U.S. patent application number 17/115115 was filed with the patent office on 2021-07-15 for oxygen carrying materials with surface modification for redox-based catalysis and methods of making and uses thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is Ryan Dudek, Yunfei Gao, Fanxing Li, Luke Michael Neal, John A. Sofranko, Seif Yusuf. Invention is credited to Ryan Dudek, Yunfei Gao, Fanxing Li, Luke Michael Neal, John A. Sofranko, Seif Yusuf.
Application Number | 20210213424 17/115115 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005490030 |
Filed Date | 2021-07-15 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210213424 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Sofranko; John A. ; et
al. |
July 15, 2021 |
OXYGEN CARRYING MATERIALS WITH SURFACE MODIFICATION FOR REDOX-BASED
CATALYSIS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USES THEREOF
Abstract
Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making
redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface
modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox
catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region and an outer shell
having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding
the outer surface of the core region.
Inventors: |
Sofranko; John A.; (Weston,
MA) ; Li; Fanxing; (Raleigh, NC) ; Neal; Luke
Michael; (Raleigh, NC) ; Gao; Yunfei;
(Raleigh, NC) ; Yusuf; Seif; (Raleigh, NC)
; Dudek; Ryan; (Raleigh, NC) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Sofranko; John A.
Li; Fanxing
Neal; Luke Michael
Gao; Yunfei
Yusuf; Seif
Dudek; Ryan |
Weston
Raleigh
Raleigh
Raleigh
Raleigh
Raleigh |
MA
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC |
US
US
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005490030 |
Appl. No.: |
17/115115 |
Filed: |
December 8, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16622627 |
Dec 13, 2019 |
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PCT/US2018/037570 |
Jun 14, 2018 |
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17115115 |
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62520092 |
Jun 15, 2017 |
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62520109 |
Jun 15, 2017 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07C 5/48 20130101; B01J
23/002 20130101; B01J 21/14 20130101; B01J 35/002 20130101; B01J
35/0006 20130101; B01J 37/088 20130101; C07C 4/06 20130101; B01J
23/30 20130101; C07C 11/04 20130101; B01J 23/02 20130101; B01J
23/005 20130101; B01J 35/10 20130101; B01J 37/12 20130101; B01J
37/0215 20130101; B01J 37/06 20130101; B01J 37/0081 20130101; B01J
37/16 20130101; B01J 23/34 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B01J 23/00 20060101
B01J023/00; B01J 21/14 20060101 B01J021/14; B01J 23/02 20060101
B01J023/02; B01J 35/00 20060101 B01J035/00; B01J 35/10 20060101
B01J035/10; B01J 37/00 20060101 B01J037/00; B01J 37/02 20060101
B01J037/02; B01J 37/06 20060101 B01J037/06; B01J 37/08 20060101
B01J037/08; C07C 4/06 20060101 C07C004/06; C07C 5/48 20060101
C07C005/48 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] The present invention was made with United States Government
support under Grant No. DE-AR0000327 awarded by the U.S. Department
of Energy/Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (DOE/ARPA-E) and
Grant No. 1254351 awarded by the National Science Foundation. The
United States Government has certain rights to the invention.
Claims
1. An redox catalyst comprising: (a) a core region comprising an
outer surface and an inner surface, the core region comprising an
oxygen carrier, wherein: an outer shell having an average thickness
of about 1 to 100 monolayers and comprising a metal salt surrounds
the outer surface of the core region, and the core region
contributes at least 50% of the oxygen required in an oxidative
dehydrogenation reaction in which the redox catalyst is
present.
2. The redox catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen
carrier comprises an oxide having a cubic crystal lattice
structure, wherein the oxide is selected from the group consisting
of Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8, Cu.sub.6PbO.sub.8 and Ni.sub.6MnO.sub.8.
3. The redox catalyst according to claim 2, wherein the oxide is
Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8.
4. The redox catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising an
alkali metal or an alkali metal-containing compound.
5. The redox catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising
boron or a boron-containing compound.
6. The redox catalyst according to claim 2, wherein the oxide
comprises an alkaline earth metal.
7. The redox catalyst according to claim 2, wherein the oxide
comprises manganese, wherein the manganese has a valence state
selected from 4.sup.+, 3.sup.+, 8/3.sup.+, and 2.sup.+.
8. The redox catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen
carrier comprises: an oxide comprising at least one of
NaB.sub.2Mg.sub.4Mn.sub.2O.sub.4,
NaB.sub.2Mn.sub.2Mg.sub.4O.sub.11.5, NaMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, Mg.sub.3Mn.sub.3B.sub.2O.sub.10,
Mg.sub.3(BO.sub.3).sub.2; a non-crystalline compound comprising
oxygen; and at least one of sodium, boron, magnesium, manganese,
and lithium.
9. The redox catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the oxygen
carrier comprises: an oxide comprising at least one of
NaB.sub.2Mg.sub.4Mn.sub.2O.sub.4,
NaB.sub.2Mn.sub.2Mg.sub.4O.sub.11.5, NaMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, Mg.sub.3Mn.sub.3B.sub.2O.sub.10,
Mg.sub.3(BO.sub.3).sub.2; a non-crystalline compound comprising
oxygen; and at least one of sodium, boron, magnesium, manganese,
and lithium.
10. The redox catalyst according to claim 1, further comprising at
least one of Na, Li, W and P as a promoter.
11. A system for the oxidative dehydrogenation of unsaturated
hydrocarbons comprising: a reactor defining an inner volume at
least partially filled with the redox catalyst according to claim
1; an inlet stream attached to the reactor, the inlet stream
configured to deliver at least one of a saturated hydrocarbon and
an oxygen-containing gas to the reactor; and an effluent stream
attached to the reactor, the effluent stream configured to allow
the removal of at least one of unsaturated hydrocarbons, water, and
an oxygen-depleted gas from the reactor, wherein the reactor is
configured to enable the contact of the redox catalyst with at
least one of the saturated hydrocarbons and the oxygen-containing
gas.
12. The system according to claim 11, further comprising a source
of unsaturated hydrocarbon attached to the inlet stream.
13. The system according to claim 11, further comprising a source
of oxygen-containing gas attached to the inlet stream.
14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the oxygen-containing
gas is air.
15. The system according to claim 11, wherein the reactor further
comprises a hydrocarbon reaction section configured to circulate
the redox catalyst within the inner volume of the reactor.
16. A process for the production of an unsaturated hydrocarbon
comprising: providing a saturated hydrocarbon to a reactor at least
partially filled with the redox catalyst according to claim 1;
contacting the saturated hydrocarbon with the redox catalyst to
convert the saturated hydrocarbon into the unsaturated hydrocarbon;
removing an effluent from the reactor containing the unsaturated
hydrocarbon; and supplying oxygen to the redox catalyst such that
the redox catalyst is oxidized.
17. The process of claim 16, wherein the supplying of the oxygen is
performed intermittently between periods of providing the saturated
hydrocarbon.
18. The process of claim 16 further comprising separating the
unsaturated hydrocarbon from the effluent.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein the saturated hydrocarbon is at
least one of ethane and propane.
20. The process of claim 16 wherein the unsaturated hydrocarbon is
at least one of ethylene and propylene.
21. The process of claim 16, wherein the redox catalyst comprises a
shell of at least one of Na, W and P.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
application Ser. No. 16/622,627, filed Jun. 14, 2018, which is the
35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 National Stage application of PCT Application
No. PCT/US2018/037570, entitled "OXYGEN CARRYING MATERIALS WITH
SURFACE MODIFICATION FOR REDOX-BASED CATALYSIS AND METHODS OF
MAKING AND USES THEREOF," filed Jun. 14, 2018, which application
claims priority to, and the benefit of, co-pending U.S. provisional
application entitled "OXYGEN CARRYING MATERIALS WITH SURFACE
MODIFICATION FOR REDOX-BASED OXIDATIVE CRACKING OF HYDROCARBONS"
having Ser. No. 62/520,109, filed Jun. 15, 2017 and co-pending U.S.
provisional application entitled "REDOX CATALYSTS FOR CHEMICAL
LOOPING-BASED OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION OF LIGHT OLEFINS AND
SELECTIVE HYDROGEN COMBUSTION" having Ser. No. 62/520,092 filed
Jun. 15, 2017, the contents of each of which is incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to redox catalysts
and uses thereof.
BACKGROUND
[0004] The world demand for olefins is increasing. This increased
demand has led to a desire for technologies that can more
efficiently use a broad range of feedstocks including naphtha and
stranded natural gas liquids (NGL's).
[0005] Natural gas is an important fuel and chemical feedstock
co-produced with petroleum or extracted from gas reservoirs such as
geological shale formations. The recent increase in shale gas and
oil exploration has led to a rapid increase in the production of
natural gas and natural gas liquids. According to documents from
U.S. Energy Information Administration, natural gas marketed
production has increased from about 20,000,000 million cube feet in
2006 to nearly 30,000,000 million cubic feet in 2015. Natural gas
produced from shale is generally "wet" containing high
concentrations of ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbons. These
natural gas liquids can be upgraded to olefins and di-olefins such
as ethylene, propene, 1-butene, and 1,3-butadiene. These are
important feedstocks in petrochemical industry especially in the
production of plastics and synthetic rubbers. Ethane is typically
converted to ethylene in commercial steam cracker which thermally
decomposes ethane to ethylene and hydrogen in highly endothermic,
high temperature reactor. This cracking or pyrolysis often requires
steam co-injection to inhibit coke formation. Such a process is
highly energy-intensive and requires partial combustion of the
products or additional fuels to provide heat, leading to the loss
of efficiency and concomitant CO.sub.2 and NO.sub.x emissions.
[0006] While naphtha, a low boiling point byproduct of oil
refining, is relatively plentiful, it typically produces more
emissions, and consumes more energy to convert to olefins than
ethane or propane feed stocks. Likewise, while NGL's (C2-C5
hydrocarbons) such as ethane or propane are a preferred feedstock
for light olefin production, they are difficult to transport and
are often flared or reinjected at remote production locations.
Steam cracking, the traditional industrial approach to converting
naphtha and NGL's to olefins, consumes large amounts of energy, and
is difficult to employ economically on small scales due to the high
temperature needed to drive the reaction.
[0007] There remains a need for improved redox catalysts and
methods of use thereof that overcome the aforementioned
deficiencies.
SUMMARY
[0008] In various aspects redox catalysts, methods of making redox
catalysts, and methods of using redox catalysts are provided that
overcome one or more of the aforementioned deficiencies. The redox
catalysts can include a core region having an outer surface, the
core region comprising an oxygen carrier and an outer shell having
an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the
outer surface of the core region, the outer shell comprising a
metal salt. The salt can modify the surface of the catalysts. In
some aspects, a redox catalyst is provided having (a) a core region
having an outer surface, the core region including or consisting
essentially of an oxygen carrier selected from the group consisting
of CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3-.delta., SrMnO.sub.3-.delta.,
Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4, Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4-.delta.,
La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3-.delta.,
La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3-.delta.,
Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3-.delta.,
Pr.sub.6O.sub.11-.delta., manganese ore, and a combination thereof;
and (b) an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100
monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region, the
outer shell including or consisting essentially of a salt selected
from the group consisting of Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4,
K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4, Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4,
K.sub.2MoO.sub.4, CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3,
K.sub.2CO.sub.3, and a combination thereof.
[0009] In various aspects, the redox catalyst shell includes a
metal salt. In some aspects, the outer shell comprises an alkali
metal tungstate selected from the group consisting of tungstates
having a formula BWO.sub.4, B.sub.2WO.sub.5, B.sub.3WO.sub.6, and a
combination thereof, where B is selected from the group consisting
of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. In some aspects, the outer shell comprises
an alkali metal tungstate selected from the group consisting of
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4,
Cs.sub.2WO.sub.4, and a combination thereof. In some aspects, the
outer shell comprises a tungstate salt of an alkali metal selected
from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Cs, and a combination
thereof. In some aspects, the outer shell comprises a tungstate
salt of a rare earth metal selected from the group consisting of
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, other rare earth metals, and a combination thereof.
In some aspects, the outer shell comprises a halide salt having a
formula AX, where A is Na, K, Li, Rb, or Cs, and where X is F, Cl,
Br, or I. In some aspects, the outer shell comprises a molybdate
salt having a formula A.sub.2MoO.sub.4, where A is Li, Na, K, or
Cs. In some aspects, the outer shell comprises a molybdate salt
having a formula BMoO.sub.4, where B is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, a
transition metals such as Fe or Mn, or a rare earth oxide. In some
aspects, the shell comprises a metal carbonate, metal phosphate,
metal vanadate, metal sulfate, a combination thereof, or a
combination thereof with one or more other mixed oxides. In some
aspects, the shell comprises Ca, Sr, and/or Ba added to the shell
as a tungstate or as an oxide in conjunction with an alkali
tungstate.
