U.S. patent application number 17/048467 was filed with the patent office on 2021-06-17 for anode material for rechargeable li-ion batteries.
The applicant listed for this patent is THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Invention is credited to Haodong Liu, Ping Liu.
Application Number | 20210184210 17/048467 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005431370 |
Filed Date | 2021-06-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210184210 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Liu; Ping ; et al. |
June 17, 2021 |
ANODE MATERIAL FOR RECHARGEABLE LI-ION BATTERIES
Abstract
Materials, designs, methods of manufacture, and devices are
provided for an anode material for a rechargeable lithium-ion
battery. For example, an anode material may include
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z. 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.7,
0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and z may be based on the charge resulting
from Li.sub.3.+-.x and V.sub.2.+-.y. Also, a cell can include a
lithiated anode material. The lithiated anode material may include
Li3.+-.xV2.+-.yO5.+-.z. The lithiated anode material may be casted
on a first substrate to form a lithiated anode, having a separator
stacked on the lithiated anode. The separator may include
electrolytes. A cathode can be stacked on the separator. The
cathode being formed by casting a cathode material on a second
substrate.
Inventors: |
Liu; Ping; (La Jolla,
CA) ; Liu; Haodong; (La Jolla, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA |
Oakland |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005431370 |
Appl. No.: |
17/048467 |
Filed: |
April 16, 2019 |
PCT Filed: |
April 16, 2019 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US2019/027755 |
371 Date: |
October 16, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62658558 |
Apr 16, 2018 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01M 4/364 20130101;
H01M 4/625 20130101; C01P 2002/77 20130101; C01P 2004/03 20130101;
C01P 2006/40 20130101; C01G 31/006 20130101; H01M 4/525 20130101;
H01M 2004/027 20130101; H01M 4/505 20130101; C01P 2002/52 20130101;
H01M 4/485 20130101; C01P 2002/74 20130101; H01M 10/0525
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01M 4/485 20060101
H01M004/485; H01M 4/505 20060101 H01M004/505; H01M 4/525 20060101
H01M004/525; H01M 4/36 20060101 H01M004/36; H01M 4/62 20060101
H01M004/62; H01M 10/0525 20060101 H01M010/0525; C01G 31/00 20060101
C01G031/00 |
Claims
1. An anode material comprising
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z, wherein 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.7,
0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and z is based on the charge resulting from
Li.sub.3.+-.x and V.sub.2.+-.y.
2. The anode material of claim 1, wherein the
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z is an omega structure,
wherein the omega structure is a disordered rocksalt structure in
the Fm3m space group.
3. The anode material of claim 1, wherein lithium is reversibly
inserted to form at least one of Li.sub.4V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z
and Li.sub.5V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z.
4. The anode material of claim 3, wherein the
Li.sub.4V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z or
Li.sub.5V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z is an omega structure, wherein the
omega structure is a disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m
space group.
5. The anode material of claim 1, further comprising one or more
materials selected from the group of silicon, tin, graphite, or
non-graphitized carbon, wherein the one or more materials are
blended with the anode material.
6. The anode material of claim 1, wherein the cathode is selected
from the group comprising one or more of one or more of
LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2 where x+y+z=1,
or other cathodes.
7. The anode material of claim 1, further comprising repeating the
above steps to form a pouch-type cell.
8. An anode material comprising a composition defined by
Li.sub.3V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z, wherein M is a dopant, and
wherein 0.5<x<2, 0<y<1, and z is based on a charge from
Li.sub.3, V.sub.x, and M.sub.y.
9. The anode material of claim 8, wherein the
Li.sub.3V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z is an omega structure, wherein
the omega structure is a disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m
space group.
10. The anode material of claim 8, further comprising reversibly
inserting lithium to form Li.sub.4V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z or
Li.sub.5V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z.
11. The anode material of claim 10, wherein the
Li.sub.4V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z or
Li.sub.5V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z is an omega structure, wherein
the omega structure is a disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m
space group.
12. The anode material of claim 8, further comprising one or more
materials selected from the group of silicon, tin, graphite, or
non-graphitized carbon, wherein the one or more materials are
blended with the anode material.
13. The anode material of claim 8, wherein the dopant is selected
from the group comprising one or more of Mg, Ca, Sc, B, Y, Al, Ti,
Zr, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, or W.
14. The anode material of claim 8, wherein the
Li.sub.3V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z is paired with a cathode.
15. The anode material of claim 14, wherein the cathode is selected
from the group comprising one or more of LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2 where x+y+z=1, or other
cathodes.
16. The anode material of claim 8, further comprising repeating the
above steps to form a pouch-type cell.
17. The anode material of claim 8, wherein the cell is rolled to
form a cylinder cell.
18. The anode material of claim 8, wherein the anode is paired with
conductive additives and binders.
19. The anode material of claim 18, wherein the conductive
additives comprises conductive carbon additives.
20. An anode material comprising a composition defined by
Li.sub.3.+-.XV.sub.2.+-.YM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.Z, wherein M is a
dopant, and wherein 0<x<2, 0<y<1, and z is based on a
charge from Li.sub.3.+-.X, V.sub.2.+-.Y, and M.sub.y.
21. A cell, comprising a lithiated anode material, wherein the
lithiated anode material comprises
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z, wherein 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.7,
0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and z is based on the charge resulting from
Li.sub.3.+-.x and V.sub.2.+-.y, wherein the lithiated anode
material is casted on a first substrate to form a lithiated anode;
a separator stacked on the lithiated anode, wherein the separator
includes electrolytes; a cathode stacked on the separator, wherein
the cathode is formed by casting a cathode material on a second
substrate; and a packet foil surrounding the lithiated anode, the
separator, and the cathode.
