles. At 30 minutes after drug administration, 50 .mu.L of
10% formalin is injected subcutaneously into the plantar surface of
the left hind paw of the rats. Video data acquisition begins
immediately after formalin administration, for duration of 90
minutes.
[0455] The images are captured using the Actimetrix Limelight
software and the files are converted into the MPEG-4 coding. The
videos are then analyzed using behavior analysis software "The
Observer 5.1", (Version 5.0, Noldus Information Technology,
Wageningen, The Netherlands). The video analysis is conducted by
watching the animal behavior and scoring each according to type,
and defining the length of the behavior (Dubuisson and Dennis,
1977). Scored behaviors include: (1) normal behavior, (2) putting
no weight on the paw, (3) raising the paw, (4) licking/biting or
scratching the paw. Elevation, favoring, or excessive licking,
biting and scratching of the injected paw indicate a pain response.
Analgesic response or protection from compounds is indicated if
both paws are resting on the floor with no obvious favoring,
excessive licking, biting or scratching of the injected paw.
[0456] Analysis of the formalin test data is done according to two
factors: (1) Percent Maximal Potential Inhibitory Effect (% MPIE)
and (2) pain score. The % MPIEs is calculated by a series of steps,
where the first is to sum the length of non-normal behaviors
(behaviors 1,2,3) of each animal. A single value for the vehicle
group is obtained by averaging all scores within the vehicle
treatment group. The following calculation yields the MPIE value
for each animal:
MPIE (%)=100-[(treatment sum/average vehicle value).times.100%]
[0457] The pain score is calculated from a weighted scale as
described above. The duration of the behavior is multiplied by the
weight (rating of the severity of the response), and divided by the
total length of observation to determine a pain rating for each
animal. The calculation is represented by the following
formula:
Pain rating=[0(To)+1(T1)+2(T2)+3(T3)]/(To+T1+T2+T3)
[0458] CFA Induced Chronic Inflammatory Pain
[0459] In this test, tactile allodynia is assessed with calibrated
von Frey filaments. Following a full week of acclimatization to the
vivarium facility, 150 .mu.L of the "Complete Freund's Adjuvant"
(CFA) emulsion (CFA suspended in an oil/saline (1:1) emulsion at a
concentration of 0.5 mg/mL) is injected subcutaneously into the
plantar surface of the left hind paw of rats under light isoflurane
anaesthesia. Animals are allowed to recover from the anaesthesia
and the baseline thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds of
all animals are assessed one week after the administration of CFA.
All animals are habituated to the experimental equipment for 20
minutes on the day prior to the start of the experiment. The test
and control articles are administrated to the animals, and the
nociceptive thresholds measured at defined time points after drug
administration to determine the analgesic responses to each of the
six available treatments. The time points used are previously
determined to show the highest analgesic effect for each test
compound.
[0460] Thermal nociceptive thresholds of the animals are assessed
using the Hargreaves test. Animals are placed in a Plexiglas
enclosure set on top of an elevated glass platform with heating
units. The glass platform is thermostatically controlled at a
temperature of approximately 30.degree. C. for all test trials.
Animals are allowed to accommodate for 20 minutes following
placement into the enclosure until all exploration behavior ceases.
The Model 226 Plantar/Tail Stimulator Analgesia Meter (IITC,
Woodland Hills, Calif.) is used to apply a radiant heat beam from
underneath the glass platform to the plantar surface of the hind
paws. During all test trials, the idle intensity and active
intensity of the heat source are set at 1 and 45 respectively, and
a cut off time of 20 seconds is employed to prevent tissue
damage.
[0461] The response thresholds of animals to tactile stimuli are
measured using the Model 2290 Electrovonfrey anesthesiometer (IITC
Life Science, Woodland Hills, Calif.) following the Hargreaves
test. Animals are placed in an elevated Plexiglas enclosure set on
a wire mesh surface. After 10 minutes of accommodation,
pre-calibrated Von Frey hairs are applied perpendicularly to the
plantar surface of both paws of the animals in an ascending order
starting from the 0.1 g hair, with sufficient force to cause slight
buckling of the hair against the paw. Testing continues until the
hair with the lowest force to induce a rapid flicking of the paw is
determined or when the cut off force of approximately 20 g is
reached. This cut off force is used because it represent
approximately 10% of the animals' body weight and it serves to
prevent raising of the entire limb due to the use of stiffer hairs,
which would change the nature of the stimulus.
Postoperative Models of Nociception
[0462] In this model, the hypealgesia caused by an intra-planar
incision in the paw is measured by applying increased tactile
stimuli to the paw until the animal withdraws its paw from the
applied stimuli. While animals are anaesthetized under 3.5%
isofluorane, which is delivered via a nose cone, a 1 cm
longitudinal incision is made using a number 10 scalpel blade in
the plantar aspect of the left hind paw through the skin and
fascia, starting 0.5 cm from the proximal edge of the heel and
extending towards the toes. Following the incision, the skin is
apposed using 2, 3-0 sterilized silk sutures. The injured site is
covered with Polysporin and Betadine. Animals are returned to their
home cage for overnight recovery.