[0010] The catalysts are demonstrated with a variety of oxygen
carrier core materials. For example, in some aspects, the oxygen
carrier comprises a perovskites of the form AMnO.sub.4 or
AFeO.sub.3 were A may be Ca, Sr, Ba, La, other lanthanides or
combination thereof. In some aspects, the A and B sites of the
perovskite (ABO.sub.3) are partially substituted with dopants
including but not limited to materials of the form
Ca.sub.xA.sub.1-xMn.sub.yB.sub.1-yO.sub.3 where A=Sr, Ba, La, Sm,
or Pr and B=Ti, Fe, Mg, Co, Cu, Ni, V, Mo, Ce, or Al. In some
aspects, the oxygen carrier is a nonstoichiometric perovskite
including the Ruddlesden-Popper phases of the form
A.sub.n+1B.sub.nO.sub.3n+1 where A is one more multiple A-site
materials listed above such as be Ca, Sr, Ba, La, other lanthanides
or combination thereof. In some aspects, the oxygen carrier is a
nonstoichiometric perovskite including Brownmillerite
(A.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5), spinel AB.sub.2O.sub.4, and cubic
A.sub.1-xB.sub.xO.sub.2 here A is one more multiple A-site
materials listed above such as be Ca, Sr, Ba, La, other lanthanides
or combination thereof. In some aspects, the shell layer is
protected from destructive interactions with the oxygen carrier
during redox cycling by stabilizing the oxygen carrier phase
through one or both of: a) limiting a temperature of cycling for
pretreatment and operation to the range of 500-800.degree. C.; and
b) using A and B site substituents/dopants such as those in claim
14 to stabilize the perovskite or related material. In some
aspects, the low-temperature oxygen carrier comprises perovskites
of the form Mo and V oxides and mixed oxides. In some aspects, the
low-temperature oxygen carrier comprises a perovskites or other
material containing Dy, Pb, Bi, or Pr and or Ferrites that exhibit
low temperature (.ltoreq.750.degree. C.) oxygen donation or
uncoupling materials. In some aspects, the low-temperature oxygen
carrier comprises Dy.sub.2O.sub.3, PrOx, BiO.sub.x, or a
combination thereof. In some aspects, the core comprises a
perovskite of the form AMnO.sub.4 where A may be Ca, Sr, La, and/or
Ba, and the shell comprises an alkali or alkaline earth metal
tungstate shell. In some aspects, the oxygen carrier comprises
MnO.sub.2, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 and or MnO; and
optionally an oxide containing one or more of manganese (Mn),
lithium (Li), sodium (Na) boron (B), and magnesium (Mg), preferably
NaB.sub.2Mg.sub.4Mn.sub.2O.sub.4,
NaB.sub.2Mn.sub.2Mg.sub.4O.sub.11.5, Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8,
NaMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
Mg.sub.3Mn.sub.3B.sub.2O.sub.10, Mg.sub.3 (BO.sub.3).sub.2, and
non-crystalline mixtures of these elements. In some aspects, the
oxygen carrier comprises mixed manganese silica oxides, preferably
synthesized in such a way that a substantial portion of the Mn and
Si exist in a mixed Mn.sub.xSi.sub.yO.sub.z phase such as
Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12, giving improved redox kinetics and/or oxygen
capacity over a SiO.sub.2 supported MnO, phase. In some aspects,
the mixed manganese silica oxides comprises Mn loading of >30%
so that the Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 formed in oxygenated environments
rather than Mn.sub.2O.sub.3/Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 on a silica phase such
as .alpha.-crisabalite giving highly improved usable oxygen
capacity. In some aspects, the oxygen carrier comprises
monometallic or mixed metal oxides containing first row transition
metals including Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and mixtures thereof. In some
aspects, the oxygen carrier comprises bulk oxides MnFe.sub.2O.sub.4
and mixed oxides or oxide mixtures of the general form(s)
(Mn,Fe).sub.2O.sub.3 or (Mn,Fe).sub.3O.sub.4. In some aspects, the
oxygen carrier comprises manganese ores containing substantial
portions of Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 and/or Mn.sub.2O.sub.3. In some
aspects, the oxygen carrier comprises manganese ores containing
significant amounts of the minerals pyrolusite (MnO.sub.2),
braunite, (Mn.sup.2+Mn.sup.3+.sub.6)(SiO12), psilomelane
(Ba,H.sub.2O).sub.2MnO.sub.10, birnessite
(Na.sub.0.3Ca.sub.0.1K.sub.0.1)(Mn.sup.4+,Mn.sup.3+).sub.2O.sub.4,
and/or bixbyite (Mn,Fe).sub.2O.sub.3 and/or Mn/Fe spinel
(Mn,Fe).sub.3O.sub.4. In some aspects, the oxygen carrier comprises
bulk oxides including M.sub.2-xSiO.sub.4 structured materials
(commonly known as olivines) where M may be Mn, Fe, Mg, or a
mixture thereof, to enhance the physical strength of the redox
catalyst particles and, in some, instance provide additional oxygen
carrying capacity and/or catalyze thermal naphtha cracking.
[0011] Methods of making the redox catalysts are also provided. The
methods can include
[0012] a) making a core comprising an oxygen carrier, and (b)
impregnating or precipitating a metal salt onto an outer surface of
the core to form an outer shell having an average thickness of
about 1-100 monolayers. In some aspects, the oxygen carrier is
selected from the group consisting of CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3,
SrMnO.sub.3, Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4,
Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3,
La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3, Ca.sub.9T.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3,
Pr.sub.6O.sub.11, manganese ore, and a combination thereof; and the
metal salt is selected from the group consisting of
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4,
Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, K.sub.2MoO.sub.4,
CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3,
and a combination thereof. In some aspects, the metal salt is
selected from the group consisting of metal carbonates, metal
phosphates, metal tungstates, metal molybdates, metal vanadates,
metal halides, and a combination thereof. In some aspects, making
the core comprises one or more methods selected from the group
consisting of solid state reactions (SSR), precipitation, spray
drying, Pechini method, sol-gels, and freeze granulation,
optionally including calcining/annealing to obtain the core region
containing the oxygen carrier.
[0013] Various methods of making a redox catalyst are provided
including (a) forming a precursor comprising the oxygen carrier and
the salt, wherein the salt comprises an alkaline or rare earth
tungstate selected from the group consisting of BWO.sub.4,
B.sub.2WO.sub.5, and B.sub.3WO.sub.6 where B is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or
a rare earth element; and wherein the oxygen carrier is
substantially free of alkali metals and metal oxides; (b) heating
the precursor to an elevated temperature above a Tamman temperature
of the salt to allow facile surface transport and "wetting" of the
salt to form the shell on the surface of the core. In some aspects,
the resulting tungsten containing phase is selected to melt at
reaction conditions to optimize its mechanical, chemical, and
hydrodynamic properties. In some aspects, a ratio of alkali or
alkali earth metal ions to tungsten is varied from 4:1 to 1:4 to
tune the performance of the catalysts. In some aspects, the shell
is layered onto the outer surface of the core via one or more of
the following steps: (a) high temperature annealing, (b) addition
of a molten alkali salt or alkaline earth salt such a lithium
chloride or strontium chloride that either acts a flux during
heating, or forms a molten phase at elevated temperatures that
dissolves the a molybdate, vanadate, phosphate, sulfate, alkali
earth or rare either tungstate in the salt to form the shell; and
(c) annealing under reducing, oxidizing, and/or redox conditions.
In some aspects, the methods further include in step (b) washing
the molten alkali salt or alkaline earth salt from the shell after
heating, or the salt is removed in a non-molten state though
evaporation at annealing temperature. In some aspects, washing the
molten alkali salt from the shell after heating leaves a non-molten
salt or salt selective mixed metal oxide shell. In some aspects,
the shell comprises a combination of a first alkali salt and a
second non-alkali salt, wherein the first alkali salt is selected
such that the first alkali salt melts and dissolves the second
non-alkali salt at elevated temperatures to wet the outer surface
of the core. In at least some aspects, the shell is a eutectic
mixture of salts, and the method comprises creating a melt of the
mixture at a temperature lower than the melting point of the salt
in the mixture of salts that has the highest melting points in the
mixture of salts.
[0014] Methods of producing an unsaturated hydrocarbon are also
provided. The methods can include contacting a gas comprising a
saturated C.sub.1-C.sub.5 hydrocarbon with a redox catalyst
described herein to produce the unsaturated hydrocarbon. The
unsaturated hydrocarbon can include ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, or a
combination thereof. The contacting step can include a cyclic redox
scheme such as chemical looping oxidative dehydrogenation. The gas
can include ethane that is converted to a product stream containing
ethylene and water by the redox catalyst giving up lattice oxygen.
The conversion can, in some aspects, proceed by direct catalytic
oxidative dehydrogenation. In some aspects, the conversion proceeds
by sequential thermal cracking and selective hydrogen combustion.
The methods can further include regenerating the lattice oxygen of
the redox catalyst particles in air or other suitable oxidant
(e.g., CO.sub.2). The redox catalyst can be used in conjunction
with a non-oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst so that they consume
hydrogen produced by catalytic dehydrogenation performed by a
separate phase. Solid oxide fuel cells including the catalysts, in
some aspects including a zeolite or doped zeolite structure, are
also provided.
[0015] Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of redox
catalysts and methods of use thereof will be or become apparent to
one with skill in the art upon examination of the following
drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such
additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included
within this description, be within the scope of the present
disclosure, and be protected by the accompanying claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] Further aspects of the present disclosure will be readily
appreciated upon review of the detailed description of its various
embodiments, described below, when taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings.
[0017] FIGS. 1A-1B are exemplary schematic redox catalyst
specifications depicting (FIG. 1A) complete surface coverage and
(FIG. 1B) partial surface coverage for oxidative dehydrogenation
(ODH), light-hydrocarbons are either thermally cracked with
hydrogen being selectively combusted and/or they are substantially
converted to olefins via C--H surface activation.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a graph of the low-energy ion scattering (LEIS)
results using He.sup.+ as detection source and Ar.sup.+ as
sputtering source: K.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a graph of the evolution profiles of
C.sub.2H.sub.6 and CO.sub.2 at 650.degree. C. over calcium
manganite. Reaction conditions; .gamma..sub.C2H6,inlet=0.05, F=50
sccm, m.sub.CMO=0.05 g.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a graph of the evolution profiles of
C.sub.2H.sub.4 and CO.sub.2 at 650.degree. C. over CMO. Reaction
conditions: .gamma..sub.C2H4,inlet=0.05, F=50 sccm STP,
m.sub.CMO=0.05 g.
[0021] FIGS. 5A-5B are graphs of the flow rates (FIG. 5A) and argon
carrier-normalized water (mass 18) evolution profile (FIG. 5B) for
ethane dehydrogenation in a dual bed reactor at 650.degree. C.
(first bed is 0.15 g Cr.sub.2O.sub.3/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and second bed
is 0.5 g Na.sub.2WO4-CMO). Reaction condition:
.gamma..sub.ethane=0.05, F=50 sccm.
[0022] FIG. 6 is a diagram of a circulating fluidized bed
configuration for chemical looping-oxidative dehydrogenation
(CL-ODH) oxidative coupling of methane (OCM)/oxy-cracking.
[0023] FIGS. 7A-7C are diagrams of (FIG. 7A) an exemplary packed
bed reactor battery (FIG. 7B) an exemplary packed bed low
temperature oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) (I) integrated into a
modular system with oligomerizer for gasoline production (II), and
a gas engine for power production (III), and (FIG. 7C) an exemplary
configuration of catalyst beds composed of mixed non-oxidative
dehydrogenation/coupling catalyst and selective hydrogen combustion
redox catalyst.
[0024] FIGS. 8A-8B are diagrams of (FIG. 8A) an exemplary chemical
looping-oxidative dehydrogenation (CL-ODH) with plasma enhanced
cracking and selective hydrogen combustion (SHC), and (FIG. 8B) an
exemplary chemical looping (CL)-oxy-cracking with microwave
enhanced cracking and selective hydrogen combustion (SHC).
[0025] FIG. 9 is a graph of the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern of
Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4/Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4 with significant reflections of
Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4 (PDF #01-084-1402) and Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4 (PDF
#00-023-0392) shown.
[0026] FIGS. 10A-10C are diagrams of potential hydrocarbon reactor
configurations. (FIG. 10A) One configuration in which air is used
as a fluidization gas in the standpipe to keep the redox catalyst
highly oxidized, steam in the L-valve conveys the particles into
the lift section while preventing air from slipping into the ODH
reactor; (FIG. 10B) The catalyst is lifted into the ODH/OCM reactor
using a methane lift/fluff gas for aeration. The contact of methane
with the hot, highly oxidized particles produced heat, CO,
CO.sub.2, and C.sub.2H.sub.4, providing heat to drive the
C.sub.2-C.sub.5 dehydrogenation/cracking while boosting olefin
yield; (FIG. 10C) A substantial amount of steam is used as
lift/fluff gas for aeration to suppress coke formation in the
reactor. Two or more aspects of these configurations may be
combined.
[0027] FIG. 11 is X-Ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for redox
catalysts in the Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] The technology describe herein addresses the aforementioned
issues. In various aspects, redox catalysts are provided. The redox
catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region having an outer
surface and a shell/surface layer surrounding the outer surface,
the shell/surface layer including a promoter material. Methods of
using redox catalysts are provided for performing various redox
reactions, for example for chemical looping-oxidative cracking
(CL-oxy-cracking) and chemical looping oxidative ethane
dehydrogenation (CL-ODH).
[0029] In chemical looping-oxidative cracking (CL-oxy-cracking),
the methods can include using a structured oxygen carrier (also
known as a redox-catalyst) that combines a low temperature
(550-825.degree. C.) oxygen carrier with a surface modification
that suppresses deep oxidation of hydrocarbons, while permitting
facile combustion of hydrogen or selective oxidative
dehydrogenation. In this CL-oxy-cracking approach, saturated
hydrocarbons can be thermally or catalytically dehydrogenated, and
the hydrogen can be selectively combusted by the oxygen carrier. In
a separate regeneration step the oxygen carrier can then be
replenished with air or other suitable oxidizing gas such as
CO.sub.2 or steam. In various aspects, layer-structured oxygen
carriers are provided with similar designs that can selectively
combust hydrogen over low boiling point hydrocarbons at much lower
temperatures (550.degree. C. to 825.degree. C.) than in traditional
steam crackers (up to 1200.degree. C.). In various aspects,
additional methods of using catalysts described herein are
provided, for example by extending this technology to other
selective oxidations such as oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol
and oxidative coupling of methane by following the same catalyst
design principles with different surface/bulk modifications.
[0030] In chemical looping oxidative ethane dehydrogenation
(CL-ODH), saturated hydrocarbons are converted into olefins and the
hydrogen co-produced is selectively combusted by an oxygen carrier
(also known as a redox catalyst) in a reactor called reducer (also
known as ODH reactor). The oxygen carrier can then be replenished
with air or other suitable oxidizing gases such as CO.sub.2 or
steam in a second reactor called oxidizer (also known as
regenerator). Also described herein are a series of oxygen carriers
as well as reducer/oxidizer reactor designs. The oxygen carriers
for this process can possess a layered structure: the bulk material
that can facilely supply lattice oxygen between 800.degree. C. and
950.degree. C. and the properties of these oxygen species are
modified by addition of different materials onto the surface to
enable high olefin selectivity:
[0031] Before the present disclosure is described in greater
detail, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited
to particular embodiments described, and as such may, of course,
vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein
is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and
is not intended to be limiting. The skilled artisan will recognize
many variants and adaptations of the embodiments described herein.
