U.S. patent application number 17/070477 was filed with the patent office on 2021-05-20 for method of reducing egg contamination.
This patent application is currently assigned to Universiteit Gent. The applicant listed for this patent is Universiteit Gent. Invention is credited to Richard Ducatelle, Ruth Raspoet, Filip Van Immerseel.
Application Number | 20210145954 17/070477 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005362208 |
Filed Date | 2021-05-20 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20210145954 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Van Immerseel; Filip ; et
al. |
May 20, 2021 |
METHOD OF REDUCING EGG CONTAMINATION
Abstract
The present invention relates to Salmonella mutant strains and
their use as a vaccine for preventing Salmonella infection, in
particular in eggs.
Inventors: |
Van Immerseel; Filip; (Eke,
BE) ; Raspoet; Ruth; (Erembodegem, BE) ;
Ducatelle; Richard; (Wortegem-Petegem, BE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Universiteit Gent |
Gent |
|
BE |
|
|
Assignee: |
Universiteit Gent
Gent
BE
|
Family ID: |
1000005362208 |
Appl. No.: |
17/070477 |
Filed: |
October 14, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16304484 |
Nov 26, 2018 |
10842861 |
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PCT/EP2017/062330 |
May 23, 2017 |
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17070477 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 31/04 20180101;
A61K 2039/54 20130101; A61K 39/0275 20130101; A61K 9/0073 20130101;
A61K 9/0019 20130101; A61K 2039/522 20130101; Y02A 50/30 20180101;
A61K 9/0053 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 39/112 20060101
A61K039/112; A61P 31/04 20060101 A61P031/04; A61K 9/00 20060101
A61K009/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 26, 2016 |
EP |
16171540.4 |
Claims
1. A method of immunizing a subject against Salmonella infection
comprising administering a Salmonella mutant strain of the serovar
Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica, said mutant strain comprising
a genetic modification in the tolC gene or in at least the acrAB,
acrEF and mdtABC gene, and wherein said mutant strain is capable of
preventing or reducing Salmonella colonization of the reproductive
organs in said hens.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the genetic
modification is a deletion of at least a portion of the tolC gene
or the acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC genes, or wherein the genetic
modification results in the inactivation of said gene(s).
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Salmonella mutant
strain is selected from the serogroup B, C or D.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the strain is selected
from the group consisting of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
Typhimurium, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hadar,
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Virchow, Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis, Salmonella enterica
subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky, Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica serovar Bredeney, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica
serovar Agona, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
Paratyphi B and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
Gallinarum.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mutant strain is
part of a vaccine composition further comprising a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier and/or diluent, and optionally an adjuvant.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mutant strain is
part of a formulation suitable for administration by injection,
inhalation, or oral administration.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the strain or
composition is administered in a prime-boost regimen.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is a
broiler hen or a laying hen.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein said immunized hen
produces eggs substantially free of Salmonella.
10. A method of preventing or reducing Salmonella contamination of
eggs, said method comprising administering a Salmonella mutant
strain comprising a genetic modification in the tolC gene or in at
least the acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC gene to layings hens.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 16/304,484, filed Nov. 26, 2018, which is a is
a national stage application, filed under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.371, of
International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2017/062330, filed on
May 23, 2017, which claims priority to EP 16171540.4, filed May 26,
2016, which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to Salmonella mutant strains
and their use as a vaccine for preventing Salmonella infection, in
particular in eggs.
SEQUENCE LISTING
[0003] A sequence listing in computer readable form (CRF) having
file name Sequence_Listing_GHE0028NA.txt (34 kB), created on May
26, 2016, is incorporated by reference into the present
disclosure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Salmonellosis is a worldwide occurring disease caused by
bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella. Salmonella enterica,
subspecies enterica, are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that are
comprised of more than 2500 different serovars, of which only a
limited number are associated with poultry. Salmonella enterica
serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis; SE) and S. Typhimurium are
generally accepted as the most important serovars in chickens, with
respect to human public health significance. Chickens infected with
the aforementioned serovars appear mainly asymptomatic and continue
to shed the bacteria for long periods with rare cases of systemic
disease, except in young chicks. However, these serovars are
regularly associated with human infections, which mostly lead to a
self-limiting gastrointestinal disease, and exposure to poultry or
poultry products is one of the major risk factors for human
infection. Majowicz et al. (2010) estimated in 2009 that 93.8
million cases of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella species occur
globally each year, with 155,000 deaths. More than 80 million cases
were supposed to be foodborne, and a considerable part of these
infections were caused by the serotype Enteritidis and egg
consumption. Infection with S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium can
become severe, requiring antibiotic treatment or even
hospitalization. Hence, a massive burden is still placed on both
the poultry industry and the healthcare system. In addition, with
the emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains, antibiotic
treatment for human patients is becoming increasingly difficult.
Thus, there is definitely a need for effective measures to control
the prevalence of non-host-adapted Salmonella species in poultry
flocks.
[0005] Eggs are a main vehicle for the pathogen that causes spread
to humans. Salmonella can be present on the shell surface due to
the presence of Salmonella in the hen's environment or passage of
the egg through the cloaca. In addition, the bacterium can also be
contaminating internal eggs after reproductive tract colonization
as a consequence of either shell penetration or colonization of the
reproductive tract of laying hens and thus incorporation in the
forming egg. In the latter case eggs are a `box with Salmonella
inside` that can't be eliminated using hygienic measures such as
egg washing. Several lines of evidence however support the view
that egg contamination with SE is more likely to take place during
the formation of the egg in the reproductive organs than by
eggshell penetration. The egg-associated pandemic reached a maximum
in the mid 1990's to the early 2000's. In the European Union,
legislation has been responsible for a serious reduction in
Salmonella prevalence at laying hen farms, eggs and egg products
and as a consequence human infections due to egg consumption. These
legislations forced the member states to take action to monitor and
control the pathogen, and reduction targets for prevalence have
been produced. Over the past two decades, Salmonella control
programs were implemented by the European Union, including that a)
that antimicrobials cannot be used to control Salmonella b) that
member states with a prevalence of Salmonella Enteritidis in
commercial laying hens higher than 10% are mandatory to vaccinate
and c) that live vaccines can only be used during rearing.
Regulation No. 1237/2007 (Anonymous, 2007) laid down restrictions
for the trade of table eggs from flocks infected with Salmonella
Enteritidis or Typhimurium. The latter states that eggs from
Salmonella Enteritidis or Typhimurium positive flocks must be
banned from the market, unless they are treated in a manner that
guarantees that all Salmonella bacteria are destroyed.
[0006] Despite the decline in human cases, salmonellosis still is
the second most commonly reported zoonotic disease, following
campylobacteriosis. Although eggs are no longer the primary food
vehicle causing salmonellosis, it appears that when one considers
the risk related to the different sources weighted according to the
tonnage of food available for consumption, the risk of Salmonella
infection still remains the highest when consuming table eggs
(EFSA, 2013).
[0007] Vaccination of chickens, along with other control measures
as part of a comprehensive Salmonella control program, is an
important strategy in lowering the prevalence of Salmonella.
Vaccination of chickens harnesses the immune system of the hosts to
decrease the levels of Salmonella species that are associated with
poultry flocks upon infection rather than control disease. The
Salmonella vaccines that have been tested are divided into three
categories: live attenuated, inactivated and subunit vaccines
(Desin T et al., 2013). Although some commercially available
vaccines are in the killed bacteria form, a few registered S.
Enteritidis live vaccines are commercially available for poultry.
These live vaccines are developed on the principle of either
metabolic drift mutations or auxotrophic double-marker mutants
obtained through chemical mutagenesis implicating a higher risk for
reverting to virulence (Van Immerseel F et al., 2013). In addition,
commercially available vaccines are developed with the focus on
reducing shedding and colonization of host tissues such as spleen,
liver and caeca, while it is known that Salmonella colonization in
the reproductive tract is generally high and persistent. In several
studies, SE was isolated from the reproductive tissue of infected
birds, in the absence of intestinal colonization (Lister, 1988). It
has been demonstrated that repeated in vivo passages through the
reproductive tissues of chickens increase the ability of an SE
strain to induce internal egg contamination, whereas serial passage
through the liver and the spleen did not affect the ability of the
strain to cause egg contamination (Gast et al., 2003). This is an
indication that interaction of SE with the reproductive tissues may
either induce or select for the expression of microbial properties
important for egg contamination. SE is capable of persistence in
reproductive tissues of naturally and experimentally infected hens,
even though the animals generate an innate and adaptive immune
response to the infection, indicating that the bacteria can reside
intracellularly and escape the host defense mechanisms (Gantois et
al., 2009). The deposition of Salmonella inside eggs is thus most
likely a consequence of reproductive tissue colonization in
infected laying hens (Keller et al., 1995; Methner et al., 1995;
Gast & Holt, 2000a). WO2006129090 shows that vaccination of
one-day old chicks with a S. Typhimurium tolC mutant strain results
in a reduced shedding of the S. Typhimurium challenge strain
together with a reduced colonization of liver and spleen tissues.
However, WO2006129090 is completely silent on colonization of the
reproductive tract and egg contamination. Studies documenting
protection against egg contamination by vaccination of laying hens
are limited (Gantois I et al., 2006). The efficacy of live vaccines
in poultry has been tested in experimental and field studies but
only a few studies have demonstrated a partial protective effect of
immunization against egg contamination (Miyamoto T et al., 1999;
Woodward MJ et al., 2002; Nassar T J et al., 1994; Hassan J O et
al., 1997; Gantois I et al., 2006).
[0008] Hence, although some Salmonella vaccines have been shown to
be partially effective in reducing the rate of egg contamination,
eggs from vaccinated hens cannot be guaranteed to be Salmonella
free. Moreover, vaccine producers only claim a reduction in
shedding of the bacteria in the faeces, not a protection against
challenge infection or prevention of egg contamination.
[0009] The present invention provides a Salmonella vaccine that
specifically counters the egg contamination and is not merely
focused on the reduction of shedding. A further advantage of the
present vaccine strain is that it is easy to administer and there
is no risk of reversal to virulence, contrary to some commercial
vaccine strains with undefined mutations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] It is an objective of the present invention to provide a
Salmonella mutant strain, having at least one genetic modification
within the tolC gene or within one or more of the
resistance-nodulation-division (RND) genes of the efflux pump
system. In particular, the Salmonella mutant strain comprises a
genetic modification of the tolC gene or of one or all of the
acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC genes. Preferably the genetic modification
is an artificially introduced genetic modification, in particular
resulting in an inactivation of the gene, and more in particular
said modification is a deletion of at least a part of said gene(s),
and more in particular of the complete gene(s).
[0011] With the objective to obtain Salmonella mutant strains, the
toiC and RND gene modifications as defined herein, can be applied
in wild type Salmonella serovars. The Salmonella mutant strain as
defined and used herein, includes Salmonella entericaand any
serotype of the enterica subspecies, and is typically selected from
the group consisting of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), S.
Typhimurium, S. Hadar, S. Virchow, S. infantis, S. Kentucky, S.
Bredeney, S. Agona, S. paratyphi B and S. Gallinarum. In a more
particular embodiment said strain is Salmonella ser. Typhimurium,
Salmonella ser. Enteriditis, Salmonella ser. Infantis or Salmonella
ser. Gallinarum.
[0012] It is a further objective of the present invention to
provide the use of a Salmonella mutant strain as described herein,
in the manufacture of a vaccine and/or for preventing or reducing
Salmonella infection in eggs.
[0013] In a further embodiment the present invention provides a
composition, in particular a vaccine, comprising the Salmonella
strain of the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient, carrier and/or diluent, and optionally an adjuvant.
[0014] A further embodiment provides the Salmonella mutant strain,
or the composition of the present invention for use as a
medicament. More particular the invention provides the Salmonella
mutant strain e.g. as part of a vaccine for use in the prevention
or inhibition of Salmonella infection/colonization or a disease
caused by such an infection in a subject and/or salmonellosis in
humans, and in particular for prevention or (significant) reduction
of Salmonella infection in eggs. Another embodiment provides the
use of the mutant strain or composition of the present invention in
the treatment or prevention of Salmonella infection, in particular
for immunization of poultry, especially layer hens, against
(disease or symptoms caused by) Salmonella infection.
[0015] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a
method for treating, preventing, inhibiting and/or reducing the
risk of (internal) Salmonella infection in eggs, as well as a
method for immunising a subject against Salmonella disease,
comprising administering a Salmonella mutant strain or a
composition of the present invention, to a subject.
[0016] The invention further encompasses a method of producing
Salmonella free eggs by immunising laying hens with the Salmonella
mutant provided herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1: The percentage of Salmonella positive samples in
spleen (A), caeca (B), oviduct (C) and ovary (D) in non-vaccinated
animals and animals vaccinated at day 1, week 6 and week 16 with
Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tolC or Salmonella Enteritidis
147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strains, challenged at 3 weeks
post-infection with Salmonella Enteritidis S1400/94, after
enrichment. Statistical significant differences (p<0.05) in
percentage of positive organ samples between vaccinated groups and
the non-vaccinated control group are marked with an asterix.
[0018] FIG. 2: OD values of the ELISA detecting anti-Salmonella LPS
antibodies in the sera of 18 week old laying hens, vaccinated at
day 1, week 4 and week 16 with Salmonella Enteritidis 147
.DELTA.tolC or Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC.
The cut-off OD value is 0.55 and is calculated as the mean obtained
from the sera from the Salmonella free chicks (control group) plus
five times the standard deviation.
[0019] FIG. 3: Percentage of cloacal swabs positive for the
Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium tolC or
acrABacrEFmdtABC (.DELTA.7) deletion mutant strains after
administration of these strains to one day old broilers. Broilers
were inoculated with both Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella
Typhimurium tolC deletion mutant strains or with Salmonella
Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion
mutant strains on the first day of life. Cloacal swabs were then
weekly taken to monitor shedding of these strains.
[0020] FIG. 4: Spleen colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis and
Salmonella Typhimurium tolC or acrABacrEFmdtABC (.DELTA.7) deletion
mutant strains after administration to one day old broilers.
Broilers were inoculated with both Salmonella Enteritidis and
Salmonella Typhimurium tolC deletion mutant strains or with
Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium acrABacrEFmdtABC
deletion mutant strains on the first day of life. Represented
values are log.sub.10 CFU/g sample. Samples were taken on day 7, 21
and 36. The error bars represent the standard error of the means
(SEM).
[0021] FIG. 5: Percentage of spleen and caecum samples positive for
Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium tolC or
acrABacrEFmdtABC (.DELTA.7) deletion mutant strains after
enrichment. Broilers were inoculated with both Salmonella
Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium tolC deletion mutant strains
or with Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium
acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant strains on the first day of
life.
