U.S. patent application number 17/017086 was filed with the patent office on 2021-04-15 for cryptoanchor reader.
The applicant listed for this patent is Lexmark International, Inc.. Invention is credited to SCOTT RICHARD CASTLE, TRISTAN SANTOS DALAY, ROBERT HENRY MUYSKENS, NEILSON GUTAY NAVARRETE, BRANT DENNIS NYSTROM, THOMAS EUGENE PANGBURN, SAMUEL LEO RHODUS.
Application Number | 20210111899 17/017086 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005332393 |
Filed Date | 2021-04-15 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20210111899 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
CASTLE; SCOTT RICHARD ; et
al. |
April 15, 2021 |
CRYPTOANCHOR READER
Abstract
Unique Physical Unclonable (PUF) function objects may be created
by molding or extruding specialized particles creating a measurable
physical characteristic over a surface. The magnetized particles
form a unique measurable magnetic "fingerprint" based on the random
size, position, polar rotation, magnetization level, particle
density, etc., of the particles. PUF objects may also vary in other
physical characteristics by having a mixture of magnetic,
conductive (magnetic or nonmagnetic), optically reflective or
shaped, varied densities or mechanical properties resulting in
random reflection, diffusion, or absorption of acoustical energy
particles in a matrix or binder. The present invention envisions
sensing any of the characteristics.
Inventors: |
CASTLE; SCOTT RICHARD;
(LEXINGTON, KY) ; DALAY; TRISTAN SANTOS; (MANDAUE
CITY, PH) ; MUYSKENS; ROBERT HENRY; (LEXINGTON,
KY) ; NAVARRETE; NEILSON GUTAY; (MANDAUE CITY,
PH) ; NYSTROM; BRANT DENNIS; (LEXINGTON, KY) ;
PANGBURN; THOMAS EUGENE; (WINCHESTER, KY) ; RHODUS;
SAMUEL LEO; (LEXINGTON, KY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Lexmark International, Inc. |
Lexington |
KY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005332393 |
Appl. No.: |
17/017086 |
Filed: |
September 10, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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62898348 |
Sep 10, 2019 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 9/3234 20130101;
H04W 12/03 20210101 |
International
Class: |
H04L 9/32 20060101
H04L009/32; H04W 12/03 20060101 H04W012/03 |
Claims
1. A method of using a magneto-optical device overmolded into an
integrated circuit chip cap to verify authenticity comprising:
simultaneously, but independently, reading the three-axis magnetic
signature of high entropy taggants on the chip; encrypting the
readings; transmitting to a first server or first cloud location
over a cellular link the encrypted readings; capturing high
resolution RGB/UV images; encrypting the images; transmitting to a
second server or second cloud location the encrypted images over a
Wi-Fi link; comparing the encrypted readings to a logical and at
point of measurement to verify authenticity the integrated circuit
chip.
2. The method of claim 1, with steps further comprising:
integration of a near-field communication (NFC) tag is with
magnetic tag into the logo of a branded product; interrogating the
NFC tag with mobile phone and a branded application; locating a
branded, magnetic tag reader conspicuously at point-of-sale
location to provide authentication for the consumer.
3. A physical unclonable function reader consisting of: a plurality
of rotating magnetometers in a staggered array that is positioned
by normal forces, snap-fit, and/or vacuum force; a motor to control
the rotational position of the reader; a shaft connecting the motor
to the reader; a magnetic sensor; a locating feature; and a
proximity sensing device.
4. The reader of claim 3, wherein the plurality of rotating
magnetometers in a staggered array measure the magnetic field in
read lanes of pre-magnetized material.
5. A physical unclonable function reader comprising: a read-head
with an array of sensors that measures at controlled distances
above specimen where each reading would be distinct, wherein the
controlled distance is mechanical and the proximity to the specimen
is sensed and recorded for each measurement; a camera or light
source for guiding the read-head into location; and locating
features to align the specimen to a camera unit.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein the read head is telescoping to
extend the useful range for space constrained applications. The
device of claim 6, wherein the telescoping is mechanized.