22. A method of manufacturing a cell, the method comprising:
forming a lithiated anode material by applying a reducing agent to
a powder, wherein the lithiated anode material comprises an omega
structure Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5, wherein the omega structure is a
disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group, wherein the
reducing agent comprises lithium, and wherein the powder comprises
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5; casting the lithiated anode material on a
first substrate to form a lithiated anode; casting a cathode
material on a second substrate to form a cathode; stacking a
separator on the lithiated anode; and stacking a cathode on the
separator.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the first substrate comprises
copper.
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the lithiated anode further
comprises one or more materials selected from the group of silicon,
tin, graphite, or non-graphitized carbon.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein the cathode is selected from
the group comprising one or more of LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 and
LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2, where x+y+z=1.
26. The method of claim 22, wherein the second substrate comprises
aluminum.
27. A method of manufacturing a cell, the method comprising:
casting an anode material on a first substrate to form an anode,
wherein the anode material comprises V.sub.2O.sub.5; casting a
cathode material on a second substrate to form a cathode; stacking
a separator on the anode; stacking the cathode on the separator;
and applying an electrode to the anode to synthesize the anode into
a lithiated anode, wherein the electrode comprises lithium, wherein
the lithiated anode comprises an omega structure
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5, and wherein the omega structure is a
disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group.
28. A method of manufacturing a lithiated anode, the method
comprising: casting an anode material on a first substrate to form
an anode, wherein the anode material comprises V.sub.2O.sub.5;
pressing lithium on the anode to form a pressed anode; casting a
cathode material on a second substrate to form a cathode; stacking
a separator on the pressed anode; stacking the cathode on the
separator; and injecting the separator with electrolytes, thereby
synthesizing the pressed anode into a lithiated anode.
29. A method of manufacturing a cell, the method comprising:
casting an anode material on a first substrate to form an anode,
wherein the anode material comprises V.sub.2O.sub.5 forming a
lithiated anode by applying a reducing agent to an anode, wherein
the lithiated anode comprises an omega structure
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5, wherein the omega structure is a disordered
rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group, wherein the reducing
agent comprises lithium, and wherein the anode comprises
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5.
30. The method of claim 29, further comprising: casting a cathode
material on a second substrate to form a cathode; stacking a
separator on the lithiated anode; and stacking a cathode on the
separator.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application is a U.S. national phase of PCT
International Patent Application No. PCT/US2019/027755, filed Apr.
16, 2019 and titled "ANODE MATERIAL FOR RECHARGEABLE LI-ION
BATTERIES", which also claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 62/658,558, filed Apr. 16, 2018 and titled "ANODE
MATERIAL FOR RECHARGEABLE LI-ION BATTERIES," which are incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure is generally related to Li-ion
batteries. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure
relate to an anode material for fast charging rechargeable Li-ion
batteries and processes for using the same.
BACKGROUND
[0003] While Li-ion batteries provide a low maintenance, high
energy density battery, compared to other battery types, Li-ion
batteries take too long to charge. Moreover, current Li-ion
batteries with graphite as the anode are prone to lithium plating
during rapid charging, which may lead to shorting or other
aging/charging issues.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0004] Disclosed are materials, designs, methods of manufacture,
and devices that relate to a fast charging rechargeable Li-ion
battery. An anode material may include
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z. 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.7,
0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and z may be based on the charge resulting
from Li.sub.3.+-.x and V.sub.2.+-.y.
[0005] In embodiments, the Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z
may be an omega structure. The omega structure may be a disordered
rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group.
[0006] In embodiments, lithium may be reversibly inserted to form
at least one of Li.sub.4V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z and
Li.sub.5V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z.
[0007] In embodiments, the Li.sub.4V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z or
Li.sub.5V.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z may be an omega structure. The
omega structure may be a disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m
space group.
[0008] In embodiments, the anode material may further include one
or more materials selected from the group of silicon, tin,
graphite, or non-graphitized carbon. The one or more materials may
be blended with the anode material.
[0009] In embodiments, the cathode may be selected from the group
including one or more of one or more of LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2 where x+y+z=1, or other
cathodes.
[0010] In embodiments, the anode material may further include
repeating the above steps to form a pouch-type cell.
[0011] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to an
anode material. The anode material may include a composition. The
composition may include Li.sub.3V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z. M may
be a dopant. 0.5<x<2, 0<y<1, and z may be based on a
charge from Li.sub.3, V.sub.x, and M.sub.y.
[0012] In embodiments, the Li.sub.3V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z may
be an omega structure. The omega structure may be a disordered
rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group.
[0013] In embodiments, the anode material may further include
reversibly inserting lithium to form
Li.sub.4V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z or
Li.sub.5V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z.
[0014] In embodiments, the Li.sub.4V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub..+-.z or
Li.sub.5V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub..+-.z may be an omega structure. The
omega structure may be a disordered rocksalt structure in the Fm3m
space group.
[0015] In embodiments, the anode material may further include one
or more materials selected from the group of silicon, tin,
graphite, or non-graphitized carbon. The one or more materials may
be blended with the anode material.
[0016] In embodiments, the dopant may be selected from the group
including one or more of Mg, Ca, Sc, B, Y, Al, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Cr,
Mo, or W.
[0017] In embodiments, the Li.sub.3V.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z may
be paired with a cathode.
[0018] In embodiments, the cathode may be selected from the group
including one or more of LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4,
LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2 where x+y+z=1, or other
cathodes.
[0019] In embodiments, the anode material may further include
repeating the above steps to form a pouch-type cell.
[0020] In embodiments, the cell may be rolled to form a cylinder
cell.
[0021] In embodiments, the anode may be paired with conductive
additives and binders.
[0022] In embodiments, the conductive additives may include
conductive carbon additives.
[0023] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to an
anode material including a composition. The composition may include
Li.sub.3.+-.XV.sub.2.+-.YM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.Z. M may be a dopant.
0<x<2, 0<y<1, and z may be based on a charge from
Li.sub.3.+-.X, V.sub.2.+-.Y, and M.sub.y.