[0022] FIG. 6: TolC, acrA, acrB, acrD, acrF, acrE, mdsB, mdsA,
mdtA, mdtB, and mdtC coding sequences.
[0023] FIG. 7: Lohman Brown laying hen body weight after oral
inoculation with 10.sup.6 CFU of a Salmonella Gallinarum 9R (SG9R)
strain or 10.sup.6 CFU of a Salmonella Gallinarum tolC (SG tolC)
deletion mutant strain on day 35 of life. Groups treated with
either of the strains consisted of 20 animals, and the error bars
shown in the figure represent the standard deviation of the
mean.
[0024] FIG. 8: Necrotic foci scores after post-mortem examination
of spleen and liver of Lohmann Brown laying hens that were orally
inoculated with a Salmonella Gallinarum 9R (SG9R) strain or a
Salmonella Gallinarum .DELTA.tolC (SGtolC) strain. Animals were
treated on day 35 of life, liver and spleens were collected and
examined on day 63 of life. Necrotic foci scores were determined as
described by Matsuda et al. (2011). Necrotic foci scores for the
spleen were determined according to the following macroscopic
findings: score 0: no foci, score 1: fewer than 5 foci, score 2:
fewer than 20 foci, score 3: greater than 20 foci. Scores for
necrotic foci in the liver were determined according to macroscopic
findings: score 0: no foci, score 1: fewer than three foci, score
2: fewer than ten foci, score 3: greater than ten foci. Horizontal
bars represent the mean and the standard error of the mean. No
statistically significant differences could be observed between
both groups.
[0025] FIG. 9: Lohman Brown laying hen spleen and liver weight
after oral inoculation with 10.sup.6 CFU of a Salmonella Gallinarum
9R (SG9R) strain or 10.sup.6 CFU of a Salmonella Gallinarum tolC
(SGtolC) deletion mutant strain. Animals were treated on day 35 of
life, liver and spleens were collected and weighed on day 63 of
life. Horizontal bars represent the mean and the standard error of
the mean. No statistically significant differences could be
observed between both groups.
[0026] FIG. 10: Caecal (A & C) and spleen (B & D)
colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis (A & B) or Salmonella
Typhimurium (C & D) wild-type strains on day 7 of age after
experimental infection of broiler chickens treated with a CI
culture. The CI culture was administered on day one of life, and
consisted of 10.sup.8 CFU of a Salmonella Enteritidis
.DELTA.acrAbacrEFmdtABC strain and 10.sup.8 CFU of a Salmonella
Typhimurium .DELTA.acrAbacrEFmdtABC strain administered
simultaneously by oral gavage. The chickens were experimentally
infected on day 2 of life by administering them 10.sup.5 CFU of the
respective challenge strain by oral gavage. The values shown
represent log10 of the CFU/g sample. The horizontal lines represent
the mean, the error bars represent the standard error of mean
(SEM). The number of samples equals 10 in all groups.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0027] The present invention relates to a method of preventing
Salmonella infection, in particular Salmonella infection of the
reproductive organs (e.g. oviduct, ovary), and even more particular
Salmonella infection in eggs. Previous studies demonstrate that the
correlation between intestinal colonization and colonization of the
reproductive tissue is unclear since it has been shown that
Salmonella was isolated from the reproductive tissue of infected
birds while being absent in the intestinal organs. Hence, existing
Salmonella vaccines focusing on a reduction in shedding of the
bacteria in the faeces will not inevitably result in a protection
against infection of the reproductive organs, and in particular of
(internal) egg contamination.
[0028] The invention is based on the finding that vaccines
comprising Salmonella bacteria having a genetic modification in
tolC gene or in one or more of the resistance-nodulation-division
(RND) genes of the efflux pump system are able to promote an
effective immune response capable of preventing or reducing
subsequent bacterial infection and/or colonisation of the
reproductive organs, thereby preventing or reducing vertical
transmission to and Salmonella contamination ofthe forming eggs.
Furthermore, it was demonstrated that said Salmonella bacteria are
not able to infect or colonise the reproductive tract and eggs of
the subjects to whom they are administered, or at least show much
reduced ability to do so, and hence the bacteria are cleared from
the host having provided a suitable and local immunising stimulus.
Hence, the disclosed methods and compositions not only reduce
pathogen infection in the bird but remarkably also reduce incidence
of pathogen contamination in eggs produced by laying
birds/hens.
[0029] Efflux pumps are found in almost all bacterial species and
genes encoding this class of proteins can be located on chromosomes
or plasmids. According to their composition, number of
transmembrane spanning regions, energy sources and substrates,
bacterial efflux pumps are classified into five families: the
resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family, the major facilitator
superfamily (MFS), the ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-binding
cassette (ABC) superfamily, the small multidrug resistance (SMR)
family (a member of the much larger drug/metabolite transporter
(DMT) superfamily), and the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion
(MATE) family. Except for the RND superfamily which is only found
in Gram-negative bacteria, efflux systems of the other four
families: MFS, ABC, SMR and MATE are widely distributed in both
Gram-positive and negative bacteria. A study by Nishino K. et al.
(2006) has shown that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium has nine
functional drug efflux pumps (AcrAB, AcrD, AcrEF, MdtABC, MdsAB,
EmrAB, MdfA, MdtK and MacAB) (see FIG. 1 of Horiyama et al., 2010).
These efflux pumps in S. enterica are classified into four families
on the basis of sequence similarity: the major facilitator (MF)
family (EmrAB and MdfA); the RND family (AcrAB, AcrD, AcrEF, MdtABC
and MdsAB); the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE)
family (MdtK); and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family (MacAB).
ToIC is a major outer membrane channel involved in siderophore
export and is part of the multidrug resistance pumps (MDR).
[0030] The present invention provides mutant strains of Salmonella
that are useful as a live or attenuated vaccine for inducing
immunological protection against Salmonella, and that are
characterized in that they prevent or reduce Salmonella infection
and/or colonization of the host tissues in a subject, especially of
the reproductive organs, and more in particular in eggs and/or
meat. As such, the risk for salmonellosis in humans is reduced or
absent. The mutant strains of the present invention are
characterized in that they contain at least one genetic
modification within the tolC gene or within one or more of the
resistance-nodulation-division (RND) genes, i.e. acrAB, acrD,
acrEF, mdtABC and mdsAB, and especially the acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC
genes. The present invention thus provides a Salmonella strain in
which at least one genetic modification within the tolC gene or
within one or more of the acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC genes was
introduced. In particular, the tolC mutant does not comprise any
further artificial genetic modifications within (e.g. deletions of)
one or more of the RND genes. In a further embodiment, the acrAB,
acrEF and mdtABC mutant comprises an unmodified/complete tolC gene
and/or other RND genes. The "genetic modification" may be an
insertion, a deletion, and/or a substitution of one or more
nucleotides in said genes. Such a genetic modification results in a
(total) decrease in the inherent efflux pump or gene function of
the bacterium. Bacterial efflux pump function may be readily
assayed by means known to those skilled in the art. For example,
the level of bacterial efflux pump function can be investigated by
determining the effect of an efflux pump inhibitor on the
susceptibility of a bacterial strain of interest to substrates
including antibiotics. Such susceptibility may be analysed by
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing of an antibiotic for
test strains in the presence or absence of efflux pump inhibitor.
Preferably a bacterium suitable for use in accordance with the
invention may, for example, have at least 50% less efflux pump
function than comparable wild type bacteria, preferably, at least
75% less efflux pump function, more preferably at least 90% less
efflux pump function, and even more preferably 100% less efflux
pump function.
[0031] Mutants with inactivated genes or deletion mutants (of the
complete gene or (substantial) part thereof) are preferred. The
genetic modifications or mutations may be introduced into the
microorganism using any known technique. Preferably, the mutation
is a deletion mutation, where disruption of the gene is caused by
the excision of nucleic acids. Alternatively, mutations may be
introduced by the insertion of nucleic acids or by point mutations.
Methods for introducing the mutations into the specific regions
will be apparent to the skilled person and are preferably created
using the one step inactivation method described by Wanner and
Datsenko (2000). Other methods can be applied to achieve a site
directed mutagenesis (eg. using suicide plasm ids), however the
one-step inactivation method is generally accepted as the best and
fastest way to achieve a knock-out deletion mutant.
[0032] Preferably, the mutants of the present invention contain a
deletion of (at least part of) the tolC gene or one or more of the
RND genes of the efflux pump system, including the acrA, acrB,
acrD, acrF, acrE, mdsB, mdsA, mdtA, mdtB, or mdtC gene. As used
herein, the tolC, acrA, acrB, acrD, acrF, acrE, mdsB, mdsA, mdtA,
mdtB, and mdtC gene is meant to include any homolog or artificial
sequence that is substantially identical, i.e. at least 85%, 90%,
91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, and preferably 100%
identical to the corresponding tolC, acrA, acrB, acrD, acrF, acrE,
mdsB, mdsA, mdtA, mdtB, and mdtC gene as found in Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 (NCBI:
NC_003197.1 GI:16763390). In said reference sequence the tolC gene
is characterized by Gene ID: 1254709 and encodes the ToIC outer
membrane channel protein. The acrA gene is characterized by Gene
ID: 1251996 and encodes the AcrA acridine efflux pump. The acrB
gene is characterized by Gene ID: 1251995 and encodes the AcrB RND
family acridine efflux pump. The acrD gene is characterized by Gene
ID: 1254003 and encodes the AcrD RND family
aminoglycoside/multidrug efflux pump. The acrF gene is
characterized by Gene ID: 1254914 and encodes the AcrF multidrug
efflux protein. The acrE gene is characterized by Gene ID: 1254913
and encodes the AcrE multidrug efflux protein. The mdtA gene is
characterized by Gene ID: 1253647 and encodes the MdtA multidrug
resistance protein. The mdtB gene is characterized by Gene ID:
1253648 and encodes the MdtB multidrug resistance protein. The mdtC
gene is characterized by Gene ID: 1253649 and encodes the MdtC
multidrug resistance protein. The mdsA gene is characterized by
Gene ID: 1251871 and encodes the MdsA cation efflux system protein.
The mdsB gene is characterized by Gene ID: 1251870 and encodes the
MdsB cation efflux system protein. The nucleic acid sequences of
the tolC, acrA, acrB, acrD, acrF, acrE, mdsB, mdsA, mdtA, mdtB, and
mdtC genes are given in FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO: 1-11).
[0033] The percentage identity of nucleic acid and polypeptide
sequences can be calculated using commercially available algorithms
which compare a reference sequence with a query sequence. The
following programs (provided by the National Center for
Biotechnology Information) may be used to determine
homologies/identities: BLAST, gapped BLAST, BLASTN and PSI BLAST,
which may be used with default parameters.
[0034] In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses a
Salmonella mutant strain comprising a deletion of the tolC gene, as
compared to the corresponding wild type sequence as found in
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2
(NCBI: NC_003197.1 GI:16763390). In a further embodiment, the
present invention encompasses a Salmonella mutant strain comprising
a deletion of all of the acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC genes, as compared
to the corresponding wild type sequence as found in Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 (NCBI:
NC_003197.1 GI:16763390).
[0035] Although any serotype of S. enterica may be used to produce
the mutant strain, in preferred embodiments, the modifications are
inserted into Salmonella serovars most common in poultry, including
serovars belonging to serogroup B such as S. Agona, S. Bredeney, S.
Paratyphi B, S. Typhimurium, and monophasic strains of S.
Typhimurium; serogroup D such as S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum;
and serogroup C such as S. Hadar, S. Virchow, S. Infantis, and S.
Kentucky. The combination of one or more of the mutant strains in
one composition or vaccine is also envisaged by the present
invention (e.g. mono-, bi-, tri or tetravaccine).
[0036] In a particular embodiment said modification(s) are inserted
in a Salmonella spp. selected from the group comprising Salmonella
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium or Salmonella enterica
subsp. enterica serovar Infantis. Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica serovar Enteritidis is a serovar of the D1 serogroup. S.
Enteritidis is the most common serovar in the United States and
Europe. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium is
a serovar of the B serogroup. S. Typhimurium is a widely
distributed serovar, which represent the second most common serovar
isolated from humans in the United States and Europe. Salmonella
enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis is a serovar of the C1
serogroup. S. Infantis is commonly found in chickens and broiler
flocks.
[0037] A "subject" as used herein includes a human or an animal, in
particular birds, more in particular poultry, and even more in
particular chickens, especially laying hens (layers), breeders
and/or broilers.
[0038] "Laying hen" or "egg-laying hen" is a common term for a
female chicken that is kept primarily for laying eggs and includes
young chickens that are reared for egg production. Some chickens
are raised for meat (called "broiler" chickens), while others are
primarily for eggs (used for human consumption). Raising laying
hens is a different process than raising chickens for meat. Broiler
chickens typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size
while most laying hens are kept for one to three laying cycles (up
to 200 weeks) before they are replaced with a new flock. Layers
typically start laying eggs around 20 weeks of age. Layer feeds are
formulated for chickens laying table eggs (those used for human
consumption). Broiler feeds are formulated for those chickens
producing hatching eggs ("breeders"). The diets are basically the
same, but the breeder diets typically have slightly more protein
and are fortified with extra vitamins for proper embryo
development.
[0039] In a specific embodiment, the Salmonella mutant strains of
the present invention are used as attenuated live vaccines. It is
well established that live attenuated micro-organisms are highly
effective vaccines; immune responses elicited by such vaccines are
often of greater magnitude and of longer duration than those
produced by non-replicating immunogens. One explanation for this
may be that live attenuated strains establish limited infections in
the host and mimic the early stages of natural infection. In
addition, unlike killed preparations, live vaccines are often more
potent in inducing mucosal immune responses and cell-mediated
responses, which may be connected with their ability to replicate
in epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells, such as
macrophages, respectively. However, concerns remain over the safety
of using live-attenuated vaccines. There may also be a risk of the
attenuated strain reverting to virulence, thus having the potential
to cause disease and abortion in the vaccinated animal. However, it
was demonstrated that the mutant strains of the present invention
are safe (no clinical symptoms and not persistently colonizing the
host) and do not revert to virulence.
