U.S. patent application number 16/927589 was filed with the patent office on 2021-03-04 for multi-channel systems for providing tunable light with high color rendering and biological effects.
The applicant listed for this patent is ECOSENSE LIGHTING INC.. Invention is credited to RAGHURAM L.V. PETLURI, PAUL KENNETH PICKARD.
Application Number | 20210068223 16/927589 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005252959 |
Filed Date | 2021-03-04 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20210068223 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
PETLURI; RAGHURAM L.V. ; et
al. |
March 4, 2021 |
MULTI-CHANNEL SYSTEMS FOR PROVIDING TUNABLE LIGHT WITH HIGH COLOR
RENDERING AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Abstract
The present disclosure provides systems for generating tunable
white light. The systems include a plurality of LED strings that
generate light with color points that fall within red, blue, and
cyan color ranges, with each LED string being driven with a
separately controllable drive current in order to tune the
generated light output.
Inventors: |
PETLURI; RAGHURAM L.V.; (LOS
ANGELES, CA) ; PICKARD; PAUL KENNETH; (LOS ANGELES,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ECOSENSE LIGHTING INC. |
LOS ANGELES |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005252959 |
Appl. No.: |
16/927589 |
Filed: |
July 13, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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PCT/US18/20790 |
Mar 2, 2018 |
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16927589 |
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62634798 |
Feb 23, 2018 |
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62616404 |
Jan 11, 2018 |
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62616423 |
Jan 11, 2018 |
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62616401 |
Jan 11, 2018 |
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62616414 |
Jan 11, 2018 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 27/153 20130101;
H01L 33/50 20130101; H05B 45/20 20200101 |
International
Class: |
H05B 45/20 20060101
H05B045/20; H01L 27/15 20060101 H01L027/15; H01L 33/50 20060101
H01L033/50 |
Claims
1. A semiconductor light emitting device comprising: first, second,
and third LED strings, with each LED string comprising one or more
LEDs having an associated luminophoric medium; wherein the first,
second, and third LED strings together with their associated
luminophoric mediums can comprise red, blue, and cyan channels
respectively, producing first, second, and third unsaturated color
points within red, blue, and cyan regions on the 1931 CIE
Chromaticity diagram, respectively; a control circuit can be
configured to adjust a fourth color point of a fourth unsaturated
light that results from a combination of the first, second, and
third unsaturated light, with the fourth color point fells within a
7-step MacAdam ellipse around any point on the black body locus
having a correlated color temperature between 1800K and 10000K.
2-36. (canceled)
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 62/616,401 filed Jan. 11, 2018; U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 62/616,404 filed Jan. 11, 2018;
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/616,414 filed Jan. 11,
2018; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/616,423 filed Jan.
11, 2018; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/634,798
filed Feb. 23, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated by
reference herein in their entirety as if fully set forth
herein.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] This disclosure is in the field of solid-state lighting. In
particular, the disclosure relates to devices for use in providing
tunable white light with high color rendering performance.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A wide variety of light emitting devices are known in the
art including, for example, incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent
lights, and semiconductor light emitting devices such as light
emitting diodes ("LED").
[0004] There are a variety of resources utilized to describe the
light produced from a light emitting device, one commonly used
resource is 1931 CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage)
Chromaticity Diagram. The 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram maps out
the human color perception in terms of two CIE parameters x and y.
The spectral colors are distributed around the edge of the outlined
space, which includes all of the hues perceived by the human eye.
The boundary line represents maximum saturation for the spectral
colors, and the interior portion represents less saturated colors
including white light. The diagram also depicts the Planckian
locus, also referred to as the black body locus (BBL), with
correlated color temperatures, which represents the chrotnaticity
coordinates (i.e., color points) that correspond to radiation from
a black-body at different temperatures. Illuminants that produce
light on or near the BBL can thus be described in terms of their
correlated color temperatures (CCT). These illuminants yield
pleasing "white light" to human observers, with general
illumination typically utilizing CCT values between 1,800K and
10,000K.
[0005] Color rendering index (CRI) is described as an indication of
the vibrancy of the color of light being produced by a light
source. In practical terms, the CRI is a relative measure of the
shift in surface color of an object when lit by a particular lamp
as compared to a reference light source, typically either a
black-body radiator or the daylight spectrum. The higher the CRI
value for a particular light source, the better that the light
source renders the colors of various objects it is used to
illuminate.
[0006] Color rendering performance may be characterized via
standard metrics known in the art. Fidelity Index (Rf) and the
Gamut Index (Rg) can be calculated based on the color rendition of
a light source for 99 color evaluation samples ("CES"). The 99 CES
provide uniform color space coverage, are intended to be spectral
sensitivity neutral, and provide color samples that correspond to a
variety of real objects. Rf values range from 0 to 100 and indicate
the fidelity with which a light source renders colors as compared
with a reference illuminant. In practical terms, the Rf is a
relative measure of the shift in surface color of an object when
lit by a particular lamp as compared to a reference light source,
typically either a black-body radiator or the daylight spectrum.
The higher the Rf value for a particular light source, the better
that the light source renders the colors of various objects it is
used to illuminate. The Gamut Index Rg evaluates how well a light
source saturates or desaturates the 99 CES compared to the
reference source.
[0007] LEDs have the potential to exhibit very high power
efficiencies relative to conventional incandescent or fluorescent
lights. Most LEDs are substantially monochromatic light sources
that appear to emit light having a single color. Thus, the spectral
power distribution of the light emitted by most LEDs is tightly
centered about a "peak" wavelength, which is the single wavelength
where the spectral power distribution or "emission spectrum" of the
LED reaches its maximum as detected by a photo-detector. LEDs
typically have a full-width half-maximum wavelength range of about
10 nm to 30 nm, comparatively narrow with respect to the broad
range of visible light to the human eye, which ranges from
approximately from 380 am to 800 nm.
[0008] In order to use LEDs to generate white light, LED lamps have
been provided that include two or more LEDs that each emit a light
of a different color. The different colors combine to produce a
desired intensity and/or color of white light. For example, by
simultaneously energizing red, green and blue LEDs, the resulting
combined light may appear white, or nearly white, depending on, for
example, the relative intensities, peak wavelengths and spectral
power distributions of the source red, green and blue LEDs. The
aggregate emissions from red, green, and blue LEDs typically
provide poor color rendering for general illumination applications
due to the gaps in the spectral power distribution in regions
remote from the peak wavelengths of the LEDs.
[0009] White light may also he produced by utilizing one or more
luminescent materials such as phosphors to convert some of the
light emitted by one or more LEDs to light of one or more other
colors. The combination of the light emitted by the LEDs that is
not converted by the luminescent material(s) and the light of other
colors that are emitted by the luminescent material(s) may produce
a white or near-white light.
[0010] LED lamps have been provided that can emit white light with
different CCT values within a range. Such lamps utilize two or more
LEDs, with or without luminescent materials, with respective drive
currents that are increased or decreased to increase or decrease
the amount of light emitted by each LED. By controllably altering
the power to the various LEDs in the lamp, the overall light
emitted can be tuned to different CCT values. The range of CCT
values that can be provided with adequate color rendering values
and efficiency is limited by the selection of LEDs.
[0011] The spectral profiles of light emitted by white artificial
lighting can impact circadian physiology, alertness, and cognitive
performance levels. Bright artificial light can be used in a number
of therapeutic applications, such as in the treatment of seasonal
affective disorder (SAD), certain sleep problems, depression, jet
lag, sleep disturbances in those with Parkinson's disease, the
health consequences associated. with shift work, and the resetting
of the human circadian clock. Artificial lighting may change
natural processes, interfere with melatonin production, or disrupt
the circadian rhythm. Blue light may have a greater tendency than
other colored light to affect living organisms through the
disruption of their biological processes which can rely upon
natural cycles of daylight and darkness. Exposure to blue light
late in the evening and at night may be detrimental to one's
health. Some blue or royal blue light within lower wavelengths can
have hazardous effects to human eyes and skin, such as causing
damage to the retina.
[0012] Significant challenges remain in providing LED lamps that
can provide white light across a range of CCT values while
simultaneously achieving high efficiencies, high luminous flux,
good color rendering, and acceptable color stability. It is also a
challenge to provide lighting apparatuses that can provide
desirable lighting performance while allowing for the control of
circadian energy performance.