8. The device of claim 5, further comprising: handle grips; cover
elements that encase the reader in a retracted position and open to
allow extension of the reader, wherein the cover elements may pivot
at a point on the handle to open.
9. The device of claim 5, wherein the reader device is mounted on
the user's forearm or wrist for hands free operation.
10. The device of claim 5, wherein the reader device is worn on the
user's hand comprising: a flexible strap to secure device; a reader
screen directed by the user's fingers; and an LED indicator to
denote operation.
11. The device of claim 5, further wherein the reader sensor device
is integrated into a mobile tablet case.
12. The device of claim 5, further wherein the reader device has
two handle grips to enable operation by the user.
13. The device of claim 5, further comprising: a reader module; and
a stylus with a grip for the user, wherein the reader module snap
locks into a receiver of the stylus.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIM FROM PROVISIONAL APPLICATION
[0001] The present application is related to and claims priority
under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from U.S. provisional application No.
62/898,348, filed Sep. 10, 2019, titled "CryptoAnchor Reader," the
content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety.
CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] None.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to devices for
capturing physically measurable characteristic of physical
unclonable function objects created by molding specialized
particles into a resin or matrix.
SUMMARY
[0004] Unique Physical Unclonable (PUF) function objects may be
created by molding or extruding specialized particles creating a
measurable physical characteristic over a surface. The PUF may be
pre-magnetized or post-magnetized particles into a resin or matrix.
The pre-magnetized particles form a unique measurable magnetic
"fingerprint" based on the random size, position, polar rotation,
magnetization level, particle density, etc., of the particles. PUF
objects may also vary in other physical characteristics by having a
mixture of magnetic, conductive (magnetic or nonmagnetic),
optically reflective or shaped, varied densities or mechanical
properties resulting in random reflection, diffusion, or absorption
of acoustical energy particles in a matrix or binder. The present
invention envisions sensing any of the characteristics.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of the
disclosed embodiments, and the manner of attaining them, will
become more apparent and will be better understood by reference to
the following description of the disclosed embodiments in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0006] FIG. 1 shows possible optical responses to a high entropy
taggant.
[0007] FIG. 2 shows an example of real-time, raw 3-axis
magnetometer reported by iOS.
[0008] FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B show hand-held reader
devices.
[0009] FIG. 6 shows a wrist or forearm reader device.
[0010] FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C show a rotatable reader design with a
plurality of magnetometers.
[0011] FIGS. 8 and 9 show a sensory array or CMOS array.
[0012] FIGS. 10A and 10B shows embodiments using a native mobile
phone device.
[0013] FIGS. 11A-C, 12A-B, and 13A-B, 14A-C, 15A-B, and 16 show
reader designs that are worn or held by the user.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] It is to be understood that the present disclosure is not
limited in its application to the details of construction and the
arrangement of components set forth in the following description or
illustrated in the drawings. The present disclosure is capable of
other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in
various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and
terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and
should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the terms
"having," "containing," "including," "comprising," and the like are
open ended terms that indicate the presence of stated elements or
features, but do not preclude additional elements or features. The
articles "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural as
well as the singular, unless the context clearly indicates
otherwise. The use of "including," "comprising," or "having," and
variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed
thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
[0015] Terms such as "about" and the like have a contextual
meaning, are used to describe various characteristics of an object,
and such terms have their ordinary and customary meaning to persons
of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. Terms such as "about" and
the like, in a first context mean "approximately" to an extent as
understood by persons of ordinary skill in the pertinent art; and,
in a second context, are used to describe various characteristics
of an object, and in such second context mean "within a small
percentage of" as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the
pertinent art.
[0016] Unless limited otherwise, the terms "connected," "coupled,"
and "mounted," and variations thereof herein are used broadly and
encompass direct and indirect connections, couplings, and
mountings. In addition, the terms "connected" and "coupled" and
variations thereof are not restricted to physical or mechanical
connections or couplings. Spatially relative terms such as "top,"
"bottom," "front," "back," "rear," and "side," "under," "below,"
"lower," "over," "upper," and the like, are used for ease of
description to explain the positioning of one element relative to a
second element. These terms are intended to encompass different
orientations of the device in addition to different orientations
than those depicted in the figures. Further, terms such as "first,"
"second," and the like, are also used to describe various elements,
regions, sections, etc., and are also not intended to be limiting.