[0040] It is an object of the present invention to provide the use
of the Salmonella mutant strains of the present invention for
preparing a medicament which is employed for the prophylactic
and/or therapeutic treatment of Salmonella infection in animals, in
particular poultry, more particular chickens, and even more
particular in layers. In a preferred embodiment the present
invention provides the mutant strains of Salmonella as defined
herein for use as a medicament. In particular, the present
invention encompasses the (use of the) mutant strains of Salmonella
as described herein for use in protecting against egg
contamination. Hens' eggs produced by the immunized hens are
substantially free from Salmonella. Remarkably, the present mutant
strains have been shown to significantly reduce colonization of the
reproductive organs. The oviduct can be subdivided into five
functional regions. Starting from the ovary, there are the
infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina. The infundibulum
captures the ovulatory follicles, the magnum produces the albumen,
the isthmus deposits the eggshell membranes, the uterus forms the
eggshell and the vagina is involved in oviposition. Salmonella
colonizing the oviduct could be incorporated into the albumen, the
eggshell membranes or the eggshell itself, depending on the site of
colonization (magnum, isthmus and uterus, respectively). Although
SE has been isolated from both the yolk and the albumen, according
to several studies, the albumen is most frequently contaminated,
pointing to the oviduct tissue as the colonization site. However,
some studies found the yolk to be primarily contaminated,
suggesting the ovary to be the primary colonization site (Gantois
et al., 2009). It is thus an aim of the invention to provide
Salmonella mutants strains for use in preventing or reducing
colonization/infection of the oviduct tissues and/or the ovary.
[0041] In a further embodiment, the Salmonella mutant strains are
used to manufacture a (pharmaceutical) composition, in particular a
vaccine, which may be administered to the subject via the
parenteral, mucosal or oral route. Live vaccines can be produced
using art known procedures and typically include a
(pharmaceutically) acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent, and
optionally an adjuvant.
[0042] The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
or a vaccine against Salmonella egg infection comprising: [0043]
one or more of the mutant strains according to the invention; and
[0044] a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0045] The particular pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or
diluents employed are not critical to the present invention, and
are conventional in the art. Examples of diluents include: buffer
for buffering against gastric acid in the stomach, such as citrate
buffer (pH 7.0) containing sucrose, bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0)
alone, or bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.0) containing ascorbic acid,
lactose, and optionally aspartame. Examples of carriers include:
proteins, e.g., as found in skimmed milk; sugars, e.g. sucrose; or
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
[0046] The particular adjuvants employed are not critical to the
present invention, and are conventional in the art. Examples of
adjuvants include, but are not limited to, tensoactive compounds
(such as Quil A), mineral salts (such as aluminium hydroxide),
micro-organism derived adjuvants (such as muramyl dipeptide),
oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions (such as Freund's
incomplete adjuvant), particulate antigen delivery systems (such as
liposomes, polymeric atmospheres, nanobeads, ISCOMs and
ISCOMATRIX), polysaccharides (such as micro-particulate inulin),
nucleic acid based adjuvants (such as CpG motivs), cytokines (such
as interleukins and interferons), activators of Toll-like receptors
and eurocine L3 en N3 adjuvantia. As is known to the skilled
person, the dose or amount varies according to the route of
administration. Those skilled in the art may find that the
effective (immunizing) dose for a vaccine administered parenterally
may be smaller than a similar vaccine which is administered via
drinking water, and the like. The number of microorganisms that are
required to be present in the formulations can be determined and
optimised by the skilled person. However, in general, a subject may
be administered approximately 10.sup.4-10.sup.19 colony-forming
units (CFUs), preferably between 10.sup.5-10.sup.9 CFUs in a single
dosage unit, and more preferably between 10.sup.7-10.sup.9 CFUs in
a single dosage unit.
[0047] As already mentioned hereinbefore, the mutant strains and
vaccine compositions of the present invention may be prepared by
known techniques.
[0048] The choice of particular Salmonella enterica microorganism,
can be made by the skilled person without undue experimentation. A
preferred microorganism is selected from the group consisting of
Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar,
S. Virchow, S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Bredeney, S. Agona, S.
paratyphi B and S. Gallinarum. In one embodiment the microorganism
is Salmonella Typhimurium; more in particular the Salmonella
Typhimurium strain 112910a (Van Parys et al., 2012; De Cort et al.,
2014). In a further embodiment the microorganism is Salmonella
Enteritidis; more particular the Salmonella Enteritidis strain 147
(Methner et al., 1995; Bohez et al., 2008; De Cort et al., 2013).
In an even further embodiment, the microorganism is either
Salmonella Infantis or Salmonella Gallinarum. In a particular
embodiment of the present invention, the mutant strains are either
tolC deletion mutants, or acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutants of
Salmonella Typhimurium strain 112910a, or of Salmonella Enteritidis
strain 147.
[0049] The Salmonella mutant strains as described herein are
especially useful as vaccines, in particular (for use in a method
in order) to prevent or (significantly) reduce Salmonella infection
and/or colonization of the host tissue and/or whereby said mutant
strain is capable of preventing or reducing (internal) egg
contamination. A further embodiment provides the composition or
vaccine of the present invention for use in the immunization of
chickens, especially layers and broilers, against Salmonella
infection. It is also an object of the present invention to provide
a method for treating, reducing or preventing a Salmonella
infection, comprising administering a Salmonella mutant strain as
provided herein or a composition or vaccine of the present
invention, to a subject in need thereof.
[0050] Furthermore, the invention is directed to reduce or prevent
salmonellosis (e.g. gastroenteritis, vomiting, fever) in humans by
the use of the Salmonella mutant strain and the methods as provided
herein. In other words, the invention relates to the use of the
Salmonella mutants strain for preventing or reducing egg
contamination, e.g. by immunising or vaccinating hens in order to
reduce colonization of the reproductive tissue. By such method, the
contamination of the eggs is limited or absent and hence also the
risk of salmonellosis and/or the number of food borne Salmonella
infections in humans. Hence the method of the invention is
especially useful to produce Salmonella free eggs.
[0051] In a particular embodiment, the Salmonella Gallinarum mutant
strain is characterized in that it contains at least one genetic
modification within the tolC gene or within one or more of the
resistance-nodulation-division (RND) genes, i.e. acrAB, acrD,
acrEF, mdtABC and mdsAB, and especially the acrAB, acrEF and mdtABC
genes. Said S. Gallinarum mutant strain is especially useful in
protecting layers or broilers against fowl typhoid, a severe
septicaemic disease, in particular against clinical disease and
internal organ colonization by S. Gallinarum. Clinical symptoms
include anorexia, diarrhea, anemia, a decreased laying percentage
but the major issue is the high mortality it can induce in both
chicks and adult hens
[0052] It is recognized that administration of an effective
(immunizing) dose may be achieved by way of a single administration
(i.e. administration of a single dose of a vaccine, said dose
constituting an effective dose), or by way of multiple
administration (i.e. administration of two or more doses of a
vaccine, said two or more doses combining to constitute an
effective dose). The use of multiple administrations of vaccines
(for example a primary dose followed by one, two or more booster
doses) is well known, particularly in the context of live vaccines,
and is hence an embodiment of the present invention.
[0053] Oral administration of the strains or compositions of the
invention may be achieved by inoculation (such as by oral gavage)
or by application in drinking water. In one embodiment, the
invention relates to (poultry) food comprising the Salmonella
mutant(s) as described herein. As an alternative to their oral
administration, suitably formulated strains or compositions may be
administered to a subject by means of injection. In particular,
strains or compositions in accordance with the present invention
may be administered by intramuscular injection, intradermal
injection subcutaneous injection, or intravenous injection.
Formulations for use in the preparation of injectable vaccines are
well known to those of skill in the art.
[0054] Strains or compositions in accordance with the present
invention may also be administered by inhalation, for example via
intranasal spray. It is well known to provide vaccines by nasal
inhalation and such administration may be preferred since it lacks
many of the undesirable effects associated with vaccination by
injection (such as injection pain and the requirement for
sterilizing equipment). Suitable nasal spray formulations which may
be used in the preparation of vaccines in accordance with the
present invention will be known to those skilled in the art.
[0055] It has also been shown that effective immunizing dosages of
vaccines may be administered to poultry through the use of whole
body sprays. Aerosol immunization in this manner has been found to
be suitable for the generation of a systemic immune response, not
just a response associated with the respiratory tract.
[0056] The mutant strains as provided herein can be part of a
vaccination kit comprising a dispensing device and an
(immunologically) effective amount of the vaccine strain. The
dispensing device is preferably adapted for spray, aerosol delivery
or ocular eye drops.
[0057] The invention will be described in further details in the
following examples and embodiments by reference to the enclosed
drawings. Particular embodiments and examples are not in any way
intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. The
rationale of the examples given here for the serotype S. Enteritids
are equally well applicable to other Salmonella enterica serotypes
infecting poultry, such as for example S. Typhimurium, S. Hadar, S.
Virchow, S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Bredeney, S. Agona, S.
Paratyphi B and S. Gallinarum.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Prevention of Egg Contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis After
Oral Vaccination Of Laying Hens with Salmonella Enteritidis
.DELTA.tolC and .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC Mutants
[0058] Materials and Methods
[0059] Vaccine and Challenge Strains
[0060] The vaccine strains .DELTA.tolC and .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC
are defined mutants of Salmonella Enteritidis 147 phage type 4. The
wild type strain 147 was originally isolated from egg white and is
resistant to streptomycin. The strain is known to colonize the gut
and internal organs to a high level (Methner, al-Shabibi et al.
1995, Bohez, Dewulf et al. 2008). All mutations were constructed
according to the one step inactivation method previously described
by Datsenko and Wanner (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000).
[0061] The challenge and vaccine strains were incubated overnight
with gentle agitation at 37.degree. C. in Luria Bertani (LB) medium
(Sigma, ST. Louis, Mo., USA). To determine bacterial titers,
ten-fold dilutions were plated on brilliant green agar (BGA,
Oxford, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK) for the challenge strain. The
vaccine strains were plated on LB supplemented with 1% lactose, 1%
phenol red and 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin to determine the titer.
The vaccine and challenge strains were diluted in HBSS (Hanks
Balanced Salt Solution, Invitrogen, Paisley, England) to 10.sup.8
cfu/ml.
[0062] Experimental Birds
[0063] Ninety (90) day-old Lohmann Brown laying hens (De Biest,
Kruishoutem, Belgium) were randomly divided into 3 groups and
housed in separate units. The lighting program provided by the
commercial supplier was implemented. Commercial feed and drinking
water was provided ad libitum. The animal experiment in this study
followed the institutional guidelines for the care and use of
laboratory animals and was approved by the Ethical Committee of the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
(EC2013/135). Euthanasia was performed with an overdose of sodium
pentobarbital in the wing vein.
[0064] Experimental Setup
[0065] Two different groups (n=30) were orally immunized at day of
birth, at 6 weeks of age and at 16 weeks of age through crop
instillation of 0.5 ml containing 10.sup.8 cfu of Salmonella
Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tolC (group 1) or Salmonella Enteritidis 147
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC (group 2). A third group of birds (n=30)
was kept as non-immunized but Salmonella challenged positive
controls (group 4). At the age of 18 weeks, serum samples were
taken for quantification of anti-Salmonella Enteritidis and
anti-Salmonella Typhimurium antibodies in an LPS-ELISA (Desmidt,
Ducatelle et al. 1996). At the same time, cloacal swabs were taken
in each group and bacteriologically analyzed for the presence of
the vaccine strains. At 21 weeks of age, all the hens were in lay
and eggs were collected daily during 3 weeks for bacteriological
detection of the vaccine strain in the egg content. At 24 weeks of
age, all the animals were intravenously inoculated in the wing vein
with 0.5 ml containing 5.times.10.sup.7 cfu of the Salmonella
Enteritidis strain S1400/94. This protocol was already used to
produce high levels of internal egg contamination (De Buck, Van
Immerseel et al. 2004, Gantois, Ducatelle et al. 2006). The eggs
were collected daily during 3 weeks and analyzed for the presence
of the challenge strain. Three weeks after challenge inoculation,
all the animals were euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital in
the wing vein. Samples of the spleen, oviduct, ovary, uterus and
caecum were aseptically removed for bacteriological quantification
of challenge and vaccine strain bacteria.
[0066] ELISA to Quantify Anti-LPS Antibodies
[0067] Serum samples taken at week 18 were analyzed for the levels
of anti-Salmonella LPS antibodies using a previously described
indirect ELISA protocol (Desmidt et al., 1996). Four 96 well-plates
(Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) were coated with 100 .mu.l of an LPS
solution (10 .mu.g/ml) in 0.05 M carbonate-bicarbonate (pH 9.6;
coating buffer) and incubated for 24 hours at 4.degree. C. The LPS
was purified from Salmonella Enteritidis PT4, strain 76Sa88 and
Salmonella Typhimurium, strain 742Sa91. The plates were rinsed four
times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.,
USA) supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA;
washing buffer) between each step. In the first step, 100 pl PBS
(Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) supplemented with 1% bovine serum
albumin (BSA, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA; blocking buffer) was
added to the wells for one hour at 37.degree. C. The blocking
buffer was then removed. Secondly, serum samples of animals from
the different groups were diluted in blocking buffer (1:200) and
added to the plates (100 .mu.l ). As a negative control, serum from
a Salmonella free chicken was used. Serum from a chicken that had
been infected experimentally with Salmonella Enteritidis PT4,
strain 76Sa88, was used as a positive control. The plates were
allowed to shake for 2 hours at 37.degree. C. Thirdly,
peroxidase-labelled rabbit anti-chicken IgG (100 .mu.l, Sigma, St.
Louis, Mo., USA) was diluted (1:2000) in blocking buffer and added
to the wells for 1 hour and 30 min while shaking at 37.degree. C.
Finally 50 .mu.l of TMB substrate (Fisher Scientific, Erembodegem,
Belgium) was added to the wells. When a blue color started to
appear the reaction was blocked with 50 .mu.l of sulfuric acid (0.5
M). The absorbance was measured by the ELISA reader at 450 nm.
Every sample was analyzed in duplicate The cut-off OD value was
calculated as the mean obtained from the sera from the Salmonella
free chicks (the non-vaccinated birds) plus five times the standard
deviation (OD=0.55).
[0068] Bacteriological Examination of the Challenged Birds
[0069] The cloacal swabs taken at week 18 were incubated overnight
at 37.degree. C. in buffered peptone water (BPW, Oxoid,
Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK). Afterwards a loopful was plated on LB
plates supplemented with 1% lactose, 1% phenol red and either 100
.mu.g/ml streptomycin (Sigma, St.Lous, Mo., USA) for the detection
of the Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tol C and
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC vaccine strains. Samples of caecum, spleen,
ovary, oviduct and uterus were homogenized in BPW (10%
weight/volume suspensions) and 10-fold dilutions were made in HBSS
(Invitrogen, Paisley, England). Six droplets of 20 .mu.l of each
dilution were plated on BGA (for quantification of the challenge
strain) or on LB supplemented with 1 lactose, 1% phenol red and the
appropriate antibiotics (for quantification of the vaccines). After
overnight incubation at 37.degree. C., the number of cfu/g tissue
was determined by counting the number of bacterial colonies for the
appropriate dilution. Samples that tested negative after direct
plating for the challenge strain were pre-enriched in tetrathionate
brilliant green broth (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) by overnight
incubation at 37.degree. C. After incubation, a loopful of the
tetrathionate brilliant green broth was plated on BGA.