DISCLOSURE
[0013] The present disclosure provides aspects of semiconductor
light emitting devices comprising first, second, and third LED
strings, with each LED string comprising one or more LEDs having an
associated luminophoric medium. The first, second, and third LED
strings together with their associated luminophoric mediums can
comprise red, blue, and cyan channels respectively, producing
first, second, and third unsaturated color points within red, blue,
and cyan regions on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity diagram,
respectively. A control circuit can be configured to adjust a
fourth color point of a fourth unsaturated light that results from
a combination of the first, second, and third unsaturated light,
with the fourth color point falls within a 7-step MacAdam ellipse
around any point on the black body locus having a correlated color
temperature between 1800K and 10000K. The devices can be configured
to generate the fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a
plurality of points along a predefined path with the light
generated at each point having light with Rf greater than or equal
to about 80, Rg greater than or equal to about 90 and less than or
equal to about 110, or both. The devices can be configured to
generate the fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality
of points along a predefined path with the light generated at each
point having light with Ra greater than or equal to about 85. R9
greater than or equal to 85 along points with correlated color
temperature between about 2700K and about 10000K, or both. The
devices can be configured to generate the fourth unsaturated fight
corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined path with
the light generated at each point having one or more of EML greater
than or equal to about 0.5 along points with correlated color
temperature above about 2100K, EML greater than or equal to about
0.6 along points with correlated color temperature above about
2400K, EML greater than or equal to about 0.75 along points with
correlated color temperature above about 3000K EML greater than or
equal to about 1.0 along points with correlated color temperature
above about 1500K, and EML, greater than or equal to about 1.2
along points with correlated color temperature above about 6000K.
The devices can be configured to generate the fourth unsaturated
light corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined
path with the light generated at each point having light with R13
greater than or equal to about 85, R15 greater than or equal to
about 85, or both. The blue color region can comprise a region on
the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a line connecting the
ccx, ccy color coordinates of the infinity point of the Planckian
locus (0.242, 0.24) and (0.1, 0,068), the Planckian locus from
4000K and infinite CCT, the constant CCT line of 4000K, the line of
purples, and the spectral locus. The red color region can comprise
a region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by the
spectral locus between the constant CCT line of 1600K and the line
of purples, the line of purples, a line connecting the ccx, ccy
color coordinates (0.61, 0.21) and. (0.47, 0.28), and the constant
CCT line of 1600K. The cyan color region can comprise a region on
the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a line connecting the
Planckian locus, the constant CCT line of 3200K, the spectral
locus, and the constant CCT line of 20000K. The spectral power
distributions for the red, blue, and in channels can fall within
the minimum and maximum ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2.
[0014] The present disclosure provides aspects of methods for
generating white light, the methods method comprising providing
first, second, and third LED strings, with each LED string
comprising one or more LEDs having an associated luminophoric
medium, wherein the first, second, and third LED strings together
with their associated luminophoric mediums comprise red, blue, and
cyan channels respectively, producing first, second, and third
unsaturated light with color points within red, blue, and cyan
regions on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity diagram, respectively, the
methods further comprising providing a control circuit configured
to adjust a fourth color point of a fourth unsaturated light that
results from a combination of the first, second, and third
unsaturated light, with the fourth color point falls within a
7-step MacAdam ellipse around any point on the black body locus
having a correlated color temperature between 1800K and 10000K,
generating two or more of the first, second, and third unsaturated
light, and, combining the two or more generated unsaturated lights
to create the fourth unsaturated light. The combining can generate
the fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality of points
along a predefined path with the light generated at each point
having light with Rf greater than or equal to about 80, Rg greater
than or equal to about 90 and less than or equal to about 110, or
both. The combining can generate the fourth unsaturated light
corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined path with
the light generated at each point having light with Ra greater than
or equal to about 85, R9 greater than or equal to 85 along points
with correlated color temperature between about 2700K and about
10000K, or both. The combining can generate the fourth unsaturated
light corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined
path with the tight generated at each point having one or more of
EML greater than or equal to about 0.5 along points with correlated
color temperature above about 2100K, EML greater than or equal to
about 0.6 along points with correlated color temperature above
about 2400K, EMI, greater than or equal to about 0.75 along points
with correlated color temperature above about 3000K EML greater
than or equal to about 1.0 along points with correlated color
temperature above about 4500K, and EML greater than or equal to
about 1.2 along points with correlated color temperature above
about 6000K. The combining can generate the fourth unsaturated
light corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined
path with the light generated at each point having light with R13
greater than or equal to about 85, R15 greater than or equal to
about 85, or both. The blue color region can be a region on the
1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a line connecting the ccx,
ccy color coordinates of the infinity point of the Planckian locus
(0.242, 0.24) and (0.12, 0.068), the Planckian locus from 4000K and
infinite CCT, the constant CCT line of 4000K, the line of purples,
and the spectral locus. The red color region can be a region on the
1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by the spectral locus between
the constant CCT line of 1600K and the line of purples, the line of
purples, a line connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates (0.61,
0.21) and (0.47, 0.28), and the constant CCT line of 1600K. The
cyan color region can be a region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity
Diagram defined by a line connecting the Planckian locus, the
constant CCT line of 3200K, the spectral locus, and the constant
CCT line of 20000K. The spectral power distributions for the red,
blue, and cyan channels can fall within the minimum and maximum
ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2.
[0015] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of
generating white light using the semiconductor devices described
herein. In some implementations, the methods can include driving
the first, second, and third LED strings with independently
controllable amounts such that the relative intensities of the
blue, red, and cyan channels can be changed to tune the white light
output.
[0016] The general disclosure and the following further disclosure
are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the
disclosure, as defined in the appended claims. Other aspects of the
present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art in
view of the details as provided herein. In the figures, like
reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the
different views. All callouts and annotations arc hereby
incorporated by this reference as if filly set forth herein.
DRAWINGS
[0017] The summary, as well as the following detailed description,
is further understood when read in conjunction with the appended
drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the disclosure, there are
shown in the drawings exemplary implementations of the disclosure;
however, the disclosure is not limited to the specific methods,
compositions, and devices disclosed. In addition, the drawings are
not necessarily drawn to scale, In the drawings:
[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates aspects of light emitting devices
according to the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates aspects of light emitting devices
according to the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 3 depicts a graph of a 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram
illustrating the location of the Planckian locus;
[0021] FIGS. 4A-4D illustrate sonic aspects of light emitting
devices according to the present disclosure, including some
suitable color ranges for light generated by components of the
devices;
[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates some aspects of light emitting devices
according to the present disclosure, including some suitable color
ranges for light generated by components of the devices;
[0023] FIGS. 6 illustrates some aspects of light emitting devices
according to the present disclosure, including some suitable color
ranges for light generated by components of the devices;
[0024] FIGS. 7A-7B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0025] FIGS. 8A-8B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0026] FIGS. 9A-9B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0027] FIGS. 10A-IBB show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0028] FIGS. 11A-11B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0029] FIGS. 12A-12B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0030] FIGS. 13A-13B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0031] FIGS. 14A-14B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of an implementation of the
present disclosure;
[0032] FIGS. 15A-15B show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics arid metrics of an implementation of
the present disclosure; and
[0033] FIGS. 16A-16D show tables of data of light rendering
performance characteristics and metrics of implementations of the
present disclosure in comparison with commercially available
lighting products.
[0034] All descriptions and callouts in the Figures are hereby
incorporated by this reference as if fully set forth herein.
FURTHER DISCLOSURE
[0035] The present disclosure may be understood more readily by
reference to the following detailed description taken in connection
with the accompanying figures and examples, which form a part of
this disclosure. It is to he understood that this disclosure is not
limited to the specific devices, methods, applications, conditions
or parameters described and/or shown herein, and that the
terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular
exemplars by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting
of the claimed disclosure. Also, as used in the specification
including the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and
"the" include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical
value includes at least that particular value, unless the context
clearly dictates otherwise. The term "plurality", as used herein,
means more than one. When a range of values is expressed, another
exemplar includes from the one particular value and/or to the other
particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as
approximations, by use of the antecedent "about," it will be
understood that the particular value forms another exemplar. All
ranges are inclusive and combinable.
[0036] It is to be appreciated that certain features of the
disclosure which are, for clarity, described herein in the context
of separate exemplar, may also be provided in combination in a
single exemplary implementation. Conversely, various features of
the disclosure that are, for brevity, described in the context of a
single exemplary implementation, may also be provided separately or
in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in
ranges include each and every value within that range.
[0037] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides semiconductor
light emitting devices 100 that can have a plurality of light
emitting diode (LED) strings. Each LED string can have one, or more
than one, LED. As depicted schematically in FIG. 1, the device 100
may comprise one or more LED strings (101A/101B/101C) that emit
light (schematically shown with arrows). In some instances, the LED
strings can have recipient luminophoric mediums (102A/102B/102C)
associated therewith. The light emitted from the LED strings,
combined with light emitted from the recipient luminophoric
mediums, can be passed through one or more optical elements 103.
Optical elements 103 may be one or more diffusers, lenses, light
guides, reflective elements, or combinations thereof. In some
implementations one or more of the LED strings 101A/101B/101C may
he provided without an associated luminophoric medium.
