U.S. patent application number 17/214674 was filed with the patent office on 2021-07-15 for automatic configuration discovery based on traffic flow data.
The applicant listed for this patent is Cisco Technology, Inc.. Invention is credited to Umamaheswaran Arumugam, Shashi Gandham, Aiyesha Ma, Prasannakumar Jobigenahally Malleshaiah, Duy Nguyen, Tapan Shrikrishna Patwardhan, Jothi Prakash Prabakaran, Supreeth Rao, Hai Vu, Michael Watts, Navindra Yadav, Kai Zhu.
Application Number | 20210218638 17/214674 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005482210 |
Filed Date | 2021-07-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210218638 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rao; Supreeth ; et
al. |
July 15, 2021 |
AUTOMATIC CONFIGURATION DISCOVERY BASED ON TRAFFIC FLOW DATA
Abstract
Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for flow stitching
network traffic flow segments at a middlebox in a network
environment. In some embodiments, flow records of traffic flow
segments at a middlebox in a network environment are collected. The
flow records can include transaction identifiers assigned to the
traffic flow segments. Sources and destinations of the traffic flow
segments with respect to the middlebox can be identified using the
flow records. Further, the traffic flow segments can be stitched
together to form a plurality of stitched traffic flows at the
middlebox based on the transaction identifiers and the sources and
destinations of the traffic flow segments in the network
environment with respect to the middlebox. A configuration of the
middlebox operating in the network environment can be identified
based on the stitched traffic flows at the middlebox in the network
environment.
Inventors: |
Rao; Supreeth; (Cupertino,
CA) ; Yadav; Navindra; (Cupertino, CA) ;
Arumugam; Umamaheswaran; (San Jose, CA) ; Watts;
Michael; (Mill Valley, CA) ; Gandham; Shashi;
(Fremont, CA) ; Malleshaiah; Prasannakumar
Jobigenahally; (Sunnyvale, CA) ; Nguyen; Duy;
(San Jose, CA) ; Vu; Hai; (San Jose, CA) ;
Ma; Aiyesha; (San Francisco, CA) ; Patwardhan; Tapan
Shrikrishna; (Mountain View, CA) ; Zhu; Kai;
(San Jose, CA) ; Prabakaran; Jothi Prakash;
(Fremont, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Cisco Technology, Inc. |
San Jose |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005482210 |
Appl. No.: |
17/214674 |
Filed: |
March 26, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15985520 |
May 21, 2018 |
10999149 |
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17214674 |
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62621970 |
Jan 25, 2018 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 43/12 20130101;
H04L 43/026 20130101; H04L 41/12 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04L 12/24 20060101
H04L012/24; H04L 12/26 20060101 H04L012/26 |
Claims
1. A method comprising: collecting flow records of traffic flow
segments of traffic passing through a middlebox in a network
environment, the flow records including transaction identifiers
assigned to the traffic flow segments; identifying whether the
traffic flow segments originate at or end at the middlebox using
the flow records; stitching together the traffic flow segments
about the middlebox, based on whether the traffic flow segments
originate at or end at the middlebox and the transaction
identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments, to form a
stitched traffic flow at the middlebox in the network environment;
and automatically identifying a configuration of the middlebox
operating to perform operations on the traffic based on the
stitched traffic flow.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the stitched traffic flow forms
at least part of a cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow that
passes through multiple middleboxes including the middlebox.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a service
type of a network service provisioned through the stitched traffic
flow; and identifying the configuration of the middlebox operating
to perform operations on the traffic based on the service type.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the service type includes at
least one of a web-based service, a databased service, and a
storage service.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the service type is identified
based on a specific server at which a traffic flow segment of the
stitched traffic flow begins.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying the
configuration of the middlebox as a load balancer; and identifying
a type of load balancer of the middlebox.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining whether
each subsequent outbound stitched traffic flow at the middlebox is
destined from the middlebox to a different server from each
previous outbound stitched traffic flow at the middlebox; and
identifying the configuration of the middlebox as a round-robin
load balancing configuration if it is determined that each
subsequent outbound stitched traffic flow at the middlebox is
destined from the middlebox to a different server from each
previous outbound stitched traffic flow.
8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining whether
each stitched traffic flow at the middlebox and originating from a
specific client is destined to a same server; and identifying the
configuration of the middlebox as a persistent load balancing
configuration if it is determined that each stitched traffic flow
at the middlebox and originating from the specific client is
destined to the same server.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising identifying specific
ports of the middlebox that are used to transmit data associated
with specific protocols as part of identifying the configuration of
the middlebox.
10. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a
computer-readable medium comprising instructions stored therein,
which when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or
more processors to: collect flow records of traffic flow segments
of traffic passing through a middlebox in a network environment,
the flow records including transaction identifiers assigned to the
traffic flow segments; identify whether the traffic flow segments
originate at or end at the middlebox using the flow records; stitch
together the traffic flow segments about the middlebox, based on
whether the traffic flow segments originate at or end at the
middlebox and the transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic
flow segments, to form a stitched traffic flow at the middlebox in
the network environment; and automatically identify a configuration
of the middlebox operating to perform operations on the traffic
based on the stitched traffic flow.
11. The system of claim 10, wherein the stitched traffic flow forms
at least part of a cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow that
passes through multiple middleboxes including the middlebox.
12. The system of claim 10, wherein the instructions, which when
executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or
more processors to: identify a service type of a network service
provisioned through the stitched traffic flow; and identify the
configuration of the middlebox operating to perform operations on
the traffic based on the service type.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein the service type includes at
least one of a web-based service, a databased service, and a
storage service.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the service type is identified
based on a specific server at which a traffic flow segment of the
stitched traffic flow begins.
15. The system of claim 10, wherein the instructions, which when
executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or
more processors to: identify the configuration of the middlebox as
a load balancer; and identify a type of load balancer of the
middlebox.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the instructions, which when
executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or
more processors to: determine whether each subsequent outbound
stitched traffic flow at the middlebox is destined from the
middlebox to a different server from each previous outbound
stitched traffic flow at the middlebox; and identify the
configuration of the middlebox as a round-robin load balancing
configuration if it is determined that each subsequent outbound
stitched traffic flow at the middlebox is destined from the
middlebox to a different server from each previous outbound
stitched traffic flow.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the instructions, which when
executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or
more processors to: determine whether each stitched traffic flow at
the middlebox and originating from a specific client is destined to
a same server; and identify the configuration of the middlebox as a
persistent load balancing configuration if it is determined that
each stitched traffic flow at the middlebox and originating from
the specific client is destined to the same server.
18. The system of claim 10, wherein the instructions, which when
executed by the one or more processors, further cause the one or
more processors to identify specific ports of the middlebox that
are used to transmit data associated with specific protocols as
part of identifying the configuration of the middlebox.
19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising
instructions stored therein, which when executed by one or more
processors, cause the one or more processors to: collect flow
records of traffic flow segments of traffic passing through a
middlebox in a network environment, the flow records including
transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments;
identify whether the traffic flow segments originate at or end at
the middlebox using the flow records; stitch together the traffic
flow segments about the middlebox, based on whether the traffic
flow segments originate at or end at the middlebox and the
transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments, to
form a stitched traffic flow at the middlebox in the network
environment; and automatically identify a configuration of the
middlebox operating to perform operations on the traffic based on
the stitched traffic flow.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim
19, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more
processors to: identify a service type of a network service
provisioned through the stitched traffic flow; and identify the
configuration of the middlebox operating to perform operations on
the traffic based on the service type.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional
patent application Ser. No. 15/985,520, filed on May 21, 2018,
which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional patent Application No.
62/621,970, filed on Jan. 25, 2018, the full disclosures of which
are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present technology pertains to network traffic flow
stitching and flow stitching network traffic flow segments at a
middlebox in a network environment.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Currently, sensors deployed in a network can be used to
gather network traffic data related to nodes operating in the
network. The network traffic data can include metadata relating to
a packet, a collection of packets, a flow, a bidirectional flow, a
group of flows, a session, or a network communication of another
granularity. That is, the network traffic data can generally
include any information describing communication on all layers of
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. For example, the
network traffic data can include source/destination MAC address,
source/destination IP address, protocol, port number, etc. In some
embodiments, the network traffic data can also include summaries of
network activity or other network statistics such as number of
packets, number of bytes, number of flows, bandwidth usage,
response time, latency, packet loss, jitter, and other network
statistics.
[0004] Gathered network traffic data can be analyzed to provide
insights into the operation of the nodes in the network, otherwise
referred to as analytics. In particular, discovered application or
inventories, application dependencies, policies, efficiencies,
resource and bandwidth usage, and network flows can be determined
for the network using the network traffic data.
[0005] Sensors deployed in a network can be used to gather network
traffic data on a client and server level of granularity. For
example, network traffic data can be gathered for determining which
clients are communicating which servers and vice versa. However,
sensors are not currently deployed or integrated with systems to
gather network traffic data for different segments of traffic flows
forming the traffic flows between a server and a client.
Specifically, current sensors gather network traffic data as
traffic flows directly between a client and a server while ignoring
which nodes, e.g. middleboxes, the traffic flows actually pass
through in passing between a server and a client. This effectively
treats the network environment between servers and clients as a
black box and leads to gaps in network traffic data and traffic
flows indicated by the network traffic data.
[0006] In turn, such gaps in network traffic data and corresponding
traffic flows can lead to deficiencies in diagnosing problems
within a network environment. For example, a problem stemming from
an incorrectly configured middlebox might be diagnosed as occurring
at a client as the flow between the client and a server is treated
as a black box. In another example, gaps in network traffic data
between a server and a client can lead to an inability to determine
whether policies are correctly enforced at a middlebox between the
server and the client. There therefore exist needs for systems,
methods, and computer-readable media for generating network traffic
data at nodes between servers and clients, e.g. at middleboxes
between the servers and clients. In particular, there exist needs
for systems, methods, and computer-readable media for stitching
together traffic flows at nodes between servers and clients to
generate a more complete and detailed traffic flow, e.g. between
the servers and the clients.
[0007] Further, as nodes between a client and a server, e.g.
middleboxes, are treated as black boxes it is difficult to identify
how the nodes are actually configured to operate in a network
environment. In particular, as nodes are treated as black boxes
with respect to traffic flows through the nodes, it is difficult to
automatically identify how the nodes are actually configured to
operate in a network environment. This is problematic as a node can
be configured to operate according to an expected configuration but
actually be operating at a different or unexpected configuration.
There, therefore exist needs for systems, methods, and
computer-readable media for discovering configurations of nodes in
a network environment between clients and servers based on traffic
flows through the nodes.
[0008] Additionally, network environments typically include a large
number of intermediate nodes, e.g. middleboxes, between clients and
servers. Typically, identifying a configuration of these
intermediate nodes requires effort and intervention from network
administrators. For example, network administrators have to gather
data of servers a node is communicating with and analyze the data,
e.g. using application discovery, to determine configurations of
the nodes. This can be extremely burdensome for typical network
environments that include large numbers of nodes between clients
and servers. There, therefore exist needs for systems, methods, and
computer-readable media for automatically discovering
configurations of nodes in a network environment between clients
and servers.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited
and other advantages and features of the disclosure can be
obtained, a more particular description of the principles briefly
described above will be rendered by reference to specific
embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
Understanding that these drawings depict only exemplary embodiments
of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered to be
limiting of its scope, the principles herein are described and
explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of
the accompanying drawings in which:
[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network traffic monitoring
system;
[0011] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a network environment;
[0012] FIG. 3 depicts a diagram of an example network environment
for stitching together traffic flow segments across multiple nodes
between a client and a server;
[0013] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart for an example method of
forming a cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow across
middleboxes;
[0014] FIG. 5 shows an example middlebox traffic flow stitching
system;
[0015] FIG. 6 depicts a diagram of an example network environment
for discovering configurations of middleboxes based on stitched
traffic flows about the middleboxes;
[0016] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart for an example method of
automatically identifying a configuration of a middlebox using
stitched traffic flow segments at the middlebox;
[0017] FIG. 8 illustrates an example network device in accordance
with various embodiments; and
[0018] FIG. 9 illustrates an example computing device in accordance
with various embodiments.
DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
[0019] Various embodiments of the disclosure are discussed in
detail below. While specific implementations are discussed, it
should be understood that this is done for illustration purposes
only. A person skilled in the relevant art will recognize that
other components and configurations can be used without parting
from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Thus, the following
description and drawings are illustrative and are not to be
construed as limiting. Numerous specific details are described to
provide a thorough understanding of the disclosure. However, in
certain instances, well-known or conventional details are not
described in order to avoid obscuring the description. References
to one or an embodiment in the present disclosure can be references
to the same embodiment or any embodiment; and, such references mean
at least one of the embodiments.
[0020] Reference to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that
a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in
connection with the embodiment is included in at least one
embodiment of the disclosure. The appearances of the phrase "in one
embodiment" in various places in the specification are not
necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate
or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.
Moreover, various features are described which can be exhibited by
some embodiments and not by others.
[0021] The terms used in this specification generally have their
ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of the disclosure,
and in the specific context where each term is used. Alternative
language and synonyms can be used for any one or more of the terms
discussed herein, and no special significance should be placed upon
whether or not a term is elaborated or discussed herein. In some
cases, synonyms for certain terms are provided. A recital of one or
more synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use
of examples anywhere in this specification including examples of
any terms discussed herein is illustrative only, and is not
intended to further limit the scope and meaning of the disclosure
or of any example term. Likewise, the disclosure is not limited to
various embodiments given in this specification.
[0022] Without intent to limit the scope of the disclosure,
examples of instruments, apparatus, methods and their related
results according to the embodiments of the present disclosure are
given below. Note that titles or subtitles can be used in the
examples for convenience of a reader, which in no way should limit
the scope of the disclosure. Unless otherwise defined, technical
and scientific terms used herein have the meaning as commonly
understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this
disclosure pertains. In the case of conflict, the present document,
including definitions will control.
[0023] Additional features and advantages of the disclosure will be
set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be
obvious from the description, or can be learned by practice of the
herein disclosed principles. The features and advantages of the
disclosure can be realized and obtained by means of the instruments
and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
These and other features of the disclosure will become more fully
apparent from the following description and appended claims, or can
be learned by the practice of the principles set forth herein.
Overview
[0024] A method can include collecting flow records of traffic flow
segments at a middlebox in a network environment. The flow records
can include transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow
segments. Sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments in
the network environment with respect to the middlebox can be
identified using the flow records. The method can also include
stitching together the traffic flow segments to form a plurality of
stitched traffic flows at the middlebox in the network environment.
The traffic flow segments can be stitched together based on the
transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments and
the sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments in the
network environment with respect to the middlebox. Further, the
method can include automatically identifying a configuration of the
middlebox operating in the network environment based on the
stitched traffic flows at the middlebox in the network
environment.