[0463] The withdrawal thresholds of animals to tactile stimuli for
both operated (ipsilateral) and unoperated (contralateral) paws can
be measured using the Model 2290 Electrovonfrey anesthesiometer
(IITC Life Science, Woodland Hills, Calif.). Animals are placed in
an elevated Plexiglas enclosure set on a wire mesh surface. After
at least 10 minutes of acclimatization, pre-calibrated Von Frey
hairs are applied perpendicularly to the plantar surface of both
paws of the animals in an ascending order starting from the 10 g
hair, with sufficient force to cause slight buckling of the hair
against the paw. Testing continues until the hair with the lowest
force to induce a rapid flicking of the paw is determined or when
the cut off force of approximately 20 g is reached. This cut off
force is used because it represent approximately 10% of the
animals' body weight and it serves to prevent raising of the entire
limb due to the use of stiffer hairs, which would change the nature
of the stimulus.
Neuropathic Pain Model; Chronic Constriction Injury
[0464] Briefly, an approximately 3 cm incision is made through the
skin and the fascia at the mid-thigh level of the animals' left
hind leg using a no. 10 scalpel blade. The left sciatic nerve is
exposed via blunt dissection through the biceps femoris with care
to minimize haemorrhagia. Four loose ligatures are tied along the
sciatic nerve using 4-0 non-degradable sterilized silk sutures at
intervals of 1 to 2 mm apart. The tension of the loose ligatures is
tight enough to induce slight constriction of the sciatic nerve
when viewed under a dissection microscope at a magnification of 4
fold. In the sham-operated animal, the left sciatic nerve is
exposed without further manipulation. Antibacterial ointment is
applied directly into the wound, and the muscle is closed using
sterilized sutures. Betadine is applied onto the muscle and its
surroundings, followed by skin closure with surgical clips.
[0465] The response thresholds of animals to tactile stimuli are
measured using the Model 2290 Electrovonfrey anesthesiometer (IITC
Life Science, Woodland Hills, Calif.). Animals are placed in an
elevated Plexiglas enclosure set on a wire mesh surface. After 10
minutes of accommodation, pre-calibrated Von Frey hairs are applied
perpendicularly to the plantar surface of both paws of the animals
in an ascending order starting from the 0.1 g hair, with sufficient
force to cause slight buckling of the hair against the paw. Testing
continues until the hair with the lowest force to induce a rapid
flicking of the paw is determined or when the cut off force of
approximately 20 g is reached. This cut off force is used because
it represents approximately 10% of the animals' body weight and it
serves to prevent raising of the entire limb due to the use of
stiffer hairs, which would change the nature of the stimulus.
[0466] Thermal nociceptive thresholds of the animals are assessed
using the Hargreaves test. Following the measurement of tactile
thresholds, animals are placed in a Plexiglas enclosure set on top
of an elevated glass platform with heating units. The glass
platform is thermostatically controlled at a temperature of
approximately 24 to 26.degree. C. for all test trials. Animals are
allowed to accommodate for 10 minutes following placement into the
enclosure until all exploration behaviour ceases. The Model 226
Plantar/Tail Stimulator Analgesia Meter (IITC, Woodland Hills,
Calif.) is used to apply a radiant heat beam from underneath the
glass platform to the plantar surface of the hind paws. During all
test trials, the idle intensity and active intensity of the heat
source are set at 1 and 55 respectively, and a cut off time of 20
seconds is used to prevent tissue damage.
Neuropathic Pain Model: Spinal Nerve Ligation
[0467] The spinal nerve ligation (SNL) neuropathic pain model is
used as an animal (i.e. rat) model of neuropathic pain. In the SNL
test, the lumbar roots of spinal nerves L5 and L6 are tightly
ligated to cause nerve injury, which results in the development of
mechanical hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia and thermal
hypersensitivity. The surgery is performed two weeks before the
test day in order for the pain state to fully develop in the
animals. Several spinal nerve ligation variations are used to
characterize the analgesic properties of a compound of the
invention.
[0468] Ligation of the L5 spinal nerve;
[0469] Ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves;
[0470] Ligation and transection of the L5 spinal nerve;
[0471] Ligation and transection of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves;
or
[0472] Mild irritation of the L4 spinal nerve in combination with
any one of the above (1)-(4).