[0038] A recipient luminophoric medium 102A, 102B, or 102C includes
one or more luminescent materials and. is positioned to receive
light that is emitted by an LED or other semiconductor light
emitting device, In some implementations, recipient luminophoric
mediums include layers having luminescent materials that are coated
or sprayed directly onto a semiconductor light emitting device or
on surfaces of the packaging thereof and clear encapsulants that
include luminescent materials that are arranged to partially or
fully cover a semiconductor light emitting device. A recipient
luminophoric medium may include one medium layer or the like in
which one or more luminescent materials are mixed, multiple stacked
layers or mediums, each of winch may include one or more of the
same or different luminescent materials, and/or multiple spaced
apart layers or mediums, each of which may include the same or
different luminescent materials. Suitable encapsulants are known by
those skilled in the art and have suitable optical, mechanical,
chemical, and thermal characteristics. in some implementations,
encapsulants can include dimethyl silicone, phenyl silicone,
epoxies, acrylics, and polycarbonates. In some implementations, a
recipient luminophoric medium can be spatially separated (i.e.,
remotely located) from an LED or surfaces of the packaging thereof.
In some implementations, such spatial segregation may involve
separation of a distance of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2
mm, at least about 5 mm, or at least about 10 mm. In certain
embodiments, conductive thermal communication between a spatially
segregated luminophoric medium and one or more electrically
activated emitters is not substantial. Luminescent materials can
include phosphors, scintillators, day glow tapes, nanophosphors,
inks that glow in visible spectrum upon illumination with light,
semiconductor quantum dots, or combinations thereof. In some
implementations, the luminescent materials may comprise phosphors
comprising one or more of the following materials:
BaMg.sub.2Al.sub.16O.sub.27:Eu.sup.2+,
BaMg.sub.2Al.sub.16O.sub.27:Eu.sup.2+, Mn.sup.2+, CaSiO.sub.3:Pb,
Mn, CaW).sub.4:Pb, MgWO.sub.4,
Sr.sub.5Cl(PO.sub.4).sub.3:Eu.sup.2+,
Sr.sub.2P.sub.2O.sub.7:Sn.sup.2+, Sr.sub.6P.sub.5BO.sub.20:Eu,
Ca.sub.5F(PO.sub.4).sub.3:Sb, (Ba, i).sub.2P.sub.2O.sub.7:Ti,
Sr.sub.5F(PO.sub.4).sub.3:Sb, Mn, (La, Ce, Tb)PO.sub.4:Ce, Tb, (Ca,
Zn, Mg).sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2:Sn, (Sr,
Mg).sub.3(PO.sub.4).sub.2:Sn, Y.sub.2O.sub.3:Eu.sup.3+,
Mg.sub.4(F)GeO.sub.6:Mn, LaMgAl.sub.11O.sub.19:Ce, LaPO.sub.4:Ce,
SrAl.sub.12O.sub.19:Ce, BaSi.sub.2O.sub.5:Pb, SrB.sub.4O.sub.7:Eu,
Sr.sub.2MgSi.sub.2O.sub.7:Pb, Gd.sub.2O.sub.2S:Tb,
Gd.sub.2O.sub.2S:Eu, Gd.sub.2O.sub.2S:Pr, Gd.sub.2O.sub.2S:Pr, Ce,
F, Y.sub.2O.sub.2S:Tb, Y.sub.2O.sub.2S:Eu, Y.sub.2O.sub.2S:Pr,
Zn(0.5)Cd(0.4)S:Ag, Zn(0.4)Cd(0.6)S:Ag, Y.sub.2SiO.sub.5:Ce,
YAlO.sub.3:Ce, Y.sub.3(Al,Ga).sub.5O.sub.12:Ce, CdS:In, ZnO:Ga,
ZnO:Zn, (Zn,Cd)S:Cu, Al, ZnCdS:Ag, Cu, ZnS:Ag, ZnS:Cu, NaI:Tl,
CsI:Tl, .sup.6LiF/ZnS:Ag, .sup.6LiF/ZnS:Cu, Al, Au, ZnS:Cu, Al,
ZnS:Cu, Au, Al, CaAlSiN.sub.3:Eu, (Sr, Ca)AlSiN.sub.3:Eu, (Ba, Ca,
Sr, Ma).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu, Lu.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce,
Eu.sup.3+(Gd.sub.0.9Y.sub.0.1).sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Bi.sup.3+,Tb.sup.3+,
Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce, (La,Y).sub.3Si.sub.6N.sub.11:Ce,
Ca.sub.2AlSi.sub.3O.sub.2N.sub.5:Ce.sup.3+,
Ca.sub.2AlSi.sub.3O.sub.2N.sub.5:Eu.sup.2+,
BaMgAl.sub.10O.sub.17:Eu, Sr.sub.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3Cl: (Ba, Ca, Sr,
Mg).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu, Si.sub.6-zAl.sub.zN.sub.8-zO.sub.z:Eu
(wherein 0<z.ltoreq.4.2); M.sub.3Si.sub.6O.sub.12N.sub.2:Eu
(wherein M=alkaline earth metal element), (Mg, Ca, Sr,
Ba)Si.sub.2O.sub.2N.sub.2:Eu, Sr.sub.4Al.sub.14O.sub.25:Eu, (Ba,
Sr, Ca)Al.sub.2O.sub.4:Eu, (Sr, Ba)Al.sub.2Si.sub.2O.sub.8:Eu, (Ba,
Mg).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu, (Ba, Sr, Ca).sub.2(Mg,
Zn)Si.sub.2O.sub.7:Eu, (Ba, Ca, Sr, Mg).sub.9(Sc, Y, Lu,
Gd).sub.2(Si,Ge).sub.6O.sub.24:Eu, Y.sub.2SiO.sub.5:CeTb,
Sr.sub.2P.sub.2O.sub.7--Sr.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.5:Eu,
Sr.sub.2Si.sub.3O.sub.8-2SrCl.sub.2:Eu, Zn.sub.2SiO.sub.4:Mn,
CeMgAl.sub.11O.sub.19:Tb, Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Tb,
Ca.sub.2Y.sub.8(SiO.sub.4).sub.6O.sub.2:Tb,
La.sub.3Ga.sub.5SiO.sub.14:Tb, (Sr, Ba, Ca)Ga.sub.2S.sub.4:Eu, Tb,
Sm, Y.sub.3(Al,Ga).sub.5O.sub.12:Ce, (Y, Ga, Tb, La, Sm, Pr,
Lu).sub.3(Al,Ga).sub.5O.sub.12:Ce,
Ca.sub.3Sc.sub.2Si.sub.3O.sub.12:Ce, Ca.sub.3(Sc, Mg, Na,
Li).sub.2Si.sub.3O.sub.12:Ce, CaSc.sub.2O.sub.4:Ce, Eu-activated
.beta.-Sialon, SrAl.sub.2O.sub.4:Eu, (La, Gd, Y).sub.2O.sub.2S:Tb,
CeLaPO.sub.4:Tb, ZnS:Cu, Al, ZnS:Cu, Au, Al, (Y, Ga, Lu, Sc,
La)BO.sub.3:Ce, Tb, Na.sub.2Gd.sub.2B.sub.2O.sub.7:Ce, Tb, (Ba,
Sr).sub.2(Ca, Ma, Zn)B.sub.2O.sub.06:K, Ce, Tb, CasMg
(SiO.sub.4).sub.4Cl.sub.2:Eu, Mn, (Sr, Ca, Ba)(Al, Ga,
In).sub.2S.sub.4:Eu, (Ca, Sir).sub.8(Mg,
Zn)(SiO.sub.4).sub.4Cl.sub.2:Eu, Mn,
M.sub.3Si.sub.6O.sub.9N.sub.4:Eu, Sr.sub.5Al.sub.5,
Si.sub.21O.sub.2N.sub.35:Eu,
Sr.sub.3Si.sub.13Al.sub.2N.sub.21O.sub.2:Eu, (Mg, Ca, Sr,
Ba).sub.2Si.sub.5N.sub.8:Eu, (La, Y).sub.2O.sub.2S:Eu, (Y, La, Gd,
Lu).sub.2O.sub.2S:Eu, Y(V, P)O.sub.4:Eu, (Ba,
Mg).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu, Mn, (Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu, Mn,
LiW.sub.2O.sub.8:Eu, LiW.sub.2O.sub.8:Eu, Sm,
Eu.sub.2W.sub.2O.sub.9, Eu.sub.2W.sub.2O.sub.9:Nb and
Eu.sub.2W.sub.2O.sub.9:Sm, (Ca, Sr)S:Eu, YAlO.sub.3:Eu,
Ca.sub.2Y.sub.8(SiO.sub.4).sub.6O.sub.2:Eu,
LiY.sub.9(SiO.sub.4).sub.6O.sub.2:Eu,
(Y,Gd).sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce, (Tb, Gd).sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce,
(Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba).sub.2Si.sub.5(N, O).sub.8:Eu, (Mg, Ca, Sr,
Ba)Si(N, O).sub.2:Eu, (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)AlSi(N, O).sub.3:Eu, (Sr, Ca,
Ba, Mg).sub.10(PO.sub.4).sub.6O.sub.2:Eu, Mn, Eu,
Ba.sub.3MgSi.sub.2O.sub.8:Eu, Mn (Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg).sub.2(Zn,
Mg)Si.sub.2O.sub.8:Eu, Mn, (k-x)MgO.xAF.sub.2.GeO.sub.2:yMn.sup.4+
(wherein k=2.8 to 5, x=0.1 to 0.7, v=0.005 to 0.015, A=Ca, Sr, Ba,
Zn or a mixture thereof), Eu-activated .alpha.-Sialon, (Gd, Y, Lu,
La).sub.2O.sub.3:Eu, Bi, (Gd, Y, Lu, La).sub.2O.sub.2S:Eu, Bi, (Gd,
Y, Lu, La)VO.sub.4:Eu, Bi, SrY.sub.2S.sub.4:Eu, Ce,
CaLa.sub.2S.sub.4:Ce, Eu, (Ba,Sr,Ca)MgP.sub.2O.sub.7:Eu, Mn, (Sr,
Ca, Ba, Mg, Zn).sub.2P.sub.2O.sub.7:Eu, Mn, (Y,
Lu).sub.2WO.sub.6:Eu, Ma, (Ba,Sr,Ca).sub.xSi.sub.yN.sub.z:Eu, Ce
(wherein x, y and z are integers equal to or greater than 1), (Ca,
Sr, Ba, Mg).sub.10(PO.sub.4).sub.6(F, Cl, Br, OH):Eu, Mn, ((Y, Lu,
Gd, Tb).sub.1-x-ySc.sub.xCe.sub.y).sub.2(Ca, Mg)(Mg,
Zn).sub.2+rSi.sub.z-qGe.sub.qO.sub.12+.delta., SrAlSi.sub.4N.sub.7,
Sr.sub.2Al.sub.2Si.sub.9O.sub.2N.sub.14:Eu,
M.sup.1.sub.aM.sup.2.sub.bM.sup.3.sub.cO.sub.d (wherein
M.sup.1=activator element including at least Ce, M.sup.2=bivalent
metal element, M.sup.3=trivalent metal element,
0.0001.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0.2, 0.8.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.1.2,
1.6.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.2.4 and 3.2.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.4.8),
A.sub.2+xM.sub.yMn.sub.zF.sub.n (wherein A=Na and/or K; M=Si and
Al, and -1.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1, 0.9.ltoreq.y+z.ltoreq.1.1,
0.001.ltoreq.z.ltoreq.0.4 and KSF/KSNAF, or (La.sub.q-x-y,
Eu.sub.x, Ln.sub.y).sub.2O.sub.2S (wherein