[0025] A system can collect flow records of traffic flow segments
at a middlebox in a network environment. The flow records can
include transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow
segments. Sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments in
the network environment with respect to the middlebox can be
identified using the flow records. The system can also stitch
together the traffic flow segments to form a plurality of stitched
traffic flows at the middlebox in the network environment. The
stitched traffic flows can pass through the middlebox ultimately
between one or more clients and one or more servers and the
plurality of stitched traffic flows can include client-server
stitched traffic flows that extend between the one or more clients
and the one or more servers. The traffic flow segments can be
stitched together based on the transaction identifiers assigned to
the traffic flow segments and the sources and destinations of the
traffic flow segments in the network environment with respect to
the middlebox. Further, the system can automatically identify a
configuration of the middlebox operating in the network environment
to facilitate network service access to the one or more clients
through the one or more servers based on the stitched traffic flows
at the middlebox in the network environment.
[0026] A system can collect flow records of traffic flow segments
at a middlebox in a network environment. Sources and destinations
of the traffic flow segments in the network environment with
respect to the middlebox can be identified using the flow records.
The system can also stitch together the traffic flow segments to
form a plurality of stitched traffic flows at the middlebox in the
network environment. The traffic flow segments can be stitched
together based on the sources and destinations of the traffic flow
segments in the network environment with respect to the middlebox.
Further, the system can automatically identify a configuration of
the middlebox operating in the network environment based on the
stitched traffic flows at the middlebox in the network
environment.
EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
[0027] The disclosed technology addresses the need in the art for
monitoring network environments, e.g. to diagnose and prevent
problems in the network environment. The present technology
involves system, methods, and computer-readable media for
automatically identifying configurations of nodes between clients
and servers in a network environment using stitched traffic flows
through the nodes, e.g. for diagnosing and preventing problems in a
network environment.
[0028] The present technology will be described in the following
disclosure as follows. The discussion begins with an introductory
discussion of network traffic data collection and a description of
an example network traffic monitoring system and an example network
environment, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. A discussion of example
systems and methods for stitching together network traffic flows at
nodes, as shown in FIGS. 3-5, will then follow. A discussion of
systems and methods for automatically discovering a configuration
of nodes using stitched traffic flows at the nodes, as shown in
FIGS. 6 and 7, will then follow. The disclosure concludes with a
discussion of example network devices and computing devices, as
illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. The disclosure now turns to an
introductory discussion of network sensor data collection based on
network traffic flows and clustering of nodes in a network for
purposes of collecting data based on network traffic flows.
[0029] Sensors implemented in networks are traditionally limited to
collecting packet data at networking devices. In some embodiments,
networks can be configured with sensors at multiple points,
including on networking devices (e.g., switches, routers, gateways,
firewalls, deep packet inspectors, traffic monitors, load
balancers, etc.), physical servers, hypervisors or shared kernels,
virtual partitions (e.g., VMs or containers), and other network
elements. This can provide a more comprehensive view of the
network. Further, network traffic data (e.g., flows) can be
associated with, or otherwise include, host and/or endpoint data
(e.g., host/endpoint name, operating system, CPU usage, network
usage, disk space, logged users, scheduled jobs, open files,
information regarding files stored on a host/endpoint, etc.),
process data (e.g., process name, ID, parent process ID, path, CPU
utilization, memory utilization, etc.), user data (e.g., user name,
ID, login time, etc.), and other collectible data to provide more
insight into network activity.
[0030] Sensors implemented in a network at multiple points can be
used to collect data for nodes grouped together into a cluster.
Nodes can be clustered together, or otherwise a cluster of nodes
can be identified using one or a combination of applicable network
operation factors. For example, endpoints performing similar
workloads, communicating with a similar set of endpoints or
networking devices, having similar network and security limitations
(i.e., policies), and sharing other attributes can be clustered
together.
[0031] In some embodiments, a cluster can be determined based on
early fusion in which feature vectors of each node comprise the
union of individual feature vectors across multiple domains. For
example, a feature vector can include a packet header-based feature
(e.g., destination network address for a flow, port, etc.)
concatenated to an aggregate flow-based feature (e.g., the number
of packets in the flow, the number of bytes in the flow, etc.). A
cluster can then be defined as a set of nodes whose respective
concatenated feature vectors are determined to exceed specified
similarity thresholds (or fall below specified distance
thresholds).
[0032] In some embodiments, a cluster can be defined based on late
fusion in which each node can be represented as multiple feature
vectors of different data types or domains. In such systems, a
cluster can be a set of nodes whose similarity (and/or distance
measures) across different domains, satisfy specified similarity
(and/or distance) conditions for each domain. For example, a first
node can be defined by a first network information-based feature
vector and a first process-based feature vector while a second node
can be defined by a second network information-based feature vector
and a second process-based feature vector. The nodes can be
determined to form a cluster if their corresponding network-based
feature vectors are similar to a specified degree and their
corresponding process-based feature vectors are only a specified
distance apart.
[0033] Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is an illustration of
a network traffic monitoring system 100 in accordance with an
embodiment. The network traffic monitoring system 100 can include a
configuration manager 102, sensors 104, a collector module 106, a
data mover module 108, an analytics engine 110, and a presentation
module 112. In FIG. 1, the analytics engine 110 is also shown in
communication with out-of-band data sources 114, third party data
sources 116, and a network controller 118.
[0034] The configuration manager 102 can be used to provision and
maintain the sensors 104, including installing sensor software or
firmware in various nodes of a network, configuring the sensors
104, updating the sensor software or firmware, among other sensor
management tasks. For example, the sensors 104 can be implemented
as virtual partition images (e.g., virtual machine (VM) images or
container images), and the configuration manager 102 can distribute
the images to host machines. In general, a virtual partition can be
an instance of a VM, container, sandbox, or other isolated software
environment. The software environment can include an operating
system and application software. For software running within a
virtual partition, the virtual partition can appear to be, for
example, one of many servers or one of many operating systems
executed on a single physical server. The configuration manager 102
can instantiate a new virtual partition or migrate an existing
partition to a different physical server. The configuration manager
102 can also be used to configure the new or migrated sensor.
[0035] The configuration manager 102 can monitor the health of the
sensors 104. For example, the configuration manager 102 can request
for status updates and/or receive heartbeat messages, initiate
performance tests, generate health checks, and perform other health
monitoring tasks. In some embodiments, the configuration manager
102 can also authenticate the sensors 104. For instance, the
sensors 104 can be assigned a unique identifier, such as by using a
one-way hash function of a sensor's basic input/out system (BIOS)
universally unique identifier (UUID) and a secret key stored by the
configuration image manager 102. The UUID can be a large number
that can be difficult for a malicious sensor or other device or
component to guess. In some embodiments, the configuration manager
102 can keep the sensors 104 up to date by installing the latest
versions of sensor software and/or applying patches. The
configuration manager 102 can obtain these updates automatically
from a local source or the Internet.
[0036] The sensors 104 can reside on various nodes of a network,
such as a virtual partition (e.g., VM or container) 120; a
hypervisor or shared kernel managing one or more virtual partitions
and/or physical servers 122, an application-specific integrated
circuit (ASIC) 124 of a switch, router, gateway, or other
networking device, or a packet capture (pcap) 126 appliance (e.g.,
a standalone packet monitor, a device connected to a network
devices monitoring port, a device connected in series along a main
trunk of a datacenter, or similar device), or other element of a
network. The sensors 104 can monitor network traffic between nodes,
and send network traffic data and corresponding data (e.g., host
data, process data, user data, etc.) to the collectors 106 for
storage. For example, the sensors 104 can sniff packets being sent
over its hosts' physical or virtual network interface card (NIC),
or individual processes can be configured to report network traffic
and corresponding data to the sensors 104. Incorporating the
sensors 104 on multiple nodes and within multiple partitions of
some nodes of the network can provide for robust capture of network
traffic and corresponding data from each hop of data transmission.
In some embodiments, each node of the network (e.g., VM, container,
or other virtual partition 120, hypervisor, shared kernel, or
physical server 122, ASIC 124, pcap 126, etc.) includes a
respective sensor 104. However, it should be understood that
various software and hardware configurations can be used to
implement the sensor network 104.
[0037] As the sensors 104 capture communications and corresponding
data, they can continuously send network traffic data to the
collectors 106. The network traffic data can include metadata
relating to a packet, a collection of packets, a flow, a
bidirectional flow, a group of flows, a session, or a network
communication of another granularity. That is, the network traffic
data can generally include any information describing communication
on all layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. For
example, the network traffic data can include source/destination
MAC address, source/destination IP address, protocol, port number,
etc. In some embodiments, the network traffic data can also include
summaries of network activity or other network statistics such as
number of packets, number of bytes, number of flows, bandwidth
usage, response time, latency, packet loss, jitter, and other
network statistics.
[0038] The sensors 104 can also determine additional data, included
as part of gathered network traffic data, for each session,
bidirectional flow, flow, packet, or other more granular or less
granular network communication. The additional data can include
host and/or endpoint information, virtual partition information,
sensor information, process information, user information, tenant
information, application information, network topology, application
dependency mapping, cluster information, or other information
corresponding to each flow.
[0039] In some embodiments, the sensors 104 can perform some
preprocessing of the network traffic and corresponding data before
sending the data to the collectors 106. For example, the sensors
104 can remove extraneous or duplicative data or they can create
summaries of the data (e.g., latency, number of packets per flow,
number of bytes per flow, number of flows, etc.). In some
embodiments, the sensors 104 can be configured to only capture
certain types of network information and disregard the rest. In
some embodiments, the sensors 104 can be configured to capture only
a representative sample of packets (e.g., every 1,000th packet or
other suitable sample rate) and corresponding data.
[0040] Since the sensors 104 can be located throughout the network,
network traffic and corresponding data can be collected from
multiple vantage points or multiple perspectives in the network to
provide a more comprehensive view of network behavior. The capture
of network traffic and corresponding data from multiple
perspectives rather than just at a single sensor located in the
data path or in communication with a component in the data path,
allows the data to be correlated from the various data sources,
which can be used as additional data points by the analytics engine
110. Further, collecting network traffic and corresponding data
from multiple points of view ensures more accurate data is
captured. For example, a conventional sensor network can be limited
to sensors running on external-facing network devices (e.g.,
routers, switches, network appliances, etc.) such that east-west
traffic, including VM-to-VM or container-to-container traffic on a
same host, may not be monitored. In addition, packets that are
dropped before traversing a network device or packets containing
errors cannot be accurately monitored by the conventional sensor
network. The sensor network 104 of various embodiments
substantially mitigates or eliminates these issues altogether by
locating sensors at multiple points of potential failure. Moreover,
the network traffic monitoring system 100 can verify multiple
instances of data for a flow (e.g., source endpoint flow data,
network device flow data, and endpoint flow data) against one
another.
[0041] In some embodiments, the network traffic monitoring system
100 can assess a degree of accuracy of flow data sets from multiple
sensors and utilize a flow data set from a single sensor determined
to be the most accurate and/or complete. The degree of accuracy can
be based on factors such as network topology (e.g., a sensor closer
to the source can be more likely to be more accurate than a sensor
closer to the destination), a state of a sensor or a node hosting
the sensor (e.g., a compromised sensor/node can have less accurate
flow data than an uncompromised sensor/node), or flow data volume
(e.g., a sensor capturing a greater number of packets for a flow
can be more accurate than a sensor capturing a smaller number of
packets).
[0042] In some embodiments, the network traffic monitoring system
100 can assemble the most accurate flow data set and corresponding
data from multiple sensors. For instance, a first sensor along a
data path can capture data for a first packet of a flow but can be
missing data for a second packet of the flow while the situation is
reversed for a second sensor along the data path. The network
traffic monitoring system 100 can assemble data for the flow from
the first packet captured by the first sensor and the second packet
captured by the second sensor.
[0043] As discussed, the sensors 104 can send network traffic and
corresponding data to the collectors 106. In some embodiments, each
sensor can be assigned to a primary collector and a secondary
collector as part of a high availability scheme. If the primary
collector fails or communications between the sensor and the
primary collector are not otherwise possible, a sensor can send its
network traffic and corresponding data to the secondary collector.
In other embodiments, the sensors 104 are not assigned specific
collectors but the network traffic monitoring system 100 can
determine an optimal collector for receiving the network traffic
and corresponding data through a discovery process. In such
embodiments, a sensor can change where it sends it network traffic
and corresponding data if its environments changes, such as if a
default collector fails or if the sensor is migrated to a new
location and it would be optimal for the sensor to send its data to
a different collector. For example, it can be preferable for the
sensor to send its network traffic and corresponding data on a
particular path and/or to a particular collector based on latency,
shortest path, monetary cost (e.g., using private resources versus
a public resources provided by a public cloud provider), error
rate, or some combination of these factors. In other embodiments, a
sensor can send different types of network traffic and
corresponding data to different collectors. For example, the sensor
can send first network traffic and corresponding data related to
one type of process to one collector and second network traffic and
corresponding data related to another type of process to another
collector.
[0044] The collectors 106 can be any type of storage medium that
can serve as a repository for the network traffic and corresponding
data captured by the sensors 104. In some embodiments, data storage
for the collectors 106 is located in an in-memory database, such as
dashDB from IBM.RTM., although it should be appreciated that the
data storage for the collectors 106 can be any software and/or
hardware capable of providing rapid random access speeds typically
used for analytics software. In various embodiments, the collectors
106 can utilize solid state drives, disk drives, magnetic tape
drives, or a combination of the foregoing according to cost,
responsiveness, and size requirements. Further, the collectors 106
can utilize various database structures such as a normalized
relational database or a NoSQL database, among others.
[0045] In some embodiments, the collectors 106 can only serve as
network storage for the network traffic monitoring system 100. In
such embodiments, the network traffic monitoring system 100 can
include a data mover module 108 for retrieving data from the
collectors 106 and making the data available to network clients,
such as the components of the analytics engine 110. In effect, the
data mover module 108 can serve as a gateway for presenting
network-attached storage to the network clients. In other
embodiments, the collectors 106 can perform additional functions,
such as organizing, summarizing, and preprocessing data. For
example, the collectors 106 can tabulate how often packets of
certain sizes or types are transmitted from different nodes of the
network. The collectors 106 can also characterize the traffic flows
going to and from various nodes. In some embodiments, the
collectors 106 can match packets based on sequence numbers, thus
identifying traffic flows and connection links. As it can be
inefficient to retain all data indefinitely in certain
circumstances, in some embodiments, the collectors 106 can
periodically replace detailed network traffic data with
consolidated summaries. In this manner, the collectors 106 can
retain a complete dataset describing one period (e.g., the past
minute or other suitable period of time), with a smaller dataset of
another period (e.g., the previous 2-10 minutes or other suitable
period of time), and progressively consolidate network traffic and
corresponding data of other periods of time (e.g., day, week,
month, year, etc.). In some embodiments, network traffic and
corresponding data for a set of flows identified as normal or
routine can be winnowed at an earlier period of time while a more
complete data set can be retained for a lengthier period of time
for another set of flows identified as anomalous or as an
attack.