[0024] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to a
cell. The cell may include a lithiated anode material. The
lithiated anode material may include
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yO.sub.5.+-.z. 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.7,
0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.1, and z may be based on the charge resulting
from Li.sub.3.+-.x and V.sub.2.+-.y. The lithiated anode material
may be casted on a first substrate to form a lithiated anode. The
cell may include a separator stacked on the lithiated anode. The
separator may include electrolytes. The cell may include a cathode
stacked on the separator. The cathode may be formed by casting a
cathode material on a second substrate. The cell may include a
packet foil surrounding the lithiated anode, the separator, and the
cathode.
[0025] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to a
method of manufacturing a cell. The method may include forming a
lithiated anode material by applying a reducing agent to a powder.
The lithiated anode material may include an omega structure
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The omega structure may be a disordered
rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group. The reducing agent may
include lithium. The powder may include Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The
method may include casting the lithiated anode material on a first
substrate to form a lithiated anode. The method may include casting
a cathode material on a second substrate to form a cathode. The
method may include stacking a separator on the lithiated anode. The
method may include stacking a cathode on the separator.
[0026] In embodiments, the first substrate may include copper.
[0027] In embodiments, the lithiated anode may further include one
or more materials selected from the group of silicon, tin,
graphite, or non-graphitized carbon.
[0028] In embodiments, the cathode may be selected from the group
including one or more of LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4 and
LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2, where x+y+z=1.
[0029] In embodiments, the second substrate may include
aluminum.
[0030] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to a
method of manufacturing a cell. The method may include casting an
anode material on a first substrate to form an anode. The anode
material may include V.sub.2O.sub.5. The method may include casting
a cathode material on a second substrate to form a cathode. The
method may include stacking a separator on the anode. The method
may include stacking the cathode on the separator. The method may
include applying an electrode to the anode to synthesize the anode
into a lithiated anode. The electrode may include lithium. The
lithiated anode may include an omega structure
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The omega structure may be a disordered
rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group.
[0031] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to a
method of manufacturing a lithiated anode. The method may include
casting an anode material on a first substrate to form an anode.
The anode material may include V.sub.2O.sub.5. The method may
include pressing lithium on the anode to form a pressed anode. The
method may include casting a cathode material on a second substrate
to form a cathode. The method may include stacking a separator on
the pressed anode. The method may include stacking the cathode on
the separator. The method may include injecting the separator with
electrolytes, thereby synthesizing the pressed anode into a
lithiated anode.
[0032] Additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to a
method of manufacturing a cell. The method may include forming a
lithiated anode material by applying a reducing agent to a powder.
The lithiated anode material may include an omega structure
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The omega structure may be a disordered
rocksalt structure in the Fm3m space group. The reducing agent may
include lithium. The powder may include Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The
method may include casting the lithiated anode material on a first
substrate to form a lithiated anode.
[0033] In embodiments, the method may further include casting a
cathode material on a second substrate to form a cathode. The
method may further include stacking a separator on the lithiated
anode. The method may further include stacking a cathode on the
separator.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] Various embodiments are disclosed herein and described in
detail with reference to the following figures. The drawings are
provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict
typical or example embodiments of the disclosed technology. These
drawings are provided to facilitate the reader's understanding of
the disclosed technology and shall not be considered limiting of
the breadth, scope, or applicability thereof. It should be noted
that for clarity and ease of illustration these drawings are not
necessarily made to scale.
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates a graph indicating the stability of the
V.sub.2O.sub.5 and Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode over multiple
cycles in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates a graph of voltage profiles indicating
the stability of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode over multiple
cycles in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates a graph indicating the stability of the
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode after more than 1000 cycles in
accordance to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 4 illustrates a graph of voltage profiles indicating
the stability of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode after more
than 1000 cycles in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 5 illustrates an X-ray diffraction (XRD) graph
indicating the stability of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode,
the rocksalt structure is well maintained through
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 to Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5 in accordance to
one embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 6 illustrates an image captured using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM) before cycling an anode, in accordance to
one embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 7 illustrates an image captured using a SEM before
cycling an anode, in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 8 illustrates an image captured using a SEM before
cycling an anode, in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 9 illustrates an image captured using a SEM before
cycling an anode, in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0044] FIG. 10 illustrates an image captured using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM) after cycling the anode of FIG. 6, in
accordance to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 11 illustrates an image captured using a SEM after
cycling the anode of FIG. 7, in accordance to one embodiment of the
present disclosure.
[0046] FIG. 12 illustrates an image captured using a SEM after
cycling the anode of FIG. 8, in accordance to one embodiment of the
present disclosure.
[0047] FIG. 13 illustrates an image captured using a SEM after
cycling the anode of FIG. 9, in accordance to one embodiment of the
present disclosure.
[0048] FIG. 14 illustrates a graph of voltage profiles of a second
generation Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode under different current
density in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0049] FIG. 15 illustrates a neutron diffraction of an anode and
the corresponding crystal structure model, in accordance with
various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0050] FIG. 16 illustrates a neutron diffraction of an anode in
various states, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure.
[0051] FIG. 17 illustrates an image of an omega structure of an
anode, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 18 illustrates an image of an omega structure of an
anode, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
[0053] FIG. 19 illustrates an image of an omega structure of an
anode, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 20 illustrates an image of a lithiated structure of the
anode of FIG. 17, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure.
[0055] FIG. 21 illustrates an image of a lithiated structure of the
anode of FIG. 18, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure.
[0056] FIG. 22 illustrates an image of a lithiated structure of the
anode of FIG. 19, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 23 illustrates an example cell configuration, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIG. 24 illustrates an example cell configuration, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 25 illustrates an example cell configuration, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIG. 26 is an operational flow diagram illustrating various
operations that may be performed in accordance with embodiments of
the disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 27 is an operational flow diagram illustrating various
operations that may be performed in accordance with embodiments of
the disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 28 is an operational flow diagram illustrating various
operations that may be performed in accordance with embodiments of
the disclosure.
[0063] FIG. 29 is a graph illustrating performance of an example
cell, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
[0064] FIG. 30 is a graph illustrating voltage profiles of an
example cell, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure.