0.02.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.0.50 and 0.ltoreq.y.ltoreq.50.50, Ln=Y.sup.3+,
Gd.sup.3+, Sc.sup.3+, Sm.sup.3+ or Er.sup.3+). In some preferred
implementations, the luminescent materials may comprise phosphors
comprising one or more of the following materials: CaAlSiN.sub.3:Eu
(Sr,Ca)AlSiN.sub.3:Eu BaMgAl.sub.10O.sub.17:Eu, (Ba, Ca, Sr,
Mg).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu, .beta.-SiAlON, Lu.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce,
Eu.sup.3+ (Cd.sub.0.9Y.sub.0.1).sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Bi.sup.3+,
Tb.sup.3+, Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce, La.sub.3Si.sub.6N.sub.11:Ce,
(La, Y).sub.3Si.sub.6N.sub.11:Ce,
Ca.sub.2AlSi.sub.3O.sub.2N.sub.5Ce.sup.3+,
Ca.sub.2AlSi.sub.3O.sub.2N.sub.5:Ce.sup.3+, Eu.sup.2+,
Ca.sub.2AlSi.sub.3O.sub.2N.sub.5:En.sup.2+,
BaMgAl.sub.10O.sub.17:Eu.sup.2+,
Sr.sub.4.5Eu.sub.0.5(PO.sub.4).sub.3Cl, or
M.sup.1.sub.aM.sup.2.sub.bM.sup.3.sub.cO.sub.d (wherein
M.sup.1=activator element comprising Ce, M.sup.2=bivalent metal
element, M.sup.3=trivalent metal element,
0.0001.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.0,2, 0.8.ltoreq.b.ltoreq.1.2,
1.6.ltoreq.c.ltoreq.2.4 and 3.2.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.4.8). In further
preferred implementations, the luminescent materials may comprise
phosphors comprising one or more of the following materials:
CaAlSiN.sub.3:Eu, BaMgAl.sub.10O.sub.17:Eu,
Lu.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce, or Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12:Ce.
[0039] Some implementations of the present invention relate to use
of solid state emitter packages. A solid state emitter package
typically includes at least one solid state emitter chip that is
enclosed with packaging elements to provide environmental and/or
mechanical protection, color selection, and light focusing, as well
as electrical leads, contacts or traces enabling electrical
connection to an external circuit. Eneapsulant material, optionally
including luminophoric material, may be disposed over solid state
emitters in a solid state emitter package. Multiple solid state
emitters may be provided in a single package. A package including
multiple solid state emitters may include at least one of the
following: a single leadframe arranged to conduct power to the
solid state emitters, a single reflector arranged to reflect at
least a portion of light emanating from each solid state emitter, a
single submourn supporting each solid state emitter, and a single
lens arranged to transmit at least a portion of light emanating
from each solid state emitter. Individual LEDs or groups of LEDs in
a solid state package (e.g., wired in series) may be separately
controlled. As depicted schematically in FIG. 2, multiple solid
state packages 200 may be arranged in a single semiconductor light
emitting device 100. Individual solid state emitter packages or
groups of solid state emitter packages (e.g., wired m series) may
be separately controlled. Separate control of individual emitters,
groups of emitters, individual packages, or groups of packages, may
be provided by independently applying drive currents to the
relevant components with control elements known to those skilled in
the art. In one embodiment, at least one control circuit 201 a may
include a current supply circuit configured to independently apply
an on-state drive current to each individual solid state emitter,
group of solid state emitters. individual solid state emitter
package, or group of solid state emitter packages. Such control may
be responsive to a control signal (optionally including at least
one sensor 202 arranged to sense electrical, optical, and/or
thermal properties and/or environmental conditions), and a control
system 203 may be configured to selectively provide one or more
control signals to the at least one current supply circuit. In
various embodiments, current to different circuits or circuit
portions may be pre-set, user-defined, or responsive to one or more
inputs or other control parameters. In some embodiments, the
devices of the disclosure can be provided with circuits configured
to generate a single combination of relative intensities across
different solid state emitter packages or color channels, to
provide a fixed-CCT light module. The design and fabrication of
semiconductor light emitting devices are well known to those
skilled in the art, and hence further description thereof will be
omitted.
[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates a 1931 International Commission on
Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram. The 1931 CIE, Chromaticity
diagram is a two-dimensional chromaticity space in which every
visible color is represented by a point having x- and
y-coordinates. Fully saturated (monochromatic) colors appear on the
outer edge of the diagram, while less saturated colors (which
represent a combination of wavelengths) appear on the interior of
the diagram. The term "saturated", as used herein, means having a
purity of at least 85%, the term "purity" having a well-known
meaning to persons skilled in the art, and procedures for
calculating purity being well-known to those of skill in the art.
The Planckian locus, or black body locus (BBL), represented by line
150 on the diagram, follows the color an incandescent black body
would take in the chromaticity space as the temperature of the
black body changes from about 1000K to 10,000 K. The black body
locus goes from deep red at low temperatures (about 1000 K) through
orange, yellowish white, white, and finally bluish white at very
high temperatures. The temperature of a black body radiator
corresponding to a particular color in a chromaticity space is
referred to as the "correlated color temperature." In general,
light corresponding to a correlated color temperature (CCT) of
about 2700 K to about 6500 K is considered to be "white" light. In
particular, as used herein, "white light" generally refers to light
having a chromaticity point that is within a 10-step MacAdam
ellipse of a point on the black body locus having a CCT between
2700K and 6500K. However, it will be understood that tighter or
looser definitions of white light can be used if desired. For
example, white light can refer to light having a chromaticity point
that is within a seven step MacAdam ellipse of a point on the black
body locus having a CCT between 2700K and 6500K. The distance from
the black body locus can be measured in the CIE 1960 chromaticity
diagram, and is indicated by the symbol .DELTA.uv, or DUV. If the
chromaticity point is above the Planckian locus the DUV is denoted
by a positive number; if the chromaticity point is below the locus,
DUV is indicated with a negative number. If the DUV is sufficiently
positive, the light source may appear greenish or yellowish at the
same CCT. If the DUV is sufficiently negative, the light source can
appear to be purple or pinkish at the same CCT. Observers may
prefer light above or below the Planckian locus for particular CCT
values. DUV calculation methods are well known by those of ordinary
skill in the art and are more fully described in ANSI C78.377,
American National Standard for Electric Lamps--Specifications for
the Chromaticity of Solid State Lighting (SSL) Products, which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.
A point representing the CIE Standard Illuminant D65 is also shown
on the diagram. The D65 illuminant is intended to represent average
daylight and has a CCT of approximately 6500K and the spectral
power distribution is described more fully in Joint ISO/CIE
Standard, ISO 10526: 1999/CIE S005/E-1998, CIE Standard Illuminants
for Colorimetry, which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety for all purposes.