[0046] The analytics engine 110 can generate analytics using data
collected by the sensors 104. Analytics generated by the analytics
engine 110 can include applicable analytics of nodes or a cluster
of nodes operating in a network. For example, analytics generated
by the analytics engine 110 can include one or a combination of
information related to flows of data through nodes, detected
attacks on a network or nodes of a network, applications at nodes
or distributed across the nodes, application dependency mappings
for applications at nodes, policies implemented at nodes, and
actual policies enforced at nodes.
[0047] Computer networks can be exposed to a variety of different
attacks that expose vulnerabilities of computer systems in order to
compromise their security. Some network traffic can be associated
with malicious programs or devices. The analytics engine 110 can be
provided with examples of network states corresponding to an attack
and network states corresponding to normal operation. The analytics
engine 110 can then analyze network traffic and corresponding data
to recognize when the network is under attack. In some embodiments,
the network can operate within a trusted environment for a period
of time so that the analytics engine 110 can establish a baseline
of normal operation. Since malware is constantly evolving and
changing, machine learning can be used to dynamically update models
for identifying malicious traffic patterns.
[0048] In some embodiments, the analytics engine 110 can be used to
identify observations which differ from other examples in a
dataset. For example, if a training set of example data with known
outlier labels exists, supervised anomaly detection techniques can
be used. Supervised anomaly detection techniques utilize data sets
that have been labeled as normal and abnormal and train a
classifier. In a case in which it is unknown whether examples in
the training data are outliers, unsupervised anomaly techniques can
be used. Unsupervised anomaly detection techniques can be used to
detect anomalies in an unlabeled test data set under the assumption
that the majority of instances in the data set are normal by
looking for instances that seem to fit to the remainder of the data
set.
[0049] The analytics engine 110 can include a data lake 130, an
application dependency mapping (ADM) module 140, and elastic
processing engines 150. The data lake 130 is a large-scale storage
repository that provides massive storage for various types of data,
enormous processing power, and the ability to handle nearly
limitless concurrent tasks or jobs. In some embodiments, the data
lake 130 is implemented using the Hadoop.RTM. Distributed File
System (HDFS.TM.) from Apache.RTM. Software Foundation of Forest
Hill, Md. HDFS.TM. is a highly scalable and distributed file system
that can scale to thousands of cluster nodes, millions of files,
and petabytes of data. HDFS.TM. is optimized for batch processing
where data locations are exposed to allow computations to take
place where the data resides. HDFS.TM. provides a single namespace
for an entire cluster to allow for data coherency in a write-once,
read-many access model. That is, clients can only append to
existing files in the node. In HDFS.TM., files are separated into
blocks, which are typically 64 MB in size and are replicated in
multiple data nodes. Clients access data directly from data
nodes.
[0050] In some embodiments, the data mover 108 receives raw network
traffic and corresponding data from the collectors 106 and
distributes or pushes the data to the data lake 130. The data lake
130 can also receive and store out-of-band data 114, such as
statuses on power levels, network availability, server performance,
temperature conditions, cage door positions, and other data from
internal sources, and third party data 116, such as security
reports (e.g., provided by Cisco.RTM. Systems, Inc. of San Jose,
Calif., Arbor Networks.RTM. of Burlington, Mass., Symantec.RTM.
Corp. of Sunnyvale, Calif., Sophos.RTM. Group plc of Abingdon,
England, Microsoft.RTM. Corp. of Seattle, Wash., Verizon.RTM.
Communications, Inc. of New York, N.Y., among others), geolocation
data, IP watch lists, Whois data, configuration management database
(CMDB) or configuration management system (CMS) as a service, and
other data from external sources. In other embodiments, the data
lake 130 can instead fetch or pull raw traffic and corresponding
data from the collectors 106 and relevant data from the out-of-band
data sources 114 and the third party data sources 116. In yet other
embodiments, the functionality of the collectors 106, the data
mover 108, the out-of-band data sources 114, the third party data
sources 116, and the data lake 130 can be combined. Various
combinations and configurations are possible as would be known to
one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0051] Each component of the data lake 130 can perform certain
processing of the raw network traffic data and/or other data (e.g.,
host data, process data, user data, out-of-band data or third party
data) to transform the raw data to a form useable by the elastic
processing engines 150. In some embodiments, the data lake 130 can
include repositories for flow attributes 132, host and/or endpoint
attributes 134, process attributes 136, and policy attributes 138.
In some embodiments, the data lake 130 can also include
repositories for VM or container attributes, application
attributes, tenant attributes, network topology, application
dependency maps, cluster attributes, etc.
[0052] The flow attributes 132 relate to information about flows
traversing the network. A flow is generally one or more packets
sharing certain attributes that are sent within a network within a
specified period of time. The flow attributes 132 can include
packet header fields such as a source address (e.g., Internet
Protocol (IP) address, Media Access Control (MAC) address, Domain
Name System (DNS) name, or other network address), source port,
destination address, destination port, protocol type, class of
service, among other fields. The source address can correspond to a
first endpoint (e.g., network device, physical server, virtual
partition, etc.) of the network, and the destination address can
correspond to a second endpoint, a multicast group, or a broadcast
domain. The flow attributes 132 can also include aggregate packet
data such as flow start time, flow end time, number of packets for
a flow, number of bytes for a flow, the union of TCP flags for a
flow, among other flow data.
[0053] The host and/or endpoint attributes 134 describe host and/or
endpoint data for each flow, and can include host and/or endpoint
name, network address, operating system, CPU usage, network usage,
disk space, ports, logged users, scheduled jobs, open files, and
information regarding files and/or directories stored on a host
and/or endpoint (e.g., presence, absence, or modifications of log
files, configuration files, device special files, or protected
electronic information). As discussed, in some embodiments, the
host and/or endpoints attributes 134 can also include the
out-of-band data 114 regarding hosts such as power level,
temperature, and physical location (e.g., room, row, rack, cage
door position, etc.) or the third party data 116 such as whether a
host and/or endpoint is on an IP watch list or otherwise associated
with a security threat, Whois data, or geocoordinates. In some
embodiments, the out-of-band data 114 and the third party data 116
can be associated by process, user, flow, or other more granular or
less granular network element or network communication.
[0054] The process attributes 136 relate to process data
corresponding to each flow, and can include process name (e.g.,
bash, httpd, netstat, etc.), ID, parent process ID, path (e.g.,
/usr2/username/bin/, /usr/local/bin, /usr/bin, etc.), CPU
utilization, memory utilization, memory address, scheduling
information, nice value, flags, priority, status, start time,
terminal type, CPU time taken by the process, the command that
started the process, and information regarding a process owner
(e.g., user name, ID, user's real name, e-mail address, user's
groups, terminal information, login time, expiration date of login,
idle time, and information regarding files and/or directories of
the user).
[0055] The policy attributes 138 contain information relating to
network policies. Policies establish whether a particular flow is
allowed or denied by the network as well as a specific route by
which a packet traverses the network. Policies can also be used to
mark packets so that certain kinds of traffic receive
differentiated service when used in combination with queuing
techniques such as those based on priority, fairness, weighted
fairness, token bucket, random early detection, round robin, among
others. The policy attributes 138 can include policy statistics
such as a number of times a policy was enforced or a number of
times a policy was not enforced. The policy attributes 138 can also
include associations with network traffic data. For example, flows
found to be non-conformant can be linked or tagged with
corresponding policies to assist in the investigation of
non-conformance.
[0056] The analytics engine 110 can include any number of engines
150, including for example, a flow engine 152 for identifying flows
(e.g., flow engine 152) or an attacks engine 154 for identify
attacks to the network. In some embodiments, the analytics engine
can include a separate distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack
engine 155 for specifically detecting DDoS attacks. In other
embodiments, a DDoS attack engine can be a component or a
sub-engine of a general attacks engine. In some embodiments, the
attacks engine 154 and/or the DDoS engine 155 can use machine
learning techniques to identify security threats to a network. For
example, the attacks engine 154 and/or the DDoS engine 155 can be
provided with examples of network states corresponding to an attack
and network states corresponding to normal operation. The attacks
engine 154 and/or the DDoS engine 155 can then analyze network
traffic data to recognize when the network is under attack. In some
embodiments, the network can operate within a trusted environment
for a time to establish a baseline for normal network operation for
the attacks engine 154 and/or the DDoS.
[0057] The analytics engine 110 can further include a search engine
156. The search engine 156 can be configured, for example to
perform a structured search, an NLP (Natural Language Processing)
search, or a visual search. Data can be provided to the engines
from one or more processing components.
[0058] The analytics engine 110 can also include a policy engine
158 that manages network policy, including creating and/or
importing policies, monitoring policy conformance and
non-conformance, enforcing policy, simulating changes to policy or
network elements affecting policy, among other policy-related
tasks.
[0059] The ADM module 140 can determine dependencies of
applications of the network. That is, particular patterns of
traffic can correspond to an application, and the interconnectivity
or dependencies of the application can be mapped to generate a
graph for the application (i.e., an application dependency
mapping). In this context, an application refers to a set of
networking components that provides connectivity for a given set of
workloads. For example, in a conventional three-tier architecture
for a web application, first endpoints of the web tier, second
endpoints of the application tier, and third endpoints of the data
tier make up the web application. The ADM module 140 can receive
input data from various repositories of the data lake 130 (e.g.,
the flow attributes 132, the host and/or endpoint attributes 134,
the process attributes 136, etc.). The ADM module 140 can analyze
the input data to determine that there is first traffic flowing
between external endpoints on port 80 of the first endpoints
corresponding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests and
responses. The input data can also indicate second traffic between
first ports of the first endpoints and second ports of the second
endpoints corresponding to application server requests and
responses and third traffic flowing between third ports of the
second endpoints and fourth ports of the third endpoints
corresponding to database requests and responses. The ADM module
140 can define an ADM for the web application as a three-tier
application including a first EPG comprising the first endpoints, a
second EPG comprising the second endpoints, and a third EPG
comprising the third endpoints.
[0060] The presentation module 112 can include an application
programming interface (API) or command line interface (CLI) 160, a
security information and event management (SIEM) interface 162, and
a web front-end 164. As the analytics engine 110 processes network
traffic and corresponding data and generates analytics data, the
analytics data may not be in a human-readable form or it can be too
voluminous for a user to navigate. The presentation module 112 can
take the analytics data generated by analytics engine 110 and
further summarize, filter, and organize the analytics data as well
as create intuitive presentations for the analytics data.
[0061] In some embodiments, the API or CLI 160 can be implemented
using Hadoop.RTM. Hive from Apache.RTM. for the back end, and
Java.RTM. Database Connectivity (JDBC) from Oracle.RTM. Corporation
of Redwood Shores, Calif., as an API layer. Hive is a data
warehouse infrastructure that provides data summarization and ad
hoc querying. Hive provides a mechanism to query data using a
variation of structured query language (SQL) that is called HiveQL.
JDBC is an API for the programming language Java.RTM., which
defines how a client can access a database.
[0062] In some embodiments, the SIEM interface 162 can be
implemented using Hadoop.RTM. Kafka for the back end, and software
provided by Splunk.RTM., Inc. of San Francisco, Calif. as the SIEM
platform. Kafka is a distributed messaging system that is
partitioned and replicated. Kafka uses the concept of topics.
Topics are feeds of messages in specific categories. In some
embodiments, Kafka can take raw packet captures and telemetry
information from the data mover 108 as input, and output messages
to a SIEM platform, such as Splunk.RTM.. The Splunk.RTM. platform
is utilized for searching, monitoring, and analyzing
machine-generated data.
[0063] In some embodiments, the web front-end 164 can be
implemented using software provided by MongoDB.RTM., Inc. of New
York, N.Y. and Hadoop.RTM. ElasticSearch from Apache.RTM. for the
back-end, and Ruby on Rails.TM. as the web application framework.
MongoDB.RTM. is a document-oriented NoSQL database based on
documents in the form of JavaScript.RTM. Object Notation (JSON)
with dynamic schemas. ElasticSearch is a scalable and real-time
search and analytics engine that provides domain-specific language
(DSL) full querying based on JSON. Ruby on Rails.TM. is
model-view-controller (MVC) framework that provides default
structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. Ruby on
Rails.TM. relies on web standards such as JSON or extensible markup
language (XML) for data transfer, and hypertext markup language
(HTML), cascading style sheets, (CSS), and JavaScript.RTM. for
display and user interfacing.
[0064] Although FIG. 1 illustrates an example configuration of the
various components of a network traffic monitoring system, those of
skill in the art will understand that the components of the network
traffic monitoring system 100 or any system described herein can be
configured in a number of different ways and can include any other
type and number of components. For example, the sensors 104, the
collectors 106, the data mover 108, and the data lake 130 can
belong to one hardware and/or software module or multiple separate
modules. Other modules can also be combined into fewer components
and/or further divided into more components.
[0065] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a network environment 200
in accordance with an embodiment. In some embodiments, a network
traffic monitoring system, such as the network traffic monitoring
system 100 of FIG. 1, can be implemented in the network environment
200. It should be understood that, for the network environment 200
and any environment discussed herein, there can be additional or
fewer nodes, devices, links, networks, or components in similar or
alternative configurations. Embodiments with different numbers
and/or types of clients, networks, nodes, cloud components,
servers, software components, devices, virtual or physical
resources, configurations, topologies, services, appliances,
deployments, or network devices are also contemplated herein.
Further, the network environment 200 can include any number or type
of resources, which can be accessed and utilized by clients or
tenants. The illustrations and examples provided herein are for
clarity and simplicity.
[0066] The network environment 200 can include a network fabric
202, a Layer 2 (L2) network 204, a Layer 3 (L3) network 206, and
servers 208a, 208b, 208c, 208d, and 208e (collectively, 208). The
network fabric 202 can include spine switches 210a, 210b, 210c, and
210d (collectively, "210") and leaf switches 212a, 212b, 212c,
212d, and 212e (collectively, "212"). The spine switches 210 can
connect to the leaf switches 212 in the network fabric 202. The
leaf switches 212 can include access ports (or non-fabric ports)
and fabric ports. The fabric ports can provide uplinks to the spine
switches 210, while the access ports can provide connectivity to
endpoints (e.g., the servers 208), internal networks (e.g., the L2
network 204), or external networks (e.g., the L3 network 206).