[0065] FIG. 31 illustrates graph 3100 of cycling performance of a
second generation Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode under different
current density in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure.
[0066] The figures are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit
the invention to the precise form disclosed. It should be
understood that the invention can be practiced with modification
and alteration, and that the disclosed technology be limited only
by the claims and the equivalents thereof.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0067] In the past decades, rechargeable Li-ion batteries have made
mobile devices and personal computers an essential necessity in a
modern day society. While important advancements in battery
technology (e.g., energy density and structural stability) have
continued, fast charging is an area that still requires significant
advances for Li-ion batteries. Li-ion batteries may possess high
energy density; however, the rate at which the battery can charge
may be affected by the corresponding anode material of the
battery.
[0068] Currently, graphite is used as an anode and operates at a
potential similar to lithium metal plating (about 90 mV). Under
rapid charging, the lithium metal plates onto the graphite
surfaces, which leads to capacity fading, potential internal
shorting, and safety incidents. Lithium titanium oxide
(Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12) may also be used as an anode. Lithium
titanium oxide may be capable of rapid charging. However, lithium
ion batteries using lithium titanium oxide have a cell voltage of
about 1.4 V less than that of graphite-based cells. The cell
voltage may be reduced from about 3.7 V to about 2.3 V. Thus, an
anode material with a high rate capability that operates between
about 0.1V and about 1V is disclosed.
[0069] Disclosed are materials, designs, methods of manufacture,
and devices related to fast-charging Li-ion batteries. The
fast-charging Li-ion battery may include substrates, an anode
material, a cathode, an electrolyte, a separator, and a packet
foil. The Li-ion batteries may be able to charge on the scale of
minutes instead of hours. The battery may be one or more of a
pouch-type, cylinder, button, prismatic, or other battery types. In
embodiments, the cell may be formed to have the specifications as
listed in Table 1. All of the values listed in this disclosure are
approximate, unless expressly indicated otherwise.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Cell design for 2 Ah pouch cell. Dimension
Thickness, max (mm) 4.5 Cathode Capacity (mAh/g) 190 Active
Material Loading 90% Coating Weight (mg/cm.sup.2 each side) 14.3
Areal Capacity 2.45 (mAh/cm.sup.2 each side) Electrode Press
Density (g/cm.sup.3) 2.86 Electrode Length (mm) 56 Electrode Width
(mm) 43 Electrode Thickness (single side) 45 (um) Al Foil Thickness
(um) 15 Double Layers 17 Anode Cell Balance (N/P ratio) 1.08
Capacity (mAh/g) 300 Active Material Loading 90% Coating Weight
(mg/cm.sup.2 each side) 9.8 Areal Capacity 2.64 (mAh/cm.sup.2 each
side) Electrode Press Density (g/cm.sup.3) 2.26 Electrode Length
(mm) 58 Electrode Width (mm) 45 Electrode Thickness (single side)
39 (um) Cu Foil Thickness (um) 10 Double Layers 18 Electrolyte
Electrolyte/Capacity (g/Ah) 3 Weight (g) 6 Separator Total Wrapping
Length (mm) 1750 Thickness (um) 20 Packet Foil Thickness (um) 115
Cell Voltage (V) 3.2 Capacity (mAh) 2031 Energy (mWh) 6499 Weight
(g) ~32 Energy density (Wh/kg) >200
[0070] For example, a battery may be used for powering personal
electronics to cars, neighborhoods, and other systems. A battery
may include a group of cells. Cells may be individual
electrochemical units including individual assemblies. In some
embodiments, the cell voltage may range from about 1 volt to about
5 volts. In embodiments, the capacity may range from about 1500 mAh
to about 50000 mAh. In some embodiments, the cell may have an
energy ranging from about 1500 mWh to about 250000 mWh. In some
embodiments, the cell may have an energy density ranging from about
150 Wh/kg to about 500 Wh/kg.
[0071] The cell may include a cathode. The cathode may include one
or more of LiMn.sub.2O.sub.4, LiNi.sub.xCo.sub.yMn.sub.zO.sub.2
where x+y+z=1, and other cathodes. The cathode may be paired with a
given anode based on corresponding compositions.
[0072] In embodiments, the cathode may have a capacity ranging from
about 50 mAh/g to about 300 mAh/g. In some embodiments, the active
material loading may range from about 50% to about 100%. In
embodiments, the coating weight for each side may range from about
3 mg/cm.sup.2 to about 25 mg/cm.sup.2. In some embodiments, the
areal capacity may represent the energy capacity as a function of
the size of a given battery. The areal capacity for each side of
the cathode may range from about 0.5 mAh/cm.sup.2 to about 10
mAh/cm.sup.2.
[0073] In some embodiments, the cathode press density may range
from about 0.5 g/cm.sup.3 to about 10 g/cm.sup.3. Aluminum foil may
be used as a substrate upon which to place the cathode material. In
embodiments, the cathode material may be cast, laminated, pressed,
or otherwise coupled to the aluminum foil. In some embodiments, the
aluminum foil thickness may range from about 1 um to about 50 um.
It should be appreciated that other materials may be used as a
substrate for the cathode. The number of double layers may range
from about 5 to about 50.
[0074] As described above, the cell may include anode material. The
anode material may be able to facilitate a Li-ion battery charging
on the scale of minutes without a complicated nanosizing process.
The anode material could enable a fast charge battery without
sacrificing energy density. In embodiments, the anode material may
show a voltage plateau ranging from about 0 V to about 1 V. In some
embodiments, the voltage plateau may be about 0.5 V. The range of
the voltage potential may ensure that under high current, the
electrode potential achieves a value that does not cause lithium
plating. The range of the voltage potential may also ensure that
the cell voltage does not decrease to less than about 3.0 V, when a
common cathode material is used. The anode material may work at a
voltage at about 0.5V, which reduces the risk of lithium plating
but results in a lithium-ion battery with cell voltage about 1V
higher than that with a Li.sub.4Ti.sub.5O.sub.12 anode, as
discussed above.