[0041] The light emitted by a light source may be represented by a
point on a chromaticity diagram, such as the 1931 CIE chromaticity
diagram, haying color coordinates denoted (ccx, ccy) on the X-Y
axes of the diagram. A region on a chromaticity diagram may
represent light sources having similar chromaticity
coordinates.
[0042] The ability of a light source to accurately reproduce color
in illuminated objects can be characterized using the color
rendering index ("CRI"), also referred to as the CIE Ra value. The
Ra value of a light source is a modified average of the relative
measurements of how the color rendition of an illumination system
compares to that of a reference black-body radiator or daylight
spectrum when illuminating eight reference colors R1-R8. Thus, the
Ra value is a relative measure of the shift in surface color of an
object when lit by a particular lamp. The Ra value equals 100 if
color coordinates of a set of test colors being illuminated by the
illumination system are the same as the coordinates of the same
test colors being irradiated by a reference light source of
equivalent CCT. For CCTs less than 5000K, the reference illuminants
used in the CRI calculation procedure are the SPDs of blackbody
radiators; for CCTs above 5000K, imaginary SPDs calculated from a
mathematical model of daylight are used. These reference sources
were selected to approximate incandescent lamps arid daylight,
respectively. Daylight generally has an Ra value of nearly 100,
incandescent bulbs have an Ra value of about 95, fluorescent
lighting typically has an Ra value of about 70 to 85, while
monochromatic light sources have an Ra. value of essentially zero.
Light sources for general illumination applications with an Ra
value of less than 50 are generally considered very poor and are
typically only used in applications where economic issues preclude
other alternatives. The calculation of CIE ,Ra values is described
more fully in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage. 1995.
Technical Report: Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour
Rendering Properties of Light Sources, CIE No. 13.3-1995. Vienna,
Austria: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.
In addition to the Ra value, a light source can also be evaluated
based on a measure of its ability to render seven additional colors
R9-R15, which include realistic colors like red, yellow, green,
blue caucasian skin color (R13), tree leaf green, and asian skin
color (R15), respectively. The ability to render the saturated red
reference color R9 can he expressed with the R9 color rendering
value ("R9 value"). Light sources can further be evaluated by
calculating the gamut area index ("GAI"). Connecting the rendered
color points from the determination of the CIE Ra value in two
dimensional space will form a gamut area. Gamut area index is
calculated by dividing the gamut area formed by the light source
with the gamut area formed by a reference source using the same set
of colors that are used for CRI. GAI uses an Equal Energy Spectrum
as the reference source rather than a black body radiator. A gamut
area index related to a black body radiator ("GAIBB") can be
calculated by using the gamut area formed by the blackbody radiator
at the equivalent CCT to the light source.
[0043] The ability of a light source to accurately reproduce color
in illuminated objects can be characterized using the metrics
described in IES Method for Evaluating Light Source Color
Rendition, Illuminating Engineering Society, Product ID: TM-30-15
(referred to herein as the "TM-30-15 standard"), which is
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.
The TM-30-15 standard describes metrics including the Fidelity
Index (Rf) and the Gamut Index (Rg) that can be calculated based on
the color rendition of a light source for 99 color evaluation
samples ("CES"). The 99 CES provide uniform color space coverage,
are intended to be spectral sensitivity neutral, and provide color
samples that correspond to a variety of real objects. Rf values
range from 0 to 100 and indicate the fidelity with which a light
source renders colors as compared with a reference illuminant. Rg
values provide a measure of the color gamut that the light source
provides relative to a reference illuminant. The range of Re,
depends upon the Rf value of the light source being tested. The
reference illuminant is selected depending on the CCT, For CCT
values less than or equal to 4500K, Planckian radiation is used.
For CCT values greater than or equal to 5500K, CIE Daylight
illuminant is used. Between 4500K and 5500K a proportional mix of
Planckian radiation and the CIE Daylight illuminant is used,
according to the following equation:
S r , M ( .lamda. , T t ) = 5500 - T t 1000 S r , P ( .lamda. , T t
) + ( 1 - 5500 - T t 1000 ) S r , D ( .lamda. , T t ) ,
##EQU00001##
where T.sub.t is the CCT value, S.sub.T,M(.lamda.,T.sub.t) is the
proportional mix reference illuminant, S.sub.r,P(.lamda.,T.sub.t)
is Planckian radiation, and S.sub.r,D(.lamda., T.sub.t) is the CIE
Daylight illuminant.
[0044] Circadian illuminance (CLA) is a measure of circadian
effective light, spectral irradiance distribution of the light
incident at the cornea weighted to reflect the spectral sensitivity
of the human circadian system as measured by acute melatonin
suppression after a one-hour exposure, and CS, which is the
effectiveness of the spectrally weighted irradiance at the cornea
from threshold (CS=0.1) to saturation (CS=0,7). The values of CLA
are scaled such that an incandescent source at 2856K (known as CIE
Illuminant A) which produces 1000 lux (visual lux) will produce
1000 units of circadian lux (CLA). CS values are transformed CLA
values and correspond to relative melotonian suppression after one
hour of light exposure for a 2.3 mm diameter pupil during the
mid-point of melotonian production. CS is calculated from
CS = 0.7 ( 1 - 1 1 + ( CLA 355.7 ) ^ 1.126 ) . ##EQU00002##
The calculation of CLA is more fully described in Rea et al.,
"Modelling the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian system,"
Lighting Research and Technology, 2011; 0: 1-12, and Figueiro et
al., "Designing with Circadian Stimulus", October 2016, LD+A
Magazine, Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, which
are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all
purposes. Figueiro et al. describe that exposure to a CS of 0.3 or
greater at the eye, for at least one hour in the early part of the
day, is effective for stimulating the circadian system and is
associated with better sleep and improved behavior and mood.
[0045] Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) provides a measure of
photoreceptive input to circadian and neurophysiological light
responses in humans, as described in Lucas et al., "Measuring and
using light in the melanopsin age." Trends in Neurosciences,
January 2014, Vol. 37, No. 1, pages 1-9, which is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety, including all appendices, for all
purposes. Melanopic lux is weighted to a photopigment with
.lamda.max 480 nm with pre-receptoral filtering based on a 32 year
old standard observer, as described more fully in the Appendix A,
Supplementary Data to Lucas et al. (2014), User Guide: Irradiance
Toolbox (Oxford 18.sup.th Oct. 2013), University of Manchester,
Lucas Group, which is incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety for all purposes.
[0046] Blue Light Hazard (BUT) provides a measure of potential for
a photochemical induced retinal injury that results from radiation
exposure. Blue Light Hazard is described in TEC/EN 62471,
Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Systems and Technical
Report IEC/TR 62778: Application of TEC 62471 for the assessment of
blue light hazard to light sources and luminaires, which are
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all
purposes. A ELH factor can be expressed in (weighted power/lux) in
units of
[0047] In some aspects the present disclosure relates to lighting
devices and methods to provide light having particular vision
energy and circadian energy performance. Many figures of merit arc
known in the art some of which are described in Ji Hyc Oh, Su Ji
Yang and Young Rag Do, "Healthy, natural, efficient and tunable
lighting: four-package white LEDs for optimizing the circadian
effect, color quality and vision performance," Light: Science &
Applications (2014) 3: e141-e149, which is incorporated herein in
its entirety, including supplementary information, for all
purposes. Luminous efficacy of radiation ("LER") can be calculated
from the ratio of the luminous flux to the radiant flux
(S(.lamda.)), i.e. the spectral power distribution of the light
source, being evaluated, with the following equation:
LER ( lm W ) = 683 ( lm W ) .intg. V ( .lamda. ) S ( .lamda. ) d
.lamda. .intg. S ( .lamda. ) d .lamda. . ##EQU00003##
Circadian efficacy of radiation ("CER") can be calculated from the
ratio of circadian luminous flux to the radiant flux, with the
following equation:
CER ( b lm W ) = 683 ( blm W ) .intg. ( C.lamda. ) S ( .lamda. ) d
.lamda. .intg. S ( .lamda. ) d .lamda. . ##EQU00004##
Circadian action factor ("CAF") can be defined by the ratio of CER
to LER, with the following equation:
( b lm W ) = CER ( blm W ) LER ( lm W ) . ##EQU00005##
The term "blm" refers to biolumens, units for measuring circadian
flux, also known as circadian lumens. The term "lm" refers to
visual lumens. V(.lamda.) is the, photopic spectral luminous
efficiency CIE and C(.lamda.) is the circadian spectral sensitivity
function. The calculations herein use the circadian spectral
sensitivity function, C(.lamda.), from Gall et al., Proceedings of
the CIE Symposium 2004 on Light and Healt: Non-Visual Effects, 30
Sep.-2 Oct. 2004; Vienna, Austria 2004. CIE: Wien, 2004, pp
129-132, which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all
purposes. By integrating the amount of light (milliwatts) within
the circadian spectral sensitivity function and dividing such value
by the number of photopic lumens, a relative measure of melatonin
suppression effects of a particular light source can be obtained. A
scaled relative measure denoted as melatonin suppressing milliwatts
per hundred lumens may be obtained by dividing the photopic lumens
by 100. The term "melatonin suppressing milliwatts per hundred
lumens" consistent with the foregoing calculation method is used
throughout this application and the accompanying figures and
tables.