[0067] The leaf switches 212 can reside at the edge of the network
fabric 202, and can thus represent the physical network edge. For
instance, in some embodiments, the leaf switches 212d and 212e
operate as border leaf switches in communication with edge devices
214 located in the external network 206. The border leaf switches
212d and 212e can be used to connect any type of external network
device, service (e.g., firewall, deep packet inspector, traffic
monitor, load balancer, etc.), or network (e.g., the L3 network
206) to the fabric 202.
[0068] Although the network fabric 202 is illustrated and described
herein as an example leaf-spine architecture, one of ordinary skill
in the art will readily recognize that various embodiments can be
implemented based on any network topology, including any datacenter
or cloud network fabric. Indeed, other architectures, designs,
infrastructures, and variations are contemplated herein. For
example, the principles disclosed herein are applicable to
topologies including three-tier (including core, aggregation, and
access levels), fat tree, mesh, bus, hub and spoke, etc. Thus, in
some embodiments, the leaf switches 212 can be top-of-rack switches
configured according to a top-of-rack architecture. In other
embodiments, the leaf switches 212 can be aggregation switches in
any particular topology, such as end-of-row or middle-of-row
topologies. In some embodiments, the leaf switches 212 can also be
implemented using aggregation switches.
[0069] Moreover, the topology illustrated in FIG. 2 and described
herein is readily scalable and can accommodate a large number of
components, as well as more complicated arrangements and
configurations. For example, the network can include any number of
fabrics 202, which can be geographically dispersed or located in
the same geographic area. Thus, network nodes can be used in any
suitable network topology, which can include any number of servers,
virtual machines or containers, switches, routers, appliances,
controllers, gateways, or other nodes interconnected to form a
large and complex network. Nodes can be coupled to other nodes or
networks through one or more interfaces employing any suitable
wired or wireless connection, which provides a viable pathway for
electronic communications.
[0070] Network communications in the network fabric 202 can flow
through the leaf switches 212. In some embodiments, the leaf
switches 212 can provide endpoints (e.g., the servers 208),
internal networks (e.g., the L2 network 204), or external networks
(e.g., the L3 network 206) access to the network fabric 202, and
can connect the leaf switches 212 to each other. In some
embodiments, the leaf switches 212 can connect endpoint groups
(EPGs) to the network fabric 202, internal networks (e.g., the L2
network 204), and/or any external networks (e.g., the L3 network
206). EPGs are groupings of applications, or application
components, and tiers for implementing forwarding and policy logic.
EPGs can allow for separation of network policy, security, and
forwarding from addressing by using logical application boundaries.
EPGs can be used in the network environment 200 for mapping
applications in the network. For example, EPGs can comprise a
grouping of endpoints in the network indicating connectivity and
policy for applications.
[0071] As discussed, the servers 208 can connect to the network
fabric 202 via the leaf switches 212. For example, the servers 208a
and 208b can connect directly to the leaf switches 212a and 212b,
which can connect the servers 208a and 208b to the network fabric
202 and/or any of the other leaf switches. The servers 208c and
208d can connect to the leaf switches 212b and 212c via the L2
network 204. The servers 208c and 208d and the L2 network 204 make
up a local area network (LAN). LANs can connect nodes over
dedicated private communications links located in the same general
physical location, such as a building or campus.
[0072] The WAN 206 can connect to the leaf switches 212d or 212e
via the L3 network 206. WANs can connect geographically dispersed
nodes over long-distance communications links, such as common
carrier telephone lines, optical light paths, synchronous optical
networks (SONET), or synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) links.
LANs and WANs can include L2 and/or L3 networks and endpoints.
[0073] The Internet is an example of a WAN that connects disparate
networks throughout the world, providing global communication
between nodes on various networks. The nodes typically communicate
over the network by exchanging discrete frames or packets of data
according to predefined protocols, such as the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). In this context, a protocol
can refer to a set of rules defining how the nodes interact with
each other. Computer networks can be further interconnected by an
intermediate network node, such as a router, to extend the
effective size of each network. The endpoints, e.g. the servers
208, can include any communication device or component, such as a
computer, server, blade, hypervisor, virtual machine, container,
process (e.g., running on a virtual machine), switch, router,
gateway, host, device, external network, etc.
[0074] In some embodiments, the network environment 200 also
includes a network controller running on the host 208a. The network
controller is implemented using the Application Policy
Infrastructure Controller (APIC.TM.) from Cisco.RTM.. The APIC.TM.
provides a centralized point of automation and management, policy
programming, application deployment, and health monitoring for the
fabric 202. In some embodiments, the APIC.TM. is operated as a
replicated synchronized clustered controller. In other embodiments,
other configurations or software-defined networking (SDN) platforms
can be utilized for managing the fabric 202.
[0075] In some embodiments, a physical server 208 can have
instantiated thereon a hypervisor 216 for creating and running one
or more virtual switches (not shown) and one or more virtual
machines 218, as shown for the host 208b. In other embodiments,
physical servers can run a shared kernel for hosting containers. In
yet other embodiments, the physical server 208 can run other
software for supporting other virtual partitioning approaches.
Networks in accordance with various embodiments can include any
number of physical servers hosting any number of virtual machines,
containers, or other virtual partitions. Hosts can also comprise
blade/physical servers without virtual machines, containers, or
other virtual partitions, such as the servers 208a, 208c, 208d, and
208e.
[0076] The network environment 200 can also integrate a network
traffic monitoring system, such as the network traffic monitoring
system 100 shown in FIG. 1. For example, the network traffic
monitoring system of FIG. 2 includes sensors 220a, 220b, 220c, and
220d (collectively, "220"), collectors 222, and an analytics
engine, such as the analytics engine 110 of FIG. 1, executing on
the server 208e. The analytics engine can receive and process
network traffic data collected by the collectors 222 and detected
by the sensors 220 placed on nodes located throughout the network
environment 200. Although the analytics engine 208e is shown to be
a standalone network appliance in FIG. 2, it will be appreciated
that the analytics engine 208e can also be implemented as a virtual
partition (e.g., VM or container) that can be distributed onto a
host or cluster of hosts, software as a service (SaaS), or other
suitable method of distribution. In some embodiments, the sensors
220 run on the leaf switches 212 (e.g., the sensor 220a), the hosts
(e.g., the sensor 220b), the hypervisor 216 (e.g., the sensor
220c), and the VMs 218 (e.g., the sensor 220d). In other
embodiments, the sensors 220 can also run on the spine switches
210, virtual switches, service appliances (e.g., firewall, deep
packet inspector, traffic monitor, load balancer, etc.) and in
between network elements. In some embodiments, sensors 220 can be
located at each (or nearly every) network component to capture
granular packet statistics and data at each hop of data
transmission. In other embodiments, the sensors 220 may not be
installed in all components or portions of the network (e.g.,
shared hosting environment in which customers have exclusive
control of some virtual machines).
[0077] As shown in FIG. 2, a host can include multiple sensors 220
running on the host (e.g., the host sensor 220b) and various
components of the host (e.g., the hypervisor sensor 220c and the VM
sensor 220d) so that all (or substantially all) packets traversing
the network environment 200 can be monitored. For example, if one
of the VMs 218 running on the host 208b receives a first packet
from the WAN 206, the first packet can pass through the border leaf
switch 212d, the spine switch 210b, the leaf switch 212b, the host
208b, the hypervisor 216, and the VM. Since all or nearly all of
these components contain a respective sensor, the first packet will
likely be identified and reported to one of the collectors 222. As
another example, if a second packet is transmitted from one of the
VMs 218 running on the host 208b to the host 208d, sensors
installed along the data path, such as at the VM 218, the
hypervisor 216, the host 208b, the leaf switch 212b, and the host
208d will likely result in capture of metadata from the second
packet.
[0078] Currently, sensors deployed in a network can be used to
gather network traffic data related to nodes operating in the
network. The network traffic data can include metadata relating to
a packet, a collection of packets, a flow, a bidirectional flow, a
group of flows, a session, or a network communication of another
granularity. That is, the network traffic data can generally
include any information describing communication on all layers of
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. For example, the
network traffic data can include source/destination MAC address,
source/destination IP address, protocol, port number, etc. In some
embodiments, the network traffic data can also include summaries of
network activity or other network statistics such as number of
packets, number of bytes, number of flows, bandwidth usage,
response time, latency, packet loss, jitter, and other network
statistics.
[0079] Gathered network traffic data can be analyzed to provide
insights into the operation of the nodes in the network, otherwise
referred to as analytics. In particular, discovered application or
inventories, application dependencies, policies, efficiencies,
resource and bandwidth usage, and network flows can be determined
for the network using the network traffic data.
[0080] Sensors deployed in a network can be used to gather network
traffic data on a client and server level of granularity. For
example, network traffic data can be gathered for determining which
clients are communicating which servers and vice versa. However,
sensors are not currently deployed or integrated with systems to
gather network traffic data for different segments of traffic flows
forming the traffic flows between a server and a client.
Specifically, current sensors gather network traffic data as
traffic flows directly between a client and a server while ignoring
which nodes, e.g. middleboxes, the traffic flows actually pass
through in passing between a server and a client. This effectively
treats the network environment between servers and clients as a
black box and leads to gaps in network traffic data and traffic
flows indicated by the network traffic data.
[0081] In turn, such gaps in network traffic data and corresponding
traffic flows can lead to deficiencies in diagnosing problems
within a network environment. For example, a problem stemming from
an incorrectly configured middlebox might be diagnosed as occurring
at a client as the flow between the client and a server is treated
as a black box. In another example, gaps in network traffic data
between a server and a client can lead to an inability to determine
whether policies are correctly enforced at a middlebox between the
server and the client. There therefore exist needs for systems,
methods, and computer-readable media for generating network traffic
data at nodes between servers and clients, e.g. at middleboxes
between the servers and clients. In particular, there exist needs
for systems, methods, and computer-readable media for stitching
together traffic flows at nodes between servers and clients to
generate a more complete and detailed traffic flow, e.g. between
the servers and the clients.
[0082] Further, as nodes between a client and a server, e.g.
middleboxes, are treated as black boxes it is difficult to identify
how the nodes are actually configured to operate in a network
environment. In particular, as nodes are treated as black boxes
with respect to traffic flows through the nodes, it is difficult to
automatically identify how the nodes are actually configured to
operate in a network environment. This is problematic as a node can
be configured to operate according to an expected configuration but
actually be operating at a different or unexpected configuration.
There, therefore exist needs for systems, methods, and
computer-readable media for discovering configurations of nodes in
a network environment between clients and servers based on traffic
flows through the nodes.
[0083] Additionally, network environments typically include a large
number of intermediate nodes, e.g. middleboxes, between clients and
servers. Typically, identifying a configuration of these
intermediate nodes requires effort and intervention from network
administrators. For example, network administrators have to gather
data of servers a node is communicating with and analyze the data,
e.g. using application discovery, to determine configurations of
the nodes. This can be extremely burdensome for typical network
environments that include large numbers of nodes between clients
and servers. There, therefore exist needs for systems, methods, and
computer-readable media for automatically discovering
configurations of nodes in a network environment between clients
and servers.
[0084] The present includes systems, methods, and computer-readable
media for automatically identifying configurations of middleboxes
using stitched traffic flows at the middleboxes. In particular,
flow records of traffic flow segments at a middlebox in a network
environment can be collected. The flow records can include
transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments.
Sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments of the
traffic flow segments in the network environment with respect to
the middlebox can be determined using the flow records. Further,
the traffic flow segments can be stitched together to form a
plurality of stitched traffic flows at the middlebox using either
or both the transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow
segments and the sources and destinations of the traffic flow
segments identified from the flow records. The stitched traffic
flows can pass through the middlebox ultimately between one or more
clients and one or more servers as client-server switched traffic
flows between the one or more client and the one or more servers. A
configuration of the middlebox operating in the network environment
can be identified based on the stitched traffic flows at the
middlebox in the network environment. The configuration of the
middlebox can include the configuration of the middlebox operating
to facilitate network service access to the one or more clients in
the network environment through the one or more servers.
[0085] FIG. 3 depicts a diagram of an example network environment
300 for stitching together traffic flow segments across multiple
nodes between a client and a server. The network environment 300
shown in FIG. 3 includes a client 302, a server 304, a first
middlebox 306-1, and a second middlebox 306-2 (herein referred to
as "the middleboxes 306"). The client 302 and the server 304 can
exchange data. More specifically, the client 302 and the server 304
can exchange data as part of the client 302 accessing network
services in the network environment 300 and as part of the server
304 providing the client 302 access to network services in the
network environment 300. For example, the client 302 can send a
request for data that can ultimately be delivered to the server 304
and the server 304 can ultimately send the data back to the client
302 as part of a reply to the request.
[0086] The client 302 and the server 304 can exchange data as part
of one or more traffic flows. A traffic flow can be unidirectional
or bidirectional. For example, a traffic flow can include the
client 302 sending a request that is ultimately received at the
server 304. Vice versa, a traffic flow can include the server 304
sending a response that is ultimately received at the client 302.
In another example, a traffic flow can include both the client 302
sending a request that is ultimately received at the server 304 and
the server 304 sending a response to the request that is ultimately
received at the client 302. Traffic flows between the client 302
and the server 304 can form part of a traffic flow including the
client 302 and other sources/destinations at different network
nodes, e.g. separate from the server 304 and the client 302, within
a network environment. For example, traffic flows between the
client 302 and the server 304 can form part of an overall traffic
flow between the client 302 and a network node within a network
environment that is ultimately accessed through the server 304 and
a network fabric.
[0087] Further, the client 302 and the server 304 can exchange data
as part of one or more transactions. A transaction can include a
request originating at the client 302 and ultimately sent to the
server 304. Further, a transaction can include a response to the
request originating at the server 304 and ultimately send to the
client 302. Vice versa, a transaction can include a request that
originates at the server 304 and is ultimately sent to the client
302 and a response to the request that originates at the client 302
and is ultimately send to the server 304. A transaction can be
associated with a completed flow. Specifically, a completed flow of
a transaction can include a request that originates at the client
302 and is sent to the server 304 and a response to the request
that originates at the server 304 and is sent to the client
302.
[0088] In the example network environment 300 shown in FIG. 3, the
client 302 and the server 304 can exchange data or otherwise
communicate through the middleboxes 306. A middlebox, as used
herein, is an applicable networking device for controlling network
traffic in the network environment 300 that passes through the
middlebox. More specifically, a middlebox can be an applicable
networking device for filtering, inspecting, modifying, or
otherwise controlling traffic that passes through the middlebox for
purposes other than actually forwarding the traffic to an intended
destination. For example, a middlebox can include a firewall, an
intrusion detection system, a network address translator, a WAN
optimizer, and a load balancer.
[0089] In supporting exchange of data between the client 302 and
the server 304, different portions of traffic flows, otherwise
referred to as traffic flow segments, can be created at the
middleboxes 306 between the client 302 and the server 304.