[0070] Egg production and bacteriological examination of eggs Eggs
were collected daily for 6 weeks from week 18 onwards and the egg
production was determined. Each day, eggs of six chicks per group
were pooled in one batch, yielding an egg per batch number that
varied between one and six. Upon collection, lugol solution and 95%
ethanol were subsequently used to decontaminate the surface of the
eggshell. After decontamination of the eggshell, the eggs were
broken aseptically and the total content of the eggs was pooled and
homogenized per batch. A volume of 40 ml of BPW was added for each
egg to the pooled egg content and incubated for 48 h at 37.degree.
C. To detect the vaccine strains, a loopful of the BPW broth was
plated on LB plates supplemented with 1% lactose, 1% phenol red and
100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin. To detect the challenge strain, a
loopful of the BPW broth was plated on BGA. Additionally, further
enrichment was done overnight at 37.degree. C. in tetrathionate
brilliant green broth and after incubation, a loopful of broth
culture was streaked onto BGA.
[0071] Statistical Analysis
[0072] GraphPad Prism 5 software was used for statistical analysis.
Data of cfu Salmonella/gram tissue of the caecum, spleen, ovary,
oviduct and uterus were log-transformed and analyzed by an anova
test followed by a Dunnet post hoc test to determine differences
between the groups. After enrichment samples were classified as
either positive or negative. A Fisher's exact test was used to
determine significant differences. Cloacal swabs and batches of
eggs were categorized as either positive or negative. As such a
Fisher's exact test was also done to determine significant
differences. For all tests, differences with p-values below 0.05
were considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
[0073] Detection of Anti-Salmonella LPS Antibodies in Serum
[0074] Data derived from the LPS-ELISA show that 26/30 and 19/30
chicks contained anti-Salmonella LPS antibodies in the group of
animals vaccinated with the Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tolC
and Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain,
respectively (FIG. 2).
[0075] Analysis of Cloacal Swabs and Eggs for the Presence of
Vaccine Strains
[0076] No cloacal swabs were found positive in the groups
vaccinated with the Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tolC and
Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strains. No
swabs were positive in the non-vaccinated control group. None of
the vaccine strain was isolated from the egg content samples.
[0077] Clinical Signs and Egg Production After Challenge
[0078] Over the whole experiment, there was no reduction in feed
and water intake in either of the groups. The egg production rate
after infection in the unvaccinated control group dropped to 59% in
the first week post-infection (pi) and raised to 75% and 86% in the
second and third week pi. The egg production rate also decreased in
the vaccinated groups. No significant differences were detected.
The egg production percentages in the group vaccinated with the
.DELTA.tolC strain was 60%, 100% and 90%, and 56%, 70%, 68% for the
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain in the first, second and third week
pi respectively. Some eggs were thin-shelled and malformed during
the first week of infection. At the end of the experiment 11 chicks
died in the group of animals vaccinated with the Salmonella
Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain because of
cannibalism.
[0079] Isolation of the Challenge Strain from Egg Contents
[0080] The non-vaccinated hens laid significantly more Salmonella
positive eggs compared to the vaccinated animals during the whole
3-week follow-up period. Three egg batches were Salmonella positive
in the control group while the batches from the vaccine strains
were negative after direct plating. Not a single positive egg batch
was detected for animals vaccinated with the Salmonella Enteritidis
147 .DELTA.tolC and Salmonella Enteritidis 147
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strains. No positive egg batches were found
in the third week pi.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 The percentage of egg content batches
positive for the challenge strain Salmonella Enteritidis S1400/94
in non-vaccinated animals and animals vaccinated at day 1, week 6
and week 16 with Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tolC or
Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strains, during
the two weeks following infection. Results are shown after
incubation of the egg content in BPW (48 h, 37.degree. C.). Results
between brackets show the percentage of batches positive after
enrichment in tetrathionate brilliant green broth (37.degree. C.,
overnight). Different superscripts indicate significant differences
between the groups (p < 0.05). Group Week 1 Week 2
Non-vaccinated 70.sup.a (74.sup.a) 0 (17).sup.a .DELTA.tolC 0.sup.c
(0).sup.c 0 (0).sup.c .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC 0.sup.c (0).sup.c 0
(0).sup.c
[0081] Isolation of the challenge strain from the organs at 3 weeks
post-infection No samples were positive at direct plating. No
significant differences in Salmonella colonization were seen for
the uterus (data not shown). FIG. 1 presents the percentage of
Salmonella positive samples in the spleen, caeca, oviduct and ovary
in non-vaccinated animals and animals vaccinated at day 1, week 6
and week 16 with either the Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.tolC
or the Salmonella Enteritidis 147 .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strains,
at 3 weeks pi with Salmonella Enteritidis S1400/94 after
enrichment. Vaccination with the Salmonella Enteritidis 147
.DELTA.tolC and .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain both significantly
decreased the number of Salmonella positive samples in the spleen,
caeca, oviduct and ovary against the control group. Additionally in
the .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC vaccinated group, the number of
Salmonella positive samples in the oviduct was significantly lower
than the group vaccinated with .DELTA.tolC.
Example 2
A Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium tolC and
acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant are safe for use as live vaccine
strains in broilers
[0082] Material & Methods
[0083] Chickens
[0084] One-day-old Ross broiler chickens were obtained from a local
hatchery and housed in isolation. Experimental groups were housed
in separate rooms in containers on wood shavings. Commercial feed
and drinking water were provided ad libitum. Experiments were
performed with the permission of the Ethical Committee of the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
[0085] Vaccine Strains
[0086] Salmonella Enteritidis 147 StrepR (SE147) is a
well-characterized strain originally isolated from egg white and
was used for the production of the deletion mutants (Methner et al.
1995; Methner et al. 1995; Bohez et al. 2008). A spontaneous
nalidixic acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium strain
112910a, originally isolated from a pig stool sample (Van Parys et
al. 2012), was used for the production of the other deletion
mutants. This antibiotic resistance has previously been shown to
have no impact on the in vivo results (Barrow et al. 1987).
Deletion of the tolC gene or the acrAB, acREF and mdtABC genes was
done using the one-step inactivation method described by Datsenko
and Wanner (Datsenko and Wanner 2000; Bohez et al. 2006). This
yielded a Salmonella Enteritidis Strep.sup.R tolC deletion mutant,
a Salmonella Enteritidis 147 Strep.sup.R acrAbacrEFmdtABC deletion
mutant, a Salmonella Typhimurium Nal.sup.R tolC deletion mutant and
a Salmonella Typhimurium Nal.sup.R acrAbacrEFmdtABC deletion
mutant.
[0087] Experimental Design
[0088] Analysis of the colonisation pattern of Salmonella
Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium .DELTA.tolC or
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC mutant strains in broilers:
[0089] evaluation of safety. One hundred and twenty one-day-old
chicks were divided into 2 groups of 60 and each housed in a
container of 2,4 m.sup.2. One group was given 0.5 ml of a mixture
containing 2.times.10.sup.8 CFU/ml of the Salmonella Enteritidis
.DELTA.tolC strain and 2.times.10.sup.8 CFU/ml of the Salmonella
Typhimurium .DELTA.tolC strain by oral gavage. The other group was
given 0.5 ml of a mixture containing 2.times.10.sup.8 CFU/ml of
the
[0090] Salmonella Enteritidis .DELTA.acrAbacrEFmdtABC strain and
2.times.10.sup.8 CFU/ml of the Salmonella Typhimurium
.DELTA.acrAbacrEFmdtABC strain by oral gavage. To evaluate
colonisation by the deletion mutant strains, their numbers in
caecum and spleen were determined for 20 animals at days 7, 21 and
36. Shedding of the strains was evaluated during the experiment by
bacteriological analysis of cloacal swabs taken on days 2, 9, 16,
23 and 30.
[0091] Bacteriological Analysis
[0092] Cloacal swabs were directly inoculated on Lysogeny Broth
(LB) plates with 20 .mu.g/ml nalidixic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St.
Louis, Mo., USA) or 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St.
Louis, Mo., USA). Samples negative after direct inoculation were
pre-enriched in buffered peptone water (BPW, Oxoid, Basingstoke,
England) and incubated overnight at 37.degree. C. One ml of this
suspension was further enriched by adding 9 ml
tetrathionate-brilliant green broth (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).
After overnight incubation at 37.degree. C., this suspension was
plated on LB plates supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic.
Samples of caecum and spleen were homogenized in BPW and 10-fold
dilutions were made in HBSS. Six droplets of 20 .mu.l of each
dilution were plated on LB plates supplemented with 20 .mu.g/ml
nalidixic acid or 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin. After overnight
incubation at 37.degree. C., the number of CFU/g tissue was
determined by counting the number of bacterial colonies on the
plates. Negative samples were enriched as described above.
[0093] Results
[0094] Administration of the Salmonella Enteritidis and the
Salmonella Typhimurium tolC deletion mutants and the Salmonella
Enteritidis and the Salmonella Typhimurium acrABacrEFmdtABC
deletion mutants to one day old broilers did not induce clinical
symptoms in the animals. In the group treated with the Salmonella
Enteritidis and the Salmonella Typhimurium tolC deletion mutants 2
animals died, while in the group treated with the Salmonella
Enteritidis and the Salmonella Typhimurium acrABacrEFmdtABC
deletion mutants 5 animals died. This does not differ significantly
from average mortality (5%) when rearing broilers. (GraphPad Prism
5 software was used for statistical analysis. A Fisher's exact test
(one-sided) was used to analyse mortality rates within differently
treated groups.)
[0095] As shown in FIG. 3, nearly all cloacal swabs taken one day
after inoculation were positive. However, shedding declined quickly
with only a limited number of animals shedding the tolC deletion
strains on day 16, and no animals were shedding any of the deletion
mutant strains from day 23 onwards.
[0096] None of the strains could be detected in the caecum after
direct plating on day 7, 21 or 35. In the spleen however, the tolC
and the acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant strains colonized the
spleen on day 7, and the acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant strains
still colonized the spleen on day 21 (FIG. 4). However, by
slaughter age (earliest at day 36), the Salmonella Enteritidis and
Salmonella Typhimurium tolC and the Salmonella Enteritidis and
Salmonella Typhimurium acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant strains
could no longer be found in the spleen or caecum.
[0097] Enrichment of caecum and spleen samples confirmed these
findings (FIG. 5), as both the tolC and acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion
mutant strains could be found in the spleens of a high percentage
of the animals on day 7, and the acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant
strains still colonized the spleen on day 21. However, by day 36,
none of the strains could still be found in the spleens of any of
the animals. In addition, the tolC and acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion
mutant strains could only be found in a small number of the caeca
after enrichment, and there were no caeca positive for any of the
deletion mutant strains at slaughter age.
[0098] These results indicate that both the Salmonella Enteritidis
and the Salmonella Typhimurium tolC deletion mutants and the
Salmonella Enteritidis and the Salmonella Typhimurium
acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutants are safe for use in broilers, and
that they are cleared by slaughter age. As a consequence, these
strains can thus be used as live vaccine strains in broilers.
Example 3
Evaluation of the Safety of a Salmonella Gallinarum tolC Deletion
Mutant Strain for use as a Vaccine Strain Offering Protection
Against Salmonella Gallinarum Infections in Poultry
[0099] Material & Methods
[0100] Chickens
[0101] One-day-old Lohmann Brown laying hens were obtained from a
local hatchery and housed in isolation. Experimental groups were
housed in separate rooms in containers of 2.4 m.sup.2 on wood
shavings. Commercial feed and drinking water were provided ad
libitum. Experiments were performed with the permission of the
Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent
University, Belgium.
[0102] Vaccine Strains
[0103] Salmonella Gallinarum strain 9 (SG9) was used for the
production of the deletion mutants. This strain was originally
isolated in the United Kingdom (Van Immerseel et al., 2013).
Deletion of the tolC gene was done using the one-step inactivation
method described by Datsenko and Wanner (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000;
Bohez et al., 2006). This yielded a Salmonella Gallinarum tolC
deletion mutant. In addition, Salmonella Gallinarum 9R (SG9R) was
used in this study as well. This strain is frequently used in
practice to control Salmonella Gallinarum infections in poultry
(Van Immerseel et al., 2013), and was used as a control strain to
compare the Salmonella Gallinarum tolC deletion mutant strain
to.
[0104] Experimental Design
[0105] Forty one-day old laying hens were randomly divided into two
groups of twenty chickens and housed in separate rooms. They were
reared for 5 weeks, until the animals were 35 days old. On day 35
of life, all animals in the first group were orally inoculated with
1 ml of a mixture containing 10.sup.6 CFU/ml of a Salmonella
Gallinarum tolC deletion mutant. The other group was orally
inoculated with 1 ml of a mixture containing 10.sup.6 CFU/ml of the
SG9R strain. The weight of the animals was monitored for four
weeks, and when the animals were 63 days old (9 weeks) samples were
taken from liver and spleen to evaluate colonisation by the
Salmonella Gallinarum tolC deletion mutant strain and the SG9R
strain through bacteriological analysis. Post-mortem examination of
liver and spleen was performed as well, scoring enlargement and
necrotic foci in liver and spleen as described by Matsuda et al.
(Matsuda et al., 2011). In addition, the weight of livers and
spleens was determined as well.
[0106] Bacteriological Analysis
[0107] Samples of liver and spleen were homogenized in buffered
peptone water (BPW, Oxoid, Basingstoke, England) and 10-fold
dilutions were made in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS,
Invitrogen, Paisley, England). Six droplets of 20 .mu.l of each
dilution were plated on Lysogeny Broth (LB) plates supplemented
with 20 .mu.g/ml nalidixic acid or 100 .mu.g/ml streptomycin. After
overnight incubation at 37.degree. C., the number of CFU/g tissue
was determined by counting the number of bacterial colonies on the
plates. Negative samples were enriched by adding 9 ml
tetrathionate-brilliant green broth (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to
one ml of the samples homogenized in BPW. After overnight
incubation at 37.degree. C., this suspension was plated on LB
plates supplemented with the appropriate antibiotic.
[0108] Statistical Analysis
[0109] GraphPad Prism software (Version 5.0, GraphPad Software
Inc., La Jolla, Calif.) was used for statistical analysis of the
obtained data. A Mann-Whitney test was used to analyse the
difference in weight and the difference in enlargement scores and
necrotic foci scores between the two groups.
[0110] Results
[0111] Administration of the Salmonella Gallinarum tolC deletion
mutant or the Salmonella Gallinarum 9R strain to 5 week old laying
hens did not induce clinical symptoms in the animals. No animals
died during the experiment, indicating that both strains are
severely attenuated when compared to wild-type Salmonella
Gallinarum strains.