[0048] The ability of a light source to provide illumination that
allows for the clinical observation of cyanosis is based upon the
light source's spectral power density in the red portion of the
visible spectrum, particularly around 660 nm. The cyanosis
observation index ("COI") is defined by AS/NZS 1680.2.5 Interior
Lightinb Part 2.5: Hospital and Medical Tasks, Standards Australia,
1997 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety,
including all appendices, for all purposes. COI is applicable for
CCTs from about 3300K to about 5500K, and is preferably of a value
less than about 3.3. If a light source's output around 660 nm is
too low a patient's skin color may appear darker and may be falsely
diagnosed as cyanosed. If a light source's output at 660 nm is too
high, it may mask any cyanosis, and it may not be diagnosed when it
is present. COI is a dimensionless number and is calculated from
the spectral power distribution of the light source. The COI value
is calculated by calculating the color difference between blood
viewed under the test light source and viewed under the reference
lamp (a 4000 K Planckian source) for 50% and 100% oxygen saturation
and averaging the results. The lower the value of COI, the smaller
the shift in color appearance results under illumination by the
source under consideration.
[0049] The ability of a light source to accurately reproduce color
in illuminated objects can be characterized by the Television
Lighting Consistency Index ("TLCI-2012" or "TLCI") value Qa, as
described fully in EBU Tech 3355, Method for the Assessment of the
Colorimetric Properties of Luminaires, European Broadcasting Union
("EBU"), Geneva, Switzerland (2014), and EBU Tech 3355-s1, An
Introduction to Spectroradiometry, which are incorporated by
reference herein in their entirety, including all appendices, for
all purposes. The TLCI compares the test light source to a
reference luminaire, which is specified to be one whose
chromaticity falls on either the Planekian or Daylight locus and
having a color temperature which is that of the CCT of the test
light source. If the CCT is less than 3400 K, then a Planckian
radiator is assumed. If the CCT is greater than 5000 K, then a
Daylight radiator is assumed. If the CCT lies between 3400 K and
5000 K, then a mixed illuminant is assumed, being a linear
interpolation between Planckian at 3400 K and Daylight at 5000 K.
Therefore, it is necessary to calculate spectral power
distributions for both Planckian and Daylight radiators. The
mathematics for both operations is known in the art and is
described more fully in CIE Technical Report 15:2004, Colorimetry
3.sup.rd cd., International Commission on Illumination (2004),
which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes.
[0050] In some exemplary implementations, the present disclosure
provides semiconductor light emitting devices 100 that include a
plurality of LED strings, with each LED string having a recipient
luminophoric medium that comprises a luminescent material: The
LED(s) in each string and the luminophoric medium in each string
together emit an unsaturated light haying a color point within a
color range in the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram. A "color range"
in the 1931 CIE chromaticity diagram refers to a bounded area
defining a group of color coordinates (ccx, ccy).
[0051] In some implementations, four LED strings (101A/101B/101C)
are present in a device 100. One or more of the LED strings can
have recipient luminophoric mediums (102A/102B/102C). A first LED
string 101A and a first luminophoric medium 102A together can emit
a first light having a first color point within a blue color range.
The combination of the first LED string 101A and the first
luminophoric medium 102A are also referred to herein as a "blue
channel." A second LED string 1.01B and a second luminophoric
medium 102B together can emit a. second light having a second color
point within a red color range. The combination of the second LED
string 101A and the second luminophoric medium 102A are also
referred to herein as a "red channel." A third LED string 101C and
a third luminophoric medium 102C together can emit a third light
having a third color point within a cyan color range. The
combination of the third LED string 101C and the third luminophoric
medium 102C are also referred to herein as a "cyan channel."
[0052] The first, second, and third LED strings 101A/101B/101C can
he provided with independently applied on-state drive currents in
order to tune the intensity of the first, second, and third
unsaturated light produced by each string and luminophoric medium
together. By varying the drive currents in a controlled manner, the
color coordinate (ccx, ccy) of the total light that is emitted from
the device 100 can be tuned, in some implementations, the device
100 can provide light at substantially the same color coordinate
with different spectral power distribution profiles, which can
result in different light characteristics at the same CCT. In some
implementations, white light can be generated in modes that produce
light from two of the LED strings. In some implementations, white
light is generated. using only the first, second, and third LED
strings, i.e. the blue, red, and cyan channels. In some
implementations, only two of the LED strings are producing light
during the generation of white light, as the other LED string is
not necessary to generate white light at the desired color point
with the desired color rendering performance. In certain
implementations, substantially the same color coordinate (ccx, ccy)
of total light emitted from the device can be provided in two
different operational modes (different combinations of two or more
of the channels), but with different color-rendering, circadian, or
other performance metrics, such that the functional characteristics
of the generated light can be selected as desired by users.
[0053] FIGS. 4-6 depict suitable color ranges for some
implementations of the disclosure. FIG. 4A depicts a blue color
range 301A defined by a line connecting the ccx, ccy color
coordinates of the infinity point of the Planckian locus (0.242,
0.24) and (0.12, 0.068), the Planckian locus from 4000K and
infinite CCT, the constant CCT line of 4000K the line of purples,
and the spectral locus. FIG. 4B depicts a red color range 302A
defined by the spectral locus between the constant CCT line of
1600K and the line of purples, the line of purples, a line
connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates (0.61, 0.21) and (0.47,
0.28), and the constant CCT line of 1600K. FIG. 4C depicts a cyan.
color range 304A defined by a line connecting the Planckian locus,
the constant CCT line of 3200K, the spectral locus, and the
constant CCT line of 20000K. It should be understood that any gaps
or openings in the described boundaries for the color ranges 301A
302A, 304A should be closed with straight lines to connect adjacent
endpoints in order to define a closed boundary for each color
range.
[0054] In some implementations, suitable color ranges can be
narrower than those described above. FIG. 5 depicts some suitable
color ranges for some implementations of the disclosure. A blue
color range 301B can be defined by a 60-step MacAdam ellipse at a
CCT of 20000K, 40 points below the Planckian locus. A red color
range 302B can he defined by a 20-step MacAdam ellipse at a CCT of
1200K, 20 points below the Planckian locus. A cyan color range 304B
shown in FIG. 4D can be defined by 41-step MacAdam ellipse centered
approximately 46 points above the Planckian locus at a CCT of
5600K, and the Planckian locus. FIG. 6 depicts some further color
ranges suitable for some implementations of the disclosure. A blue
color range 301C is defined by a polygonal region on the 1931 CIE
Chromaticity Diagram defined by the following ccx, ccy color
coordinates: (0.22, 0.14), (0.19, 0.17), (0.26, 0.26), (0.28,
0.23). A red color range 302C is defined by a polygonal region on
the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by the following ccx, ccy
color coordinates: (0.53, 0.41), (0.59, 0.39), (0.63, 0.29), (0.58,
0.30).
[0055] In some implementations, the LEDs in the first, second, and
third LED strings can he LEDs with peak emission wavelengths at or
below about 535 nm. In some implementations, the LEDs emit light
with peak emission wavelengths between about 360 nm and about 535
nm. In some implementations, the LEDs in the first, second, and
third LED strings can be formed from InGaN semiconductor materials.
In sonic preferred implementations, the first, second, and third
LED strings can have LEDs having a peak wavelength between about
405 nm and about 485 nm, between about 430 nm and about 460 nm,
between about 430 nm and about 455 nm, between about 430 nm and
about 440 nm, between about 440 nm and about 450 nm, between about
440 nm and about 445 nm, or between about 445 nm and about 450 nm.
The LEDs used in the first, second, and third LEI) strings may have
full-width half-maximum wavelength ranges of between about 10 nm
and about 30 nm. In some preferred implementations, the first,
second, and third LED strings can include one or more LUXEON Z
Color Line royal blue LEDs (product code LXZ1-PR01) of color bin
codes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 or one or more LUXEON Z Color Line blue
LEDs (LXZ PB01) of color bin code 1 or 2 (Lumileds Holding B.V.,
Amsterdam, Netherlands). In some implementations, the LEDs used in
the third LED string can be LEDs having peak emission wavelengths
between about 360 nm and about 535 nm, between about 380 nm and
about 520 nm, between about 470 nm and about 505 nm, about 480 nm,
about 470 nm, about 460 nm, about 455 nm, about 450 nm, or about
445 nm. Similar LEDs from other manufacturers such as OSRAM. GmbH
and Cree, Inc. could also be used, provided they have peak emission
and full-width half-maximum wavelengths of the appropriate
values.