[0075] In embodiments, the anode material includes V.sub.2O.sub.5.
In some embodiments, the V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode may be lithiated.
Lithiating may include treating a material or substance with
lithium or one of its compounds. In some embodiments, the lithiated
V.sub.2O.sub.5 may form one or more of Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5,
Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5, and other compositions with the general
formula Li.sub.xV.sub.2O.sub.5, where 3.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.5. The
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be introduced as an anode material that
enables two lithium to be reversibly inserted to form
Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5. In some embodiments, inserting lithium into
the V.sub.2O.sub.5 can form an omega structure
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5, which may be a disordered rocksalt
structure in the Fm3m space group. The rocksalt structure may be
well maintained from Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 to
Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5, which can be indexed in the cubic system
(a=4.1 .ANG.).
[0076] In some embodiments, Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 may represent a
base composition to which dopants may be added. The composition may
have a rocksalt structure, into which two more lithium can be
inserted into Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 to form a nominal composition
of Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5, where the rocksalt structure is still
preserved in the Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5 composition. The general
formula for the composition may be
Li.sub.3.+-.xV.sub.2.+-.yM.sub.yO.sub.5.+-.z, wherein
0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.7, 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.2, and where z depends on
the combined positive charge of Li, V and M so that the oxygen
balances out the combined positive charge. M may be a dopant used
in addition to, or instead of, V. In some embodiments, the dopants
may include one or more metal dopants. The metal dopants may
include one or more divalent, trivalent, tetravalent, pentavalent,
or hexavalent dopants, such as Mg, Ca, Sc, B, Y, Al, Ti, Zr, Nb,
Ta, Cr, Mo, W, or other metal dopants.
[0077] The omega structure may be a disordered rocksalt structure
in the Fm3m space group with octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The
crystal structure model may include oxygen ions, Li.sub.tet,
Li/V.sub.oct, lithium and vanadium ions, and lithium ions. Oxygen
ions may be closely-packed serving as a frame for the omega
structure of Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. In embodiments, the oxygen
ions may be located at the corners and face centers of the crystal
structure. In some embodiments, lithium ions and vanadium ions may
be located at the edge centers of the crystal structure. In
embodiments, the lithium and vanadium ions may sit in the
octahedral sites coordinated. In some embodiments, the lithium ions
may occupy the tetrahedral sites. The omega structure is discussed
in greater detail below.
[0078] In embodiments, the anode may include active materials,
conductive carbon additives, binders, and additional Li sources. In
some embodiments, active material may include one or more of the
above disclosed anode materials and other active materials. In
embodiments, conductive additives may improve the life cycle of a
cell as well as the energy density of a cell. Conductive carbon
additives may include one or more of carbon nanotubes, carbon
blacks, ultra-fine carbon, and other carbon additives. In some
embodiments, binders may hold active material together as well as
place them in contact with the foil corresponding to an electrode.
The binders may also help keep conductive carbon additives in place
against the active material. The binders may include one or more of
homopolymers, copolymers, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene
butadiene copolymer, and other binders.
[0079] In some embodiments, the anode may have a negative to
positive electrode (N to P) ratio, ranging from about 0.8 to about
1.5. In embodiments, the anode may have a capacity ranging from
about 100 mAh/g to about 500 mAh/g. In some embodiments, the active
material loading may range from about 50% to about 100%. In
embodiments, the coating weight for each side may range from about
3 mg/cm.sup.2 to about 25 mg/cm.sup.2. In some embodiments, the
areal capacity for each side of the anode may range from about 0.5
mAh/cm.sup.2 to about 10 mAh/cm.sup.2.
[0080] In some embodiments, the electrode press density may range
from about 0.5 g/cm.sup.3 to about 10 g/cm.sup.3. Copper foil may
be used as a substrate upon which to place the anode material. In
embodiments, the anode material may be cast, laminated, pressed, or
otherwise coupled to the copper foil. In some embodiments, the
copper foil thickness may range from about 1 um to about 200 um. It
should be appreciated that other materials may be used as a
substrate for the anode. In embodiments, the number of double
layers may range from about 5 to about 50.
[0081] Electrolytes may be used to fill the separator that promotes
the movement of ions between the cathode and the anode during
charge and discharge (e.g., during charge the ions move from
cathode to anode; while discharging the ions move from anode to
cathode). In some embodiments, the electrolyte may have an
electrolyte/capacity value ranging from about 1 g/Ah to about 10
g/Ah. In some embodiments, the electrolytes may include organic
solvents selected from one or more of ethylene carbonate, dimethyl
carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and other
organic solvents. The electrolytes may further include lithium
salts, such as LiPF.sub.6, LiClO.sub.4, LiBF.sub.4, LiAsF.sub.6,
LiTFSI, LiFSI, and other salts. TFSI may refer to
bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and FSI refers to
Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide.
[0082] The separator may insulate the cathode from the anode. The
separator may have no electrical conductivity. The separator may be
made of one or more of rubber, glass fiber, cellulose, polyethylene
plastic, polyolefin, and other materials. The separator may be
porous to hold the electrolyte. In some embodiments, the pore size
ranges from about 10 nm to about 150 nm. The separator may be made
to close the pores when the temperature breaches a threshold to
prevent the reaction from escalating. In some embodiments, the
separator may be coated with another material that will close over
the pores to prevent overheating.
[0083] The packet foil may insulate the anode-separator-cathode
assembly from an external environment. The packet foil may range
from about 50 um to about 200 um.
[0084] It should be appreciated that while individual values within
the ranges need not be achieved, the ratios between one or more
values may be relevant in scaling the cell for different
applications. The ranges are provided as example embodiments of
cells for a given application, and it should be appreciated that
different ranges may be appropriate for different applications.