[0112] The average body weight of the laying hens before
vaccination (on day 35) did not differ significantly between the
groups (FIG. 7). After oral inoculation with either a SG9R strain
or a Salmonella Gallinarum tolC deletion mutant, no statistical
significant differences could be observed between both groups
during the experiment, except on day 51 when there was a
statistically significant difference between the two groups.
However, this difference was most probably due to the animals being
reared in separate rooms, as this was the only day a difference
could be observed and the average weight of the animals in the
group treated with the Salmonella Gallinarum .DELTA.tolC strain
tented to be lower throughout the entire experiment, even prior to
treatment.
[0113] When comparing the necrotic foci scores for the spleen
between the differently treated groups, no statistically
significant difference could be observed between both groups (FIG.
8). In both groups, only one liver had more than ten foci. For no
other livers necrotic foci could be observed. As such, there was no
statistically significant difference between the two groups for
liver necrotic foci score (FIG. 8).
[0114] No statistically significant differences could be observed
when comparing the average weight of livers and spleens of laying
hens treated with a SG9R or a Salmonella Gallinarum .DELTA.tolC
strain (FIG. 9). In addition, no statistically significant
differences could be observed when comparing the enlargement scores
of liver and spleen. All spleens and livers in the group treated
with the SG9R strain received a score equal to zero, while one
spleen received a score equal to one, and one spleen a score of two
in the Salmonella Gallinarum .DELTA.tolC strain treated group. One
liver in the group treated with the Salmonella Gallinarum
.DELTA.tolC strain received a score equal to two. However, when
comparing the two groups, these differences were not statistically
significant.
[0115] The SG9R and the Salmonella Gallinarum tolC deletion mutant
strain could not be detected in liver or spleen after
bacteriological analysis of the samples, even after enrichment,
indicating that they are cleared from vaccinated laying hens within
4 weeks after administration if the strains are administered on day
35 of life.
[0116] These results indicate that the Salmonella Gallinarum tolC
deletion mutant is an at least as safe vaccine strain as the
commonly used SG9R strain, as there were no statistically
significant differences in remaining virulence between both
strains. As a consequence, the Salmonella Gallinarum .DELTA.tolC
strain can be used as a live vaccine strain in laying hens.
Example 4
Protection Offered by a Culture Consisting of Salmonella
Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium AacrABacrEFmdtABC Mutant
Strains Against Experimental Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium
Infection in Broilers: Evaluation of Efficacy
[0117] Material & Methods
[0118] Chickens
[0119] One-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were obtained from a
local hatchery and housed in isolation. Experimental groups were
housed in separate rooms in containers on wood shavings, while
commercial feed and drinking water were provided ad libitum. The
chickens were examined daily for clinical symptoms following
inoculation with Salmonella strains. Experiments were performed
with the permission of the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
[0120] Salmonella Strains Salmonella Enteritidis 147 strepR (SE147)
is a well-characterized strain originally isolated from egg white
and was used for the production of the deletion mutants (Methner et
al., 1995a; b; Bohez et al., 2008). A spontaneous nalidixic
acid-resistant mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium strain 112910a,
originally isolated from a pig stool sample (Van Parys et al.,
2012), was used for the production of the Salmonella Typhimurium
deletion mutants. This antibiotic resistance has previously been
shown to have no impact on the in vivo results (Barrow et al.,
1987). Deletion of the tolC gene or the acrAB, acREF and mdtABC
genes was done using the one-step inactivation method described by
Datsenko and Wanner (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000; Bohez et al.,
2006). This yielded a Salmonella Enteritidis strepR tolC deletion
mutant, a Salmonella Enteritidis 147 StrepR acrABacrEFmdtABC
deletion mutant, a Salmonella Typhimurium naIR tolC deletion mutant
and a Salmonella Typhimurium naIR acrABacrEFmdtABC deletion mutant.
Salmonella Enteritidis strain 76Sa88 naIR is a well-characterized
nalidixic acid resistant strain which was originally isolated from
a poultry farm (Van Immerseel et al., 2002) and was used as a
challenge strain in this study. Salmonella Typhimurium MB2136, a
streptomycin resistant wild-type strain originally isolated from
swine (De Cort et al., 2015), was also used as a challenge strain
in this study.
[0121] Experimental Design
[0122] Forty one-day-old chicks were divided into 4 groups of 10
and each housed in a container of 1.2 m2. Two groups were given 0.5
ml of a mixture containing 2.times.108 CFU/ml of the Salmonella
Enteritidis .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain and 2.times.108 CFU/ml
of the Salmonella Typhimurium .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain by
oral gavage on day 1 of the experiment. The two other groups were
given 0.5 ml of Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, 14175053,
Invitrogen, Paisley, England) by oral gavage as a control on day
one of the experiment. On day two of the experiment, one control
group and one group treated with the CI mixture were given 0.5 ml
of a solution containing 2.times.105 CFU/ml of the Salmonella
Enteritidis 76Sa88 naIR challenge strain by oral gavage, while the
other two groups were challenged by administering 0.5 ml of a
solution containing 2.times.105 CFU/ml of the Salmonella
Typhimurium MB2136 streptR challenge strain by oral gavage. To
evaluate colonization by the challenge strains, their numbers in
caecum and spleen were determined at day 7 of the experiment.
Shedding of the challenge strains was evaluated by bacteriological
analysis of cloacal swabs taken on days 3 and 7.
[0123] Bacteriological Analysis
[0124] Cloacal swabs taken were directly inoculated on xylose
lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD; Oxoid, Basingstoke, England) plates
supplemented with 20 .mu.g/ml nalidixic acid or 100 .mu.g/ml
streptomycin. Because the Salmonella Enteritidis
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain and the Salmonella Typhimurium
.DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC strain are unable to grow on XLD agar, XLD
agar was used for the detection of the challenge strains. Samples
negative after direct inoculation were pre-enriched in buffered
peptone water (BPW; Oxoid, Basingstoke, England) and incubated
overnight at 37.degree. C. One ml of this suspension was further
enriched by adding 9 ml tetrathionate-brilliant green broth (Merck,
Darmstadt, Germany). After overnight incubation at 37.degree. C.,
this suspension was plated XLD plates supplemented with the
appropriate antibiotic. Samples of caecum and spleen were
homogenized in BPW and 10-fold dilutions were made in HBSS. Six
droplets of 20 pl of each dilution were plated on XLD plates,
supplemented with 20 .mu.g/ml nalidixic acid or 100 .mu.g/ml
streptomycin. After overnight incubation at 37.degree. C., the
number of CFU/g tissue was determined by counting the number of
bacterial colonies on the plates. Negative samples were enriched as
described above.
[0125] Statistical Analysis
[0126] GraphPad Prism software (Version 5.0, GraphPad Software
Inc., La Jolla, Calif.) was used for statistical analysis of the
obtained data. A chi-square test was used to analyze differences in
mortality between groups. A Fisher's test was used to analyze
statistical differences between groups in the number of
Salmonella-positive cloaca swabs and in the number of spleen and
cecum samples positive for Salmonella. Bacterial counts in cecum
and spleen were converted into logarithmic form for statistical
analysis. Samples of cecum and spleen that were negative after
direct plating were rated as log10=0. Differences between groups
were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney test. Differences with P-values
lower than 0.05 were considered to be significant.
[0127] Results
[0128] No animals died after during the experiment and as such,
there are no statistical differences in mortality between groups
treated with the CI culture and the control groups.
[0129] Faecal shedding of the Salmonella Enteritidis challenge
strain after experimental infection was the same in the control
group and the CI culture treated group, with 5 out of 10 chickens
shedding the strain in both groups on day 3 of the experiment. On
day 7 of the experiment, only 6 out of 10 chickens in the CI
treated group were shedding the challenge strain, while 10 out of
10 chickens in the control group were shedding the Salmonella
Enteritidis challenge strain. Faecal shedding of the Salmonella
Typhimurium challenge strain was initially higher in the CI treated
group where 5 out of 10 animals were shedding the strain, while in
the control group, only one chicken out of 10 was shedding the
strain. However, on day 7 of the experiment, 10 out of 10 animals
were shedding the Salmonella Typhimurium challenge strain in
control group, and 9 out 10 chickens were shedding the challenge
strain in the CI treated group.
[0130] After direct plating of the caecal samples, the Salmonella
Enteritidis challenge strain could not be detected in the group
treated with the CI culture (FIG. 10). However, in the control
group, the Salmonella Enteritidis challenge strain could be
detected in high numbers in several samples. The Salmonella
Enteritidis challenge strain could not be detected in any of the
spleen samples, in neither one of the groups. The Salmonella
Typhimurium challenge strain could be found in significantly lower
amounts in the group treated with the CI culture when compared to
the control group (FIG. 10). In the spleen however, there was no
significant difference between the treated and the untreated group
in colonization by the Salmonella Typhimurium challenge strain.
[0131] After enrichment of the caecal samples, the Salmonella
Enteritidis challenge strain could be detected in all samples in
both Salmonella Enteritidis-challenged groups. Similarly, the
Salmonella Typhimurium challenge strain could be detected in all
caecal samples from both the control and the CI treated group
(Table 2). After enrichment of the spleen samples, a significantly
higher amount of spleens were positive for the Salmonella
Enteritidis challenge strain in the control group when compared to
the group treated with the CI culture. There was no significant
difference in number of spleen samples positive for the challenge
strain between the groups that were experimentally infected with
the Salmonella Typhimurium challenge strain (Table 2).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 The number of caecal and spleen samples
positive for Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium
wild-type strains on day 7 of age after experimental infection of
two days old broiler chickens treated with a CI culture. Challenge
serotype: Salmonella Enteritidis Salmonella Typhimurium Group:
Control CI treated Control CI treated Caecum 10.sup.a/10.sup.b
10/10 10/10 10/10 Milt 10*/10 2*/10 7/10 8/10 .sup.aNumber of
positive samples after enrichment .sup.bTotal number of samples
*Significant difference between control and CI treated groups
(P-value < 0.05)
[0132] The CI culture was administered on day one of life, and
consisted of 108 CFU of a Salmonella Enteritidis
.DELTA.acrAbacrEFmdtABC strain and 108 CFU of a Salmonella
Typhimurium .DELTA.acrAbacrEFmdtABC strain administered
simultaneously by oral gavage. The chickens were experimentally
infected on day 2 of life by administering them 105 CFU of the
respective challenge strain by oral gavage.
[0133] Conclusion
[0134] A CI culture consisting of the .DELTA.acrABacrEFmdtABC
strains is able to offer protection against Salmonella Enteritidis
and Typhimurium after experimental infection. As such, these
strains can be used to help reduce Salmonella prevalence in
broilers and eventually reduce the number of food borne Salmonella
infections in humans.
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resistance roles of multidrug efflux systems of Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59: 126-41.
[0162] Tsukasa Horiyama, Akihito Yamaguchi and Kunihiko Nishino.
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[0163] Van Immerseel F, Studholme D J, Eeckhaut V, Heyndrickx M,
Dewulf J, Dewaele I, Van Hoorebeke S, Haesebrouck F, Van Meirhaeghe
H, Ducatelle R, Paszkiewicz K, Titball R W. Salmonella Gallinarum
field isolates from laying hens are related to the vaccine strain
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and Ducatelle, R. (2002). The effect of vaccination with a
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[0167] Woodward, M. J., E. Allen-Vercoe, and J. S. Redstone,
Distribution, gene sequence and expression in vivo of the plasmid
encoded fimbrial antigen of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis.
Epidemiol Infect, 1996. 117(1): p. 17-28.