[0473] While the animals are anaesthetized under 3.5% isofluorane
delivered via a nose cone, an approximately 2.5 cm longitudinal
incision is made using a number 10 scalpel blade in the skin just
lateral to the dorsal midline, using the level of the posterior
iliac crests as the midpoint of the incision. Following the
incision, the isoflourane is readjusted to maintenance levels
(1.5%-2.5%). At mid-sacral region, an incision is made with the
scalpel blade, sliding the blade along the side of the vertebral
column (in the saggital plane) until the blade hits the sacrum.
Scissors tips are introduced through the incision and the muscle
and ligaments are removed from the spine to expose 2-3 cm of the
vertebral column. The muscle and fascia are cleared from the spinal
vertebra in order to locate the point where the nerve exits from
the vertebra. A small glass hook is placed medial to the spinal
nerves and the spinal nerves are gently elevated from the
surrounding tissues. Once the spinal nerves have been isolated, a
small length of non-degradable 6-0 sterilized silk thread is wound
twice around the ball at the tip of the glass hook and passed back
under the nerve. The spinal nerves are then firmly ligated by tying
a knot, ensuring that the nerve bulges on both sides of the
ligature. The procedure may be repeated as needed. In some animals,
the L4 spinal nerve may be lightly rubbed (up to 20 times) with the
small glass hook to maximize the development of neuropathic pain.
Antibacterial ointment is applied directly into the incision, and
the muscle is closed using sterilized sutures. Betadine is applied
onto the muscle and its surroundings, followed by skin closure with
surgical staples or sterile non-absorbable monofilament 5-0 nylon
sutures.
[0474] The analgesic effect produced by topical administration of a
compound of the invention to the animals can then be observed by
measuring the paw withdrawal threshold of animals to mechanical
tactile stimuli. These may be measured using either the mechanical
allodynia procedure or the mechanical hyperalgesia procedure as
described below. After establishment of the appropriate baseline
measurements by either method, topical formulation of a compound of
the invention is applied on the ipsilateral ankle and foot. The
animals are then placed in plastic tunnels for 15 minutes to
prevent them from licking the treated area and removing the
compound. Animals are placed in the acrylic enclosure for 15
minutes before testing the ipsilateral paw by either of the methods
described below, and the responses are recorded at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
hour post treatment.
Mechanical Allodynia Method
[0475] The pain threshold of animals to mechanical alloydnia for
both operated and control animals can be measured approximately 14
days post-surgery using manual calibrated von Frey filaments as
follows. Animals are placed in an elevated Plexiglas enclosure set
on a wire mesh surface. Animals are allowed to acclimate for 20-30
minutes. Pre-calibrated Von Frey hairs are applied perpendicularly
to the plantar surface of the ipsilateral paw of the animals
starting from the 2.0 g hair, with sufficient force to cause slight
buckling of the hair against the paw to establish the baseline
measurements. Stimuli are presented in a consecutive manner, either
in an ascending or descending order until the first change in
response is noted, after which four additional responses are
recorded for a total of six responses. The six responses measured
in grams are entered into a formula as described by Chaplan, S. R.
et al., J. Neurosci. Methods, 1994 July; 53(1):55-63, and a 50%
withdrawal threshold is calculated. This constitutes the mechanical
allodynia value.
Mechanical Hyperalgesia Method
[0476] The response thresholds of animals to tactile stimuli are
measured using the Model 2290 Electrovonfrey anesthesiometer (IITC
Life Science, Woodland Hills, Calif.). Animals are placed in an
elevated Plexiglas enclosure set on a wire mesh surface. After 15
minutes of accommodation in this enclosure, a von Frey hair is
applied perpendicularly to the plantar surface of the ipsilateral
hind paws of the animals, with sufficient force, measured in grams,
to elicit a crisp response of the paw. A response indicates a
withdrawal from the painful stimulus and constitutes the efficacy
endpoint. The data are expressed as percent change from baseline
threshold measured in grams.
Example 46
In Vivo Assay for Treatment of Pruritus
[0477] The compounds of the invention can be evaluated for their
activity as antipruritic agents by in vivo test using rodent
models. One established model for peripherally elicited pruritus is
through the injection of serotonin into the rostral back area
(neck) in hairless rats. Prior to serotonin injections (e.g., 2
mg/mL, 50 .mu.L), a dose of a compound of the present invention can
be applied systemically through oral, intravenous or
intraperitoneal routes or topically to a circular area fixed
diameter (e.g. 18 mm). Following dosing, the serotonin injections
are given in the area of the topical dosing. After serotonin
injection the animal behaviour is monitored by video recording for
20 min-1.5 h, and the number of scratches in this time compared to
vehicle treated animals. Thus, application of a compound of the
current invention could suppress serotonin-induced scratching in
rats.
[0478] All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application
publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign
patent applications and non patent publications referred to in this
specification are incorporated herein by reference in their
entireties.
[0479] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some
detail to facilitate understanding, it will be apparent that
certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope
of the appended claims. Accordingly, the described embodiments are
to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the
invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may
be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended
claims.
* * * * *