Specifically, the first middlebox 306-1 can receive data from the
client 302 in a first traffic flow segment 308-1. Subsequently, the
first middlebox 306-1 can provide data received from the client
302, e.g. through the first traffic flow segment 308-1, to the
second middlebox 306-2 as part of a second traffic flow segment
308-2. The second middlebox 306-2 can then provide the data
received from the client 302 through the first middlebox 306-1,
e.g. through the second traffic flow segment 308-2, to the server
304 as part of a third traffic flow segment 308-3. Similarly, the
second middlebox 306-2 can receive data from the server 304 in a
fourth traffic flow segment 308-4. The second middlebox 306-2 can
provide data received from the server 304, e.g. in the fourth
traffic flow segment 308-4, to the first middlebox 306-1 in a fifth
traffic flow segment 308-5. Subsequently, the first middlebox 306-1
can provide data from the server 304 and received from the second
middlebox in the fifth traffic flow segment 308-5 to the client 302
as part of a sixth traffic flow segment 308-6.
[0090] All or an applicable combination of the first traffic flow
segment 308-1, the second traffic flow segment 308-2, the third
traffic flow segment 308-3, the fourth traffic flow segment 308-4,
the fifth traffic flow segment 308-5, and the sixth traffic flow
segment 308-6 (collectively referred to as the "traffic flow
segments 308") can form part of a single traffic flow. For example,
the first traffic flow segment 308-1, the second traffic flow
segment 308-2, and the third traffic flow segment 308-3 can be used
to transmit a request from the client 302 to the server 304 and
combine to form a single traffic flow between the client 302 and
the server 304. In another example, the first, second, and third
traffic flow segments 308-1, 308-2, 308-3 can form a request
transmitted to the server 304 and the fourth, fifth, and sixth
traffic flow segments 308-4, 308-5, and 308-6 can form a response
to the request. Further in the example, the traffic flow segments
308 including both the request and the response to the request can
form a single traffic flow between the client 302 and the server
304.
[0091] The traffic flow segments 308 can be associated with or
otherwise assigned one or more transaction identifiers. More
specifically, a transaction identifier can be uniquely associated
with a single traffic flow passing through both the first middlebox
306-1 and the second middlebox 306-2. Subsequently, all or a
combination of the traffic flow segments 308 can be associated with
a transaction identifier uniquely associated with a traffic flow
formed by all or the combination of the traffic flow segments 308.
For example, the traffic flow segments 308 can form a single
traffic flow between the client 302 and the server 304 and each be
assigned a single transaction identifier for the traffic flow. In
another example, the first traffic flow segment 308-1, the second
traffic flow segment 308-2, and the third traffic flow segment
308-3 can form a first traffic flow and the fourth traffic flow
segment 308-4, the fifth traffic flow segment 308-5, and the sixth
traffic flow segment 308-6 can form a second traffic flow.
Subsequently, a transaction identifier uniquely associated with the
first traffic flow can be assigned to the first traffic flow
segment 308-1, the second traffic flow segment 308-2, and the third
traffic flow segment 308-3, while a transaction identifier uniquely
associated with the second traffic flow can be assigned to the
fourth traffic flow segment 308-4, the fifth traffic flow segment
308-5, and the sixth traffic flow segment 308-6.
[0092] While the client 302 and the server 304 are shown as
communicating through the middleboxes 306, in the example
environment shown in FIG. 3, either or both of the client 302 and
the server 304 can be replaced with another middlebox. For example,
the server 304 and another middlebox can communicate with each
other through the middleboxes 306. In another example, the client
302 and another middlebox can communicate with each other through
the middleboxes 306.
[0093] The example network environment 300 shown in FIG. 3 includes
a first middlebox traffic flow segment collector 310-1, a second
middlebox traffic flow segment collector 310-2 (herein referred to
as "middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310"), and a
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312. The middlebox traffic
flow segment collectors 310 function to collect flow records for
the middleboxes 306. In collecting flow records for the middleboxes
306, the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 can be
implemented as an appliance. Further, the middlebox traffic flow
segment collectors 310 can be implemented, at least in part, at the
middleboxes 306. Additionally, the middlebox traffic flow segment
collectors 310 can be implemented, at least in part, remote from
the middleboxes 306. For example, the middlebox traffic flow
segment collectors 310 can be implemented on virtual machines
either residing at the middleboxes 306 or remote from the
middleboxes 306. While, the example network environment 300 in FIG.
3 is shown to include separate middlebox traffic flow segment
collectors, in various embodiments, the environment 300 can only
include a single middlebox traffic flow segment collector. More
specifically, the environment 300 can include a single middlebox
traffic flow segment collector that collects flow records from both
the first middlebox 306-1 and the second middlebox 306-2.
[0094] Each of the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310
can collect flow records for a corresponding middlebox. For
example, the first middlebox traffic flow segment collector 310-1
can collect flow records for the first middlebox 306-1. Further in
the example, the second middlebox traffic flow segment collector
310-2 can collect flow records for the second middlebox 306-2.
[0095] Flow records of a middlebox can include applicable data
related to traffic segments flowing through the middlebox.
Specifically, flow records of a middlebox can include one or a
combination of a source of data transmitted in a traffic flow
segment, a destination for data transmitted in a traffic flow
segment, a transaction identifier assigned to a traffic flow
segment. More specifically, flow records of a middlebox can include
one or a combination of an address, e.g. IP address of a source or
a destination, and an identification of a port at a source or a
destination, e.g. an ephemeral port, a virtual IP (herein referred
to as "VIP") port, a subnet IP (herein referred to as "SNIP") port,
or a server port. For example, flow records collected by the first
middlebox traffic flow segment collector 310-1 for the first
traffic flow segment 308-1 and the second traffic flow segment
308-2 can include a unique identifier associated with a traffic
flow formed by the segments 308-1 and 308-2 and assigned to the
first and second traffic flow segments 308-1 and 308-2. Further in
the example, the flow records can include an IP address of the
client 302 where the first traffic flow segment 308-1 originates
and a VIP port at the first middlebox 306-1 where the first traffic
flow segment 308-1 is received. Still further in the example, the
flow records can include an SNIP port at the first middlebox 306-1
where the second traffic flow segment 308-2 originates and a VIP
port at the second middlebox 306-2 where the second traffic flow
segment 308-2 is received, e.g. for purposes of load balancing.
[0096] Data included in flow records of corresponding traffic flow
segments passing through a middlebox can depend on whether the
traffic flow segments originate at a corresponding middlebox of the
middleboxes 306 or ends at a corresponding middlebox of the
middlebox 306. For example, a flow record for the first traffic
flow segment 308-1 that is collected by the first middlebox traffic
flow segment collector 310-1 can include a unique transaction
identifier and indicate that the first traffic flow segment starts
at the client 302 and ends at the first middlebox 306-1. Similarly,
a flow record for the second traffic flow segment 308-2 can include
the unique transaction identifier, which is also assigned to the
first traffic flow segment 308-1, as well as an indication that the
second traffic flow segment starts at the first middlebox 306-1 and
ends at the second middlebox 306-2. Accordingly, flow records for
traffic flow segments passing through the middleboxes 306 are each
rooted at the middleboxes 306, e.g. by including an indication of
one of the middleboxes 306 as a source or a destination of the
traffic flow segments. Specifically, as traffic flow segments are
rooted at the middleboxes 306, flow records for the traffic flow
segments passing through the middleboxes 306 each either begin or
end at the middleboxes 306.
[0097] The middleboxes 306 can generate flow records for traffic
flow segments passing through the middleboxes 306. More
specifically, the middleboxes 306 can associate or otherwise assign
a unique transaction identifier to traffic flow segments as part of
creating flow records for the traffic flow segments. For example,
the first middlebox 306-1 can assign a TID1 of a consumer request
to the first traffic flow segment 308-1 as part of creating a flow
record, e.g. for the first traffic flow segment 308-1. Further in
the example, the first middlebox 306-1 can determine to send the
consumer request to the second middlebox 306-2 and/or the server
304, e.g. as part of load balancing. Still further in the example,
the first middlebox 306-1 can assign the TID1 of the consumer
request to the second traffic flow segment 308-1 as the consumer
request is transmitted to the second middlebox 306-2 through the
second traffic flow segment 308-2, e.g. as part of the load
balancing. Subsequently, the middleboxes 306 can export the
generated flow segments for traffic flow segments passing through
the middleboxes 306.
[0098] Additionally, the middleboxes 306 can modify a flow record
for a traffic flow segment by associating the traffic flow segment
with a transaction identifier as part of exporting the flow record.
For example, the middleboxes 306 can determine to export a flow
record for a traffic flow segment. Subsequently, before exporting
the flow record, the middleboxes 306 can associate the traffic flow
segment with a transaction identifier and subsequently modify the
flow record to include the transaction identifier. The middleboxes
306 can then export the modified flow record including the
transaction identifier.
[0099] The middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 can
collect flow records from the middleboxes 306 as the flow records
are completed or otherwise generated by the middleboxes 306.
Specifically, the middleboxes 306 can generate and/or export flow
records for traffic flow segments as all or portions of
corresponding traffic flows actually pass through the middleboxes
306. More specifically, the first middlebox 306-1 can create and
export traffic flow records as either or both the first traffic
flow segment 308-1 and the second traffic flow segment 308-2 are
completed at the first middlebox 306-1. Additionally, the
middleboxes 306 can generate and/or export flow records for traffic
flow segments once a corresponding traffic flow formed by the
segments is completed through the middleboxes 306. For example, the
first middlebox 306-1 can create and export traffic flow records
for the traffic flow segments 308-1, 308-2, 308-5, and 308-6 once
all of the traffic flow segments are transmitted to complete a
traffic flow through the first middlebox 306-1. Further in the
example, the first middlebox 306-1 can recognize that a consumer to
producer flow is complete, e.g. the first, second, and third
traffic flow segments 308-1, 308-2, 308-3 are complete or all of
the traffic flow segments 308 are completed, and subsequently the
first middlebox 306-lean export one or more corresponding flow
records to the first middlebox traffic flow segment collector
310-1.
[0100] The middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 can
receive or otherwise collect traffic flow records from the
middleboxes 306 according to an applicable protocol for exporting
flow records, e.g. from a middlebox. More specifically, the
middleboxes 306 can export flow records to the middlebox traffic
flow segment collectors 310 according to an applicable protocol for
exporting flow records, e.g. from a middlebox. For example, the
middleboxes 306 can export flow records to the middlebox traffic
flow segment collector 310 using an Internet Protocol Flow
Information Export (herein referred to as "IPFIX") protocol. In
another example, the middleboxes 306 can export flow records to the
middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 using a NetFlow
Packet transport protocol.
[0101] While flow records can indicate traffic flow segments are
rooted at the middleboxes 306, the flow records for traffic
segments passing through the middlebox 306 can fail to link the
traffic flow segments, e.g. through the middleboxes 306.
Specifically, flow records for the first traffic flow segment 308-1
can indicate that the first traffic flow segment 308-1 ends at the
first middlebox 306-1 while flow records for the second traffic
flow segment 308-2 can indicate that the second traffic flow
segment 308-2 begins at the first middlebox 306-1, while failing to
link the first and second traffic flow segments 308-1 and 308-2.
Further, flow records for the first traffic flow segment 308-1 can
indicate that the third traffic flow segment 308-3 begins at the
second middlebox 306-2, while failing to link the first and second
traffic flow segments 308-1 and 308-2 with the third traffic flow
segment 308-3.
[0102] Failing to link traffic flow segments through the
middleboxes 306 is problematic in synchronizing or otherwise
identifying how the server 304 and the client 302 communicate
through the middleboxes 306. Specifically, failing to link traffic
flow segments through the middleboxes 306 leads to a view from a
server-side perspective that all flows end in the second middlebox
306-2. Similarly, failing to link traffic flow segments through the
middleboxes 306 leads to a view from a client-side perspective that
all flows end in the first middlebox 306-1. This can correspond to
gaps in mapping traffic flows between the client 302 and the server
304, e.g. the middleboxes 306 are treated like a black box without
linking the client 302 with the server 304. In turn, this can lead
to deficiencies in diagnosing problems within the network
environment 300. For example, a failed policy check at the first
middlebox 306-1 can mistakenly be identified as happening at the
client 302 even though it actually occurs at the first middlebox
306-1. Specifically, the failed policy check can be triggered by a
failure of the first middlebox 306-1 to route data according to the
policy between the client 302 and the server 304, however since the
traffic flow segments rotted at the first middlebox 306-1 are not
linked with the traffic flow segments rotted at the second
middlebox 306-2, the failed policy check can be identified from a
traffic flow segment as occurring at the client 302 instead of the
first middlebox 306-1.
[0103] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 functions to
stitch together traffic flow segments passing through the
middleboxes 306 to create stitched traffic flows at the middleboxes
306. For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
can stitch together the first traffic flow segment 308-1, the
second traffic flow segment 308-2, the fifth traffic flow segment
308-5, and the sixth traffic flow segment 308-6 to form a stitched
traffic flow at the first middlebox 306-1. Similarly, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the second
traffic flow segment 308-2, the third traffic flow segment 308-3,
the fourth traffic flow segment 308-4, and the fifth traffic flow
segment 308-5 to form a stitched traffic flow at the second
middlebox 306-2. Stitched traffic flows can be represented or
otherwise used to create corresponding flow data. Flow data for a
stitched traffic flow can include identifiers of stitched traffic
flow segments, e.g. identifiers of sources and destinations of the
traffic flow segments, and transactions associated with the
stitched traffic flow segments, e.g. associated transaction
identifiers.
[0104] Further, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
stitch together stitched traffic flows to form a cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flow. A cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow can
include traffic flow segments stitched together across a plurality
of corresponding middleboxes that the traffic flow segments pass
through or are otherwise rooted at to create a stitched traffic
flow across the middleboxes. For example, the middlebox traffic
flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the first, second,
fifth, and sixth traffic flow segments 308-1, 308-2, 308-5, and
308-6 to form a first stitched traffic flow at the first middlebox
306-1. Further in the example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can stitch together the second, third, fourth, and fifth
traffic flow segments 308-2, 308-3, 308-4, and 308-5 to form a
second stitched traffic flow at the second middlebox 306-2. Still
further in the example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system
312 can stitch together the first stitched traffic flow and the
second stitched traffic flow to form a cross-middlebox stitched
traffic flow between the client 302 and the server 304 that spans
across the first middlebox 306-1 and the second middlebox
306-2.