Sequence CWU 1
1
1111470DNASalmonella 1atgaagaaat tgctccccat ccttatcggc ctgagcctgt
cggggttcag cacactaagc 60caggcagaga acctgatgca agtttatcag caagcacgcc
tgagcaaccc ggaattgcgt 120aaatccgctg ccgatcgcga tgctgcattc
gaaaaaatta acgaagcgcg tagtccttta 180ctgccgcaac tgggtttagg
tgccgactac acctacagca acggttatcg cgatgcgaac 240ggtatcaact
ccaatgaaac cagcgcttct ctgcaattaa cgcagacgct atttgatatg
300tcgaaatggc gtgggctcac cctgcaagaa aaagcagcag gcattcagga
tgtcacctat 360cagaccgatc agcagacgct gatcctcaat accgcgaacg
cgtattttaa ggtattgaac 420gctattgatg tgctttccta tacccaggcg
caaaaagagg ctatctaccg tcagttagat 480caaacgacgc aacgttttaa
cgtgggtctg gtcgccatta ccgacgtgca aaacgcccgt 540gcgcaatatg
ataccgtact ggcgaatgaa gtgaccgccc gcaacaacct ggataacgcg
600gtagaagagc tgcgccaggt aaccggcaat tattacccgg agctggcgtc
gcttaacgtc 660gagcatttta aaaccgacaa acccaaagct gttaatgcgc
tgttgaagga agcggaaaac 720cgtaacctgt cgctgttgca ggcgcgttta
agtcaggatc tggcgcgcga gcaaatccgt 780caggcgcagg atggtcacct
gccgacgctg aatttaacgg cctcaaccgg catttctgat 840acctcttata
gcggttctaa aaccaactcc acccagtacg acgatagcaa catggggcag
900aataaaatcg gccttaactt ctccctgccg ctgtatcaag gtgggatggt
taactcgcag 960gtaaaacagg cgcagtataa cttcgtcggc gcaagcgaac
agctggaaag cgcgcaccgt 1020agcgtggtgc agaccgtacg ttcttccttt
aacaatatta acgcctccat cagcagcatc 1080aacgcgtata aacaggcggt
cgtttccgcg caaagttctt tggatgccat ggaagccggt 1140tactcggtcg
gtacacgtac cattgttgac gtactggatg ccaccaccac tctgtatgat
1200gccaagcagc aactggccaa cgcgcgttat acctatttga ttaatcagtt
aaatatcaaa 1260tatgcgctcg gtacgctgaa cgagcaggat ctgctcgcgc
ttaacagtac gttgggtaaa 1320cctatcccga cgtcgccgga aagcgtagcg
ccggaaacgc cagatcagga tgctgccgca 1380gacggttata atgctcatag
cgccgcgcca gcagtacagc cgaccgccgc tcgcgccaac 1440agcaataacg
gcaatccatt ccggcattga 147021194DNASalmonella 2atgaacaaaa acagagggtt
aacgcctctg gcggtcgttc tgatgctctc aggcagctta 60gcgctaacag gatgtgacga
caaacaggac cagcaaggcg gccagcagat gccagaagtt 120ggggttgtca
cactaaaaac ggaaccactg caaatcacaa ctgaacttcc gggtcgtacc
180gttgcttacc gtatcgccga agttcgcccg caggtaagcg gcattatcct
gaagcgtaat 240ttcgttgagg gaagtgatat cgaagcggga gtctctctct
atcagattga tcctgcgacc 300taccaggcga cttacgacag cgctaagggc
gatctggcaa aagcgcaggc cgccgcgaat 360atcgctgaac tgacggtgaa
gcgttatcaa aagctgctgg gtacgcagta catcagtaag 420caggaatacg
atcaggcgct ggctgacgca caacaagcga ctgccgctgt tgtcgcagca
480aaagccgccg ttgaaaccgc acgtatcaac ctggcgtata ccaaagtcac
ctcgccgatt 540agcggtcgta ttggtaagtc atccgtaacg gaaggcgcac
tggtacagaa cggtcaggcg 600tcggcgctgg cgacagtgca gcagctggac
cctatttatg tcgatgtgac ccagtccagc 660aatgacttcc tgcgcctgaa
gcaggagctg gcaaatggtt cgctgaaaca ggaaaacggc 720aaagcgaagg
tcgacctggt gaccagcgac ggtatcaaat tcccgcagtc cggtacgctt
780gagttctccg acgtgaccgt tgaccaaacc accgggtcta ttactttgcg
cgccatcttc 840cctaacccgg atcacacctt attgccagga atgttcgttc
gcgcacgtct gcaggaaggg 900acaaaaccga cggcattact ggttccacaa
cagggcgtta cccgtactcc acgcggcgat 960gccacggtgc tggtggttgg
cgctgataac aaagtggaaa cccgccaaat cgtcgcaagc 1020caggcgatcg
gcgataagtg gctggtgact gacggattga aagcgggcga ccgcgtagtc
1080gtcagcgggc tgcaaaaagt acgtcctggc gcacaggtta aagtacagga
aattaccgcg 1140gataacaaac agcaagccgc aagcggtgat caacctgctc
agcccaggtc ttaa 119433150DNASalmonella 3atgcctaatt tctttatcga
tcgccctata tttgcgtggg tgatcgccat catcatcatg 60ttggcagggg ggctcgcgat
cctcaaattg ccggtagcgc aatatccgac gattgcgcca 120ccagcagtga
cgatctccgc aacctaccct ggcgctgatg cgaaaacggt acaggatacc
180gtcacgcagg ttatcgaaca gaatatgaac ggtatcgata acctgatgta
tatgtcctcc 240aacagtgact ccacggggac cgtgcagatc acgctgacct
ttgaatccgg caccgatgcg 300gatatcgcgc aggttcaggt tcagaacaag
ttgcaactgg caatgccgtt acttccccag 360gaagtacagc aacagggcgt
gagcgttgag aagtcctcaa gtagcttcct gatggtagtg 420ggcgtcatta
acaccgacgg caccatgacc caggaggata tttcggatta cgttgccgcc
480aatatgaaag atccgatcag ccgtacctct ggggtgggcg acgtccagct
gtttggttcg 540caatatgcga tgcgtatctg gatgaatccg acagagctga
ccaaatacca actgacgccg 600gtcgacgtga ttaacgcgat caaagcgcag
aacgcccagg tcgcggcagg tcagctcggt 660ggtacgccgc cggttaaagg
ccagcagctt aacgcatcga ttattgccca aacgcgtctg 720acctcaacgg
atgagtttgg caaaatcctg ctgaaagtga atcaggatgg ctcccaggtt
780cgtctgcggg atgtagcgaa aattgagctt ggcggcgaga actacgacgt
cattgcgaaa 840tttaacggtc agccagcgtc aggtcttggc atcaaactgg
ctaccggcgc caacgcgctg 900gataccgcta ccgctattcg tgccgaactg
aaaaaaatgg aaccgttctt cccgccaggg 960atgaaaatcg tctacccgta
tgacaccacg ccgttcgtga agatctctat tcatgaagtg 1020gtaaaaacgc
tggtcgaagc gattatcctc gtgttcctgg tgatgtacct gttcctgcag
1080aacttccgcg cgacgttgat tccgactatt gcggttccgg tggtgttgtt
gggaaccttt 1140gccgtgcttg cggcattcgg tttctcgata aacacgctga
cgatgttcgg gatggtgctc 1200gccatcggct tgctggtgga tgacgccatc
gtggtggtcg agaacgtcga acgtgttatg 1260acggaagaag gccttccgcc
gaaggaagcg acgcgcaaat ccatgggcca gattcagggc 1320gcattggtgg
gtatcgcgat ggtactgtcg gcggtattta ttccgatggc cttctttggc
1380ggctcaaccg gggcaattta tcgtcagttc tctatcacca tcgtatcggc
gatggcgctg 1440tcggtgctgg tcgcgctgat cctgacgcct gcgctgtgcg
cgacgatgct caaacccgtc 1500gccaaaggcg atcatggcga agggaaaaaa
ggctttttcg gctggtttaa ccgcctgttt 1560gataagagca cgcatcacta
caccgatagc gtaggcaata ttctgcgcag caccgggcgt 1620tatctgctgc
tctatctcat tatcgtcgtc ggtatggctt atctgttcgt tcgtctgcca
1680agctctttct tgccggatga agaccagggc gtattcctga caatggtcca
gctccccgcg 1740ggcgcaacgc aagagcgcac gcaaaaagtg ctggatgagg
tcacggatta ctatctgaac 1800aaagagaaag ccaacgttga atcggtattc
gccgtcaacg gcttcggttt tgcagggcgc 1860ggtcagaata ccggtattgc
attcgtgtcg ttgaaagact gggccgatcg tccaggcgaa 1920aaaaacaagg
ttgaagcgat tacccagcgg gcaaccgcag cgttttcaca aattaaagat
1980gcgatggtct tcgcctttaa cctgccggcg atcgttgagc tgggcaccgc
aaccggcttt 2040gacttcgagt tgattgacca ggcgggactt ggtcatgaaa
aactcaccca ggcacgtaat 2100cagttgttcg gcgaggtggc gaaatatcct
gatctgctgg tcggcgttcg acctaacggt 2160ctggaagata cgccgcagtt
taaaatcgat atcgaccagg aaaaagctca ggcgctgggc 2220gtatctatta
gcgacattaa taccacgctg ggcgcagcat ggggcggcag ctatgtaaac
2280gactttatcg atcgcggtcg tgtgaagaaa gtttacgtga tgtccgaagc
gaaataccgc 2340atgttgccgg atgatattaa cgactggtac gttcgtggta
gcgatggtca gatggtgcca 2400ttctccgcat tctcctcttc ccgctgggaa
tatggttcgc cgcgtctgga acgctataac 2460ggtctgcctt cgatggaaat
tctggggcag gcggcgccag gcaagagtac cggtgaagcg 2520atggcgatga
tggaagaact ggccagcaag ctgccgtcag gcattgggta tgactggacc
2580gggatgtcct accaggagcg gttgtccggc aaccaggccc ctgccctgta
tgctatatcg 2640ctgatcgtcg tcttcctgtg tctggcggca ttgtatgaga
gctggtctat cccgttctcc 2700gtaatgctgg ttgttccgct tggggttatc
ggcgcgctgc tggctgcgac cttccgcgga 2760ctgactaacg acgtttactt
ccaggtgggc ctgctcacaa ccattgggtt gtcggcgaag 2820aacgcgatac
ttatcgtcga attcgccaaa gacttaatgg ataaagaagg gaaaggtctg
2880gtagaagcga cgctggaggc cgtccggatg cgtttgcgcc cgattctgat
gacctcgtta 2940gcgttcatgc tgggggttat gccgctggtt atcagttccg
gcgcgggttc cggcgcgcag 3000aatgcggtag gtactggcgt actgggcggg
atggtaacgg caaccgtact ggctattttc 3060ttcgtaccgg tcttcttcgt
ggtggtacgc cgccgcttta gccgtaaaag cgaagatatt 3120gagcatagtc
attcgacaga acatcgctga 315043114DNASalmonella 4atggcgaatt tttttatcga
tcgccccatt tttgcctggg tgctggctat cctgttgtgt 60ctgacagggg cgttagccat
tttctcttta cctgttgaac aatatcccga tctggcgccg 120cccaacgtac
gtattaccgc gaattatccg ggagcgtcgg cgcaaacgct ggaaaatacc
180gtaacccagg ttattgagca gaatatgacg ggcctcgata atctgatgta
catgtcatca 240caaagcagcg gaaccggaca ggcgaccatc accctgagct
ttattgcggg aaccgatcct 300gatgaggcgg ttcagcaggt gcaaaaccag
ttacagtccg cgatgcgtaa actgccgcag 360gcggtacagg atcaaggcgt
cacggtacgc aaaacgggcg ataccaatat tttgaccatc 420gctttcgtct
ctaccgacgg ttctatggac aagcaggata tcgccgacta cgtcgccagt
480aatattcagg acccgctcag ccgcgtcaac ggcgtcggcg atattgacgc
ttatggttca 540cagtactcta tgcgtatctg gctcgatccg gccaaattga
atagttttca gatgaccacg 600aaagacgtga ccgatgcaat tgagtcgcag
aatgcgcaaa tcgccgtcgg gcagcttggc 660ggtacgcctt cggtcgacaa
acaggcgctg aacgccacca ttaatgcgca gtcattgctg 720caaacgccgc
aacaatttcg cgatatcacc ctgcgcgtta atcaggacgg ttccgaggtc
780aaactgggcg atgtcgccac cgtggagctg ggggcggaaa agtatgacta
cctcagccgt 840tttaacggca atccggcttc cggtcttggc gttaagctgg
cctccggcgc gaacgaaatg 900gcgaccgcga agctggtact ggatcgcctc
aacgagctgg cgcagtactt ccctcacggc 960ctggaataca agatcgcgta
tgaaaccacc tcctttgtca aagcctcgat tatcgatgtg 1020gtcaaaacgt
tgctggaagc tatcgcgctg gttttcctgg tgatgtatct gttcctgcaa
1080aactttcgcg ccacgctcat tccgacgatc gccgtgccgg tagtattaat
gggcaccttc 1140tccgtgcttt acgcgtttgg ctacagtatt aacacattaa
ccatgttcgc gatggtgctg 1200gcgatcgggc tcctagtcga cgatgccatc
gtggtggtgg aaaacgtcga acgtatcatg 1260agcgaagaag ggctcacgcc
gcgtgaagcg acgcgcaaat ccatgggaca aatccagggg 1320gcgctggtcg
gtatcgcgat ggtgctgtct gcggtattcg tgccgatggc gttctttggc
1380ggtaccaccg gggcgattta tcgtcagttt tctattacca ttgtctcggc
aatggtgctg 1440tcggtgctgg tcgccatgat cctgacgccg gcgctgtgcg
caacgttatt aaaaccgctg 1500cacaaaggcg aacagcacgg gcaacgcgga
tttttcggct ggtttaaccg taccttcaat 1560cgtaatgccg aacgttatga
gaaaggcgta gcgaaaattt tgcatcgcag cctgcgctgg 1620attctgattt
atgttctgtt acttggcgga atggtgttcc tgtttttgcg cctccccacc
1680tcctttctgc cgcaggaaga tcggggcatg ttcactacgt ctatccagct
accgagcggt 1740tctacgcaac agcagaccct gaaagtcgtt gaaaaggttg
aaaactatta cttcacccat 1800gagaaagaca acattatgtc ggtcttctcg
acggtaggtt ccggccctgg cgggaatggg 1860caaaacgtcg cgcgcatgtt
tgttcgcttg aaagactggg acgcgcgcga tcccaccacc 1920ggctcctcgt
tcgccattat tgagcgggcg acaaaagcat ttaaccagat taaagaagct
1980cgcgtcttcg ccagcagccc gccggcaatt agcggtctgg gcagctccgc
cggttttgat 2040atggaattac aggatcacgc cggagcaggc catgacgcgc
tgatggccgc acgagatcaa 2100ctcattgagc tggccgggaa aaacagttcc
ttgacccgcg tgcgccacaa cggcctggac 2160gacagcccgc aactgcaaat
tgatattgac caacgaaaag cgcaggcgct gggcgtatcg 2220attgacgata
tcaacgacac cctgcaaaca gcctggggat cgagctacgt caacgacttt
2280atggaccggg gccgcgtgaa gaaggtctat gttcaggccg cagcgaaata
tcgtatgttg 2340ccggatgata ttaatctttg gtatgtccgt aacaaagacg
gcggcatggt ccccttctcc 2400gccttcgcca cctcgcgctg ggaaaccgga
tcgccgcgtc tggaacgcta taacggctat 2460tcggcggtag aaattgtcgg
agaggccgcg ccgggggtca gtaccgggac ggcaatggat 2520gtcatggagt