[0085] FIG. 1 illustrates graph 100 indicating the stability of the
V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode over multiple cycles in accordance to one
embodiment of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the capacity
of the battery using a V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode stays substantially
consistent around 100 mAh/g for multiple cycles of charging and
discharging. In the first set of cycles, the electrode material was
discharged to about 0.01V and charged to about 3.0 V and lost some
capacity. As illustrated, the V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode first
discharges at around 800 mAh/g and before the 10th charge the
specific capacity moves to about 300 mAh/g. The second set of
cycles discharged to about 0.01V and charged to about 2.0 V and
substantially maintained the capacity around 100 mAh/g. The test
used to generate the graph used a current density of about 100
mA/g.
[0086] FIG. 2 illustrates graph 200 of voltage profiles indicating
the stability of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode over multiple
cycles in accordance to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
As illustrated, the voltage profiles remain substantially the same
over multiple charges and discharges. The test may be substantially
similar to the test as described in FIG. 1. The voltage profiles
may more clearly indicate that the specific capacity is maintained
at around 110 mAh/g for both charges and discharges.
[0087] FIG. 3 illustrates graph 300 indicating the stability of the
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode after more than 1000 cycles in
accordance to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As
illustrated, the capacity of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode
stays substantially consistent over about 1000 cycles. Graph 300
also indicates an operating potential of about 0.5 V and a capacity
of about 280 mAh/g. The electrode could achieve high capacity
greater than about 10 C current density, which translates to less
than about six minutes of charge time. As illustrated, the
electrode material maintains stable structure over long term
cycling. The battery using this anode material could improve
expected energy density by about 85%.
[0088] In the first 100 or so cycles, the anode material was
subjected to a current density of about 100 mA/g where the greatest
loss in capacity is shown. In the remaining cycles, a current
density of about 200 mA/g is used and the capacity is shown as
staying substantially around 90 mAh/g.
[0089] FIG. 4 illustrates graph 400 of voltage profiles indicating
the stability of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode after more
than 1000 cycles in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure. As illustrated, the voltage profiles remain
substantially the same over about 1000 charges and discharges. The
anode used for testing may be substantially similar to the one
described in FIG. 3. The voltage profile may more clearly indicate
the effect of charges or discharges, or the lack of effect, on the
specific capacity over the 1000 or so cycles. As illustrated, the
first set of cycles provided a greater specific capacity for charge
and discharge around 110 mAh/g. Around the 67.sup.th cycle, a
current density of about 200 mA/g is used and the specific capacity
lowers to about 90 mAh/g. For the next 1000 or so cycles, the
specific capacity stays around 90 mA/g.
[0090] FIG. 5 illustrates X-ray diffraction (XRD) graph 500
indicating the stability of the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode in
accordance to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As
illustrated, the XRD graph indicates the rocksalt structure is
maintained from Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 to Li.sub.5V.sub.2O.sub.5.
The peak positions are not shifted during charge and discharge,
which may indicate that the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be a
low-strain material. Low-strain material may refer to minimal
volume change to the material during charge and discharge. Even as
the electrode material is charged to and discharged from 2 V, the
XRD shows a similar rocksalt structure of the electrode
material.
[0091] FIGS. 6-9 illustrate sets of images before cycling, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The
sets of images gathered using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
indicate pictures of a given anode material before a
charge/discharge cycle.
[0092] FIGS. 10-13 illustrates sets of images after cycling, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The
sets of images gathered using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
indicate pictures of the given anode material of FIGS. 6-9 after
the charge/discharge cycle. As illustrated, the anode material is
substantially the same before cycling and after cycling, and the
particles in the anode material remain a substantially similar size
in each set of images and are otherwise minimally affected.
[0093] FIG. 14 illustrates graph 1400 of voltage profiles of a
second generation Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode under different
current density in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure. As illustrated, the discharge capacity of
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 exceeds 300 mAh/g at 5 mA/g current density.
There is almost no voltage hysteresis at 100 mA/g current density.
Even at a high discharge current of 2.5 A/g, the material still
shows a capacity of more than 125 mAh/g. 1402 may represent rate
performance of a cell with 5 mA/g current capacity. 1404 may
represent rate performance of a cell with 100 mA/g current
capacity. 1406 may represent rate performance of a cell with 500
mA/g current capacity. 1408 may represent rate performance of a
cell with 1000 mA/g current capacity. 1410 may represent rate
performance of a cell with 2500 mA/g current capacity.
[0094] FIG. 15 illustrates neutron diffraction 1500 of an anode
material and corresponding crystal structure model 1510, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. 1502
may represent observed values in the neuron diffraction of
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. 1502 may be illustrated as "x"s. 1504 may
represent calculated values for the neuron diffraction values of
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. 1504 may be illustrated as a line. 1506 may
represent the difference between the observed values and the
calculated values, which stays substantially consistent. 1506 may
be illustrated as a line. 1508 may represent rocksalt phases. 1508
may be illustrated as vertical bars. Peaks in 1502 and 1504 may
correspond to 1508.
[0095] Crystal structure model 1510 may be the omega structure of
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The omega structure may be similar to a
disordered rocksalt structure with a Fm3m space group. 1511 may
represent oxygen ions. 1512 may represent Li.sub.tet and 1514 may
represent Li/V.sub.oct. 1511 may be a part of 1512 and 1514. 15111,
1512, 1514 may be part of crystal structure model 1510.
[0096] Oxygen ions 1511 may be close-packed in crystal structure
model 1510, serving as a frame for the rocksalt structure of
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. In crystal structure model 1510, the oxygen
ions 1511 may be located at the corners and face centers. Lithium
ions and vanadium ions may be located at the edge centers,
represented by the other spheres. The lithium and vanadium ions
1514 may sit in the octahedral sites coordinated by, as
illustrated, six oxygen ions. Part of the lithium ions 1512 may
occupy the tetrahedral sites coordinated by, as illustrated, four
oxygen ions.