These variants and adaptations are intended to be included in the
teachings of this disclosure and to be encompassed by the claims
herein.
[0032] All publications and patents cited in this specification are
cited to disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in
connection with which the publications are cited. All such
publications and patents are herein incorporated by references as
if each individual publication or patent were specifically and
individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Such
incorporation by reference is expressly limited to the methods
and/or materials described in the cited publications and patents
and does not extend to any lexicographical definitions from the
cited publications and patents. Any lexicographical definition in
the publications and patents cited that is not also expressly
repeated in the instant specification should not be treated as such
and should not be read as defining any terms appearing in the
accompanying claims. The citation of any publication is for its
disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as
an admission that the present disclosure is not entitled to
antedate such publication by virtue of prior disclosure. Further,
the dates of publication provided could be different from the
actual publication dates that may need to be independently
confirmed.
[0033] Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to
those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing
of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are
now described. Functions or constructions well-known in the art may
not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. Embodiments
of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated,
techniques of nanotechnology, organic chemistry, material science
and engineering and the like, which are within the skill of the art
Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.
[0034] It should be noted that ratios, concentrations, amounts, and
other numerical data can be expressed herein in a range format. It
is to be understood that such a range format is used for
convenience and brevity, and thus, should be interpreted in a
flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly
recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the
individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that
range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly
recited. To illustrate, a numerical range of "about 0.1% to about
5%" should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly
recited values of about 0.1% to about 5%, but also include
individual values (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges
(e.g., 0.5%, 1.1%, 2.2%, 3.3%, and 4.4%) within the indicated
range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits,
ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also
included in the disclosure, e.g. the phrase "x to y" includes the
range from `x` to `y` as well as the range greater than `x` and
less than `y`. The range can also be expressed as an upper limit,
e.g. `about x, y, z, or less` and should be interpreted to include
the specific ranges of `about x`, `about y`, and `about z` as well
as the ranges of `less than x`, less than y`, and `less than z`.
Likewise, the phrase `about x, y, z, or greater` should be
interpreted to include the specific ranges of `about x`, `about y`,
and `about z` as well as the ranges of `greater than x`, greater
than y`, and `greater than z`. In some embodiments, the term
"about" can include traditional rounding according to significant
figures of the numerical value. In addition, the phrase "about `x`
to `y`", where `x` and `y` are numerical values, includes "about
`x` to about `y`".
Definitions
[0035] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will
be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly
used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that
is consistent with their meaning in the context of the
specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an
idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly defined
herein.
[0036] The articles "a" and "an," as used herein, mean one or more
when applied to any feature in embodiments of the present invention
described in the specification and claims. The use of "a" and "an"
does not limit the meaning to a single feature unless such a limit
is specifically stated. The article "the" preceding singular or
plural nouns or noun phrases denotes a particular specified feature
or particular specified features and may have a singular or plural
connotation depending upon the context in which it is used.
Redox Catalysts
[0037] A variety of redox catalysts is provided that overcome the
aforementioned deficiencies. In some aspects, the redox catalyst
includes a core region made from an oxygen carrier material and an
outer shell material that includes a metal salt providing for
improved reactivity, selectivity, and/or stability of the redox
catalyst. In some aspects, the redox catalyst include a core region
having an outer surface, the core region including an oxygen
carrier; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about
1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region,
the outer shell including one or more metal salts.
[0038] As an example, in some aspects, a redox catalyst is provided
having (a) a core region having an outer surface, the core region
composed of an oxygen carrier selected from the group consisting of
CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3, SrMnO.sub.3, Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8,
Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4, Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3,
La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3, CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3,
Pr.sub.6O.sub.11, manganese ore, and a combination thereof; and (b)
an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100
monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region, the
outer shell composed of a salt selected from the group consisting
of Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4,
Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, K.sub.2MoO.sub.4,
CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3,
and a combination thereof.
[0039] In some aspects, the shell has a substantially different
composition than the core. The shell can be, for example, in the
form of a molten or solid shell or surface decorations fully or
partially covering the core. In some aspects, the shell
encapsulates the entire outer surface. The shell can be a salt
having a non-stoichiometric ratio of the cation to the anion in the
salt, e.g. a ratio of cation to anion in the shell can be about 1/4
to 4 times a stoichiometric cation to anion ratio.
[0040] In some aspects, the metal salt is selected from the group
consisting of metal carbonates, metal phosphates, metal tungstates,
metal molybdates, metal vanadates, metal halides, and a combination
thereof. For example, the shell can include an alkali metal
tungstate selected from the group consisting of tungstates having a
formula BW.sub.4, B.sub.2WO.sub.5, B.sub.3WO.sub.6, and a
combination thereof, where B is selected from the group consisting
of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. The shell can include an alkali metal
tungstate selected from the group consisting of Li.sub.2WO.sub.4,
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, Cs.sub.2WO.sub.4, and a
combination thereof. The shell can include a tungstate salt of an
alkali metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Cs,
and a combination thereof. The shell can include a tungstate salt
of a rare earth metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca,
Sr, Ba, other rare earth metals, and a combination thereof.
[0041] In some aspects, the shell includes a metal halide salt. For
example, the shell can include a halide salt having a formula AX,
where A is Na, K, Li, Rb, or Cs, and where X is F, Cl, Br, or I.
The shell can include a molybdate salt having a formula
A.sub.2MoO.sub.4, where A is Li, Na, K, or Cs. The shell can
include a a molybdate salt having a formula BMoO.sub.4, where B is
Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, a transition metals such as Fe or Mn, or a rare
earth oxide.
[0042] The redox catalysts can include a low temperature oxygen
carrying bulk material, active in the range of 500-825.degree. C.,
and a fully or partially covered surface (or "surface layer" or
"shell") material. While the bulk material donates lattice oxygen
(O*) to the surface, the "shell" material modifies its surface
chemistry, making it selective for oxidative cracking/reaction, as
illustrated in FIGS. 1A-1B.
[0043] In some aspects, the redox catalysts contains an
oxygen-carrying core material as described in such as CaMnO.sub.3
and a tungstate or molybdate salt shell material. They conduct ODH
at low temperature (600-825.degree. C.). At these temperatures,
naphtha is thermally cracked into olefins and hydrogen is
selectively burned by the redox catalysts. To prevent
over-reduction of the redox catalysts, which may cause coke
formation and catalyst deactivation, a short gas-solid contact time
is required (5-120 s). A circulating fluidized bed is then
preferred to operate such ODH or oxidative cracking process (FIG.
6). Using the redox catalysts described, low temperature ethane
chemical looping ODH (.ltoreq.825.degree. C.) or oxidative cracking
is conducted in a packed bed. The ODH step may, for example,
operate at 750.degree. C. Such a temperature is sufficient for both
thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and facile oxygen donation from
the oxygen carriers described herein. In this ODH step,
hydrocarbons such n-hexane, n-heptane, and cyclohexane, are
thermally cracked into olefins and hydrogen. The redox catalyst is
circulated to a separate reactor in which it is regenerated in air
producing process heat.
[0044] In another aspect, the redox catalysts include core
materials of the perovskite with a low shell material loading (5
wt. % to 20 wt. %), these core materials are active and selective
for hydrogen combustion over hydrocarbons at low temperature
(600-750.degree. C.), The shell materials include tungstate and
molybdate salts. As coke formation from radical reactions is not
significant at these temperatures, a packed bed embodiment is
preferred for these SHC redox catalysts. In a relative embodiment,
core materials such as SrMnO.sub.3 are synthesized via a modified
Pechini method. Precursors for SrMnO.sub.3 (usually nitrate salts)
are mixed in one solution followed with a gel formation. Then it is
sintered at 900.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. for phase formation.
Shell materials such as tungstate or molybdate salts are then
wet-impregnated onto the core material and sintered again to form
final products.
[0045] The oxygen carrier can be a perovskite. In some aspects, the
oxygen carrier is composed of a perovskites of the form AMnO.sub.4
or AFeO.sub.3 were A may be Ca, Sr, Ba, La, other lanthanides or
combination thereof. The A and B sites of the perovskite
(ABO.sub.3) can be partially substituted with dopants including but
not limited to materials of the form
Ca.sub.xA.sub.1-xMn.sub.yB.sub.1-yO.sub.3-- where A=Sr, Ba, La, Sm,
or Pr and B=Ti, Fe, Mg, Co, Cu, Ni, V, Mo, Ce, or Al. The oxygen
carrier can be a nonstoichiometric perovskite including the
Ruddlesden-Popper phases of the form A.sub.n+1B.sub.nO.sub.3n+1
where A is one more multiple A-site materials. In some aspects, the
oxygen carrier is a nonstoichiometric perovskite including
Brownmillerite (A.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5), Spinel AB.sub.2O.sub.4, and
cubic A.sub.1-xB.sub.xO.sub.2-- where A is one more multiple A-site
materials. In some aspects, the low-temperature oxygen carrier
comprises perovskites of the form Mo and V oxides and mixed oxides.
The low-temperature oxygen carrier can include a perovskites or
other material containing Dy, Pb, Bi, or Pr and or Ferrites that
exhibit low temperature (<700.degree. C.) oxygen donation or
uncoupling materials. The low-temperature oxygen carrier can
include Dy.sub.2O.sub.3, PrOx, BiOx, or a combination thereof. In
some aspects, the core includes a perovskite of the form AMnO.sub.4
where A may be Ca, Sr, La, and/or Ba, and wherein the shell
comprises an alkali or alkaline earth metal tungstate shell.
[0046] In some aspects, the oxygen carrier includes MnO.sub.2,
Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 and/or MnO; and optionally an
oxide containing one or more of manganese (Mn), lithium (Li),
Sodium (Na) boron (B), and magnesium (Mg), preferably
NaB.sub.2Mg.sub.4Mn.sub.2O.sub.4,
NaB.sub.2Mn.sub.2Mg.sub.4O.sub.11.5, Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8,
NaMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
Mg.sub.3Mn.sub.3B.sub.2O.sub.10, Mg.sub.3 (BO.sub.3).sub.2, and
non-crystalline mixtures of these elements. In some aspects, the
oxygen carrier includes mixed manganese silica oxides, preferably
synthesized in such a way that a substantial portion of the Mn and
Si exist in a mixed Mn.sub.xSi.sub.yO.sub.z phase such as
Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12, giving improved redox kinetics and/or oxygen
capacity over a SiO.sub.2 supported MnO.sub.x phase. In some
aspects, the mixed manganese silica oxides comprise Mn loading of
>30% so that the Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 formed in oxygenated
environments rather than Mn.sub.2O.sub.3/Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 on a
silica phase such as .alpha.-crisabalite giving highly improved
usable oxygen capacity.
[0047] In some aspects, the oxygen carrier includes monometallic or
mixed metal oxides containing first row transition metals including
Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and mixtures thereof. In some aspects, the
oxygen carrier comprises bulk oxides MnFe.sub.2O.sub.4 and mixed
oxides or oxide mixtures of the general form(s)
(Mn,Fe).sub.2O.sub.3 or (Mn,Fe).sub.3O.sub.4. The oxygen carrier
can include manganese ores containing substantial portions of
Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 and/or Mn.sub.2O.sub.3. The manganese ores can
contain significant amounts of the minerals pyrolusite (MnO.sub.2),
braunite, (Mn.sup.2+Mn.sup.3+.sub.6)(SiO.sub.12), psilomelane
(Ba,H.sub.2O).sub.2Mn.sub.6O.sub.10, bimessite
(Na.sub.0.3Ca.sub.0.1K.sub.0.1)(Mn.sup.4+Mn.sup.3+).sub.2O.sub.4,
and/or bixyite (Mn,Fe).sub.2O.sub.3 and/or Mn/Fe Spinel
(Mn,Fe).sub.3O.sub.4.
[0048] In some aspects, the oxygen carrier includes bulk oxides
including M.sub.2-xSiO.sub.4 structured materials (commonly known
as olivines) where M may be Mn, Fe, Mg, or a mixture thereof, to
enhance the physical strength of the redox catalyst particles and,
in some instance provide additional oxygen carrying capacity.
[0049] In some aspects, the oxygen carrier is active for oxidative
dehydrogenation of methane, ethane, or propane at a temperature of
about 500.degree. C. to about 825.degree. C. In some aspects, the
core is composed of a bulk oxygen storage-donation at a low
temperatures phase and a promoted surface with substantially
different compositions in the form of a molten or solid shell or
surface decoration that fully or partially covers the core while
maintaining significant activity for hydrogen combustion or direct
ODH catalysis.
Methods of Making Catalysts
[0050] Various methods are provided for making the redox catalysts
described herein. In some aspects, the catalysts are made by a
method including first forming a core including the oxygen carrier
material and then impregnating or precipitating a metal salt onto
an outer surface of the core. In yet other aspects, a precursor is
prepared including the oxygen carrier material and the salt and the
precursor is heated to form the redox catalyst.
[0051] In some aspects, the method includes making a core
comprising an oxygen carrier, and impregnating or precipitating a
metal salt onto an outer surface of the core to form an outer shell
having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers. In some
aspects, the oxygen carrier is selected from the group consisting
of CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3, SrMnO.sub.3, Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8,
Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4, Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3,
La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3, Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3,
Pr.sub.6O.sub.11, manganese ore, and a combination thereof; and the
metal salt is selected from the group consisting of
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4,
Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, K.sub.2MoO.sub.4,
CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3,
and a combination thereof.
[0052] Methods of making the core materials are generally know and
can include one or more methods selected from the group consisting
of SSR, precipitation, spray drying, Pechini method, sol-gels, and
freeze granulation, optionally including calcining/annealing to
obtain the core region containing the oxygen carrier.