Like terms refer to like elements throughout the description.
[0017] This invention captures novel concepts related to a
"CryptoAnchor" reader, i.e., the element that can sense the
contents of a CryptoAnchor and submit data for authentication. The
reader may exist in multiple forms and employ more than one sensing
type simultaneously. The first embodiment of a "CryptoAnchor" is
that of pre-magnetized particles suspended in a polymer binder. The
reader would have a plurality of magnetic sensing elements in an
array.
[0018] The magnetic sensing array is composed of discrete,
three-axis Hall Effect devices mounted to a printed circuit board
(PCB) as closely as allowable by the chip package. A limitation of
this approach is the low spatial density of sensors achievable. An
integrated sensor array that has very high spatial density compared
to discrete chips on PCB and sensing element near surface may be
preferable. A magneto-optical feature may also be desirable.
[0019] While there exist techniques for measuring magnetic fields,
the CryptoAnchor tag is intended to create magnetic fields with an
absolute value of typically between 0 and 100 Gauss. The reader is
not intended to perform authentication, but to sense
characteristics and communicate the measured information to another
device that calculates comparison. The results of the comparison
may then be displayed on the reader. The communication methods
could be wired (e.g., Ethernet) or wireless (e.g., WiFi,
Cellular).
[0020] In addition to the magnetic characteristics, depth and
layering of high entropy taggants provides more degrees of freedom
(DOF) to be measured to assure authenticity. For example, higher
DOF enables more customization of tag for size, shape, brand, error
checking, hashing, uniqueness, clonability, etc. High entropy
taggants 101, see FIG. 1, might include, for example, optical
properties such as specular reflection 111, diffuse reflection 121,
absorption 131, scatter 141, and transmission 151, including, but
not limited to human visual. Emerging miniaturized hyperspectral
systems may provide additional optical and non-optical sensor
options.
[0021] High entropy taggants may further include materials that are
fluorescent or phosphorescent. Use of these materials is practiced
in biological sciences, analytical chemistry, and forensics.
[0022] Barcode and radio frequency (RF) are common, growing means
to track-and-trace items in a supply chain. Each technology is
easily copied but when combined with a plurality of high entropy
taggants and means to read each layer independently would enable
depth and customization.
[0023] The invention described has a magnetic taggant but allows
for the strategic architecture of a system to practice a wide
variety of taggants, potentially simultaneously, depending on the
application. A market example where layering is conspicuous is the
paper currency market, where, e.g., the U.S. $100 bill contains
approximately twenty different features of overt, covert, and
forensic nature.
[0024] The U.S. Department of Defense provides an example of
authenticity requirements in response to congressionally-mandated
service parts authentication improvements that seek a solution to
prevent the use of counterfeit integrated circuit (IC) items in DoD
equipment. DoD Solution RFQ requires: (1) minimal disruption to
existing supply chain; false positive rate of less than
1/10.sup.12; false negative rate of less than 1/10.sup.4;
authentication in less than 10 sec; area of tag less than 64
mm.sup.2; additional IC height less than 1 mm; all data able to be
hosted by DoD; cost of the tag less than $50; and cost of the
reader less than $50,000.
[0025] A solution described here that meets these requirements is
an 8.times.8 mm magneto-optical device over-molded into the chip
cap with a reader that simultaneously, but independently, measures
the three-axis magnetic signature, encrypts, transmits to a first
server over cellular link and captures high resolution RGB/UV
image, encrypts, transmits to a second server over Wi-Fi link. A
comparison can be made on each server with a logical AND at point
of measurement to verify the authenticity of critical integrated
circuits.
[0026] In a second example, high-end consumer goods makers with
exclusive brands seek differentiated authentication solutions to
further branding. A solution is to integrate a near-field
communication (NFC) tag with magnetic tag into the logo of the
branded product. Such NFC tags can be interrogated with mobile
phone and a branded application. A branded, magnetic tag reader
located conspicuously at point-of-sale, can provide authentication
for the consumer.