cgttggtgca tcagctaccg ggcggttttg gcctggaatg gacagccatg
2580tcttaccagg aacggctctc cggcgcgcag gcgcccgcgc tgtacgctat
ttcgctatta 2640gtcgtcttcc tgtgtctggc ggcattgtat gaaagctggt
cggtgccctt ctcggtgatg 2700ctggttgtgc cgctcggggt catcggcgcg
ctactcgcta cctggatgcg cgggctggaa 2760aacgatgttt acttccaggt
ggggctgttg accgttatcg gcctctcggc gaaaaacgcg 2820attctgattg
tggaattcgc caacgaaatg aatcagaagg gacacgcgct gttagacgcc
2880acgctgtacg ccagccgcca acgcctgcga ccgatactga tgacttcgct
ggcgtttatc 2940tttggcgtat tgccgatggc caccagcacc ggggcaggct
cgggtagcca acatgctgtc 3000ggaaccggcg tgatgggggg aatgatctca
gcaaccgttc tggctatctt ctttgtaccc 3060ctgtttttcg tgctgatacg
tcgccgcttc ccgctgaagc cgcgcccgaa ataa 311453114DNASalmonella
5atggcaaact tttttattag acgtcctatt ttcgcctggg ttctggccat tatcctgatg
60atggctggcg cactggcaat aatgcaactt cccgttgcgc agtatccaac cattgcgccg
120ccagcggttt ctatttctgc aacctatcct ggcgcggatg cgcagacggt
acaggatacg 180gttactcagg ttatcgaaca aaatatgaac ggtatcgata
acctgatgta tatgtcctct 240accagcgact ctgctggtag cgtgaccatc
accctgacct tccagtccgg aaccgatccg 300gatatcgcgc aggttcaggt
gcaaaataaa ttgcagctcg ccacgccttt actgccgcaa 360gaagtccagc
agcaggggat tagcgttgaa aaatccagca gcagcttttt gatggtcgcc
420gggttcgtct cagataatcc gaacactacc caggacgaca tctctgacta
tgtcgcctct 480aacattaagg attctatcag ccgtctgaat ggtgtgggcg
acgttcagct atttggcgca 540cagtacgcca tgcgtatctg gctggatgcg
aatctgctaa ataaatacca gctcacgcca 600gttgacgtca tcaaccagtt
aaaagtacag aacgaccaga ttgcggcagg ccaactgggc 660ggcacgccag
cattaccggg ccagcagctt aacgcctcaa tcatcgccca aacgcgtctg
720aaagatccgg aagagttcgg caaagttacg ttgcgcgtca ataccgacgg
ctctgtcgtc 780catctcaaag atgtcgcgcg tattgagctt ggcggtgaaa
actataacgt tgtagcgcgc 840attaacggta aaccggcctc cggtctcggt
attaaactgg cgaccggcgc taacgcgctg 900gataccgcaa ccgcaatcaa
agtgaaactg gcggagctgc agcctttctt ccctcaggga 960atgaaggtgg
tttatcctta tgacacaacg cccttcgtaa aaatatctat ccacgaagtg
1020gtaaaaacgc tgtttgaagc gattattctg gtgttcctgg taatgtatct
gttcttacag 1080aatatccggg caaccctgat tcctaccatc gctgttcctg
tcgtgttgct aggcactttt 1140gcggtactcg ccgcctttgg ctattccatc
aataccctga cgatgtttgg tatggtactg 1200gcgatagggc tgttggttga
cgatgcgata gtggtcgtag aaaacgttga acgtgtaatg 1260atggaggata
acctttctcc ccgagaggcg acggaaaaat ccatgtcgca gattcaggga
1320gcgctggttg gtatcgcgat ggtactgtct gcggtattta tcccgatggc
cttttttggc 1380ggctcgaccg gggcaattta tcgccagttc tctattacta
ttgtttcagc aatggcgcta 1440tccgttctgg ttgcgttgat tctgacgcca
gcactgtgcg ctacgctgct taaacccgta 1500tctgctgaac atcacgagaa
aaaaagcggc ttctttggct ggttcaatac caggtttgac 1560cacagcgtta
accactatac taacagcgta agcggcatcg tgcgtaatac gggtcgctat
1620ctcattatct atctacttat tgtagtcgga atggcggttc tgtttttacg
cctcccgacc 1680tccttcctgc cggaagaaga tcagggagta ttcctgacca
tgattcagct cccctctggc 1740gctacgcaag aacgtacgca gaaagtgctg
gatcaagtca ctcattacta cctgaataat 1800gaaaaagcga acgtcgaaag
cgtgtttacc gtaaacggct ttagctttag cggtcaggga 1860caaaactcag
ggatggcatt tgtcagcctt aaaccctggg aagagcgtaa cggtgaagaa
1920aatagcgtcg aagccgttat cgccagagcg acacgcgcct ttagccagat
tcgcgacggg 1980ttggtgttcc ccttcaacat gccggcaatt gtcgagttag
gtaccgcaac aggtttcgac 2040ttcgaactga ttgatcaggg aggactcggt
cacgatgcgt taacaaaagc gcgtaatcaa 2100ctcctgggta tggtcgcgaa
gcatcctgat ctattagtgc gcgtacgccc gaacgggctg 2160gaagacacgc
cacagttcaa gctggatgtc gatcaagaaa aagcgcaggc gctcggcgtt
2220tcgctgtctg atatcaacga aaccatctcc gcggcgttgg gcggctatta
cgttaacgac 2280tttatcgatc gcggacgagt gaaaaaagta tacgttcagg
ctgacgctca gttccgtatg 2340ctgccgggag atatcaacaa tctttatgtt
cgcagcgcta atggcgagat ggtgcccttc 2400tctaccttta gctcagcacg
gtggatttat ggttcgccac gcctggaacg ctataacggg 2460atgccgtcaa
tggaactgct cggcgaagca gcacccggac gaagcaccgg tgaagccatg
2520tcgttaatgg aaaacctggc ttcacagcta ccaaacggta ttggctatga
ctggacaggt 2580atgtcgtatc aggaacggtt gtcaggtaac caggcgccgg
cgctgtacgc aatctcactc 2640attgtcgttt tcctctgcct tgccgctctg
tatgaaagct ggtcaattcc gttctcggta 2700atgctggtcg taccgctcgg
cgtggttggc gctctgcttg cagcgtcatt gcgcggtctg 2760aacaatgacg
tttacttcca ggttggcttg ttaaccacta ttggcctttc tgctaaaaac
2820gccatcctga ttgtcgagtt cgccaaagat ctcatggaaa aagaaggacg
tggattgatt 2880gaagcgacgc tggaagcatc ccgtatgcgt ttacgtccta
ttctaatgac ctcgctggcc 2940tttattctcg gggtaatgcc gttagttatc
agtcgtggcg caggtagtgg tgcacagaac 3000gcagtaggca caggggttat
ggggggaatg ttaaccgcaa ccttattagc tatcttcttc 3060gtgccggtat
tcttcgttgt tgtaaaacgc cgatttaatc gccatcatga ttaa
311461158DNASalmonella 6atgacgaaac atgccaggtt ttcactcctg ccctcattca
tcatattctc tgctgcgctg 60ctggccggtt gtaatgacca gggagatacc caggctcatg
ccggcgagcc gcaagtcacc 120gtccatgtgg tcgaaacagc gccgctagcc
gtaacgaccg aacttcccgg acgtacgtcc 180gcatttcgca ttgcggaggt
tcgcccccag gtgagcggga tcgtgcttaa aagaaacttc 240accgaaggta
gcgatgtaga ggccgggcag tcgctctatc agatcgatcc tgccacttat
300caggctgatt atgacagcgc taaaggcgaa cttgctaaaa gcgaagcggc
tgcggctatc 360gcgcacctga cggtcaaacg ctatgttcca ctggtcggca
caaaatatat cagccaacag 420gaatatgatc aggcgattgc cgacgcccgc
caggccgatg ccgccgttgt ggcggcaaaa 480gccgctgttg aaagcgcgcg
tattaacctt gcgtatacca aagtcacctc acccatcagc 540gggcgtatag
gaaaatctaa tgtgactgaa ggcgcgctgg tgactaatgg tcagtcaact
600gaactggcta ccgtgcaaca actcgatccg atttatgtcg acgtgacgca
atcaagcaac 660gactttatgc gactcaagca atccgtcgaa caaggtaacc
tgcataaaga cagcgccagt 720agcacggttc aactggtaat ggaaaatggt
caggtctacc cgattaaagg cacgctgcaa 780ttttccgacg ttaccgtaga
tgaaagcacc ggctctatca cgctcagggc ggtgttccct 840aacccgcaac
acagtctgct tcccggtatg tttgttcgcg cccgcattga tgaaggcgtc
900cagcccaatg ccatccttgt cccccagcag ggcgtaaccc gcacgccgcg
cggcgacgca 960atggtgatgg tggttaacga taaaagccag gtcgaagccc
gcaatgtcgt ggcggcgcag 1020gctattggcg ataaatggct catcagcgaa
gggttaaaac cgggcgataa ggtcatcgtc 1080agcggcttac aaaaagcgcg
accgggcgtc caggtgaaag ccactaccga tgctcctgca 1140gcgaaaacgg cgcaataa
115871242DNASalmonella 7atgaaaggca gtaatacttt ccgctgggca atagcgattg
gggttgtagt ggccgccgcc 60gcattctggt tctggcatag ccgtagcgaa agcccgaccg
ccgcgccagg cgtcgccgcg 120caagcgccgc ataccgcctc cgcaggtcgc
cgcggtatgc gcgacggccc tctggcgccg 180gtacaggccg cgaccgcgac
cacgcaggcc gtaccgcgct atctgagcgg gctgggtacc 240gtgaccgccg
cgaataccgt tacggtgcgt agccgcgtgg atggtcaact catcgccctg
300cactttcagg aaggtcagca ggtcaacgca ggcgatctgc tggcgcaaat
cgatcccagc 360cagtttaagg tcgccctggc gcaggctcag ggacagttgg
cgaaagataa cgctacgctg 420gcgaatgcgc gtcgtgatct ggcgcgctat
cagcaactgg caaaaaccaa tctggtttcc 480cgtcaggaac tggatgcgca
acaggcgctg gtcaacgaaa cccagggaac cattaaagcg 540gatgaagcta
atgtcgccag cgcgcagtta cagctcgact ggagtcgtat cacggccccg
600gtctcgggac gcgtgggtct gaaacaggtg gatgtcggca accagatttc
cagcagcgat 660accgcaggta ttgtcgtcat tacgcaaacg cacccgattg
atctcatttt tactctgccg 720gaaagcgata tcgcgaccgt agttcaggca
cagaaagcgg ggaaagcgct ggtcgtagaa 780gcctgggatc ggactaactc
gcacaaattg agcgaaggtg tgttgctcag tctggacaac 840cagattgatc
ccacgacggg aacgatcaaa attaaagcgc gctttaccaa tcaggacgat
900acgctgttcc ccaatcaatt tgtgaacgcc cggatgctgg tcgataccga
acaaaatgcc 960gttgtggtgc ctgccgcggc ggtgcaaatg ggcaatgagg
gccactttgt gtgggtgctg 1020aacgacgaaa ataacgtcag caagaagcgg
gtaaaaatcg gtattcagga taaccgaaac 1080gtggtgatca gcgcaggctt
atcggcaggc gatcgcgtcg ttaccgatgg tattgatcgg 1140ctgacggaag
gcgcaaaagt cgaggtcgtt gagccgcaaa ccaccgtggc ggatgaaaaa
1200tccccttccc gccatgaagg tcaaaaagga gcgcgcgcct ga
124283123DNASalmonella 8atgcaggtat tacctccggg cagcacgggc ggcccttcgc
gtctgtttat tctgcgcccc 60gtggccacca ctctgctgat ggcggcgatt ttactcgccg
ggattatcgg ctatcgcttc 120ctgcccgtcg ccgctttgcc ggaggtcgac
taccccacta ttcaggttgt tacgctctac 180cctggcgcca gcccggatgt
catgacctcc gccgtcaccg cgccgcttga gcgccagttc 240ggccagatgt
caggactgaa gcagatgtcg tcgcaaagct ccggcggcgc gtcagtggta
300acgctacagt ttcagttgac
gctgccgctg gacgttgccg agcaggaagt acaggcggcg 360attaacgcag
ccaccaattt attgccttcc gacctgccga atccgccgat ttacagcaaa
420gtcaatccgg cggacccgcc gattatgacg cttgccgtca cctcaaactc
gatgccgatg 480acccaggtag aggacatggt agaaacccgc gtggcgcaga
agatctcaca ggtctccggc 540gtcgggctgg tgacgcttgc cggcgggcag
cgccctgcgg tacgcgtaaa actgaatgct 600caggctgtcg ccgcgctcgg
tctgaccagc gaaacggtcc gtaccgcaat taccggcgcc 660aacgtcaact
cggcgaaagg cagtctggat ggccccgaac gggcggtgac gctttctgct
720aacgatcaga tgcagtctgc cgacgaatac cgcaggctta tcatcgcgta
tcaaaacggc 780gcgccggtac ggctgggcga tgtcgccacc gtcgaacagg
gggcggaaaa tagctggctc 840ggcgcatggg cgaatcaagc gccggctatc
gtgatgaacg ttcaacgcca gcctggcgcc 900aatatcattg cgacagcgga
cagcattcgc cagatgctgc cccagcttac cgaaagcctg 960ccaaaatcgg
tgaaggtcac ggtcctgtcc gatcgcacca ccaatattcg cgcttccgtg
1020cgcgataccc agtttgaact gatgctggcg atcgcgctgg tcgtcatgat
tatctatctg 1080tttttacgta atattcccgc cacaattatt cccggcgtcg
ccgtaccgct gtcgcttatc 1140ggcacctttg cggtgatggt gtttttggat
ttttccatta ataacctgac gctgatggcg 1200ctcactatcg ccacgggttt
cgtggtggac gatgcgattg tggtgatcga gaacatctcg 1260cgctacatcg
aaaaaggaga aaaaccgctg gcggcggcgc tcaaaggcgc gggtgaaatc
1320ggctttacca ttatttccct caccttttca ctgattgcgg tgctgatccc
gttgctcttt 1380atgggcgata ttgttggtcg actgttccgc gaatttgcgg
tgacgttggc ggtagcgatt 1440ttaatctccg ccgtcgtctc tttgacgctc
acgcccatga tgtgcgcgcg tatgctcagc 1500cagcagtctc tgcgtaaaca
aaaccgcttt tcccgcgcct gcgagcggat gtttgaccgc 1560gtgatcgcca
gctacggacg tggattagcg aaagtgctca accatccgtg gcttacattg
1620agcgtggcat tcgccacgct cctgctcagc gttatgctgt ggatagtcat
tccgaaaggg 1680ttctttccgg tacaggataa cggcattatc cagggaacgc
tgcaggcgcc gcaatcgtca 1740tcgtatgcca gtatggcgca acgtcagcgc
caggtggcgg agcggatatt acaggacccg 1800gcggtgcaaa gcctgacgac
ttttgttggc gtagacggcg ctaaccccac gctgaatagc 1860gcgcgcctgc
aaattaacct caagccgctg gatgcgcgtg atgaccgcgt gcagcaggtg
1920atctcccggc tgcaaaccgc cgtggcgacg attcccggcg tggagctgta
tctccagccg 1980acgcaggatt taaccatcga cacgcaggtc agccgcacac
agtatcagtt taccctgcag 2040gccacgacgc tcgatgcgct cagccactgg
gtgccaaaac tgcagaacgc gctacagtcg 2100ttgccacagc tctctgaggt
aagcagcgac tggcaagatc ggggattagc ggcctgggtg 2160aatgtcgacc
gcgacagcgc cagccgtctg ggtatcagca tggcggatgt ggataacgcg
2220ctctacaacg cgttcggaca acgcctgatt tcaacgattt atacccaggc