[0053] In some aspects, the methods include forming a precursor
comprising the oxygen carrier and the salt, wherein the salt
comprises an alkaline or rare earth tungstate selected from the
group consisting of BWO.sub.4, B.sub.2WO.sub.5, and B.sub.3WO.sub.6
where B is Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a rare earth element; and wherein the
oxygen carrier is substantially free of alkali metals and metal
oxides; and then heating the precursor to an elevated temperature
above a Tamman temperature of the salt to allow facile surface
transport and "wetting" of the salt to form the shell on the
surface of the core. The resulting tungsten containing phase can be
selected to melt at reaction conditions to optimize its mechanical,
chemical, and hydrodynamic properties. A ratio of alkali or alkali
earth metal ions to tungsten can be varied from 4:1 to 1:4 to tune
the performance of the catalysts.
[0054] In some aspects, the core is formed and the shell is then
subsequently formed or layered onto the core. For example, the
shell can be layered onto the outer surface of the core via one or
more of the following steps: (a) high temperature annealing, (b)
addition of a molten alkali salt such a lithium chloride that
either acts a flux during heating, or forms a molten phase at
elevated temperatures that dissolves the a molybdate, vanadate,
phosphate, sulfate, alkali earth or rare either tungstate in the
salt to form the shell; and (c) annealing under reducing,
oxidizing, and/or redox conditions. The molten alkali salt can be
subsequently washed away after heating.
[0055] In some aspects, the shell includes combination of a first
alkali salt and a second non-alkali salt, wherein the first alkali
salt is selected such that the first alkali salt melts and
dissolves the second non-alkali salt at elevated temperatures to
wet the outer surface of the core. In some aspects, the shell is a
eutectic mixture of salts, and the method comprises creating a melt
of the mixture at a temperature lower than the melting point of the
salt in the mixture of salts that has the highest melting points in
the mixture of salts.
Methods of Using Catalysts
[0056] FIG. 1A depicts an exemplary parallel cracking and selective
hydrogen combustion, where the hydrocarbon (e.g. hexane or ethane)
crack in the gas phase to produce olefins and hydrogen, the surface
layer (e.g. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 or SrWO.sub.4 substantially or
entirely covering the bulk oxygen carrier) allows the product
hydrogen to be selectively combusted (SHC) by bulk lattice oxygen
(O'') while suppressing hydrocarbon combustion;
[0057] FIG. 1B depicts an exemplary surface catalyzed ODH/OCM,
where the surface activates the hydrocarbon (such as methane ethane
or propane) at low temperatures (<650.degree. C.) while the bulk
provides oxygen for the reaction.
[0058] These proposed catalyst specifications are evidenced by
extensive research findings. While the catalytic performance tests
are given in a number of examples (see Example Section), the
layered structures are determined by surface-sensitive
spectroscopic techniques (e.g. LEIS and XPS) and microscopic
imaging (e.g., TEM). Several key research findings are listed
below:
[0059] Low-energy ion scattering (LEIS): LEIS is a highly
surface-sensitive technique which can detect the outermost surface
layer of the redox catalysts. LEIS was conducted on a model
compound using He.sup.+ as detection source and Ar as sputtering
source. K.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 were tested. Depth profiles on
this samples showed that the top few first layers were enriched
with K and W, respectively. The significant difference between
surface elemental composition and bulk composition shows a layered
structure: on K.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3, the surface is covered
with tungstate salt. For example, FIG. 2 depicts the LEIS results
using He as detection source and Ar as sputtering source for
K.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3.
[0060] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) will show similar
trends: a tendency for enrichment on the surface in excess of the
surface modifiers bulk concentration, typically in the order of a
3-10 fold enrichment. Less apparent surface enrichment is seen in
XPS than the more surface sensitive LEIS. This is because XPS can
probe 5-100 monolayers deep and the effect is consistent with the
thin nature of much of the surface modifying layer on the order of
1-20 monolayers, which allows facile oxygen transport.
[0061] These redox active metal oxides can be used in a wide
variety of dehydrogenation reactions to enhance single-pass
conversion, decreasing the product separation load (by selectively
burning H.sub.2 to H.sub.2O), and/or balancing the heat of reaction
via SHC under a redox mode. Sample reactions include thermal
cracking of hydrocarbons, propane catalytic dehydrogenation,
dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene, methane non-oxidative coupling,
methane aromatization, butane/butene dehydrogenation, etc. These
reactions are summarized below: [0062] Thermal cracking:
C.sub.2H.sub.6+Heat.rarw..fwdarw.C.sub.2H.sub.4+H.sub.2O [0063]
Hydrogen combustion:
H.sub.2+M.sub.yO.sub.x.fwdarw.H.sub.2O+M.sub.yO.sub.x-1 [0064]
Regeneration: 1/2
H.sub.2O+M.sub.yO.sub.x-1.fwdarw.M.sub.yO.sub.x+Heat [0065] Propane
catalytic dehydrogenation:
C.sub.3H.sub.8.sup.+2.fwdarw.C.sub.3H.sub.6.sup.+2 (H-Surface)
[0066] Direct surface activate CL-CDH:
C.sub.2H.sub.6+M.sub.yO.fwdarw.H.sub.2+M.sub.yO.sub.x-1+C.sub.2H.sub.6
[0067] Non-oxidative coupling of methane:
2CH.sub.4.fwdarw.C.sub.2H.sub.6+H.sub.2 [0068] Dehydrogenation of
ethyl benzene to styrene:
(C.sub.5H.sub.5)--CH.sub.2--CH.sub.3.fwdarw.(C.sub.6H.sub.5)--CH.dbd.CH.s-
ub.2 [0069] Butane/butene dehydrogenations:
C.sub.4H.sub.10.fwdarw.C.sub.4H.sub.8+H.sub.2.fwdarw.C.sub.4H.sub.6+2
H.sub.2 [0070] Methane aromatization: 6 CH.sub.4--C.sub.6H.sub.6+9
H.sub.2
[0071] FIGS. 7A-7C Schematic of (FIG. 7A), Packed bed reactor
battery (FIG. 7B). The packed bed low temperature ODH (I)
integrated into a modular system with oligomerizer for gasoline
production (II), and a gas engine for power production (III), and
(FIG. 7C) potential configuration of catalyst beds composed of
mixed non-oxidative dehydrogenation/coupling catalyst and selective
hydrogen combustion redox catalyst.
[0072] A packed bed scheme may be used for modular ODH or ethane
and/or propane. A redox catalyst bed is contacted with ethane or
propane producing propylene or ethylene along with water. The
reactor is briefly purged with steam, followed by a regeneration
step in which replenishes the oxygen carriers oxygen with air or
other suitable oxidizing gas such as CO.sub.2 or steam. At lower
temperatures (<700.degree. C.) where thermal decomposition of
ethane is low, over Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 doped CaMnO.sub.3 catalyst may
be supplemented by a non-oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst by
either sequential packing or a mixed packed bed. This configuration
may be used in conjunction with a modular oligomerization units to
produce liquid fuels.
[0073] A redox catalyst such as those described herein may be used
in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor. The redox catalyst
particles are circulated between a hydrocarbon reactor (i.e.,
ODH/OCM/Oxy-cracking) reactor and an air-reactor/regenerator. In
the hydrocarbon reactor the oxidized redox catalyst is contacted
with a hydrocarbon feed such as ethane or hexane. At sufficiently
high temperatures, the ethane or hexane is heated to produce
significant gas phase cracking in an endothermic reaction, the
product hydrogen is then selectively burned with lattice oxygen of
the redox catalyst particles. The oxygen depleted particle are then
circulated into the regenerator were they are contacted with an
oxidant such as air. The exothermic reactor heats the catalyst
particles, which, when circulated back into the ODH reactor
provides heat for the net endothermic operation of the reactor.
[0074] An SHC catalyst such as Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 doped SrMnO.sub.3
is contacted with ethane at 600.degree. C. A high DC bias is
applied across the reactor so that a plasma forms, initiating rapid
gas phase cracking reaction. Alternatively, a microwave source may
be used for cracking activation.
EXAMPLES
[0075] Now having described the embodiments of the present
disclosure, in general, the following Examples describe some
additional embodiments of the present disclosure. While embodiments
of the present disclosure are described in connection with the
following examples and the corresponding text and figures, there is
no intent to limit embodiments of the present disclosure to this
description. On the
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ethane CL-ODH performance at 700.degree. C.
Ethane Ethylene Ethylene Catalyst conversion selectivity yield Pure
Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 51.0% 49.8% 25.4% 0.1 wt % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on
20.0% 86.7% 17.2% Pr.sub.6O.sub.11
contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications,
and equivalents included within the spirit and scope of embodiments
of the present disclosure.
Example 1. Direct Surface Activation CL-ODH
[0076] Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 promoted Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 can be used as a
redox catalyst for direct ethane CL-ODH. While pure
Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 further oxidizes ethane and ethylene to CO.sub.2
and leads to poor selectivity, very small amount of
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 promotion (less than 0.1 wt %) can significantly
increase ethylene selectivity. Bulk Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 was purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich as a model compound. The synthetic of
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 promoted Pr.sub.6O.sub.11 follows a
wet-impregnation method. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 precursor was dissolved
in water and impregnated onto commercial Pr.sub.6O.sub.11. It is
then dried at 80.degree. C. and sintered at 900.degree. C. for 8 h,
CL-ODH of ethane was conducted at 700.degree. C., where thermal
conversion of ethane is negligible. Redox catalysts were exposed to
10% of ethane (Ar balanced, GHSV=7500 h.sup.-1) in a 1-min pulse.
The product species were mainly ethylene and H.sub.2, confirmed by
GC and mass spectroscopy. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 2. Selective Hydrogen Combustion Catalysts
[0077] In another set of experiments CaMnO.sub.3 and SrMnO.sub.3
perovskite oxides were prepared by a modified Pechini method.
Calcination was done at 1000.degree. C. for 12 h to form the
perovskite phase. The resulting material was sieved into the
250-425 .mu.m size range for reaction testing a portion of each
perovskite sample was doped with 20 wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4.
Preparation of the promoted material was done with incipient
wetness impregnation by dissolving sodium tungstate dihydrate in
water, adding the solution dropwise to the perovskite oxide powder,
stirring until homogeneous, and drying overnight at 120.degree. C.
The promoted perovskite oxide materials were sieved into the
250-425 .mu.m size range for testing.
[0078] The metal oxide materials were evaluated for selective
hydrogen combustion (SHC) performance using a combination of
temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) tests and isothermal
experiments implementing a cyclic redox scheme, Ethylene and
H.sub.2 were used as the reducing gases in both cases to simulate
the products of ethane dehydrogenation. TPR runs used a gas
composition of 2.5% H.sub.2, 2.5% C.sub.2H.sub.4, and Ar the
balance/carrier gas, with a total flowrate of 100 ml/min: ramping
rate was 5.degree. C./min. Redox cycles used 40% H.sub.2, 40%
O.sub.2H.sub.4, and 20% Ar in the reduction step, in pulses of 10 s
at 100 ml/min. The oxidation step used 16.7% O.sub.2 and balance Ar
for 3 minutes' duration. Pure Ar was flowed for 5 minutes between
reduction and oxidation to purge the system.
[0079] Reactor testing as described above was carried out in a
quartz U-tuber reactor (ID=1/8 in) into which 100 mg of catalyst
material was loaded. The remaining volume of the U-tube reactor was
filled with quartz wool and alumina grit. The U-tube was heated by
a tube furnace controlled by a temperature controller and utilizing
a K-type thermocouple. Gas flowrates were controlled by a panel of
mass flow controllers. Results were analyzed by mass spectrometry
and gas chromatography.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 SHC performance of Mg6MnO.sub.8-based redox
catalysts. SHC Selectivity Bulk w/20 wt % Temperature Mg6MnO.sub.8
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 550.degree. C. 88.8% 100.0% 650.degree. C. 91.9%
100.0%
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 SHC performance of SrMnO.sub.3-based redox
catalysts. SHC Selectivity Bulk w/20 wt. % Temperature SrMnO.sub.3
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 550.degree. C. 100.0% 100.0% 650.degree. C. 90.4%
92.4% 750.degree. C. 84.8% 88.0% 800.degree. C. 75.7% 83.1%
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 SHC performance of CaMnO.sub.3-based redox
catalysts. SHC Selectivity Bulk w/20 wt. % Temperature CaMnO.sub.3
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 550.degree. C. 100.0% 100.0% 650.degree. C. 90.7%
96.1% 750.degree. C. 87.0% 89.3% 800.degree. C. 76.9% 85.4%
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Experimental oxygen capacity data of SCH
redox carrier at low temperature Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ Temperature CaMnO.sub.3
SrMnO.sub.3 Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 (.degree. C.) capacity (wt. %)
capacity (wt. %) capacity (wt. %) 550 >0.39 >0.67 0.09 650
>0.42 >2.78 0.10 750 >2.38 >4.60 0.13 775 >3.78
>4.85 -- 800 >4.43 >5.10 0.54
Example 3. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 for Parallel Cracking and
SHC
[0080] Alkali tungstate (A.sub.2WO.sub.4, where A=Li, Na, K, and/or
Cs) can be used as the shell material in selective ODH catalysts.
Aa an example CaMnO.sub.3 is selected as the oxygen carrier core
material. Other type perovskites in the form of AMnO.sub.4 or
AFeO.sub.3 are also synthesized and tested, where A can be Ca, Sr,
La, and/or Ba. The catalyst synthetic procedures follow a modified
Pechini method and a following wet-impregnation approach.
Precursors for CaMnO.sub.3 (usually nitrate salts) are mixed in one
solution followed with a gel formation. Then it is sintered at
800.degree. C.-1300.degree. C. to allow phase formation. Precursors
for Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 are then dissolved in one solution and
impregnated onto the as-obtained CaMnO.sub.3. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4
loading from 20 wt. % and 40 wt. % are used. It is then sinter
again at 800.degree. C.-1300.degree. C. to form the desired phases
for a core-shell structure.