[0027] The proliferation of mobile devices, intrinsic sensing, and
defined interfaces for peripheral demand enables a reader based
around a mobile device. To allow a mobile device to function as a
compass, largely used for navigation functions, it must contain a
magnetometer. FIG. 2 shows an example of real-time, raw 3-axis
magnetometer reported by iOS, with the X-Field 211, Y-Field 221,
and Z-Field 231. Mobile devices may have: (1) on the front--RBG
camera, infrared (IR) sensor, a structured light projector, and a
high pixel density display, that could be used as a light source;
(2) on the rear--RGB camera(s), and a flash; and (3) communications
capabilities, including--cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth, Bluetooth
Enabled, NFC, and RFID.
[0028] Design incorporating a telescoping read head, mechanized or
manual, that extends the useful range for space constrained
applications, which may be used with a mobile device are shown in
FIGS. 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B. FIGS. 3A and 3B show a hand-held
telescoping reader 301, with handle grips 331, a reader 311, and a
telescoping unit 341 to support the reader 311. FIGS. 4A and 4B
show a hand-held telescoping wand 401, with a reader, also referred
to herein as a read-head, 411, a telescoping unit 421, cover
elements 431A, and 431B that encase the reader 411 shown in the
retracted position in FIG. 4B, and open to allow extension of the
reader in FIG. 4A. The cover elements 431A, and 431B may pivot at a
point 461 on the handle 451 to open 441. In FIGS. 5A and 5B, a
reader on a device with a pistol-grip 541 is shown with a reader
511, a telescoping unit 521, a display 531 that may be a mobile
device. The reader 411 is activated by the user with a switch 551.
The read-head may contain a camera and/or light source for guiding
into location. The read-head may also contain a set of locating
features to align a specimen to a camera unit, including mechanical
and magnetic means. The read-head could be swapped to measure other
unique features including uniqueness of magnetic signature.
[0029] A wrist or forearm reader device 601 for hands free
operation is shown in FIG. 6. The reader 611 may be connected
through Bluetooth interface 621. A snap to lock attachment 623 and
remove with moldable strap 631 that may double as temporary
handle.
[0030] Another embodiment of a reader design is shown in FIGS. 7A,
7B, and 7C. A plurality of rotating magnetometers in an array 704,
potentially staggered, to read lanes of pre-magnetized material.
The reader head 709 may be moved against a PUF specimen (not
shown). The reader head may be held by normal forces, snap-fit,
and/or vacuum force and located by simple mechanical features. The
features could be paired as chip/reader.
[0031] In the embodiment, the rotational position of the reader 701
may be controlled by a motor 702 connected to the reader by a shaft
703. Other elements include a bezel 712, a piezoelectric element
705, a magnetic field camera window 710, a sensor cover 707, a
locating feature 706, a faceted optical PUF 708, a key, SD card, or
other reader 711. Proximity sensing (not shown) could be
incorporated to trigger sensor and feedback to user. An optical
camera (not shown) could be included to read barcode and/or capture
reference image of tag. Proximity allows for RF (e.g., NFC, RFID)
to be energized and be read like a barcode. Rotating sensors could
be in contained in a wand, gun or probe form. Sensor could be
powered by battery or external with data storage, A/D and
communication of wide variety.
[0032] The magnetic field lines generated by the magnetic particles
in the PUF element are closed, and thus a single field strength
sensor (e.g., Bz) moving in a straight line will see the magnitude
change as function of distance separation and orthogonality of
motion to field line. For example, while one sensor, due to
alignment, may read a maximum Bz magnitude, a second sensor may
read a minimum based on distance.
[0033] An array of sensors that measures at controlled distances
above specimen where each reading would be distinct. The controlled
distance could be manual or mechanical. In the mechanized case,
proximity could be sensed and recorded for each measurement. Here,
the motion to and from the PUF specimen would measure unique
characteristics of magnetic field structure.
[0034] In a modification, shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, a discrete sensor
chip 801 or bare complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ("CMOS")
array 901 may be provided. A cover for circuit protection 802, 902
may be provided, along with keying 801, 901 for orientation and
lockout. If symmetric, keyed or without key, the sensor could read
in any orientation.