[0097] FIG. 16 illustrates neutron diffraction 1600 of an anode
material in various states, in accordance with various embodiments
of the present disclosure. 1602 may represent the neutron
diffraction of Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. 1604 may represent
discharging the rocksalt structure of Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 to
about 0.01 V. 1606 may represent charging the rocksalt
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 to about 2.0 V. As illustrated, the cubic
rocksalt phase is maintained during the charge and discharge. The
structure may be highly reversible. In the lithiated state, the
volume expansion of the cubic structure may be less than about
7%.
[0098] FIG. 17 illustrates an image of an omega structure of an
anode material, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure. The image may be taken using a microscope. The
image may illustrate a face center cubic (FCC) structure.
[0099] FIG. 18 illustrates an image of an omega structure of an
anode material, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure. The image may be taken using a microscope. The
image may illustrate a face center cubic (FCC) structure. 200 and
220 may represent the electron diffraction peaks of the anode
material.
[0100] FIG. 19 illustrates an image of an omega structure of an
anode material, in accordance with various embodiments of the
present disclosure. The image may be taken using annular
bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The image
may illustrate a face center cubic (FCC) structure. The atoms in
the cubic structure are illustrated with the dots.
[0101] FIG. 20 illustrates an image of a lithiated structure of the
anode material of FIG. 17, in accordance with various embodiments
of the present disclosure. The image may be taken using a
microscope. The image may illustrate that the rocksalt structure is
maintained after lithiating the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5.
[0102] FIG. 21 illustrates an image of a lithiated structure of the
anode material of FIG. 18, in accordance with various embodiments
of the present disclosure. The image may be taken using a
microscope. The image may illustrate that the rocksalt structure is
maintained after lithiating the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5.
[0103] FIG. 22 illustrates an image of a lithiated structure of the
anode material of FIG. 19, in accordance with various embodiments
of the present disclosure. The image may be taken using annular
bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The image
may illustrate that the rocksalt structure is maintained after
lithiating the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5.
[0104] FIG. 23 illustrates example cell configuration 2300, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. The
raw material may be V.sub.2O.sub.5. Cell 2300 may be based on an ex
situ lithiation, or where the Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be
lithiated chemically before cell 2300 is made. Chemical lithiation
may include applying a reducing agent to a V.sub.2O.sub.5 powder.
For example, the reducing agent may include n-Butyl lithium,
sec-Butyl lithium, t-Butyl lithium, phenyllithium, and other
reducing agents. The reducing agent may be mixed with the
V.sub.2O.sub.5 in stoichiometric amounts to obtain rocksalt
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The rocksalt Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be
used as the anode of the cell. It should be appreciated that
various well-understood fabrication methods may be used to
incorporate the rocksalt Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 as an anode of a
cell. For example, the pre-fabricated rocksalt
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be cast on, laminated to, pressed on, or
otherwise coupled to a copper substrate to form the anode. A
separator may be disposed onto the anode. A cathode material may be
cast, pressed, laminated, or otherwise coupled on an aluminum
substrate to form a cathode. The cathode may be disposed on the
separator.
[0105] FIG. 24 illustrates example cell configuration 2400, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Cell
2400 may be based on electrochemical lithiation, or synthesizing
rocksalt Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 by applying lithium to a
manufactured cell with V.sub.2O.sub.5. Electrochemical lithiation
may occur by applying an electrode (e.g., lithium) to cell 2400 on
the back of the anode. This electrode may be the third electrode,
as the anode and the cathode represent the first and second
electrodes. As illustrated, the V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be directly used
as an anode material. It should be appreciated that various
well-understood fabrication methods may be used to fabricate cell
2400. For example, the V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be disposed on top of a
first substrate (e.g., copper) to form an anode. A separator may be
disposed on top of the anode. A cathode may be formed by coupling a
cathode material to a second substrate. The cathode may be disposed
on top of the separator. The electrochemical lithiation may occur
by applying an electrode, such as lithium, to the bottom of the
anode. The lithium electrode may be used to electrochemically
lithiate the anodes of cell 2400 which converts the V.sub.2O.sub.5
into rocksalt Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. The V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode
and the lithium electrode may be connected for electrochemical
lithiation. For example, the V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode may be the
working electrode, and the lithium electrode may be the counter
electrode. Discharging the V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode against the
lithium electrode may achieve Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5. After the
lithiation, the V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode and the lithium electrode
may be disconnected. The lithiated V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode may be
used as the lithiated anode of the battery.
[0106] FIG. 25 illustrates an example cell configuration, in
accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Cell
2500 may be based on in-situ lithiation, or synthesizing the
rocksalt Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 by directly reacting the lithium
with the V.sub.2O.sub.5 inside cell 2500. As illustrated, the
V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be directly used as an anode. The V.sub.2O.sub.5
may be cast, laminated, or otherwise coupled, to a substrate that
may collect current. After the V.sub.2O.sub.5 may be cast, lithium
(e.g., powder, thin film, etc.) may be cast, pressed, or otherwise
coupled, onto the laminated V.sub.2O.sub.5. The amount of lithium
used may be based on stoichiometric ratios with V.sub.2O.sub.5. The
in-situ lithiation process may be applied to every layer of the
V.sub.2O.sub.5 anode. The lithium may react with the V.sub.2O.sub.5
after electrolyte injection and convert the electrodes to rocksalt
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5.
[0107] FIG. 26 is operational flow diagram 2600 illustrating
various operations that may be performed in accordance with
embodiments of the disclosure. 2602 may include applying a reducing
agent to a powder to synthesize a lithiated anode material. The
reducing agent may include lithium. The powder may include
V.sub.2O.sub.5. The lithiated anode material may be rocksalt
Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 in a Fm3m space group. 2604 may include
casting the lithiated anode material on a first substrate to form
the lithiated anode via ex-situ lithiation, as described herein.
The first substrate may be copper. 2606 may include casting a
cathode material on a second substrate to form a cathode. The
second substrate may be aluminum. 2608 may include stacking a
separator on the lithiated anode. 2610 may include stacking the
cathode on the separator. It should be appreciated that flow
diagram 2600 may be repeated multiple times to form stacked groups
of cathode-separator-anode composites. These stacked groups may
form a battery.