[0081] These redox catalysts can be used as ODH catalysts under the
temperature of 800.degree. C. to 850.degree. C., in the space
velocity of 2000-20000 h.sup.-1. Ethylene yields from 50%->65%
are achieved, with ethylene
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Ethane ODH over 40 wt. %
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 at 850.degree. C. Ethylene Ethane
Ethylene CO CO.sub.2 H.sub.2 catalyst yield conversion selectivity
selectivity selectivity conversion 40 wt. % 60.1% 76.6% 79.1% 0.2%
10.6% 91.2% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3
selectivity ranging from 75% to >90% and ethane
conversion>65%. H.sub.2 by-product are converted efficiently and
provide additional heat to the reaction. The H.sub.2 conversions
range from 50% to 95%. Table 2 shows catalytic performance of a
representative
Example 4. Parallel Cracking and SHC for Hexane/Naphtha
Oxy-Cracking
[0082] To illustrate the ability of the SHC catalyst particles as
described here in to achieve the abovementioned advantages, SHC
catalyst enhancement of n-hexane cracking reaction is illustrated
below. The promoted perovskite materials possess good activity
towards the n-hexane CL oxy-cracking reaction and selectivity
towards olefins as well as in situ SHC. Table 7 and Table 8 show
the n-hexane cracking performance of Na.sub.2WO.sub.4-doped
SrMnO.sub.3 and CaMnO.sub.3.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 n-Hexane Oxy-cracking performance of 20 wt.
% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4-doped SrMnO.sub.3 redox catalyst. Olefin
CO.sub.x Space Temper- n-Hexane Selec- Selec- Hydrogen Velocity
ature Conversion tivity tivity Conversion Thermal 750.degree. C.
63.1% .sup. 84% .sup. 0% 0% 4500 hr.sup.-1 4500 hr.sup.-1
725.degree. C. 78.2% 45.3% 5.6% 63.2% 4500 hr.sup.-1 750.degree. C.
87.9% 44.0% 12.7% 79.6% 9000 hr.sup.-1 725.degree. C. 56.8% 76.1%
5.8% 82.0% 9000 hr.sup.-1 750.degree. C. 73.8% 78.3% 5.5% 83.6%
9000 hr.sup.-1 775.degree. C. 90.9% 77.9% 5.9% 85.7% 9000 hr.sup.-1
800.degree. C. 94.0% 75.2% 7.3% 90.6%
[0083] The NaW promoted CaMnO.sub.3 may also be used for oxidative
cracking of naphtha:
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 n-Hexane Oxy-cracking performance of 20 wt %
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4-doped CaMnO.sub.3 redox catalyst Olefin CO.sub.x
Space Temper- n-Hexane Selec- Selec- Hydrogen Velocity ature
Conversion tivity tivity Conversion 4500 hr.sup.-1 725.degree. C.
69.4% 67.3% 16.4% 96.2% 4500 hr.sup.-1 750.degree. C. 84.1% 63.2%
21.3% 96.1% 4500 hr.sup.-1 775.degree. C. 93.3% 55.2% 29.4% 97.7%
3000 hr.sup.-1 700.degree. C. 70.9% 67.7% 12.1% 93.1% 2250
hr.sup.-1 700.degree. C. 64.3% 68.5% 12.3% 93.5% 1500 hr.sup.-1
700.degree. C. 59.8% 68.8% 9.3% 93.8%
Example 5. Catalytic Dehydrogenation with Selective Hydrogen
Combustion
[0084] The rate of ethane and ethylene combustion over CaMnO.sub.3
(CMO) at 650.degree., is low, but tends toward deep oxidation of
ethylene (FIG. 3 and FIG. 4). Doped perovskite
(Na.sub.2WO.sub.4--CMO) shows significantly suppressed hydrocarbon
combustion activity. At 650.degree. C., CO.sub.2 flowrate at the
outlet of reactor is negligible when feeding ethane or ethylene to
the reactor. The flowrate of ethane at the outlet of reactor is
equal to that at the inlet of reactor (FIG. 3), showing no
dehydrogenation activity and deep oxidation of ethylene is
insignificant (FIG. 4). This indicates that SHC catalyst cannot
catalyze ethane or ethylene reactions. However, the catalyst has
significant activity for selective hydrogen combustions
[0085] For the dual-bed mode where the first bed is DH catalyst
(Cr.sub.2O.sub.3/Al.sub.2O.sub.3) and second bed is the SHC
catalyst (Na.sub.2WO.sub.4-CMO), product evolution profiles (FIGS.
5A-5B) are very different. In FIGS. 5A and 5B. The hydrogen
flowrate is much lower with NaW/CM than without NaW/CM and water is
produced. The ability to remove hydrogen from the DH product stream
indicates that the SHC catalyst can be used to effectively; a.
selectively burn H.sub.2 for energy balance; b. shift the
equilibrium for ethylene formation to increase the olefin
yield.
Example 6. Molybdate Redox Catalyst
[0086] An Alkali molybdate (A.sub.2MoO.sub.4, where A=Li, Na, K,
and/or Cs) can be used as the shell material in selective SHC
catalysts. As an example, CaMnO.sub.3 is selected as the oxygen
carrier core material. Other type perovskites in the form of
AMnO.sub.4 or AFeO.sub.3 are also synthesized and tested, where A
can be Ca, Sr, La, and/or Ba. The catalyst synthetic procedures
follow a modified Pechini method and a following wet-impregnation
approach. Precursors for CaMnO.sub.3 (usually nitrate salts) are
mixed in one solution followed with a gel formation. Then it is
sintered at 900.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. to allow phase
formation. Precursors for Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4 are then dissolved in
one solution and impregnated onto the as-obtained CaMnO.sub.3.
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4 loading from 2 wt. % and 25 wt. % are used. It is
then sinter again at 900.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. to form the
desired phases for a core-shell structure. These as-obtained redox
catalysts are good for SHC. At the presence of both hydrogen and
ethylene, the catalysts can achieve selectivities from 75% to 95%
and hydrogen conversion from 85% to 99% under the temperature from
600.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. As an example, at T=700.degree. C.
and space velocity=8000 h.sup.-1, 20 wt %
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 can achieve 87.3% SHC selectivity and
97% H.sub.2 conversion.
Example 7. SrWO.sub.4/Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8
[0087] An alkaline earth tungstate (BWO.sub.4, where B=Mg, Ca, Sr,
and/or Ba) can be used as the surface promoter material in
selective ODH catalysts. As an example, Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.3 is
selected as the oxygen carrier bulk material. Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 is
synthesized first via an incipient wet-impregnation or a solid
state reaction method. Precursors for Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 are nitrate
salts or metal oxides. It is then sintered at 900.degree.
C.-1200.degree. C. to allow the formation of the desired phase.
Surface promoter material such as SrWO.sub.4 is then impregnated on
the as-synthesized bulk material. Precursors for SrWO.sub.4 are
dissolved in one solution and impregnated onto Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.3.
SrWO.sub.4 loading from 1 wt. % and 40 wt. % are used. It is then
sintered again at 900.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. to form the
desired phases for a layered structure. Ethylene single-pass yields
from 50%-70% are achieved, with ethylene selectivity ranging from
80% to 95% and ethane conversion from 60% to 75%. H.sub.2
by-product are converted efficiently and provide additional heat to
the reaction. The H.sub.2 conversions range from 55% to 85%. Table
9 shows catalytic performance of representative ODH catalyst at
4500 h.sup.-1 and 850.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Performance of SrWO.sub.4 Promoted
Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 Ethylene Ethane Ethylene CO.sub.2 H.sub.2
Catalyst yield conversion selectivity C.sub.2+ Sel. CO sel.
selectivity conversion 10 wt % 53.1% 64.1% 82.8% 88.4% 1.3% 6.0%
55.2% SrWO.sub.4/Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 15.6% 87.13%
17.9% 16.8% .sup. 0% 78% .sup. 95%
[0088] The product distribution (Table 10) is a complex mixture of
ethylene, ethane, hydrogen, CO, CO.sub.2, as well as other
hydrocarbons formed in parallel and subsequent cracking reactions;
of particular note are methane, acetylene and 1,3-butadiene.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Breakdown of CL-ODH product compositions
from SrWO.sub.4 doped Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 Product components Vol. %
hydrogen 22.62% CO 1.22% Carbon Dioxide 5.63% methane 4.05% ethane
26.28% ethylene 38.77% propane 0.05% propylene 0.38% n-butane 0.05%
acetylene 0.19% trans-2-butene 0.01% 1-butene 0.03% i-butylene
0.02% 1,3-butadiene 0.63% methyl acetylene 0.02% C6+ 0.06%
Example 8. Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4/Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8
[0089] An alkali molybdate (A.sub.2MoO.sub.4, where A=Li, Na, K,
and/or Cs) can be used as the surface promoter material in
selective ODH catalysts. The catalytic performance is similar to
using tungstate salts as surface promoter materials. As an example,
Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 is selected as the oxygen carrier bulk material.
Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 is synthesized first via an incipient
wet-impregnation or a solid state reaction. Precursors for
Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 are nitrate salts or metal oxides. It is then
sintered at 900.degree. C.-1200.degree. C. to allow phase
formation. Surface promoter material such as Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4 is
then constructed on the as-synthesized bulk material. Precursors
for Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4 are dissolved in one solution and impregnated
onto Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8. Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4 loading from 2 wt. % and
40 wt. % are used. It is then sintered again at 900.degree.
C.-1200.degree. C. to form the desired phases and structure.
[0090] These as-obtained redox catalysts are active and selective
for ODH. It is efficient in combusting H.sub.2, providing
additional heat to the reactions. Table 11 shows catalytic
performance of one representative ODH catalyst at 4500 h.sup.-1 and
850.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Performance of Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4 doped
Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 Ethylene Ethane Ethylene CO.sub.2 H.sub.2
Catalyst yield conversion selectivity C.sub.2+ Sel. CO sel.
selectivity conversion 10 wt % 54.2% 70.5% 76.9% 83.4% 1.5% 6.3%
62.1% Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4/Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 15.6%
87.13% 17.9% 16.8% .sup. 0% 78% .sup. 90%
Example 9. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/(Mn,Si)O.sub.x
[0091] A layered ODH catalyst, various forms of mixed Mn--Si oxides
such as MnSi.sub.2, MnSi.sub.3, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4, and
Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 can be used as oxygen carrying bulk material and
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 is used as surface promoter material to maintain a
high ethylene selectivity. In catalyst preparation, MnSi.sub.2,
MnSi.sub.3, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4 and/or Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 is
synthesized first via an incipient wet-impregnation or a solid
state reaction method. Precursors for MnSiO.sub.2 are nitrate salts
or metal oxides. Mn:Si precursor mass ratio can be tuned from 90:20
to 05:95. It is then sintered at 900.degree. C.-1300.degree. C. to
allow phase formation. Surface promoter material is then
impregnated onto the as-obtained Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 and/or
MnSi.sub.2, MnSi.sub.3, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4. As an example,
precursors for Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 are dissolved in one solution and
impregnated onto MnSi.sub.2. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 loading from 2 wt. %
and 40 wt. % are used. It is then sintered again at 900.degree.
C.-1300.degree. C. to form the desired phases for the desired
structure. The finally obtained catalyst is active and selective
for ODH of ethane. Table 12 shows catalytic performance of several
representative ODH catalysts at 4500 h.sup.-1 and 850.degree.
C.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Performance of Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 Doped Mn/Si
Mixed Oxides. Ethylene Ethane Ethylene CO CO.sub.2 H.sub.2 catalyst
yield conversion selectivity selectivity selectivity conversion 10
wt % 60.0% 72.8% 82.8% 0% 4.3% 86.1% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/Mn:Si = 70:30
10 wt % 60.2% 70.1% 85.1% 0% 2.5% 39.4% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/Mn:Si =
05:95
[0092] These catalyst specifications described herein are evidenced
by extensive research findings. While the catalytic performance
tests are given in a number of examples (see Example Section), the
layered structures are determined by surface-sensitive
spectroscopic techniques (e.g. LEIS, XPS, in-situ DRIFTS, Raman)
and microscopic imaging (e.g., TEM). Several key research findings
are listed below:
[0093] XPS of the surface of promoted Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 based
catalyst shows the inclusion of tungsten salt of sodium is enriched
on the surface blocking out Mn ions. This enrichment persists for
cycled samples. Such a Na enrichment shows a significantly
different surface composition than bulk composition on Na tungstate
promoted Mn:Si oxides (nominally Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12). XPS of a
cycled sample was taken with an aluminum anode. At 10 wt. % percent
an enrichment of surface promoters on the order of 4.times. is
observed (Table 13). This is consistent with a thin coating that is
less than 50 monolayers deep achieved in this example permitting
facile oxygen transport. This enrichment in a thin (1-20
monolayers) becomes more apparent at lower Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 (3.5
wt. %) loadings (approximately 7-9.times., Table 13).
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Near Surface metal atomic ratio tor cycled
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ Mn:Si = 70:30 from XPS vs Theoretical bulk
distribution. 10 wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 Metal 3.5 wt. %
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 Metal Atomic % Composition Atomic % Composition
From From XPS Enrich- From From XPS Enrich- Bulk Cross ment Bulk
Cross ment Stoich. Section factor Stoich. Section factor Na
3.45%.sup. 13% 3.8 1.3% 11% 8.5 Mn 77% 36% 0.47 80.0% 30% 0.38 W
1.7% 6.7% 3.9 0.7% 4.6% 7.0 Si 18% 44% 2.5 18.5% 54% 2.9
[0094] Low-energy ion scattering (LEIS): LEIS is a highly
surface-sensitive technique which can detect the outermost surface
layer of the redox catalysts. The top few layers are usually
crucial in determining a catalyst's reactivity. As described
herein, LEIS can be conducted on sodium tungstate doped
Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12 a using He.sup.+ as detection source and
Ar.sup.+ as sputtering source. The significant difference between
surface elemental composition and bulk composition shows a layered
structure on Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/Mn.sub.7SiO.sub.12: the surface is
covered with tungstate salt. Because LEIS is surface sensitive to
the top mono layer a much larger enrichment will be noted. This is
consistent with the thin nature (.sup..about.1-20 monolayers) of
the surface modification layer achieved in this example.