[0035] In a further embodiment shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, methods
for using the native mobile device magnetometer 1001 or
magnetometer array, potentially staggered, to read PUF elements
1002 is disclosed. A fiducial hole 1003 and fiducial void 1005 may
be used for position. A raised fiducial may be used in place of the
fiducial void. One device having a pivot 1004 that allows rotation
past the magnetometer and a second device 1007 that promotes
sliding past the magnetometer. Depending on location of pivot and
locating features for sliding. One may use the camera/flash module
1006 as another method to read a PUF tag. This read could also be
utilized for velocity or optical data.
[0036] Mobile payment methods are growing quickly, so a plurality
of sensing provides a means to authenticate prior to purchase. When
mobile purchasing is initiated (e.g., ApplePay.RTM.), a photo
(e.g., object recognition) or RF (e.g., NFC) interrogation of an
item under purchase may be made. This step could be made optional
and/or required by a device-maker, retailer and/or brand. Levels of
authenticity verification required could be function of
type/class/price/safety of purchase. Opt-out possible by
admin-level user. Valid authentication of item then required to
complete purchase.
[0037] The mobile device option offers the combination of a
magnetometer reading with camera, which can be used for various
purposes, and offers the opportunity for authentication
verification workflow into mobile payment process. Notably,
however, operation would be dependent upon the mobile device, and
locating the PUF tag relative to the magnetometer.
[0038] Further, the color, brightness, and high resolution of
modern mobile device display could be used as the source light to
measure a unique optical object. The display could exercise a
battery of pattern, brightness, and color. Patterns could be lines,
checkboards, concentric circles across any part of specimen
surface. Moreover, an engineered light-pipe would transmit light
exiting on any and all surfaces back to native camera.
[0039] Unique optical objects can include a wide variety of
difficult-to-clone embodiments, including but not limited to,
speckles, refractive index, occlusions, reflectors, filters, etc.,
enclosed in transparent medium. Surfaces or optical object could
include mirrors, ports, and lenses, to contain and disperse light
within transparent medium. Using these unique optical objects, a
flash of light could be introduced into a particular location with
transmission collected at another location. Internal reflection and
absorption will delay in time the transmission from original
impulse. Using the optical time domain detection of random internal
reflection and absorption, it may be possible to use the native
flash of a mobile device as a source.
[0040] Other reader designs include forms 1101 worn on the hand to
improve hand utilization such as in FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C. The
reader 1101 includes an element to hold the reader on the user's
hand 1131, a reader screen 1121, and may have an LED indicator 1111
to indicate operation.
[0041] Shown in FIGS. 12A and 12B is another design 1201 that is
worn on the user's hand. A strap 1221, preferably flexible, secures
the device, with the reader screen 1211 is directed by the user's
fingers. The reader may have an LED indicator 1231 to indicate
operation.
[0042] Shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B is a final design 1301 that is
worn on the user's hand. A strap 1321, preferably flexible, secures
1331 the design, with the reader screen 1341 directed by the user's
hand. The reader may have an LED indicator 1311 to indicate
operation.
[0043] A reader is shown in FIGS. 14A, 14B, and 14C with the reader
sensor integrated in a mobile tablet case. A modular read head 1411
with option to add the smart phone or tablet 1411 mounted in a
receiving bracket 1451. A rotatable reader 1421 is provided for
optimal ergonomics and/or read/head protection. A strap 1431,
preferably flexible, secures the device.
[0044] A two-handed reader 1501 is disclosed in FIGS. 15A and 15B
with a large sensing window 1551 and orientation sensing within
reader (not shown) to aid in image capture/processing. The
two-handed reader 1501 has handles 1521, a support pad 1531, and an
optional work-space area 1541.
[0045] Finally, a hand-held device 1601 is disclosed with a reader
module 1611 that snap locks into a receiver 1651 of a stylus 1631
with a grip 1641 for the user's hand. The reader may have an LED
indicator 1661 to indicate operation.
* * * * *