[0105] In stitching together traffic flow segments at the
middleboxes 306 to create stitched traffic flows and corresponding
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows, the middleboxes 306 can no
longer function as black boxes with respect to traffic flows
passing through the middleboxes 306. Specifically, from both a
server side perspective and a client side perspective, a traffic
flow can be viewed as actually passing through the middleboxes 306
to the client 302 or the server 304 and not just as traffic flow
segments that only originate at or end at the middleboxes 306. This
is advantageous as it allows for more complete and insightful
network monitoring, leading to more accurate problem diagnosing and
solving. For example, as traffic flows are seen as actually passing
through the middleboxes 306, misconfigurations of the middleboxes
306 can be identified from the traffic flows, e.g. as part of
monitoring network environments.
[0106] Traffic flows at the middleboxes 306 stitched together by
the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can be used to
enforce policies at middleboxes, including the middleboxes 306.
Specifically, stitched traffic flows and corresponding
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows generated by the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can be used to identify
dependencies between either or both servers and clients. For
example, cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows generated by the
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can be used to generate
application dependency mappings between different applications at
servers and clients. Subsequently, policies can be set and
subsequently enforced at the middleboxes 306 based on dependencies
identified using the cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows
generated by the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312. For
example, a policy to load balance communications between clients
and servers can be identified according to an application
dependency mapping between the clients and the servers identified
through cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows at the middleboxes
306. Further in the example, the policy can subsequently be
enforced at the middleboxes 306 to provide load balancing between
the clients and the servers.
[0107] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch
together traffic flow segments passing through the middleboxes 306
based on flow records collected from the middleboxes 306.
Specifically, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
stitch together traffic flow segments based on flow records
collected by the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 from
the middleboxes 306. In using flow records to stitch together
traffic flow segments, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system
312 can stitch together traffic flow segments based on transaction
identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments, as indicated by
the flow records. Specifically, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can stitch together traffic flow segments that
are assigned the same transaction identifiers. For example, the
traffic flow segments 308 can all have the same assigned
transaction identifier, and the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can stitch together the traffic flow segments 308 to
form corresponding first and second stitched traffic flows based on
the shared transaction identifier. Further in the example, the
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the
traffic flow segments 308 to form a corresponding first stitched
traffic flow about the first middlebox 306-1 and a corresponding
second stitched traffic flow about the second middlebox 306-2.
[0108] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch
together stitched traffic flows to form a cross-middlebox stitched
traffic flow based on flow records collected from the middleboxes
306. Specifically, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
can stitch together stitched traffic flows based on one or more
transaction identifiers included as part of the flow records to
form a cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow. More specifically,
the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together
stitched traffic flows based on one or more transaction identifiers
associated with the traffic flow segments and used to generate the
stitched traffic flows from the traffic flow segments. For example,
the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together
the traffic flow segments 308 based on a transaction identifier
associated with the traffic flow segments 308 to form a first
stitched traffic flow at the first middlebox 306-1 and a second
stitched traffic flow at the second middlebox 306-2.
[0109] Further, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
identify flow directions of traffic flow segments passing through
the middlebox 306 using flow records collected from the middlebox
306 by the middlebox traffic flow segment collector 310.
Specifically, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
identify flow directions of traffic flow segments with respect to
the middlebox 306 using flow records collected from the middlebox
306. For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
can use flow records from the middlebox 306 to identify the fourth
traffic flow segment 308-4 flows from the middlebox 306 to the
client 302. The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can use
identified sources and destinations of traffic flow segments, as
indicated by flow records, to identify flow directions of the
traffic flow segments. For example, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can determine the first traffic flow segment
308-1 flows from the client 302 to the middlebox 306 based on an
identification of a client IP address as the source of the first
traffic flow segment 308-1 and an identification of a VIP port at
the middlebox 306.
[0110] In stitching together traffic flow segments based on flow
records, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch
together the traffic flow segments based on directions of the
traffic flow segments identified from the flow records. For
example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch
together the first traffic flow segment 308-1 with the second
traffic flow segment 308-2 based on the identified direction of the
first and second traffic flow segments 308-1 and 308-2 from the
client 302 towards the server 304. Additionally, in stitching
together traffic flow segments based on flow records, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the traffic
flow segments based on directions of the traffic flow segments and
also transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments.
For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
stitch the third and fourth traffic flow segments 308-3 and 308-4
together based on the segments having the same transaction
identifier and the shared direction of the segments from the server
304 to the client 302.
[0111] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch
together traffic flow segments in an order based on flow directions
of the traffic flow segments. More specifically, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can use a shared transaction
identifier to determine traffic flow segments to stitch together,
and stitch the traffic flow segments in a specific order based on
flow directions of the traffic flow segments to form a stitched
traffic flow. For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can determine to stitch the traffic flow segments 308
based on a shared transaction identifier assigned to the traffic
flow segments 308. Further in the example, the middlebox traffic
flow stitching system 312 can determine to stitch the second
traffic flow segment 308-2 after the first traffic flow segment
308-1, stitch the fifth traffic flow segment 308-5 after the second
traffic flow segment 308-2, and stitch the sixth traffic flow
segment 308-6 after the fifth traffic flow segment 308-5, based on
corresponding identified flow directions of the traffic flow
segments 308, e.g. with respect to the middlebox 306.
[0112] Further, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
stitch together stitched traffic flows to form cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flows based on directions of traffic flow segments
used to form the stitched traffic flows. For example, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together a stitched
traffic flow at the first middlebox 306-1 with a stitched traffic
flow at the second middlebox 306-2 based on the second traffic flow
segment 308-2 having a direction from the first middlebox 306-1 to
the second middlebox 306-2. Similarly, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can stitch together a stitched traffic flow at
the second middlebox 306-2 with a stitched traffic flow at the
first middlebox 306-1 based on the fifth traffic flow segment
having a direction from the second middlebox 306-2 to the first
middlebox 306-1.
[0113] Additionally, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system
312 can stitch together stitched traffic flows to form
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows based on common traffic flow
segments. Specifically, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system
312 can stitch together stitched traffic flows to form
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows if the stitched traffic
flows share one or more common traffic flow segments. A common
traffic flow segment is a traffic flow segment that is used to form
two separate stitched traffic flows. For example, the second
traffic flow segment 308-2 can be a common traffic flow segment for
a stitched traffic flow at the first middlebox 306-1 and a stitched
traffic flow at the second middlebox 306-2. Further, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together flows
according to positions of common traffic flow segments in the
stitched traffic flows. For example, based on the position of the
second traffic flow segment 308-2 in a first stitched traffic flow
at the first middlebox 306-1 and a second stitched traffic flow at
the second middlebox 306-2, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can stitch the second stitched traffic flow after the
first stitched traffic flow.
[0114] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
incorporate either or both stitched traffic flows through the
middleboxes 306 and cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows as part
of network traffic data for the network environment. For example,
the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can include
stitched traffic flows through the middleboxes 306 and
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows with other traffic flows in
the network environment, e.g. from servers to nodes in a network
fabric. In another example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can update network traffic data to indicate a completed
flow between a client and a server passes between the server and
the client through multiple middleboxes, e.g. as indicated by a
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow.
[0115] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
incorporate stitched traffic flows and cross-middlebox stitched
traffic flows as part of network traffic data generated by an
applicable network traffic monitoring system, such as the network
traffic monitoring system 100 shown in FIG. 1. In incorporating
stitched traffic flows and cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows
with network traffic data generated by a network traffic monitoring
system, all or portions of the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can be integrated at the network traffic monitoring
system. For example, a portion of the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 implemented at a network traffic monitoring
system can received stitched traffic flows and cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flows from a portion of the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 implemented at the middlebox traffic flow
segment collectors 310. Subsequently, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312, e.g. implemented at the network traffic
monitoring system, can incorporate the stitched traffic flows and
the cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows into network traffic
data generated by the network traffic monitoring system.
[0116] In incorporating stitched traffic flows and cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flows into network traffic data, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can extend network traffic flows
in the network traffic data based on the stitched traffic flows and
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows. Specifically, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch already stitched
traffic flows extending through the middleboxes 306 to the client
with other stitched traffic flows extending into the network
environment 300. More specifically, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can stitch already stitched traffic flows
through the middleboxes 306 with other traffic flows that extend
from the server 304 to other servers or nodes in the network
environment 300. For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can stitch together a traffic flow extending from a
network fabric to the server 304 with a stitched traffic flow
through the middleboxes 306 to the client 302. This can create a
completed traffic flow from the network fabric to the client 302
through the middleboxes 306.
[0117] FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart for an example method of
forming a cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow across middleboxes.
The method shown in FIG. 4 is provided by way of example, as there
are a variety of ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while
the example method is illustrated with a particular order of
blocks, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that
FIG. 4 and the blocks shown therein can be executed in any order
and can include fewer or more blocks than illustrated.
[0118] Each block shown in FIG. 4 represents one or more steps,
processes, methods or routines in the method. For the sake of
clarity and explanation purposes, the blocks in FIG. 4 are
described with reference to the network environment shown in FIG.
3.
[0119] At step 400, the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors
310 collects flow records of traffic flow segments at first and
second middleboxes in a network environment corresponding to one or
more traffic flows passing through the middleboxes. The flow
records can include one or more transaction identifiers assigned to
the traffic flow segments. The flow records of the traffic flow
segments at the middleboxes can be generated by the middleboxes and
subsequently exported to the middlebox traffic flow segment
collectors 310. More specifically, the flow records can be exported
to the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 through the
IPFIX protocol. The flow records can be exported to the middlebox
traffic flow segment collectors 310 after each of the traffic flow
segments is established, e.g. through the middleboxes.
Alternatively, the flow records can be exported to the middlebox
traffic flow segment collectors 310 after a corresponding traffic
flow of the traffic flow segments is completed, e.g. through the
middleboxes.
[0120] At step 402, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
identifies sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments in
the network environment with respect to the middleboxes using the
flow records. For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can identify whether a traffic flow segment is passing
from a client to one or the middleboxes towards a server using the
flow records. In another example, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can identify whether a traffic flow segment is
passing from a server to the middleboxes towards a client using the
flow records. In yet another example, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can identify whether a traffic flow segment is
passing between the middleboxes, e.g. from the first middlebox to
the second middlebox or vice versa. The middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can identify flow directions of the traffic
flow segments based on either or both sources and destinations of
the traffic flow segments included as part of the flow records. For
example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
identify a flow direction of a traffic flow segment based on an IP
address of a server where the flow segment started and a SNIP port
on one of the first or second middleboxes that ends the flow
segment at the middlebox.
[0121] At step 404, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
stitches together the traffic flow segments to form a first
stitched traffic flow at the first middlebox and a second stitched
traffic flow at the second middlebox. More specifically, the
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the
traffic flow segments to form a first stitched traffic flow at the
first middlebox and a second stitched traffic flow at the second
middlebox based on one or more transaction identifiers assigned to
the traffic flow segments. Further, the middlebox traffic flow
stitching system 312 can stitch together the traffic flow segments
to form a first stitched traffic flow at the first middlebox and a
second stitched traffic flow at the second middlebox based on the
sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments with respect
to the middleboxes. For example, the traffic flow segments sharing
the same transaction identifier can be stitched together based on
the directions of the traffic flow segments to form the first and
second stitched traffic flows, e.g. based on the flow records. More
specifically, the one or more transaction identifiers assigned to
the traffic flow segments can be indicated by the flow records
collected at step 400 and subsequently used to stitch the traffic
flow segments together to form the first and second stitched
traffic flows.
[0122] At step 406, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
stitches together the first stitched traffic flow and the second
stitched traffic flow to from a cross-middlebox stitched traffic
flow across the first middlebox and the second middlebox.
Specifically, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
stitch together the first stitched traffic flow and the second
stitched traffic flow to form the cross-middlebox stitched traffic
flow based on the sources and destinations of the traffic flow
segments with respect to the middleboxes. Further, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the first
stitched traffic flow and the second stitched traffic flow to form
the cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow based on common traffic
flow segments between the first stitched traffic flow and the
second stitched traffic flow, e.g. as indicated by the sources and
destinations of the traffic flow segments.
[0123] At step 408, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
incorporates the cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow as part of
network traffic data for the network environment. Specifically, the
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow can be incorporated as part
of identified traffic flows in the network environment that are
included as part of the network traffic data for the network
environment. For example, the cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow
can be stitched to traffic flows identified in a network fabric of
the network environment, as part of incorporating the stitched
traffic flow with network data for the network environment
including the network fabric.
[0124] FIG. 5 shows an example middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 500. The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 500 can
function according to an applicable system for stitching together
traffic flow segments through a middlebox to form a stitched
traffic flow and corresponding cross-middlebox stitched traffic
flows, such as the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
shown in FIG. 3. The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 500
can stitch together traffic flows using flow records collected or
otherwise exported from a middlebox. Specifically, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 500 can identify sources and
destinations of traffic flow segments, and potentially
corresponding flow directions of the segments, and subsequently
stitch together traffic flows based on transaction identifiers
assigned to the traffic flow segments and the sources and
destinations of the traffic flow segments.
[0125] All of portions of the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 500 can be implemented at an applicable collector for
collecting flow records from a middlebox, such as the middlebox
traffic flow segment collectors 310 shown in FIG. 3. Additionally,
all or portions of the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 500
can be implemented at a middlebox, e.g. as part of an agent.
Further, all or portions of the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 500 can be implemented at an applicable system for
monitoring network traffic in a network environment, such as the
network traffic monitoring system 100 shown in FIG. 1.
[0126] The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 500 includes a
flow records hash table maintainer 502, a flow records hash table
datastore 504, a traffic flow segment stitcher 506, and a completed
flow identifier 508. The flow records hash table maintainer 502
functions to maintain a flow records hash table. The flow records
hash table maintainer 502 can maintain a hash table based on flow
records collected from or otherwise exported by a middlebox. In
maintaining a flow records hash table, the flow records hash table
maintainer 502 can generate and update one or more flow records
hash table stored in the flow records hash table datastore 504.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 T1 C -> VIP T1 IP -> Server T1 Server
-> IP T1 VIP -> C T2 C -> VIP
[0127] Table 1, shown above, illustrates an example of a flow
records hash table maintained by the flow records hash table
maintainer 502 and stored in the flow records hash table datastore
504. The example flow records hash table includes a plurality of
entries. Each entry corresponds to a traffic flow segment passing
through a middlebox. Further, each entry includes a transaction
identifier and a source and destination identifier for each traffic
flow segment. For example, the first entry corresponds to a traffic
flow segment passing from the client, C, to a port on the
middlebox, VIP. Further in the example, the first entry includes a
transaction identifier, T1, assigned to the traffic flow segment,
e.g. by a middlebox. In another example, the second entry
corresponds to a second traffic flow segment passing from the
middlebox, IP, to a server, signified by "Server" in the entry.
Flow records hash tables can include entries with different
transaction identifiers corresponding to different traffic flows.
Specifically, the example flow records hash table has a first entry
including a first transaction identifier T1 and a fifth entry
including a second transaction identifier T2.