Example 10. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/Manganese Ores
[0095] To prove the general applicability of the promoters towards
various metal oxides with lattice oxygen carrying/donation
properties, promotion of manganese ores is demonstrated. Low-cost
manganese containing ores can also be used as the bulk material for
oxygen carrier. In this case, tungstate and/or molybdate salts can
be impregnated on its surface to improve the selectivity for ODH
reaction. As an example, commercial Gloria ore is purchased and
used as the oxygen carrier bulk material and Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 is
used as the surface promoter material. The catalyst synthetic
procedure follows a wet-impregnation approach. Precursors for
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 are dissolved in the solution and impregnated onto
commercial Gloria ore. It is then sintered at 900.degree.
C.-1200.degree. C. to form the desired phases for a layered
structure. The as-obtained redox catalysts can be used as ODH
catalysts under the temperature of 800.degree. C. to 850.degree.
C., at gas hourly space velocity of 2000-20000 h.sup.-. For
example, 10 wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on Gloria ore achieved good ODH
performance (shown in Table 14).
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Ethane ODH over doped Mn ores. Ethylene
Ethane Ethylene CO.sub.x H.sub.2 Olefin Olefin catalyst yield
conversion selectivity selectivity conversion selectivity yield 10
wt % 45.5% 73.2% 62.2% 29.1% 88.3% 65.8% 47.6% SrWO.sub.4/Gloria 10
wt % 60.0% 71.9% 83.4% 3.8% 80.7% 90.1% 63.7% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on
Gloria 10 wt % 54.8% 68.5% 80.0% 8.3% 76.7% 84.5% 57.9% SrWO.sub.4
on Buritirama 10 wt % 56.1% 64.3% 87.2% 1.4% 79.4% 92.0% 59.1%
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on Buritirama Buritirama 44.5% 72.5% 61.4% 26.4%
90.9% 64.3% 46.6% Undoped
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 reported composition of Buritirama and
Gloria Ores:.sup.1 Buritirama Gloria SiO.sub.2 2.0 6.1
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 3.6 0.22 CaO 0.20 12 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 5.1 8.4
K.sub.2O 0.73 <0.09 MgO 0.56 3.7 Mn.sub.3O.sub.4 81 48 Na.sub.2O
<0.05 <0.05 P.sub.2O.sub.5 0.13 0.048 TiO.sub.2 0.18 0.015
LOI 1.4 16
Example 11. SrWO.sub.4 on Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4/Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4
Produced Via a LiCl Melt
[0096] MnO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2 (in the form of colloidal silica), and
MgO in a ratio of 4:1:1.9 by weight, were sequentially dispersed
into dispersed into water. The resulting mixture was ball milled
and dried overnight. After calcination at 900-1200.degree. C. a
mixture consisting primarily of Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4 and
Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4 phases (as shown by XRD FIG. 2) and
nonstoichiometric and co-doped mixtures thereof. Cycling the sample
between 5-20 ml injections of ethane (80% ethane balance argon) of
ethane and regeneration in 20% oxygen at a space velocity of 4500
h.sup.-1 and 850.degree. C. (Table 16) in a 1/8'' I.D. U-tube
reactor, shows that this bulk material is a highly active oxygen
carrier, but is not selective. This material is subsequently
impregnated with an aqueous solution of Li.sub.2WO.sub.4 equivalent
to a 2.5-40 wt. % loading of WO.sub.3. An aqueous solution of LiCl
and SrCl.sub.2 is added to the mixture so that there is a 1:1:(1 to
10) molar ratio of Li.sub.2WO.sub.4:SrCl.sub.2:LiCl. The mixture is
allowed to set and then dried so that SrWO.sub.4 and LiCl are left
impregnated on the sample. The sample is heated to 600-1100.degree.
C. so that the LiCl melts and dissolves SrWO.sub.4. After cooling
to precipitate out the SrWO.sub.4 onto the surface, the sample is
washed repeatedly in hot water to remove the LiCl phase. The
resulting catalyst is significantly more selective to ethylene
while maintaining high hydrogen conversion (Table 16).
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4 Supported
Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4 with and without doping by SrWO.sub.4 (10 wt. %
WO.sub.3 basis) 4500 h.sup.-1 and 850.degree. C. Ethylene Ethane
Ethylene CO.sub.x H.sub.2 catalyst Yield conversion Selectivity
Selectivity conversion Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4/ 38% 87% 43% 42% 95%
Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4 SrWO.sub.4 on 54% 88% 61% 20% 88%
Mg.sub.2SiO.sub.4/ Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4
Example 12. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on BaMnO.sub.3 with O.sub.2 and
CO.sub.2 Regeneration
[0097] Other Mn-based bulk materials have also been tested. As an
example, BaMnO.sub.3 is used as bulk material. BaMnO.sub.3 could be
synthesized from a solution-based method by using metal nitrates as
precursors or a solid-state method by using metal oxide as
precursors. 10 wt. % of Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 is impregnated onto
BaMnO.sub.3 bulk as a shell material. In these tests, both O.sub.2
and CO.sub.2 have been used as regenerating gas. O.sub.2
regeneration results in a fully oxidized redox catalyst and
CO.sub.2 regeneration results in a partially oxidized redox
catalyst. As is shown in Table 17, the O.sub.2 regeneration leads
to high CO.sub.2 selectivity and low ethylene yield while CO.sub.2
regeneration leads to low CO.sub.2 selectivity and high ethylene
yield.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 10 wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on BaMnO.sub.3
with O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 Regenerating gas 5 ml pulse, 4500
h.sup.-1 Ethylene Ethane Ethylene CO.sub.2 CO H.sub.2 Olefin yield
conv. sel. sel. sel. conv. sei. Regenerated in O2, 46.9% 73.8%
63.6% 29.4% 0% 94.5% 65.7% 850.degree. C., Regenerated in CO2,
53.9% 65.9% 81.8% 6.9% 0% 66.6% 84.8% 850.degree. C.,
Example 13. NaW Enhanced La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3
[0098] Bulk materials beyond Mn-containing mixed oxides have also
been demonstrated. As an example, a lanthanum strontium iron oxide
(LSF) material is used as the bulk material. LSF could be
synthesized via a solution-based method by using metal nitrates as
precursors or a solid-state method by using metal oxide as
precursors. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 is impregnated onto LSF bulk as a
shell material. The loading of Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 is varied from 10
wt. % to 40 wt. %. The reduction pulse time is varied from 5 s to
15 s.
[0099] In these tests, it was found that the ethylene selectivity
increases with the amount of Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 loading. While ethane
conversion and H.sub.2 conversion drops with increasing amount of
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 loading, the CO.sub.x selectivity is also
decreased. These results are shown in Table 18.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 on LSF with O.sub.2
regenerating gas; 850.degree. C., 4500 h.sup.-1 Ethylene Ethane
Ethylene CO.sub.2 CO H.sub.2 Olefin Olefin Catalyst yield conv.
sel. sel. sel. con. sel. yield 40 wt % 53.2% 60.6% 87.8% 2.1% 0.8%
62.8% 91.6% 55.5% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 20 wt % 52.8% 65.9% 80.1% 10.3%
.sup. 0% 86.3% 83.9% 55.3% Na.sub.2WO
Example 14. Zeolite Cracking/Non-Oxidative Dehydrogenation Catalyst
with SHC Redox Catalyst
[0100] A composite or sequential bed of doped zeolite and
surface-promoted mixed metal oxide can be used as a redox catalyst
for chemical looping-based oxidative hexane catalytic cracking. The
doped zeolite catalyzes the endothermic hexane cracking reaction
and the surface-promoted mixed metal oxide can achieve selective
hydrogen combustion at the same time, benefiting heat integration
with the exothermic hydrogen combusting reaction. Combustion of
hydrogen also shifts the equilibrium to the product side.
Commercial NH.sub.4--ZSM-5 was purchased from Zeolyst. It is
treated at 650.degree. C. for 3 hours under air to form undoped
H-ZSM5. Doped ZSM-5 are synthesized from H-ZSM-5 using an ion
exchange method. For example, Sr-ZSM-5 are synthesized by
ion-exchanging H-ZSM-5 with 1 M Sr(NO.sub.3).sub.2 for 24 h at
50.degree. C. Then it is sintered again at 650.degree. C. for 3 h
to form doped Sr-ZSM-5. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 promoted CaMnO.sub.3 is
used as a model compound for selective hydrogen combustion, as was
described in Example 2. Redox catalyst/Zeolite composite/physical
mixtures were exposed to 10% of hexane (Ar balanced, GHSV=9000
h.sup.-1) in a pulse. The product distributions are measured by
downstream GC. Results of Sr-ZSM-5, composite of Sr-ZSM-5 and
Na.sub.2WO4/CaMnO.sub.3 (500 and 200 mg respectively packed into a
1/8'' I.D.) quartz tube) are shown in Table 19 through Table 21,
respectively. Moreover, other systems Pr-ZSM-5 with a sodium
pyrophosphate can give selective conversion of hydrogen with
enhance hexane conversion at low temperatures. The results are
shown in Table 22.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Detailed product Conversion/selectivity
distribution from Sr-ZSM-5 alone Product selectivity T = T = T = T
= distribution 550.degree. C. 600.degree. C. 625.degree. C.
650.degree. C. Conversion .sup. 92% 100% 100% 100% C.sub.6+ Olefin/
6.74% 10.92% 15.03% 19.87% Aromatic methane 2.23% 4.09% 5.08% 6.24%
ethane 9.77% 11.67% 11.98% 11.97% ethylene 19.46% 25.63% 29.03%
31.54% propane 23.82% 18.21% 13.32% 9.25% propylene 23.19% 21.10%
19.24% 17.62% methyl acetylene 0.06% 0.03% 0.05% 0.10% C.sub.4
13.14% 7.36% 6.00% 3.29% Carbon Dioxide 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
C.sub.5 1.36% 0.58% 0.27% 0.10% CO 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Catalytic hexane cracking results summary
from Sr-ZSM-5 + Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 composite bed T = T =
T = T = 550.degree. C. 600.degree. C. 625.degree. C. 650.degree. C.
Hexane conversion 80% 82% 98% 99% COx selectivity 1.3% 2.9% 5.7%
8.4% Propene/ethylene 1.44 1.01 0.85 0.70 H2 combustion 54% 66% 60%
72% SHC 80% 78% 36% 41%
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Detailed product selectivity distribution
from Sr-ZSM-5 + Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 composite Product
selectivity T = T = T = T = distribution 550.degree. C. 600.degree.
C. 625.degree. C. 650.degree. C. C.sub.6+ olefin/ 6.42% 10.86%
8.10% 9.12% aromatics methane 1.30% 2.18% 3.58% 4.51% ethane 6.56%
7.92% 10.60% 10.75% ethylene 13.05% 17.70% 25.82% 29.19% propane
17.21% 12.79% 13.74% 10.76% propylene 18.79% 17.90% 21.94% 20.47%
propadiene 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% acetylene 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
0.00% methyl acetylene 0.13% 0.10% 0.10% 0.06% C.sub.4 12.27% 8.01%
7.85% 5.59% Carbon Dioxide 1.03% 2.42% 5.54% 8.29% C.sub.5 1.39%
0.68% 0.56% 0.33% CO 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Catalytic hexane cracking results summary
from Pr-ZSM-5 +10% Na.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7/CaMnO.sub.3 composite
GHSV n-Hexane Olefin H.sub.2 CO.sub.x Temp (h.sup.-1) conversion
Yield Conversion Selectivity 600 4500 94.1% 61.8% 32% 3.23% 650
4500 99.2% 65.2% 41% 5.67%
Example 15. Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 Impregnated
La.sub.0.8S.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3
[0101] Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 with or without Li.sub.2O impregnated onto
La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3 (LSF) can be used as a low
temperature redox catalyst for ethane oxidative conversion to
ethylene and butane at temperatures from 550-700.degree. C. While
pure LSF deeply oxidizes ethane into CO.sub.2, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3
impregnation can greatly increase the selectivity to ethylene. On
these types of catalysts, high temperature (650-700.degree. C.)
favors ethane conversion to ethylene and low temperature
(550-600.degree. C.) favors ethane conversion to butane, both of
which have added value comparing to ethane. The results from
downstream MS and GC are shown and Table 23, with GHSV=300-1000
h.sup.-1 in a 3-4 min ethane step balanced with Ar. These catalysts
are synthesized via wet-impregnating Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 onto surface
of LSF. Commercial LSF is used. LSF can also be synthesized via a
solid-state or a modified Pechini method. In solid-state method,
solid precursors such as LaO, SrO and Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 are mixed
thoroughly in a ball mill and sintered at 900-1300.degree. C. to
form the correct phase. In modified Pechini method, precursors for
LSF (usually nitrate salts) are mixed in one solution followed with
a gel formation. Then it is sintered at 800.degree. C.-1300.degree.
C. to form the correct phase. For select samples 20 wt %
Li.sub.2CO.sub.3 was deposited on LSF surface via a
wet-impregnation method. It is then further sintered at 800.degree.
C. to form the desired catalyst.
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Ethane conversion and detailed products
selectivity distribution at 700.degree. C. and 650.degree. C.