[0056] In implementations utilizing LEDs that emit substantially
saturated light at wavelengths between about 360 nm and about 535
nm, the device 100 can include suitable recipient luminophoric
mediums for each LED in order to produce light having color points
within the suitable blue color ranges 301A-C, red color ranges
302A-C, and cyan color ranges 304A-B described herein. The light
emitted by each LED string, i.e., the light emitted from the LED(s)
and associated recipient luminophoric medium together, can have a
spectral power distribution ("SPD") having spectral power with
ratios of power across the visible wavelength spectrum from about
380 nm to about 780 nm. While not wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, it is speculated that the use of such LEDs in
combination with recipient luminophoric mediums to create
unsaturated light within the suitable color ranges 301A-C, 302A-C,
and 304A-B provides for improved color rendering performance for
white light across a predetermined range of CCTs from a single
device 100. Further, while not wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, it is speculated that the use of such LEDs in
combination with recipient luminophoric mediums to create
unsaturated. light within the suitable color ranges 301.A-C,
302A-C, and 304A-B provides for improved light rendering
performance, providing higher EML performance along with
color-rendering performance, for white light across a predetermined
range of CCTs from a single device 100. Some suitable ranges for
spectral power distribution ratios of the light emitted by the four
LED strings (101A/101B/101C) and recipient luminophoric mediums
(102A/102B/102C), if provided, together are shown in Tables 1 and
2. The Tables show the ratios of spectral power within wavelength
ranges, with an arbitrary reference wavelength range selected for
each color range and normalized to a value of 100.0. Tables 1 and 2
show suitable minimum and maximum values for the spectral
intensities within various ranges relative to the normalized range
with a value of 100.0, for the color points within the blue, red,
and cyan color ranges. While not wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, it is speculated that because the spectral power
distributions for generated light with color points within the red,
blue, and cyan color ranges contains higher spectral intensity
across visible wavelengths as compared to lighting apparatuses and
methods that utilize more saturated colors, this allows for
improved color rendering for test colors other than R1-R8.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength
Ranges (nm) 380 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 420 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 460
< .lamda. .ltoreq. 500 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 540 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 580 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 620 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 660
< .lamda. .ltoreq. 700 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 740 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 420 460 500 540 580 620 660 700 740 780 Blue 0.3 100.0
20.9 15.2 25.3 26.3 15.4 5.9 2.3 1.0 minimum Blue 8.1 100.0 196.1
35.6 40.5 70.0 80.2 20.4 7.8 2.3 maximum Red 0.0 2.1 2.0 1.4 8.7
48.5 100.0 1.8 0.5 0.3 minimum Red 14.8 15. 6.7 12.2 20.5 102.8
100.0 74.3 29.5 9.0 maximum Cyan 0.0 0.0 100.0 80.5 47.2 37.2 20.8
7.9 2.6 1.1 minimum Cyan 0.7 5.9 100.0 180.1 124.7 107.9 102.9 63.1
24.4 7.3 maximum
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength
Ranges (nm) 380 < 500 < 600 < 700 < .lamda. .ltoreq.
500 .lamda. .ltoreq. 600 .lamda. .ltoreq. 700 .lamda. .ltoreq. 780
Blue minimum 100.0 27.0 24.8 1.1 Blue maximum 100.0 65.1 46.4 6.8
Red minimum 17.4 8.9 100.0 1.1 Red maximum 3.3 24.8 100.0 18.1 Cyan
minimum 100.0 161.0 43.7 3.5 Cyan maximum 100.0 340.0 213.2
30.7
[0057] In some implementations, the cyan channel can have certain
spectral power distributions. Table 3 shows ratios of spectral
power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary reference
wavelength range selected for the cyan color range and normalized
to a value of 100.0, for several non-limiting embodiments of the
cyan channel. The ccx, ccy color coordinates and dominant
wavelengths of the exemplary cyan channels of Table 3 are provided
in Table 5. In certain implementations, the cyan channel can have a
spectral power distribution with spectral power in one or more of
the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength range
increased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20%
greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater
or less than the values shown in Table 3.
[0058] In some implementations, the red channel can have certain
spectral power distributions. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios of
spectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary
reference wavelength range selected for the red color range and
normalized to a value of 100.0, for a red channel that may be used
in some implementations of the disclosure. The exemplary Red
Channel 1 has a ccx, ccy color coordinate of (0,5735, 0.3007) and a
dominant wavelength of approximately 641 nm. The exemplary Red
Channel 2 has a ccx ccy color coordinate of (0.5842 0.3112) and a
dominant wavelength of approximately 625 nm. In certain
implementations, the red channel can have a spectral power
distribution with spectral power in one or more of the wavelength
ranges other than the reference wavelength range increased or
decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less,
within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than the
values shown in Tables 3 and 4.
[0059] In some implementations, the blue channel can have certain
spectral power distributions. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratios of
spectral power within wavelength ranges, with an arbitrary
reference wavelength range selected for the blue color range and
normalized to a value of 100.0, for a blue channel that may be used
in some implementations of the disclosure. The exemplary Blue
Channel 1 has a ccx, ccy color coordinate of (0.252, 0.223) and a
dominant wavelength of approximately 470 nm. Exemplary Blue Channel
2 has a ccx, ccy color coordinate of (0.2625, 0.1763) and a
dominant wavelength of approximately 381 nm. In certain
implementations, the blue channel can have a spectral power
distribution with spectral power in one or more of the wavelength
ranges other than the reference wavelength range increased or
decreased. within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less,
within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than the
values shown in Tables 3 and 4.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Exemplary Spectral Power Distribution for
Wavelength Ranges (nm) Color 380 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 400 <
.lamda. .ltoreq. 420 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 440 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 460 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 480 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 500
< .lamda. .ltoreq. 520 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 540 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 560 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 580 < .lamda. .ltoreq.
Channels 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 Blue 0.3 0.7
11.4 100 70.7 27.9 23.5 25.1 24.6 22.3 21.0 Channel 1 Red 0.1 0.1
0.7 4.5 4.9 3.5 6.7 11.6 17.6 30.0 48.9 Channel 1 Cyan 0.1 0.2 0.6
4.7 43.9 100.0 99.0 70.8 59.6 51.9 44.7 Channel 1 Cyan 0.2 0.3 0.7
2.1 17.1 92.3 100.0 48.7 28.9 22.7 20.4 Channel 2 Cyan 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 1.41 97.3 100.0 77.6 71.9 67.0 57.9 Channel 3 Cyan 0.2 0.3 0.8
11.0 100.0 99.4 83.2 77.5 75.3 71.7 69.9 Channel 4 Cyan 0.1 0.2 0.8
11.0 100.0 99.5 83.4 77.2 72.1 60.6 47.5 Channel 5 Cyan 0.1 0.2 0.6
3.4 32.6 100.0 90.2 67.6 57.4 47.1 36.9 Channel 6 Cyan 0.3 0.4 0.7
1.9 14.2 80.4 100.0 70.4 58.3 53.0 50.7 Channel 7 Cyan 0.1 0.2 0.5
1.8 15.2 83.3 100.0 68.2 55.5 48.8 42.1 Channel 8 Cyan 0.3 0.4 0.7
1.9 14.2 80.4 100.0 70.4 58.3 53.0 50.7 Channel 9 Exemplary
Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength Ranges (nm) Color 600
< .lamda. .ltoreq. 620 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 640 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 660 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 680 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 700
< .lamda. .ltoreq. 720 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 740 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 760 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 780 < .lamda. .ltoreq.
Channels 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 Blue 21.2 20.9
18.1 13.4 8.7 5.2 3.1 1.9 1.3 0.0 Channel 1 Red 67.9 93.5 100.0
66.0 33.7 16.5 7.6 3.2 1.5 0.0 Channel 1 Cyan 37.7 30.0 19.9 12.4
7.3 4.2 2.4 1.4 0.9 0.0 Channel 1 Cyan 20.3 19.6 16.5 11.8 7.6 4.5
2.6 1.4 0.7 0.0 Channel 2 Cyan 45.0 31.3 19.7 12.0 7.0 4.1 2.3 1.3
0.7 0.0 Channel 3 Cyan 64.6 53.1 37.5 23.8 13.8 7.7 4.2 2.4 1.6 0.0
Channel 4 Cyan 35.2 25.1 16.3 10.0 5.8 3.3 1.8 1.2 1.0 0.0 Channel
5 Cyan 27.5 19.7 12.9 7.9 4.6 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.0 Channel 6 Cyan
51.4 51.2 46.1 35.8 23.9 14.7 8.4 4.6 2.4 0.0 Channel 7 Cyan 37.9
31.9 15.6 7.5 3.6 1.9 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.0 Channel 8 Cyan 51.4 51.2 46.1
35.8 23.9 14.7 8.4 4.6 2.4 0.0 Channel 9
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Spectral Power Distribution for Wavelength
Ranges (nm) Exemplary Color 380 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 420 <
.lamda. .ltoreq. 460 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 500 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 540 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 580 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 620
< .lamda. .ltoreq. 660 < .lamda. .ltoreq. 700 < .lamda.