gaaccagtac 2280cgtgtcgtgc tggaacataa taccgccagc atgccgggcc
tggcggcgct ggagacgatt 2340cgcctgacga gccgcgacgg cggcaccgta
ccgctcagcg cgattgcccg cattgagcag 2400cgcttcgctc cgctctccat
caatcattta gatcagttcc cggttacgac attttcgttt 2460aacgtgccgg
agagctattc gctcggcgat gcggtgcagg cgattctcga tacggaaaaa
2520acgctcgccc tgccagcgga tattacaacg cagtttcagg gtagtacgct
cgccttccag 2580gcggcgctag gcagcaccgt ctggcttatt gtcgccgccg
tggtggcgat gtatatcgtg 2640ctcggcgtgc tgtatgagag ttttatccat
ccgattacga ttctctcaac gctgcctacg 2700gcgggcgtcg gcgcgctgct
ggcgctgatc atcgctggta gcgagctcga tattatcgcc 2760attatcggca
ttattttgct gatcggcatc gtgaagaaaa acgccatcat gatgattgac
2820ttcgccctcg ccgccgaacg cgaacagggg atgagtccgc gcgacgctat
cttccaggcc 2880tgtctgctgc gttttcgacc gattctgatg accacgctgg
cggcgttgct cggggcattg 2940ccattaatgt tgagtaccgg cgttggcacg
gaattacgtc gcccgttggg gatcgcgatg 3000gtaggcggct tactggtcag
ccaggtatta actctgttta ccacaccggt gatttatctc 3060ctgtttgacc
gcctgtcgct gtacgtgaaa agtcgctttc cgcgccataa agaggaggcg 3120tag
312393081DNASalmonella 9atgcgctttt tcgccctttt catctaccgc ccggtcgcca
ccattttgat tgccgccgcc 60attacgctgt gcggcattct gggctttcgt ctgctgccgg
tcgccccgct gccgcaggtc 120gatttcccgg tgattatggt tagcgcctcg
ctgccgggcg cctcgccgga aaccatggct 180tcgtcggtgg cgacgccgtt
ggaacgctct ttgggacgca ttgcaggcgt caatgaaatg 240acctccagca
gctcgctcgg cagtacacgc attattctcg aatttaattt cgatcgtgat
300attaacggcg cggcgcgcga cgtgcaggcc gccattaacg ccgcgcaaag
cttgttgcca 360ggcggaatgc ccagccgccc gacttatcgc aaggccaacc
cgtccgacgc gccgattatg 420attttaacgc ttacctcgga gagctggtca
cagggcaaac tgtatgattt cgcctctacc 480caactggcgc aaaccatcgc
gcaaattgac ggcgtcggcg atgttgacgt cggcggcagc 540tccctgcccg
cagtacgtgt aggcttaaac ccgcaggcgc tctttaacca gggcgtctcg
600ctggatgagg tccgcgaagc gatcgacagc gccaacgtac gccgaccgca
aggcgcaatt 660gaagatagcg tccaccgctg gcaaatccag accaacgacg
aactgaaaac cgccgccgaa 720tatcagccgc tgattattca ctataacaac
ggcgcggcgg tacgcctggg cgacgtcgcc 780agcgtcaccg actcggtgca
ggatgtccgt aacgccggga tgacgaacgc taaacccgct 840attttgttga
tgatccgcaa gctgccggag gccaatatta ttcagacggt cgacggcatc
900cgggcaaaac tgccggaact gcgggcaatg atccccgccg ctatcgattt
acaaatcgcc 960caggatcgtt cgccgacgat tcgcgcatcg ctgcaagagg
tagaagagac actggctatc 1020tctgttgcgc tggtgatcct ggtggtgttt
ttattcctgc gctccgggcg cgccacgcta 1080attcccgccg tcgccgttcc
cgtttcgctc atcggcacct tcgccgccat gtatctgtgc 1140ggcttcagcc
tcaacaatct gtcgctgatg gcgctgacta tcgcgaccgg atttgtcgtt
1200gatgatgcca ttgtggtgct ggaaaatatc gcccgccatc tggaggcggg
aatgaaacct 1260ttgcaggcgg cattacaggg tacgcgagaa gttgggttta
cggtcatctc catgagtctg 1320tcgctggtgg cggtatttct gccgctgctg
ttaatgggcg gcctgccagg acgattatta 1380cgggaattcg ccgttaccct
ctcggtggcg attggcattt cgctggtggt ctcgctcacg 1440ctgacgccga
tgatgtgcgg ctggatgctt aaatcaagca aaccgcgcac ccaaccgcgt
1500aaacggggcg ttggccgtct gctggtcgcc ttgcaacagg gttacggcac
gtcattaaaa 1560tgggtgctta accatacgcg tcttgtcggt gtggtttttc
ttggcaccgt tgcgctgaac 1620atctggcttt atatcgccat ccctaaaaca
ttctttccgg agcaggacac cggcgtgttg 1680atgggcggta ttcaggctga
ccaaagcatc tctttccagg ccatgcgcgg caagctgcag 1740gattttatga
aaattattcg cgacgatccg gcggtgaata atgtcactgg ttttaccggc
1800ggatcgaggg tgaatagcgg catgatgttt attacgctga agccgcgcgg
cgaacgcaaa 1860gagacggcgc agcaaatcat tgatcgactg cgggtcaaac
tggcaaaaga acctggcgcc 1920aggctgtttc tgatggcggt acaggatatt
cgcgtcggcg ggcggcaggc taacgccagt 1980taccaatata cgttgctgtc
tgactctctg gcggcgctgc gcgaatggga gccgaaaata 2040cgcaaagcgc
tctcggccct gccgcaactg gcggacgtaa actccgacca gcaggataac
2100ggcgcggaga tgaaccttat ctacgaccgc gacaccatgt cacggctggg
tattgatgtt 2160caggccgcaa acagtctgtt aaataatgct ttcggccagc
ggcaaatttc caccatttat 2220cagccgatga accagtataa agtggtgatg
gaagtcgatc cgcgctatag ccaggatatc 2280agcgcgctgg agaaaatgtt
cgttatcaac cgtgacggaa aagcgattcc cctctcttat 2340ttcgcccaat
ggcggcccgc caatgcgccg ctgtcggtga accatcaggg actttccgcg
2400gcgtccacga ttgcctttaa cctgccgacc ggcacatcgt tatcgcaggc
gacagaggcc 2460attaatcgca ccatgacgca gcttggcgtc ccctcgacgg
tacgcggcag tttttccgga 2520acggcgcaag tcttccagca gaccatgaat
tcacagctta ttttgatagt ggcggcgatc 2580gctaccgtct acattgtgct
ggggatactg tacgaaagct acgtccatcc actgaccatt 2640ctctctactc
tgccatcggc gggcgttggg gcgcttctgg cgctggaact cttcaatgcc
2700cctttcagcc taatcgccct gatagggatc atgctattaa ttggcattgt
gaagaaaaac 2760gccattatga tggtcgattt tgcgcttgaa gcgcaacgaa
gcggcggcct gacgccggaa 2820caagccattt tccaggcctg cttgttacgc
ttccgtccaa taatgatgac cacgctggcg 2880gcgctgttcg gcgcactgcc
attggtgtta tctggcggag acggttcgga attacggcag 2940ccgctgggga
taaccattgt cggcggtttg gtcatgagcc agctcctgac gctctatacc
3000acgccggtgg tgtacctctt tttcgatcgt ctgcggctac gtttttcgcg
taaaaatagc 3060aaaccggtag tagagatatg a 3081101206DNASalmonella
10atgttgatag ccggcgtcat cgccgccatc gggggcgtga tttacatggc cggcgaagca
60ctatgggata aagacaacgc cgtcggcccc ccggccagcg cgccgcctcc accgtcggta
120ccggttgcta aagcccttag ccgtacactc gcgcctacgg cggaattcac
cggttttctg 180gccgcgccgg aaaccgtgga gctgcgttcg cgcgtgggag
gaacccttga cgccatcagc 240gttccggaag gacgtctggt aagccgcgga
caactgctgt tccagatcga tccgcgcccg 300ttcgaggtcg ccctcgacac
cgccgtcgcg caattacgtc aggctgaagt actggcccgc 360caggcgcagg
cggatttcga tcgcattcaa cgactggtcg ccagcggcgc cgtatcacgt
420aaaaacgctg acgatgtcac cgccacgcgt aatgcgcgac aggcgcagat
gcaatcggcc 480aaagccgccg tcgccgcagc gcgccttgaa ctctcctgga
cccgtattac cgcgcccatt 540gccggacgcg ttgaccgcat actggtgacc
cggggcaatc tggtcagcgg cggcgtagcg 600ggtaacgcca cgcttctgac
gactatcgtg tctcacaatc ccatgtatgt gtatttcgat 660attgacgaag
ccacctggct gaaggcgtta cggcataccc gctccgacaa aaatccaccg
720gtagtcaaca tggggttaac caccgataac gggctgcctt atcagggcgt
actcgacttt 780atgggcaatc agatgaaccg cagcaccggc actatccggg
cacgcgccgt gattcctgac 840cccgacggaa tgctttctcc cggcctgttt
gcccgaatca gtttgcccat cggcgagccg 900cgggaaaccg tgctgattga
cgatctggcg gtgagcgccg atcagggcaa aaactatgtg 960ctgatcgtcg
gcaaggagaa tcaggtggag tatcgtccgg ttgagttggg acaaatggtc
1020gatggattcc gcgtcgttac acagggagta ctgccgggag aaaaaatcat
cctcaagggg 1080ctggtgcgtc ctggcatgac cgttgcgcca cgtctggtgc
cgatgcggca gaatgtgacc 1140gacaaacaga ccgcgacatt gactaaagcg
gacggcgaca gtgcgccgaa ggcggtgcgc 1200caatga 1206113168DNASalmonella
11atgaaattca cccacttttt cattgcacgc cccatcttcg ccatcgtcct gtcgctgtta
60atgctgctgg ctggcgctat cgccttttta aaactgccgc tgagtgaata tccggccgtt
120acgccgccca cggtacaggt tagcgccagc taccccggcg ctaacccgca
agtgattgcc 180gatacggtag ccgcgccgct ggaacaggtg atcaacggcg
ttgacggcat gttgtatatg 240aatacccaga tggccattga tggtcgcatg
gttatctcta tcgccttcga acagggaacc 300gatcctgata tggcgcaaat
tcaggtgcaa aaccgggtat cccgcgcgct gcctcgcctg 360cccgaagaag
tccagcgaat tggcgttgta acggagaaaa cgtcccccga tatgttgatg
420gtggttcatc ttgtctcgcc gcaaaaacgc tatgactcgc tttacctgtc
taacttcgcc 480atccggcagg ttcgcgacga actggcccgt ttacccggcg
tcggcgatgt tctcgtctgg 540ggcgcgggcg agtacgccat gcgcgtctgg
ctggacccgg cgaaaatcgc caaccgcggt 600cttaccgcca gtgatatcgt
tacggcgttg cgggaacaaa acgtacaggt cgccgccggt 660tccgtcgggc
aacagccgga ggcctccgcc gcttttcaga tgacggtaaa cacgctgggc
720cgcctgacca gcgaagaaca gttcggcgag attgtggtaa aaatcggcgc
tgacggcgag 780gtgacgcgtc tgcgtgatgt cgcccgcgtc acgctgggcg
cagatgccta tacgctgcgc 840agtttactga atggcgaagc ggcgccagcg
ttacagatta ttcaaagtcc gggcgccaat 900gcgattgacg tttctaacgc
gattcgcggc aaaatggatg agttgcagca aaacttcccg 960caggatatcg
aataccggat tgcctatgat cctacggtct tcgtgcgcgc atcgctacaa
1020tcggtggcga ttacgttgct ggaagccctc gtgctggtcg tccttgtcgt
ggtgatgttc 1080ctgcaaacct ggcgggcgtc cattattcct ctggtggcgg
ttcccgtttc gctggtcggc 1140acctttgcct tgatgcacct gtttggcttt
tcgctgaata cgctttcgct gtttggtttg 1200gtcctgtcga taggtatcgt
tgtcgatgac gccatcgttg tggtcgaaaa cgtggaacgg 1260catatctcgc
agggcaaaag tcccggagag gcggcaaaga aggcgatgga tgaagtcact
1320ggtcccattc tttctattac ctcggtgcta acggcggtct ttatcccttc
cgcattcctg 1380gcgggcctgc agggtgagtt ttatcgtcag ttcgcgttga
ccatcgctat ttcgaccatc 1440ctttcggcca ttaactcgct gacgctctcc
cctgcgctgg ctgccatttt gctaagaccg 1500caccacgata ctgcgaaggc
tgactggcta acgcggttga tgggcacggt cactggcggt 1560tttttccatc
gctttaaccg tttcttcgac agcgcgtcga accgctatgt tagcgccgtc
1620cgtcgggccg tgcgcggcag cgtcattgtg atggtgctct atgctggctt
tgtggggctg 1680acctggcttg gcttccatca ggtgccgaac gggtttgtgc
ctgcgcagga taaatactat 1740ctcgtcggca tcgcccagct cccaagcggc
gcatcgttgg atcgcacaga ggcggtcgtg 1800aaacagatgt ccgctatcgc
gctggcggaa cccggcgttg aaagcgtcgt cgtcttcccc 1860ggtctgtcgg
ttaacggccc ggtaaatgtg ccaaattcgg cgctgatgtt cgccatgctg
1920aaaccctttg acgagcgtga agatccttcg ctttccgcta acgctatcgc
cggaaagcta 1980atgcacaaat ttagccacat tcccgacgga tttattggca
tcttcccgcc accgccggtt 2040ccagggcttg gcgcgacggg cggctttaaa
ttgcagattg aagatcgtgc ggaactggga 2100tttgaagcga tgacaaaggt
gcaaagcgag attatgtcta aggcgatgca gacgcccgaa 2160ctggccaata
tgctggccag tttccagaca aacgccccgc aattacaggt ggatatcgac
2220cgggtaaagg cgaaatcaat gggggtatcg ctcaccgaca tctttgaaac
gttgcaaatt 2280aacctcggct cgctttacgt caacgatttc aaccgatttg
gccgtgcctg gcgggtgatg 2340gcgcaggccg atgcgccatt ccgtatgcag
caagaggata tcggcctgct taaagtccgc 2400aatgcgaagg gcgagatgat
cccgcttagc gctttcgtca cgattatgcg ccagtcgggg 2460ccggacagaa
tcatccatta caacggcttc ccctcggtag atattagcgg tggaccggct
2520ccgggcttct cctccggaca ggcgacggac gcgattgaaa agatcgtgcg
tgaaacgtta 2580ccggaaggga tggtcttcga atggaccgat ctggtttatc
aggaaaaaca ggccggcaac 2640tctgcgcttg ctatctttgc gctggcggtg
ctgctggcct tcctgatcct ggcggcgcag 2700tacaacagtt ggtcgctgcc
cttcgccgtc ctgcttattg cgcctatgtc attactctca 2760gccattgtcg
gcgtgtgggt atctggcgga gataacaata tctttacgca gattggtttc
2820gtggtgctgg tcggcctggc ggccaagaac gccattttga ttgtcgagtt
tgcccgcgcc 2880aaagaacacg acggcgcaga cccgctgacc gccgtactgg
aagcgtcccg cctgcgtctg 2940cgtcctatcc tgatgacctc attcgccttt
atcgcaggtg tagtaccact ggtactcgcg 3000acgggtgccg gcgcggaaat
gcgacatgcg atgggcatcg ccgtgtttgc cggcatgttg 3060ggcgtcacgc
tcttcggcct gttattgacg cctgtatttt acgtggtggt tcgcaggatg
3120gcattaaagc gtgagaaccg cgttgattcg catgatcagc aagcataa 3168
* * * * *