[0128] The traffic flow segment stitcher 506 functions to stitch
together traffic flow segments at a middlebox to form a stitched
traffic flow corresponding to a traffic flow through the middlebox.
Specifically, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can stitch
together traffic flow segments using a flow records hash table,
e.g. stored in the flow records hash table datastore 504. In using
a flow records hash table to stitch together traffic flow segments,
the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can stitch together traffic
flows based on transaction identifiers included as part of entries
corresponding to traffic flow segments in the flow records hash
table. For example, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can
stitch together a first traffic flow segment corresponding to the
first entry in the example hash table and a second traffic flow
segment corresponding to the second entry in the example hash table
based on both entries including the same transaction identifier
T1.
[0129] Further, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can function
to stitch together stitched traffic flows to form a cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flow. Specifically, the traffic flow segment
stitcher 506 can stitch together stitched traffic flows using one
or more flow records hash tables, e.g. stored in the flow records
hash table datastore 504. More specifically, the traffic flow
segment stitcher 506 can use flow records hash tables to identify
common traffic flow segments between stitched traffic flows.
Subsequently, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can stitch
together the stitched traffic flow based on the common traffic flow
segments to form a cross-middlebox stitched traffic flow.
[0130] In using a flow records hash table to stitch together
traffic flow segments, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can
group entries in the hash table to form grouped entries and
subsequently use the grouped entries to stitch together traffic
flow segments and already stitched traffic flow segments. More
specifically, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can group
entries that share a transaction identifier to form grouped
entries. For example, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can
group the first four entries together based on the entries all
having the same transaction identifier T1. Subsequently, based on
entries being grouped together to form grouped entries, the traffic
flow segment stitcher 506 can stitch together traffic flows
corresponding to the entries in the grouped entries. For example,
the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can group the first four
entries in the example flow records hash table and subsequently
stitch traffic flow segments corresponding to the first four
entries based on the grouping of the first four entries.
[0131] Further, in using a flow records hash table to stitch
together traffic flow segments and already stitched traffic flow
segments, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can identify flow
directions and/or sources and destinations of the traffic flow
segments based on corresponding entries of the traffic flow
segments in the flow records hash table. More specifically, the
traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can identify flow directions of
traffic flow segments based on identifiers of sources and
destinations of the segments in corresponding entries in a flow
records hash table. For example, the traffic flow segment stitcher
506 can identify that a traffic flow segment corresponding to the
first entry in the example hash table moves from a client to a
middlebox based on the flow segment originating at the client and
terminating at a VIP port at the middlebox, as indicated by the
first entry in the table. Subsequently, using flow directions
and/or sources and destinations of traffic flow segments identified
from a flow records hash table, the traffic flow segment stitcher
506 can actually stitch together the traffic flow segments to form
either or both stitched traffic flow and cross-middlebox stitched
traffic flows. For example, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506
can stitch a traffic flow segment corresponding to the fourth entry
in the example hash table after a traffic flow segment
corresponding to the third entry in the example hash table.
[0132] The traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can stitch together
traffic flow segments to form stitched traffic flow segments based
on both directions of the traffic flow segments, as identified from
corresponding entries in a flow records hash table, and transaction
identifiers included in the flow records hash table. Specifically,
the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can identify to stitch
together traffic flow segments with corresponding entries in a flow
records hash table that share a common transaction identifier. For
example, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can determine to
stitch together traffic flow segments corresponding to the first
four entries in the example flow records hash table based on the
first four entries sharing the same transaction identifier T1.
Additionally, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can determine
an order to stitch together traffic flow segments based on flow
directions of the traffic flow segments identified from
corresponding entries of the segments in a flow records hash table.
For example, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can determine to
stitch together a third traffic flow segment corresponding to the
third entry in the example hash table after a second traffic flow
segment corresponding to the second entry in the example hash table
based on flow directions of the segments identified from the
entries.
[0133] The completed flow identifier 508 functions to identify a
completed traffic flow occurring through the middlebox. A completed
traffic flow can correspond to establishment of a connection
between a client and a server and vice versa. For example, a
completed traffic flow can include a request transmitted from a
client to a middlebox, and the request transmitted from the
middlebox to another middlebox before it is finally transmitted to
a server. Further in the example, the completed traffic flow can
include completion of the request from the client to the server
through the middleboxes and completion of a response to the request
from the server to the client through the middleboxes. The
completed flow identifier 508 can identify a completed flow based
on flow records. More specifically, the completed flow identifier
508 can identify a completed flow based on one or more flow records
hash tables. For example, the completed flow identifier 508 can
identify the first four entries form a completed flow based on both
the first entry beginning at the client and the last entry ending
at the client, and all entries having the same transaction
identifier T1.
[0134] The traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can push or otherwise
export traffic flow data for stitched traffic flows and
corresponding cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows. More
specifically, the traffic flow segment stitcher 506 can export
traffic flow data for incorporation with network traffic data for a
network environment. For example, the traffic flow segment stitcher
506 can export traffic flow data to the network traffic monitoring
system 100, where the traffic flow data can be combined with
network traffic data for a network environment. The traffic flow
segment stitcher 506 can push traffic flow data based on
identification of a completed traffic flow by the completed flow
identifier 508. More specifically, the traffic flow segment
stitcher 506 can export traffic flow data indicating a stitched
traffic flow of a completed traffic flow upon identification that
the traffic flow is actually a completed flow. This can ensure that
data for stitched traffic flows and corresponding cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flows is only pushed or otherwise provided when it
is known that the stitched traffic flows correspond to completed
traffic flows.
[0135] FIG. 6 depicts a diagram of an example network environment
600 for discovering configurations of middleboxes based on stitched
traffic flows about the middleboxes. The example network
environment 600 shown in FIG. 6 includes a first client 602-1, a
second client 602-2, and a third client 602-3 (herein referred to
as "clients 602"). The network environment 600 also includes a
first group of servers 604-1, a second group of servers 604-2, and
a third group of servers 604-3 (herein referred to as "groups of
servers 604"). While only three clients 602 and three groups of
servers 604 are shown, in various embodiments, the network
environment 600 can include more or fewer clients and groups of
servers. Additionally, while the servers are shown as groups of
servers, in various embodiments, the network environment 600 can
include single servers that are not grouped into groups of
servers.
[0136] The groups of servers 604 function to provide network
service access to the clients 602 in the network environment 600.
Specifically, the groups of servers 604 can send and receive data
to and from the clients 602 as part of providing the clients 602
access to network services. Servers can be grouped into the groups
of servers 604 based, at least in part, on types of network
services provided by the servers. For example, the first group of
servers 604-1 can include a group of storage servers. Further, the
groups of servers 604 can each provide different types of network
services. For example, the first group of servers 604-1 can be
storage servers, the second group of servers 604-2 can be database
servers, and the third group of servers 604-3 can be web
servers.
[0137] The groups of servers 604 communicate with the clients 602
and vice versa as part of accessing network services through a
middlebox 606. While only one middlebox 606 is shown in FIG. 6, the
environment 600 can include multiple middleboxes that form a chain
between the group of servers 604 and the clients 602. The clients
and the servers 604 can communicate through traffic flows, and
corresponding traffic flow segments, through the middlebox 606.
Specifically, the first client 602-1 can communicate with the first
group of servers 604-1 through the first group of traffic flow
segments 608-1, the second client 602-2 can communicate with the
second group of servers 604-2 through the second group of traffic
flow segments 608-2, and the third client 602-3 can communicate
with the third group of servers 604-3 through the third group of
traffic flow segments 608-3. The first, second, and third group of
traffic flow segments 608-1, 608-2, and 608-3 can be jointly
referred to as "the traffic flow segments 608.
[0138] The traffic flow segments 608, can be stitched together to
form stitched traffic flows at the middlebox 606. An applicable
system for stitching together traffic flow segments at a middlebox,
such as the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 described
herein, can stitch together the traffic flow segments 608 to form
stitched traffic flows at the middlebox 606. Additionally, the
environment 600 can include additional middleboxes separate from
the middlebox 606, and the traffic flow segments 608 can be
stitched together to form cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows
across, at least in part, the middlebox 606. An applicable system
for stitching together traffic flows at a middlebox, such as the
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 described herein, can
stitch together the traffic flow segments 608 to form
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows. Stitched traffic flows and
cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows between the clients 602 and
the groups of servers 604 can pass through the middlebox 606 and
ultimately extend between the clients 602 and the groups of servers
604 to form client-server stitched traffic flows.
[0139] The environment 600 also includes a middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610. The middlebox configuration discovery engine
610 functions to automatically identify configurations of
middleboxes in operating to provide network service access.
Configurations of a middlebox in operating to provide network
service access can include which ports, e.g. VIP ports, and/or
which protocols are used to communicate with a specific server.
Additionally, specific servers can be associated with providing a
specific network service type. Accordingly, configurations of a
middlebox in operating to provide network service access can
include which ports, e.g. VIP ports, and/or which protocols are
used to transmit data for providing a specific type of network
service. For example, a configuration of a middlebox can include
which VIP ports are used to communicate with specific servers that
provide web services.
[0140] In automatically identifying configurations of middleboxes
operating to provide network services access, the middlebox
configuration discovery engine 610 can reduce burdens on network
administrators. In particular, network environments generally
include a large number of intermediate nodes, e.g. middleboxes,
between clients and servers. Typically, identifying a configuration
of these intermediate nodes requires effort and intervention from
network administrators. For example, network administrators have to
gather data of servers a node is communicating with and analyze the
data to determine configurations of the nodes. This can be
extremely burdensome for typical network environments that include
large numbers of nodes between clients and servers. Therefore, in
automatically identifying configurations of middleboxes operating
to provide network service access, the middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 can reduce burdens on network administrators,
especially in managing network environments with large numbers of
intermediate nodes, e.g. middleboxes, between clients and
servers.
[0141] Further in automatically identifying configurations of
middleboxes, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
lead to more complete network monitoring including more accurate
problem detection and troubleshooting. Specifically, as nodes
between a client and a server, e.g. middleboxes, are treated as
black boxes it is difficult to identify how the nodes are actually
configured to operate in a network environment. As nodes are
treated as black boxes with respect to traffic flows through the
nodes, it is difficult to automatically identify how the nodes are
actually configured to operate in a network environment. This is
problematic as a node can be configured to operate according to an
expected configuration but actually be operating at a different or
unexpected configuration. By automatically identifying
configurations of middleboxes, the middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 can facilitate more complete network
monitoring including more accurate problem detection and
troubleshooting, e.g. by identifying middleboxes that are not
operating according to an expected configuration.
[0142] The middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
automatically identify a configuration of a middlebox operating as
a load balancer for providing access to network services.
Specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify a configuration of a middlebox as it sends traffic flows
to specific servers or groups of servers that actually provide the
network service, as part of load balancing client access to
different network services. More specifically, the middlebox
configuration discovery engine 610 can identify which protocols
and/or ports a middlebox uses to send service requests for specific
types of services to corresponding servers capable of fulfilling
the service requests. For example, the middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 can identify that a middlebox is using a
specific port to send database access requests and another specific
port to send storage service requests.
[0143] The middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify a configuration of a middlebox based on stitched traffic
flows at the middlebox. The stitched traffic flows at the middlebox
used by the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 to
identify a configuration of the middlebox can be single stitched
traffic flows or multiple stitched traffic flows combined together
to form cross-middlebox stitched traffic flows. For example, a
middlebox can be the only intermediate node between clients and
servers, and single stitched traffic flows around the middlebox
that extend between the clients and the servers can be used to
identify a configuration of the middlebox. In another example, a
middlebox can be in a chain of middleboxes between clients and
servers, and the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify a configuration of the middlebox using cross-middlebox
stitched traffic flows that extend across the chain of
middleboxes.
[0144] In identifying a configuration of a middlebox using stitched
traffic flows, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
associate the stitched traffic flows with specific network service
types. More specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 can associate stitched traffic flows with types of
network services accessed through the stitched traffic flows. For
example, if a stitched traffic flow is used to access a web
service, then the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
associate the stitched traffic flow with web services. In another
example, if a stitched traffic flow is used to access a database
service, then the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
associate the stitched traffic flow with database services. In yet
another example, if a stitched traffic flow is used to access a
storage service, then the middlebox configuration discovery engine
610 can associate the stitched traffic flow with storage
services.
[0145] In associating stitched traffic flows with specific network
service types, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify the network service types to associate with the stitched
traffic flows. The middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
associate a stitched traffic flow with a service type based on an
identification of a server ultimately included as either or both a
destination and an origination point in the stitched traffic flow.
Specifically, servers can be associated with providing specific
service types, and the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610
can associate a stitched traffic flow with a service type
associated with a specific server that is included in the stitched
traffic flow. For example, if a middlebox sends a traffic segment,
as part of a stitched traffic flow, to a server for providing web
services, then the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
associate the stitched traffic flow with web services. The
middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can identify a network
service type to associate with a stitched traffic flow based on
input, e.g. user input, describing either or both services offered
by a server, an identification of the server, and a port used in
providing the service by the server. For example, user input can
specify that a server is used in providing storage services, and
the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can associate
stitched traffic flows including traffic flow segments sent to the
server with the service type of storage services.
[0146] The middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can use
service types of network services associated with stitched traffic
flows to identify a configuration of middlebox using the stitched
traffic flows. Specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 can use service types associated with stitched traffic
flows to identify ports, e.g. VIP ports, and/or protocols used by
the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 to send data for
providing the specific network service types using the stitched
traffic flow. For example, if a middlebox is using a specific
protocol to send traffic in a stitched flow associated with data
storage, then the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify the middlebox is using the protocol to send data for the
service of data storage.
[0147] Further, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610
can associate ports at a middlebox with network service types for
purposes of identifying a configuration of the middlebox. More
specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
correlate a specific network service type with one or more ports
used to transmit traffic flow segments of a stitched traffic flow
associated with providing the specific network service type.
Subsequently, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify the configuration of the middlebox based on the specific
network service type correlated with the one or more ports. For
example, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
correlate a port with one of a web-based service, a database
service, and a storage service based on traffic flow segments of
stitched traffic flows passing through the port. In turn, specific
services correlated with specific ports at a middlebox can indicate
or otherwise be used to identify a configuration of the
middlebox.
[0148] In associating ports at a middlebox with network service
type, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can identify
specific ports that specific stitched traffic flows pass through.