Temperature 700.degree. C. 650.degree. C. ethane conversion 65.8%
49.3% Selectivity methane 2.142% 1.555% ethylene 86.512% 80.063%
propane 1.37% 2.37% propylene 1.894% 3.006% propadiene 0.00% 0.00%
acetylene 0.000% 0.000% methyl acetylene 0.15% 0.08% C-4 5.31%
7.81% Carbon Dioxide 0.000% 0.000% C-5 0.60% 0.92% CO 0.000% 0.000%
Hexane 1.14% 3.34%
Example 16. CLOU/CLC Active Perovskites for n-Hexane
Oxy-Cracking
[0102] Perovskite oxide redox catalysts AMnO.sub.3 (A=Ca, Sr) were
prepared via a modified Pechini method. These materials are
typically used for complete combustion of carbonation fuel. By
proper synthesis and tuning of formulations, a stable surface layer
can be formed on the material making it active for selective
oxidation. Stoichiometric amounts of Mn(NO.sub.3).sub.2 and
A(NO.sub.3).sub.2 (A=Sr, Ca) were dissolved in deionized water and
stirred at 40.degree. C. and 500 rpm. Citric acid was added to
solution at 2.5:1 ratio to metal ions and stirred for 30 min,
followed by ethylene glycol (as a chelating agent) in a 105:1 ratio
with citric acid, Upon formation of a viscous gel, the sample was
dried at 80.degree. C. and sintered at 450.degree. C. for 3 h; and
finally at 1000.degree. C. for 12 h. Resulting redox catalyst
particles were ground and sieved into the size range 250-850 .mu.m
for reaction testing.
[0103] 20 wt. % alkali tungstate-promoted perovskite oxide redox
catalysts M.sub.2WO.sub.4/AMnO.sub.3 (M=Li, Na, and/or K; A=Ca, Sr)
were prepared by wet impregnation using the previously synthesized
perovskites AMnO.sub.3 as the base material. For M=Li or Na,
M.sub.2WO.sub.4 was dissolved in deionized water. For M=K, a
mixture of KOH and ammonium meta-tungstate was dissolved in
deionized water, Each resulting solution was added dropwise to the
base perovskite oxide, moved to an oven at 80.degree. C., and
stirred every 15 min until dry, XRD was employed for phase
identification of as-prepared and cycled redox catalyst samples.
Perovskite (AMnO.sub.3; A=Ca, Sr) and alkali tungstate
(M.sub.2WO.sub.4; M=Li, Na, and/or K) were confirmed using XRD for
both the unprompted and promoted samples as-prepared. Samples were
then sintered at 900.degree. C. for 6 h to stabilize the promoter
phase on the perovskite oxide. Redox catalysts were evaluated for
n-hexane oxy-cracking in a microtubular reactor at two GHSV (4500
h.sup.-1, 9000 h.sup.-1) and a range of temperatures (625.degree.
C. to 800.degree. C.). Each experiment used 500 mg catalyst.
Thermal background yields were obtained using a bed of inert
Al.sub.2O.sub.3 grit. Gaseous n-hexane was introduced into the
reactor by flowing Ar through a stainless steel bubbler filled with
liquid n-hexane at 20.degree. C., resulting in a nominal
concentration of 13% n-hexane by volume, Injection duration was
varied between different GHSV to keep a consistent injection volume
(6.5 mL). Following reduction of the redox catalyst, a regeneration
step with 16.7% 02 for 3 min was used to re-oxidize the material.
Products were quantified using a gas chromatograph equipped with a
flame ionization detector (HD).
[0104] Table 24 shows low-temperature n-hexane oxy-cracking results
achieved with a 20 wt. %
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 n-Hexane oxy-cracking results for
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 at 9000 h.sup.-1. Italicized rows
indicate data are from a thermal background test. n-Hexane Hydrogen
Olefin CO.sub.x Temperature Conversion Conversion Yield Yield
650.degree. C. 3.36 -- 2.89 -- 650.degree. C. 19.13 100.00 16.34
0.00 675.degree. C. 28.50 100.00 24.38 0.00 700.degree. C. 37.60
95.16 32.24 0.21 725.degree. C. 49.42 89.01 42.23 0.56 725.degree.
C. 33.08 -- 28.49 --
[0105] Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 redox catalyst pre-treated at
750.degree. C., with olefin yields significantly in excess of the
thermal background. Table 25 shows similar results achieved at
higher temperatures by a 20 wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/SrMnO.sub.3
redox catalyst pre-treated at 900.degree. C., also greater than the
background. For each condition, more than 75% of the resulting
H.sub.2 is combusted via oxygen donation. All experiments used
9000.sup.-1 GHSV with a 20 s injection.
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 n-Hexane oxy-cracking results for
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/SrMnO.sub.3 at 9000 h.sup.-1. Italicized rows
indicate data are from a thermal background test. n-Hexane Hydrogen
Olefin CO.sub.x Temperature Conversion Conversion Yield Yield
725.degree. C. 33.08 -- 28.49 -- 725.degree. C. 53.92 78.17 42.89
3.26 750.degree. C. 72.00 83.09 57.08 3.99 775.degree. C. 90.12
87.23 68.91 5.29 800.degree. C. 92.92 92.71 67.75 6.59 800.degree.
C. 81.17 -- 68.46 --
Example 17. Stabilize Surface Promotion of CLOU/CLC Active
Perovskites for n-Hexane Oxy-Cracking
[0106] Pre-treatment conditions can be adjusted to form the surface
layer. M.sub.2WO.sub.4-promoted samples pre-treated at 900.degree.
C. and 4500 h.sup.-1 were found to undergo promoter-support
interactions, resulting in a less selective rare earth tungstate
phase (AWO.sub.4 and/or A.sub.3WO.sub.6; A=Ca, Sr) and the loss of
the alkali metal. For Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3, this created an
increase towards CO, formation; for Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/SrMnO.sub.3,
this resulted in the heavy deposition of coke and carbonates
(likely due to exposed Ca), leading to a decrease in olefin yields.
However, M.sub.2WO.sub.4-promoted samples pre-treated with five
cycles at 750.degree. C. (conditions otherwise identical) were seen
to preserve the M.sub.2WO.sub.4 phase even after 25 n-hexane redox
cycles at 725.degree. C., resulting in the maintenance of high
olefin selectivity. These effects are illustrated in FIG. 11 and
Table 26. The formation of the Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 enriched surface
layer is induces at the low temperate treatment conditions, Na is
largely absent from the high temperature pretreatment.
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 n-Hexane oxy-cracking results at
725.degree. C., 4500 h.sup.-1 with varied pre-treatment
temperatures. Redox n-Hexane Hydrogen Olefin CO.sub.x Coke Catalyst
Conversion Conversion Yield Yield Yield 20 wt. % 70.31% 100.00%
57.37% 2.75% <1% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ CaMnO.sub.3; pre-treated
750.degree. C. 20 wt. % 66.73% 94.35% 47.22% 11.16% <1%
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ CaMnO.sub.3; pre-treated 900.degree. C. 20 wt. %
46.09% 70.08% 39.05% 0.28% <1% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ SrMnO.sub.3;
pre-treated 750.degree. C. 20 wt. % 76.85% 89.45% 34.66% 4.26%
27.87% .sup. Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ SrMnO.sub.3; pre-treated 900.degree.
C. 20 wt. % 61.94% 91.17% 47.08% 11.48% <1% K.sub.2WO.sub.4/
CaMnO.sub.3
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 Metal ion near surface composition of
surface layer promoted CaMnO.sub.3 from XPS cross sections (%
expected from bulk stoichiometry) Redox Catalyst Ca Mn Na W
CaMnO.sub.3 (as-prepared) 67.8% 2.2% -- -- CaMnO.sub.3 (p.t.
900.degree. C.; 78.9% 21.1% -- -- cycled)
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 41.9% 19.1% 22.2% 16.8% (as-prepared)
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 44.7% 20.1% 20.4% 14.9% (p.t.
750.degree. C.; cycled) (42.3%) (42.3%) (10.3%) (5.2%)
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 70.5% 20.2% 0.0% 9.4% (p.t.
900.degree. C.; cycled)
Example 18. Oxygen Carrier Formulation for Stable Surface Layer
Promotion
[0107] Furthermore the structural promotion of the CaMnO.sub.3 as
shown in Example 17 by substitution of 10% of the Mn with Ti
suppresses the formation the alkaline earth tungstate at high
temperature. This induces the formation of a stable
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 surface layer and optimizing the material for high
temperature operation. A Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 was
made by solid state method (mixing, palletizing, and calcination of
CaCO.sub.3, MnO.sub.2 and TiO.sub.2 powders). After calcination of
the pellets at 1300, crushing and sieving, select parts of the
sample were impregnated with 20 wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 or
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4. The doped material was shown to have high
selectivity at 800+.degree. C. while maintaining selective hydrogen
combustion. While the Li.sub.2WO.sub.4 is stable at higher
temperatures, the Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 combined with titanium
substitution in the perovskite gives excellent hydrogen conversion
with low CO.sub.x yields at typical naphtha cracking
temperatures.
[0108] It was further shown that the same
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 shows
excellent low temperature conversion of ethane to ethylene via OCH.
Men 500 or 2000 mg of catalyst is run in a u-tube reactor as in
Example 10 it can achieve high conversions and ethylene yields that
are typically prevented by kinetics/competing reactions. Through
selective consumption of hydrogen, the material was capable of
achieving near 65%/55% conversion/yields similar to commercial
steam cracking at temperatures. .gtoreq.100.degree. C. lower than
steam cracking operation. When the a low level of oxygen (1.5%) is
kept flowing over the sample until 10 seconds before contact with
ethane to keep chemical looping Oxygen uncoupling type oxygen only
a minimal increase of CO.sub.x is identified (Table 29), while the
selective combustion of hydrogen by high chemical potential oxygen
provides a significant net exotherm.
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 28 Ti Promoted perovskites for hexane
oxycraking 500 mg cat. GH Space Velocity Olefin CO.sub.X H.sub.2O
Temp (h.sup.-1) Conversion Selectivity Selectivity Selectivity 20%
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 750.degree. C. 9000 51.2% 82.3% 3.8% 56.1%
CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20% Li.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 775.degree. C.
9000 68.5% 82.0% 3.3% 44.7% CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20%
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 800.degree. C. 9000 84.6% 80.6% 3.1% 31.7%
CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20% Li.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 825.degree. C.
9000 94.5% 77.8% 4.1% 24.1% CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20%
Li.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 825.degree. C. 4500 97.9% 74.3% 5.5% 26.1%
CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 725.degree. C.
4500 44.5% 84.5% 0.0% 33.0% CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20%
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 750.degree. C. 4500 62.9% 84.1% 0.3% 47.2%
CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 775.degree. C.
4500 79.2% 82.8% 0.9% 58.8% CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20%
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 800.degree. C. 4500 91.4% 80.3% 1.8% 68.8%
CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3 20% Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/ 825.degree. C.
9000 94.4% 79.6% 2.3% 69.1% CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 29 Ti Promoted perovskites (20%
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaTi.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3) for low temperature
ethane ODH 500/2000 mg cat. GH Space Velocity Ethylene CO.sub.X
H.sub.2O Bed Loading Temp (h.sup.-1) Conversion Yield Selectivity
Selectivity 2000 mg 750.degree. C. 800 57.8% 48.3% 5.7% 94.6% 2000
mg 750.degree. C. 600 69.3% 53.9% 8.9% 96.2% 2000 mg 775.degree. C.
2250 51.1% 44.2% 4.4% 91.5% 2000 mg 800.degree. C. 4500 50.3% 44.0%
3.6% 89.0% 2000 mg 825.degree. C. 4500 71.9% 55.7% 10.3% 94.1% 2000
mg 850.degree. C. 9000 71.8% 56.1% 10.1% 93.0% 500 mg 775.degree.
C. 1200 58.8% 50.3% 3.6% 81.6% 500 mg 800.degree. C. 2250 62.9%
53.8% 3.1% 81.6% 500 mg 800.degree. C. 1200 76.5% 60.5% 6.0% 88.1%
500 mg 825.degree. C. 4500 63.0% 54.2% 2.8% 78.4% 500 mg
825.degree. C. 2250 78.4% 62.2% 5.3% 87.7% 500 mg 825.degree. C.
4500 70.2% 57.2% 6.0% 82.5% (CLOU) 500 mg 850.degree. C. 4500 78.7%
62.8% 4.8% 86.9%
Example 19. Perovskites for Low-Temperature Selective Hydrogen
Combustion (SHC)
[0109] Perovskite oxide redox catalysts were also evaluated for
selective hydrogen combustion (SHC) in the presence of ethane and
ethylene at 650.degree. C. and 3000 h.sup.-1 to simulate the
effluent of an ethane dehydrogenation process. At 650.degree. C.,
full perovskites AMnO.sub.3 (A=Ca, Sr) were found to phase
segregate upon reduction into Ruddlesden-Popper phase
A.sub.2MnO.sub.4 and an alkaline earth-deficient phase (e.g.
AMn.sub.2O.sub.4, MnO). At low temperatures (below 700.degree. C.),
the full perovskite was not regenerated.
[0110] Perovskites AMnO.sub.3 and Ruddlesden-Popper (RP)
perovskites A.sub.2MnO.sub.4 (A=Ca, Sr) were synthesized on-purpose
via a solid-state reaction (SSR) method to evaluate all relevant
phases for SHC, MnO.sub.2 and ACO.sub.3 (A=Ca, Sr) were mixed in a
ball mill, pelletized, sintered at 1200.degree. C. for 12 h in a
tube furnace, and crushed to the particle size range 250-850 .mu.m.
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 was added as a promoter to the AMnO.sub.3 redox
catalysts via wet impregnation as described previously.
[0111] Ethane, ethylene, hydrogen, and argon were introduced to a
fixed bed of 500 mg redox catalyst in the flow ratio 5:5:5:40 m/min
for 10 minutes, with subsequent redox catalyst regeneration by 10
ml/min O.sub.2 in 50 mL/min Ar. Selectivity towards hydrogen
combustion (S.sub.H) was calculated by considering the amount of
hydrogen combusted along with the amount of CO.sub.2 formed. Table
30 summarizes the properties of six perovskite oxide redox
catalysts for SHC at 650.degree. C. Relative to the full perovskite
CaMnO.sub.3, the RP phase Ca.sub.2MnO.sub.4 was found to possess
high selectivity but reduced oxygen donation. Promotion by
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 resulted in enhanced SH for both CaMnO.sub.3 and
SrMnO.sub.3 redox catalysts.