[0108] FIG. 27 is an operational flow diagram 2700 illustrating
various operations that may be performed in accordance with
embodiments of the disclosure. 2702 may include casting an anode
material on a first substrate to form an anode. The anode material
may be V.sub.2O.sub.5. 2704 may include casting a cathode material
on a second substrate to form a cathode. 2706 may include stacking
a separator on the anode. 2708 may include stacking the cathode on
the separator. 2710 may include applying a third electrode to a
bottom of the anode to synthesize a lithiated anode via
electrochemical lithiation, as described herein. The third
electrode may be lithium. The first substrate, the lithiated anode,
the separator, the cathode material, and the second substrate may
be substantially similar to FIG. 26. It should be appreciated that
flow diagram 2700 may be repeated multiple times to form stacked
groups of cathode-separator-anode composites. These stacked groups
may form a battery.
[0109] FIG. 28 is operational flow diagram 2800 illustrating
various operations that may be performed in accordance with
embodiments of the disclosure. 2802 may include casting an anode
material on a first substrate to form an anode. The anode material
may be V.sub.2O.sub.5. 2804 may include pressing lithium on the
anode to form a pressed anode. 2806 may include casting a cathode
material on a second substrate to form a cathode. 2808 may include
stacking a separator on the pressed anode. 2810 may include
stacking the cathode on the separator. 2812 may include injecting
the separator with electrolytes to synthesize the pressed anode
into a lithiated anode. The first substrate, the lithiated anode
the separator, the cathode, and the second substrate may be
substantially similar to FIG. 26. It should be appreciated that
flow diagram 2800 may be repeated multiple times to form stacked
groups of cathode-separator-anode composites. These stacked groups
may form a battery.
[0110] FIG. 29 is graph 2900 illustrating performance of an example
cell, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure. 2902 may represent charge capacity. 2904 may represent
discharge capacity. 2906 may represent coulombic efficiency. As
illustrated, the charge and discharge capacities are stable.
[0111] FIG. 30 is graph 3000 illustrating voltage profiles of an
example cell, in accordance with various embodiments of the present
disclosure. 3002 may illustrate a voltage profile at the 10th
cycle. 3004 may illustrate a voltage profile at the 100th cycle.
3006 may illustrate a voltage profile at the 200th cycle. 3008 may
illustrate a voltage profile at the 300th cycle. 3010 may
illustrate a voltage profile at the 400th cycle. 3012 may
illustrate a voltage profile at the 500th cycle. As illustrated,
the discharge voltage begins at around 3.2 V for the about 500
cycles. The specific capacity stays at around 120 mAh/g over about
500 cycles. The voltage profiles illustrate consistent behavior of
the cell over about 500 cycles.
[0112] FIG. 31 illustrates graph 3100 of cycling performance of a
second generation Li.sub.3V.sub.2O.sub.5 electrode under different
current density in accordance to one embodiment of the present
disclosure. 3102 may represent a current density of about 1.0 A/g.
3104 may represent a current density of about 2.5 A/g. 3104 may
represent a current density of about 5.0 A/g. 3104 may represent a
current density of about 10.0 A/g. 3104 may represent a current
density of about 20 A/g. Graph 3100 illustrates high stability and
high rate capability over a thousand cycles.
[0113] While various embodiments of the disclosed technology have
been described above, it should be understood that they have been
presented by way of example only, and not of limitation. Likewise,
the various diagrams may depict an example architectural or other
configuration for the disclosed technology, which is done to aid in
understanding the features and functionality that can be included
in the disclosed technology. The disclosed technology is not
restricted to the illustrated example architectures or
configurations, but the desired features can be implemented using a
variety of alternative architectures and configurations. It will be
apparent to one of skill in the art how alternative functional,
logical or physical partitioning and configurations can be
implemented to implement the desired features of the technology
disclosed herein. Additionally, with regard to flow diagrams,
operational descriptions and method claims, the order in which the
steps are presented herein shall not mandate that various
embodiments be implemented to perform the recited functionality in
the same order unless the context dictates otherwise.
[0114] Although the disclosed technology is described above in
terms of various exemplary embodiments and implementations, it
should be understood that the various features, aspects and
functionality described in one or more of the individual
embodiments are not limited in their applicability to the
particular embodiment with which they are described, but instead
can be applied, alone or in various combinations, to one or more of
the other embodiments of the disclosed technology, whether or not
such embodiments are described and whether or not such features are
presented as being a part of a described embodiment. Thus, the
breadth and scope of the technology disclosed herein should not be
limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.
[0115] Terms and phrases used in this document, and variations
thereof, unless otherwise expressly stated, should be construed as
open ended as opposed to limiting. As examples of the foregoing:
the term "including" should be read as meaning "including, without
limitation" or the like; the term "example" is used to provide
exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or
limiting list thereof; the terms "a" or "an" should be read as
meaning "at least one," "one or more" or the like; and adjectives
such as "conventional," "traditional," "normal," "standard,"
"known" and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as
limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item
available as of a given time, but instead should be read to
encompass conventional, traditional, normal, or standard
technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in
the future. Likewise, where this document refers to technologies
that would be apparent or known to one of ordinary skill in the
art, such technologies encompass those apparent or known to the
skilled artisan now or at any time in the future.
[0116] The presence of broadening words and phrases such as "one or
more," "at least," "but not limited to" or other like phrases in
some instances shall not be read to mean that the narrower case is
intended or required in instances where such broadening phrases may
be absent.
[0117] Additionally, the various embodiments set forth herein are
described in terms of exemplary block diagrams, flow charts and
other illustrations. As will become apparent to one of ordinary
skill in the art after reading this document, the illustrated
embodiments and their various alternatives can be implemented
without confinement to the illustrated examples. For example, block
diagrams and their accompanying description should not be construed
as mandating a particular architecture or configuration.
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