In particular, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify ports at a middlebox that stitched traffic flows pass
through and subsequently associate the ports with network service
types associated with the ports. The middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 can identify a port that a stitched traffic
flow passes through at a middlebox based on an originating port on
the middlebox and a destination port on a server. More
specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify a port on a middlebox that a stitched traffic flow passes
through based on an originating port on the middlebox and a
destination port on a server connected by a traffic flow segment in
the stitched traffic flow. Conversely, the middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 can identify a port that a stitched traffic
flow passes through at a middlebox based on an originating port on
the middlebox and a destination on a client. More specifically, the
middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can identify a port on
a middlebox that a stitched traffic flow passes through based on an
originating port on the middlebox and a destination on a client
connected by a traffic flow segment in the stitched traffic
flow.
[0149] In automatically identifying a configuration of a middlebox
operating as a load balancer, the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 can identify one or more load balancing schemes utilized
by the middlebox to perform load balancing, e.g. as part of the
configuration of the middlebox. For example, the middlebox
configuration discovery engine 610 can identify whether a middlebox
is using a round-robin based load balancing scheme. A round-robin
load balancing scheme can include that a middlebox sends traffic
flows to specific different servers, e.g. in a pattern. In another
example, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify whether a middlebox is using a persistent load balancing
scheme. A persistent load balancing scheme can include that a
middlebox continuously sends traffic flows to the same specific
servers.
[0150] The middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify a load balancing scheme used by a middlebox as part of a
configuration of the middlebox based on stitched traffic flows at
the middlebox. Specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 can identify whether each subsequent outbound stitched
traffic flow, e.g. a stitched traffic flow including a traffic flow
segment from a middlebox to a server, is destined to a different
server from a previous outbound stitched traffic flow or the same
server as the previous outbound stitched traffic flow. If the
middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 determines that each
subsequent outbound stitched traffic flow is destined to a
different server, e.g. from the stitched traffic flows themselves,
then the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can identify
that a middlebox is operating according to a round-robin load
balancing scheme. Conversely, if the middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 determines that each subsequent outbound
stitched traffic flow is destined to the same server, then the
middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can identify that a
middlebox is operating according to a persistent load balancing
scheme.
[0151] In utilizing stitched traffic flows to identify a load
balancing scheme used by a middlebox, the middlebox configuration
discovery engine 610 can use clients at which the stitched traffic
flows originate to determine the load balancing scheme.
Specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
identify what servers receive stitched traffic flows from specific
clients. Subsequently, if the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 determines that the same servers receive traffic flows
from the same clients, then the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 can determine that a middlebox is using a persistent
load balancing scheme. More specifically, if the middlebox
configuration discovery engine 610 determines that the same service
types are continuously accessed by the same clients through the
same servers, then the middlebox configuration discovery engine 610
can determine that a middlebox is using a persistent load balancing
scheme.
[0152] The middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can
validate an expected configuration of a middlebox. An expected
configuration can include a desired configuration of a middlebox.
Further, an expected configuration can be input by a user, e.g. a
network administrator. For example, a network administrator can
input that a middlebox should be implementing a round-robin load
balancing scheme. In validating an expected configuration, the
middlebox configuration discovery engine 610 can determine whether
a middlebox is actually operating according to the expected
configuration. Specifically, the middlebox configuration discovery
engine 610 can compare an actual configuration of a middlebox, as
determined from stitched traffic flows, with an expected
configuration of the middlebox. More specifically, the middlebox
configuration discovery engine 610 can determine differences
between an actual configuration of a middlebox and an expected
configuration of the middlebox. Subsequently, the middlebox
configuration discovery engine 610 can update network data to
indicate differences between an actual configuration of a middlebox
and an expected configuration of the middlebox.
[0153] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart for an example method of
automatically identifying a configuration of a middlebox using
stitched traffic flow segments at the middlebox. The method shown
in FIG. 7 is provided by way of example, as there are a variety of
ways to carry out the method. Additionally, while the example
method is illustrated with a particular order of blocks, those of
ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that FIG. 7 and the
blocks shown therein can be executed in any order and can include
fewer or more blocks than illustrated.
[0154] Each block shown in FIG. 7 represents one or more steps,
processes, methods or routines in the method. For the sake of
clarity and explanation purposes, the blocks in FIG. 7 are
described with reference to the network environments shown in FIGS.
3 and 6.
[0155] At step 700, the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors
310 collects flow records of traffic flow segments at a middlebox
in a network environment corresponding to traffic flows passing
through the middlebox. The flow records can include one or more
transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments. The
flow records of the traffic flow segments at the middlebox can be
generated by the middlebox and subsequently exported to the
middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310. More specifically,
the flow records can be exported to the middlebox traffic flow
segment collectors 310 through the IPFIX protocol. The flow records
can be exported to the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors
310 after each of the traffic flow segments is established, e.g.
through the middlebox. Alternatively, the flow records can be
exported to the middlebox traffic flow segment collectors 310 after
a corresponding traffic flow of the traffic flow segments is
completed, e.g. through the middlebox.
[0156] At step 702, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
identifies sources and destinations of the traffic flow segments in
the network environment with respect to the middlebox using the
flow records. For example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can identify whether a traffic flow segment is passing
from a client to the middlebox towards a server using the flow
records. In another example, the middlebox traffic flow stitching
system 312 can identify whether a traffic flow segment is passing
from a server to the middlebox towards a client using the flow
records. The middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can
identify flow directions of the traffic flow segments based on
either or both sources and destinations of the traffic flow
segments included as part of the flow records. For example, the
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can identify a flow
direction of a traffic flow segment based on an IP address of a
server where the flow segment started and a SNIP port on the
middlebox that ends the flow segment at the middlebox.
[0157] At step 704, the middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312
stitches together the traffic flow segments to form a plurality of
stitched traffic flows at the middlebox. More specifically, the
middlebox traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the
traffic flow segments to form the plurality of stitched traffic
flows at the middlebox based on one or more transaction identifiers
assigned to the traffic flow segments. Further, the middlebox
traffic flow stitching system 312 can stitch together the traffic
flow segments to form the plurality of stitched traffic flows at
the middlebox based on the sources and destinations of the traffic
flow segments with respect to the middlebox. For example, traffic
flow segments sharing the same transaction identifiers can be
stitched together based on the directions of the traffic flow
segments to form the plurality of stitched traffic flows, e.g.
based on the flow records. More specifically, the one or more
transaction identifiers assigned to the traffic flow segments can
be indicated by the flow records collected at step 400 and
subsequently used to stitch the traffic flow segments together to
form the plurality of stitched traffic flows.
[0158] At step 706, the middlebox configuration discovery engine
610 automatically identifies a configuration of the middlebox
operating in the network environment based on the stitched traffic
flows at the middlebox. In determining a configuration of the
middlebox based on the stitched traffic flows, the stitched traffic
flows can be associated with network service types, e.g. based on
the servers where the stitched traffic flows originate or end.
Subsequently, the configuration of the middlebox can be identified
based on the network service types associated with the stitched
traffic flows. Further, in automatically identifying a
configuration of the middlebox, a load balancing scheme used by the
middlebox in operating as a load balancer can be determined, e.g.
based on the stitched traffic flows.
[0159] The disclosure now turns to FIGS. 8 and 9, which illustrate
example network devices and computing devices, such as switches,
routers, load balancers, client devices, and so forth.
[0160] FIG. 8 illustrates an example network device 800 suitable
for performing switching, routing, load balancing, and other
networking operations. Network device 800 includes a central
processing unit (CPU) 804, interfaces 802, and a bus 810 (e.g., a
PCI bus). When acting under the control of appropriate software or
firmware, the CPU 804 is responsible for executing packet
management, error detection, and/or routing functions. The CPU 804
preferably accomplishes all these functions under the control of
software including an operating system and any appropriate
applications software. CPU 804 may include one or more processors
808, such as a processor from the INTEL X86 family of
microprocessors. In some cases, processor 808 can be specially
designed hardware for controlling the operations of network device
800. In some cases, a memory 806 (e.g., non-volatile RAM, ROM,
etc.) also forms part of CPU 804. However, there are many different
ways in which memory could be coupled to the system.
[0161] The interfaces 802 are typically provided as modular
interface cards (sometimes referred to as "line cards"). Generally,
they control the sending and receiving of data packets over the
network and sometimes support other peripherals used with the
network device 800. Among the interfaces that may be provided are
Ethernet interfaces, frame relay interfaces, cable interfaces, DSL
interfaces, token ring interfaces, and the like. In addition,
various very high-speed interfaces may be provided such as fast
token ring interfaces, wireless interfaces, Ethernet interfaces,
Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, ATM interfaces, HSSI interfaces, POS
interfaces, FDDI interfaces, WIFI interfaces, 3G/4G/5G cellular
interfaces, CAN BUS, LoRA, and the like. Generally, these
interfaces may include ports appropriate for communication with the
appropriate media. In some cases, they may also include an
independent processor and, in some instances, volatile RAM. The
independent processors may control such communications intensive
tasks as packet switching, media control, signal processing, crypto
processing, and management. By providing separate processors for
the communications intensive tasks, these interfaces allow the
master microprocessor 804 to efficiently perform routing
computations, network diagnostics, security functions, etc.
[0162] Although the system shown in FIG. 8 is one specific network
device of the present subject matter, it is by no means the only
network device architecture on which the present subject matter can
be implemented. For example, an architecture having a single
processor that handles communications as well as routing
computations, etc., is often used. Further, other types of
interfaces and media could also be used with the network device
800.
[0163] Regardless of the network device's configuration, it may
employ one or more memories or memory modules (including memory
806) configured to store program instructions for the
general-purpose network operations and mechanisms for roaming,
route optimization and routing functions described herein. The
program instructions may control the operation of an operating
system and/or one or more applications, for example. The memory or
memories may also be configured to store tables such as mobility
binding, registration, and association tables, etc. Memory 706
could also hold various software containers and virtualized
execution environments and data.
[0164] The network device 800 can also include an
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which can be
configured to perform routing and/or switching operations. The ASIC
can communicate with other components in the network device 800 via
the bus 810, to exchange data and signals and coordinate various
types of operations by the network device 800, such as routing,
switching, and/or data storage operations, for example.
[0165] FIG. 9 illustrates a computing system architecture 900
wherein the components of the system are in electrical
communication with each other using a connection 905, such as a
bus. Exemplary system 900 includes a processing unit (CPU or
processor) 910 and a system connection 905 that couples various
system components including the system memory 915, such as read
only memory (ROM) 920 and random access memory (RAM) 925, to the
processor 910. The system 900 can include a cache of high-speed
memory connected directly with, in close proximity to, or
integrated as part of the processor 910. The system 900 can copy
data from the memory 915 and/or the storage device 930 to the cache
912 for quick access by the processor 910. In this way, the cache
can provide a performance boost that avoids processor 910 delays
while waiting for data. These and other modules can control or be
configured to control the processor 910 to perform various actions.
Other system memory 915 may be available for use as well. The
memory 915 can include multiple different types of memory with
different performance characteristics. The processor 910 can
include any general purpose processor and a hardware or software
service, such as service 1 932, service 2 934, and service 3 936
stored in storage device 930, configured to control the processor
910 as well as a special-purpose processor where software
instructions are incorporated into the actual processor design. The
processor 910 may be a completely self-contained computing system,
containing multiple cores or processors, a bus, memory controller,
cache, etc. A multi-core processor may be symmetric or
asymmetric.
[0166] To enable user interaction with the system 900, an input
device 945 can represent any number of input mechanisms, such as a
microphone for speech, a touch-sensitive screen for gesture or
graphical input, keyboard, mouse, motion input, speech and so
forth. An output device 935 can also be one or more of a number of
output mechanisms known to those of skill in the art. In some
instances, multimodal systems can enable a user to provide multiple
types of input to communicate with the system 900. The
communications interface 940 can generally govern and manage the
user input and system output. There is no restriction on operating
on any particular hardware arrangement and therefore the basic
features here may easily be substituted for improved hardware or
firmware arrangements as they are developed.
[0167] Storage device 930 is a non-volatile memory and can be a
hard disk or other types of computer readable media which can store
data that are accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes,
flash memory cards, solid state memory devices, digital versatile
disks, cartridges, random access memories (RAMs) 925, read only
memory (ROM) 920, and hybrids thereof.
[0168] The storage device 930 can include services 932, 934, 936
for controlling the processor 910. Other hardware or software
modules are contemplated. The storage device 930 can be connected
to the system connection 905. In one aspect, a hardware module that
performs a particular function can include the software component
stored in a computer-readable medium in connection with the
necessary hardware components, such as the processor 910,
connection 905, output device 935, and so forth, to carry out the
function.
[0169] For clarity of explanation, in some instances the present
technology may be presented as including individual functional
blocks including functional blocks comprising devices, device
components, steps or routines in a method embodied in software, or
combinations of hardware and software.
[0170] In some embodiments the computer-readable storage devices,
medius, and memories can include a cable or wireless signal
containing a bit stream and the like. However, when mentioned,
non-transitory computer-readable storage media expressly exclude
media such as energy, carrier signals, electromagnetic waves, and
signals per se.
[0171] Methods according to the above-described examples can be
implemented using computer-executable instructions that are stored
or otherwise available from computer readable media. Such
instructions can comprise, for example, instructions and data which
cause or otherwise configure a general purpose computer, special
purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a
certain function or group of functions. Portions of computer
resources used can be accessible over a network. The computer
executable instructions may be, for example, binaries, intermediate
format instructions such as assembly language, firmware, or source
code. Examples of computer-readable media that may be used to store
instructions, information used, and/or information created during
methods according to described examples include magnetic or optical
disks, flash memory, USB devices provided with non-volatile memory,
networked storage devices, and so on.
[0172] Devices implementing methods according to these disclosures
can comprise hardware, firmware and/or software, and can take any
of a variety of form factors. Typical examples of such form factors
include laptops, smart phones, small form factor personal
computers, personal digital assistants, rackmount devices,
standalone devices, and so on. Functionality described herein also
can be embodied in peripherals or add-in cards. Such functionality
can also be implemented on a circuit board among different chips or
different processes executing in a single device, by way of further
example.
[0173] The instructions, media for conveying such instructions,
computing resources for executing them, and other structures for
supporting such computing resources are means for providing the
functions described in these disclosures.
[0174] Although a variety of examples and other information was
used to explain aspects within the scope of the appended claims, no
limitation of the claims should be implied based on particular
features or arrangements in such examples, as one of ordinary skill
would be able to use these examples to derive a wide variety of
implementations. Further and although some subject matter may have
been described in language specific to examples of structural
features and/or method steps, it is to be understood that the
subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily
limited to these described features or acts. For example, such
functionality can be distributed differently or performed in
components other than those identified herein. Rather, the
described features and steps are disclosed as examples of
components of systems and methods within the scope of the appended
claims.
[0175] Claim language reciting "at least one of" refers to at least
one of a set and indicates that one member of the set or multiple
members of the set satisfy the claim. For example, claim language
reciting "at least one of A and B" means A, B, or A and B.
* * * * *