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 30 Properties of redox catalysts for SHC at
650.degree. C. using H.sub.2/C.sub.2H.sub.4/C.sub.2H.sub.6 gas
mixture. Redox Catalyst S.sub.H Oxygen Donation .DELTA.w
Ca.sub.2MnO.sub.4 94.0% 5.1 wt. % CaMnO.sub.3 93.2% 5.6 wt. % 20
wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/CaMnO.sub.3 99.0% 6.0 wt. %
Sr.sub.2MnO.sub.4 inert 0.0 wt. % SrMnO.sub.3 95.1% 3.3 wt. % 20
wt. % Na.sub.2WO.sub.4/SrMnO.sub.3 97.9% 3.2 wt. %
Example 20. Fe:Mn Oxides for Heat Neutral/Mildly-Exothermic
Oxidative Ethane Dehydrogenation Step
[0112] By tuning the oxygen carriers to have a high chemical
potential oxygen, the net ethane reaction can be made less
endothermic or net exothermic. Mixed Fe/Mn oxides, which have high
chemical potential oxygen, were tested as redox catalysts for the
CL-ODH of ethane. Three different molar ratios were tested (Fe:Mn):
20:80, 50:50, and 60:40. The base redox catalysts were synthesized
through a sol-gel method. Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate, manganese
(IV) nitrate tetrahydrate and citric acid were dissolved in water
and heated to 50.degree. C. for 30 minutes. Then ethylene glycol
was added to the solution and was heated to and kept at 80.degree.
C. until the majority of the liquid was removed. The sample was
dried overnight at 120.degree. C. and then sintered at 900.degree.
C. Some samples were further promoted with sodium tungstate through
a wet impregnation method. Sodium tungstate dihydrate was dissolved
on water and impregnated onto the already sintered oxygen carriers.
The loading on all catalysts was 1.7 wt % Na. XRD characterization
showed the presence of manganese (Ill) oxide type (Bixbyite) and
iron (Ill) oxide type (Hematite) phases. After promotion, the
sodium tungstate phase was also detected.
[0113] The redox catalysts are broken in over 3 redox cycles by
reducing the redox catalyst with H.sub.2 for 3 min and then
re-oxidizing in oxygen. CL-ODH of ethane was conducted between 800
and 850.degree. C. at a GHSV of 4500 hr.sup.1. 5 mL of ethane was
injected in each full redox cycle and products were analyzed using
Gas Chromatograph.sub.y (GC). The un-promoted base redox catalysts
showed high ethane conversion, but also had a high CO.sub.x
selectivity. After promotion with sodium tungstate, the CO.sub.x
selectivity dropped and the hydrocarbon selectivity increased. Data
is shown below in Table 31-Table 33. An increase in overall
conversion and yield vs thermal cracking over inert packing is
noted
[0114] It should be noted that careful formulation of the coreshell
must be made to take advantage of the net exothermic hydrogen
combustion reactions. For example when, CuO or Al.sub.2O.sub.3
supported CuO is used as bulk material with a loading of
Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 as high as 40 wt. % is used, the sample is very
nonselective with CO, selectivities over 50% vs the exothermic
20:80 material the CO.sub.x selectivity of .sup..about.1.5-3%
(Table 32).
[0115] When the 20:80 Fe:Mn material is reacted with 10% hydrogen
at 850.degree. C. in the TGA/DSC a net exotherm of 17.6 kJ/mol
H.sub.2 over 7.1% oxygen Wt. loss. This is sufficient to supply
>10% of the ethane thermal cracking reaction endotherm. By
limiting the redox material reduction to 1 wt. % consistent with
bixbyite formation/decomposition to from spinel, an exotherm of
114.6 kJ/mol for H.sub.2 consumed provides in excess of 75% the
ethane cracking heat of reaction.
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 31 CL-ODH Ethane performance of un-promoted
Fe:Mn = 60:40 redox catalysts Ethane Methane Ethylene C3 C4+
CO.sub.x H.sub.2 Temperature Conversion Selectivity Selectivity
Selectivity Selectivity selectivity conversion 60:40 Fe:Mn w/o
Promotion 850.degree. C. 75.71% 5.52% 54.21% 0.69% 1.65% 37.50%
94.05% 825.degree. C. 60.37% 4.29% 64.72% 0.73% 1.46% 28.52% 90.82%
800.degree. C. 43.78% 3.34% 72.25% 0.77% 1.26% 22.24% 88.20% 60:40
Fe:Mn w/Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 850.degree. C. 83.32% 5.50% 77.46% 2.17%
8.50% 5.78% 93.87% 825.degree. C. 65.83% 4.31% 86.18% 1.82% 5.00%
2.36% 86.73% 800.degree. C. 45.63% 3.39% 90.77% 1.49% 2.77% 1.44%
78.17%
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 32 CL-ODH Ethane performance of un-promoted
Fe:Mn = 50:50 redox catalysts Ethane Methane Ethylene C3 C4+
CO.sub.x H.sub.2 Temperature Conversion Selectivity Selectivity
Selectivity Selectivity selectivity conversion 50:50 Fe:Mn w/o
Promotion 850.degree. C. 75.93% 5.16% 56.62% 0.71% 1.88% 35.21%
94.89% 825.degree. C. 61.42% 4.09% 65.71% 0.66% 1.62% 27.64% 92.46%
800.degree. C. 45.36% 3.10% 72.36% 0.56% 1.33% 22.51% 90.83% 50:50
Fe:Mn w/Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 850.degree. C. 79.55% 5.31% 79.66% 2.10%
8.15% 4.77% 91.07% 825.degree. C. 64.94% 4.18% 86.37% 1.85% 5.42%
2.18% 84.54% 800.degree. C. 44.35% 3.33% 91.19% 1.51% 2.85% 1.13%
.sup. 73.21%s
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 33 CL-ODH Ethane performance of un-promoted
Fe:Mn = 20:80 redox catalysts with comparison to 40 wt. % NaW on
Cu/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 Ethane Methane Ethylene C.sub.3 C.sub.4+
CO.sub.x H.sub.2 Temperature Conversion Selectivity Selectivity
Selectivity Selectivity selectivity conversion 20:80 Fe:Mn w/o
Promotion 850.degree. C. 78.52% 4.76% 42.68% 0.43% 1.32% 50.66%
98.50% 825.degree. C. 63.66% 3.98% 55.37% 0.54% 1.51% 38.48% 97.51%
800.degree. C. 46.00% 3.25% 66.34% 0.63% 1.37% 28.33 96.44% 20:80
Fe:Mn w/Na.sub.2WO.sub.4 850cC 75.90% 6.05% 81.97% 2.10% 6.29%
3.15% 90.50% 825.degree. C. 62.45% 4.60% 87.28% 1.80% 4.44% 1.63%
83.94% 800.degree. C. 43.62% 3.59% 91.14% 1.46% 2.60% 1.09% 74.91%
40 wt. % NaW on Cu/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 850.degree. C. 63.1% 37.8% 1.5%
C.sub.2+ 56.5% 70.5% 825.degree. C. 46.6% 42.8% 0.9% 53.2%
43.7%
[0116] To determine the heat of reduction of each of the redox
catalysts, simultaneous TGA/DSC measurements were performed as the
redox catalysts underwent H.sub.2/O.sub.2 redox cycling. Initially
the redox catalysts were heated to 850.degree. C. in 10%
O.sub.2/Ar. After a short purge of pure Ar, the gas environment was
changed to 10% H.sub.2/Ar and the complete redox cycle was repeated
4 additional times. The heat of reduction values for each of the
catalysts were taken from the last redox cycle.
Example 21. Alkali to Tungstate Ratio Variation
[0117] Ratio of the NaW promoters is done by synthesizing NaW
promoted Mg.sub.5MnO.sub.8 redox catalysts with different Na:W
molar ratios. The molar ratios chosen were, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2. An
un-promoted Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 redox catalyst was also synthesized
as a reference. The redox catalysts were synthesized through a wet
impregnation method. The loading for all catalysts was a 1.7 wt %
Na, First manganese (II) nitrate was mixed with magnesium oxide
powder. After drying at 80.degree. C. overnight, the catalyst was
heated to 200.degree. C. to decompose the nitrates. Afterwards,
sodium nitrate and either sodium tungstate dihydrate (2:1 redox
catalyst) or ammonium meta tungstate (all other redox catalysts)
was dissolved in DI water and then mixed with the catalyst and
dried overnight at 80.degree. C. The sample was then sintered in
air at 450.degree. C. for 3 hours and then 900.degree. C. for 8
hours. A Na:W=1:1 where the loading was on a 0.85 wt. % Na basis
was also synthesized. XRD characterization showed the presence of
the MgMnO.sub.8 phase on all catalysts. The sodium tungstate phase
was detected on all catalysts. The Na:W=1:2 also showed additional
tungsten oxide phases.
[0118] The redox catalysts are broken in over 3 redox cycles by
reducing the redox catalyst with H.sub.2 for 3 minutes and then
re-oxidizing in oxygen. CL-ODH of ethane was conducted at
850.degree. C. at a GHSV of 4500 hr.sup.-1. 5 mL of ethane was
injected in each full redox cycle and products were analyzed using
GC. The un-promoted base redox catalysts showed high ethane
conversion, but also had a high CO.sub.x selectivity. After
promotion with sodium tungstate, the CO.sub.x selectivity dropped
and the hydrocarbon selectivity increased. Data is shown below in
Table 34. An increase in overall conversion and yield vs thermal
cracking over inert packing is noted.
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 34 CL-ODH Ethane performance of un-promoted
and NaW promoted Mg.sub.6MnO.sub.8 (GHSV = 4500 hr.sup.-1,
Temperature = 850.degree. C.) Na:W Ethane Methane Ethylene C3 C4+
CO.sub.x H.sub.2 ratio Conversion Selectivity Selectivity
Selectivity Selectivity selectivity conversion 0 (un- 94.60% 2.19%
14.05% 0.06% 0.13% 83.48% 99.73% promoted) 2:1 81.84% 4.87% 75.97%
1.96% 7.59% 8.36% 89.37% 1:1 80.41% 5.07% 78.56% 2.10% 7.95% 5.34%
86.89% 1:2 77.82% 4.72% 79.40% 2.08% 7.65% 5.21% 89.33%
Example 22. Alkaline Earth Tungstate's Surface Layers with Salt
Promotion
[0119] The use of salts with low temperature melting points may be
used in conjunction with high temperature melting tungstate's to
evenly distribute the phase. A 70:30 of Mn.sub.3O.sub.4:SiO.sub.2
(by wt.) oxygen carrier was synthesized by impregnation of
colloidal silica (Ludox, Grace) onto Mn.sub.3SiO.sub.4 flowed by
drying and calcination at 1100.degree. C. Various alkaline earth
tungstate's and other salts (LiCl, CaCl.sub.2, Sr.sub.3PO) were
impregnated onto the oxygen carrier and calcined at 650-950.degree.
C. After calcination they were rinsed in methanol to remove excess
loading of low melting point salts. They were tested for Ethane ODH
in (500 mg in a 1/8'' I.D tube with inert Al.sub.2O.sub.3 packing).
The results are shown in Table 35.
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 35 Salt Promoted Alkaline earth tungstate.
Temp Space C2+ CO.sub.X H.sub.2O .degree. C. Velocity h.sup.-1
Conversion Selectivity Selectivity Selectivity Undoped 850 4500
78.2% 76.5% 16.3% 78.8% Undoped 850 9000 67.9% 80.0% 14.5% 73.7%
20% CaWO.sub.4 w/1:1 Mol CaCl.sub.2 850 3000 82.3% 79.9% 12.1%
78.0% 20% CaWO.sub.4 w/1:1 Mol CaCl.sub.2 850 4500 75.4% 85.3% 7.9%
66.4% 20% CaWO.sub.4 w/1:1 Mol CaCl.sub.2 850 6000 71.6% 86.1% 7.7%
60.5% 10% SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl 850 2250 85.6% 81.6% 9.7% 73.1%
10% SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl 850 3000 81.7% 83.5% 8.9% 69.7% 10%
SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl 850 4500 75.5% 86.7% 6.8% 61.6% 10%
SrWO.sub.4 W 1:2 Wt. LiCl 850 6000 70.1% 88.7% 5.6% 54.4% 10%
SrWO.sub.4 W 1:1 Wt. Sr.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2 850 4500 75.4% 84.1%
9.2% 66.2% 10% SrWO.sub.4 W 1:1 Wt. Sr.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2 850
6000 70.0% 87.1% 6.9% 58.4% 10% SrWO.sub.4 W 1:1 Wt.
Sr.sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2 850 9000 62.4% 90.0% 4.8% 47.4% 20%
SrWO.sub.4 W 1:2 Wt. LiCl.sub.2 800 1200 71.6% 87.5% 6.2% 62.7% 20%
SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl.sub.2 800 2250 58.6% 91.6% 3.7% 46.0% 20%
SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl.sub.2 825 4500 60.8% 91.7% 3.5% 44.5% 20%
SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl.sub.2 850 4500 75.9% 87.9% 5.4% 53.2% 20%
SrWO.sub.4 w 1:2 Wt. LiCl.sub.2 850 6000 71.7% 88.9% 5.0% 50.2% 20%
Na.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7 w 1:1 mol (Na 850 4500 76.67% 90.96% 2.77%
63.29% basis) Na.sub.3SO.sub.4 20% Na.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7 w 1:1 mol
(Na 825 2250 76.55% 90.33% 3.34% 74.43% basis) Na.sub.3SO.sub.4 20%
Na.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7 w 1:1 mol (Na 800 1200 74.89% 89.95% 4.10%
78.43% basis) Na.sub.3SO.sub.4 20% Na.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7 w 1:1 mol
(Na 775 1200 57.88% 92.29% 3.54% 71.12% basis) Na.sub.3SO.sub.4
[0120] It should be emphasized that the above-described embodiments
of the present disclosure are merely possible examples of
implementations, and are set forth only for a clear understanding
of the principles of the disclosure. Many variations and
modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the
disclosure without departing substantially from the spirit and
principles of the disclosure. All such modifications and variations
are intended to be included herein within the scope of this
disclosure.
* * * * *