.ltoreq. 740 < .lamda. .ltoreq. Channels 420 460 500 540 580 620
660 700 740 780 Blue Channel 0.4 100.0 20.9 15.2 25.3 26.3 25.1
13.9 5.2 1.6 2 Red Channel 9.2 8.6 1.0 4.6 11.0 46.5 100.0 75.5
29.8 8.5 2
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Exemplary Color Dominant Channels ccx ccy
wavelength (nm) Cyan Channel 1 0.3248 0.5036 551 Cyan Channel 2
0.2723 0.5127 534 Cyan Channel 3 0.3515 0.5306 559 Cyan Channel 4
0.3444 0.4297 560 Cyan Channel 5 0.2935 0.4381 531 Cyan Channel 6
0.3001 0.5055 545 Cyan Channel 7 0.3740 0.5083 564 Cyan Channel 8
0.3361 0.5257 556 Cyan Channel 9 0.3258 0.5407 554
[0060] Blends of luminescent materials can he used in luminophoric
mediums (102A/102B/102C) to create luminophoric mediums having the
desired saturated color points when excited by their respective LED
strings (101A/101B/101C) including luminescent materials such as
those disclosed in co-pending application PCT/US2016/015318 filed
Jan. 28, 2016, entitled "Compositions for LED Light Conversions",
the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by this reference as
if fully set forth herein. Traditionally, a desired combined output
light can be generated along a tie line between the LED string
output light color point and the saturated color point of the
associated recipient luminophoric medium by utilizing different
ratios of total luminescent material to the encapsulant material in
which it is incorporated. Increasing the amount of luminescent
material in the optical path will shift the output light color
point towards the saturated color point of the luminophoric medium.
In some instances, the desired saturated color point of a recipient
luminophoric medium can be achieved by blending two or inure
luminescent materials in a ratio. The appropriate ratio to achieve
the desired saturated color point can be determined via methods
known in the art. Generally speaking, any blend of luminescent
materials can be treated as if it were a single luminescent
material, thus the ratio of luminescent materials in the blend can
be adjusted to continue to meet a target CIE value for LED strings
having different peak emission wavelengths. Luminescent materials
can be tuned for the desired excitation in response to the selected
LEDs used in the LED strings (101A/101B/101C), which may have
different peak emission wavelengths within the range of from about
360 nm to about 535 nm. Suitable methods for tuning the response of
luminescent materials are known in the art and may include altering
the concentrations of dopants within a phosphor, for example. In
some implementations of the present disclosure, luminophoric
mediums can be provided with combinations of two types of
luminescent materials. The first type of luminescent material emits
light at a peak emission between about 515 nm and about 590 nm in
response to the associated LED string emission. The second type of
luminescent material emits at a peak emission between about 590 nm
and about 700 nm in response to the associated LED string emission.
In some instances, the luminophoric mediums disclosed herein can be
Pointed from combination of at least one luminescent material of
the first and second types described in this paragraph. In
implementations, the luminescent materials of the first type can
emit light at a peak emission at about 515 nm, 525 nm, 530 nm, 535
nm, 540 nm, 545 nm, 550 nm, 555 nm, 560 nm, 565 nm, 570 nm, 575 nm,
580 nm, 585 nm, or 590 nm in response to the associated LED string
emission. In preferred implementations, the luminescent materials
of die first type can emit light at a peak emission between about
520 nm to about 555 nm. In implementations, the luminescent
materials of the second type can emit light at a peak emission at
about 590 nm, about 595 nm, 600 nm, 605 nm, 610 nm, 615 nm, 620 nm,
625 nm, 630 nm, 635 nm, 640 nm, 645 nm, 650 nm, 655 nm, 670 nm, 675
nm, 680 nm, 685 nm, 690 nm, 695 nm, or 700 nm in response to the
associated LED string emission. In preferred implementations, the
luminescent materials of the first type can emit light at a peak
emission between about 600 nm to about 670 nm. Some exemplary
luminescent materials of the first and second type are disclosed
elsewhere herein and referred to as Compositions A-F, Table 6 shows
aspects of some exemplar luminescent materials and properties:
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Emission Peak Exemplary Density Emission
FWHM Range FWHM Designator Material(s) (g/mL) Peak (nm) (nm) (nm)
Range (nm) Composition Luag: Cerium doped 6.73 535 95 530-540
90-100 "A" lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12)
Composition Yag: Cerium doped yttrium 4.7 550 110 545-555 105-115
"B" aluminum garnet (Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12) Composition a 650
nm-peak wavelength 3.1 650 90 645-655 85-95 "C" emission phospor:
Europium doped calcium aluminum silica nitride (CaAlSiN.sub.3)
Composition a 525 nm-peak wavelength 3.1 525 60 520-530 55-65 "D"
emission phospor: GBAM: BaMgAl.sub.10O.sub.17:Eu Composition a 630
nm-peak wavelength 5.1 630 40 625-635 35-45 "E" emission quantum
dot: any semiconductor quantum dot material of appropriate size for
desired emission wavelengths Composition a 610 nm-pack wavelength
5.1 610 40 605-615 35-45 "F" emission quantum dot: any
semiconductor quantum dot material of appropriate size for desired
emission wavelengths
[0061] Blends of Compositions A-F can be used in luminophoric
mediums (102A/102B/102C) to create luminophoric mediums having the
desired saturated color points when excited by their respective LED
strings (101A/101B/101C). In some implementations, one or more
blends of one or more of Compositions A-F can be used to produce
luminophoric mediums (102A/102B/102C.). In some preferred
implementations, one or more of Compositions A, B, and D and one or
more of Compositions C, E, and F can be combined to produce
luminophoric mediums (102A/102B/102C). In some preferred
implementations, the encapsulant for luminophoric mediums
(102A/102B/102C) comprises a matrix material having density of
about 1.1 mg/mm.sup.3 and refractive index of about 1.545 or from
about 1.4 to about 1.6. In some implementations, Composition A can
have a refractive index of about 1.82 and a particle size from
about 18 micrometers to about 40 micrometers. In some
implementations, Composition B can have a refractive index of about
1.84 and a particle size from about 13 micrometers to about 30
micrometers. In some implementations, Composition C can have a
refractive index of about 1.8 and a particle size from about 10
micrometers to about 15 micrometers. In some implementations,
Composition D can have a refractive index of about 1.8 and a
particle size from about 10 micrometers to about 15 micrometers.
Suitable phosphor materials for Compositions A, B, C, and D are
commercially available from phosphor manufacturers such as
Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), Intematix
Corporation (Fremont, Calif.), EMD Performance Materials of Merck
KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and PhosphorTech Corporation (Kennesaw,
Ga.).
[0062] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides
semiconductor light emitting devices capable to producing tunable
white light through a range of CCT values. In some implementations,
devices of the present disclosure can output white light at color
points along a predetermined path within a 7-step MacAdam ellipse
around any point on the black body locus having a correlated color
temperature between 1800K and 10000K. In some implementations the
semiconductor light emitting devices can be configured to generate
the fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality of points
along a predefined path with the light generated at each point
having light with Rf greater than or equal to about 80, Rg greater
than or equal to about 90 and less than or equal to about 110, or
both. In some implementations the semiconductor light emitting
devices can be configured to generate the fourth unsaturated light
corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined path with
the light generated at each point having light with Ra greater than
or equal to about 85, R9 greater than or equal to 85 along points
with correlated color temperature between about 2700K and about
10000K, or both. In some implementations the semiconductor light
emitting devices can be configured to generate the fourth
unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality of points along a
predefined path with the light generated at each point having one
or more of EMIL, greater than or equal to about 0.5 along points
with correlated color temperature above about 2100K, EMI, greater
than or equal to about 0.6 along points with correlated color
temperature above about 2400K, EVIL greater than or equal to about
0.75 along points with correlated color temperature above about
3000K EML greater than or equal to about 1.0 along points with
correlated color temperature above about 4500K, and EML greater
than or equal to about 1.2 along points with correlated color
temperature above about 6000K, In some implementations the
semiconductor light emitting devices can be configured to generate
the fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality of points
along a predefined path with the light generated at each point
having light with R13 greater than or equal to about 85, R15
greater than or equal to about 85, or both. In some implementations
the semiconductor light emitting devices can have a blue color
region comprising a region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram
defined by a line connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates of the
infinity point of the Planckian locus (0.242, 0.24) and (0.12,
0.068), the Planckian locus from 4000K and infinite CCT, the
constant CCT line of 4000K, the line of purples, and the spectral
locus. In some implementations the semiconductor light emitting
devices can have a red color region comprising a region on the 1931
CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by the spectral locus between the
constant CCT line of 1600K and the line of purples, the line of
purples, a line connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates (0.61,
0.21) and (0.47, 0.28), and the constant CCT line of 1600K. In
sonic implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices can
have a cyan color region comprising a region on the 1931 CIE
Chromaticity Diagram defined by a line connecting the Planckian
locus, the constant CCT line of 3200K, the spectral locus, and the
constant CCT line of 20000K. In some implementations the
semiconductor light emitting devices can have a cyan color region
comprising a region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by
a 41-step MacAdam ellipse centered approximately 46 points above
the Planckian locus at a CCT of 5600K, and the Planckian locus. In
some implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices can
have spectral power distribution for the red channel falling within
the minimum and maximum ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2. In some
implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices can have
spectral power distribution for the blue channel falling within the
minimum and maximum ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2. In some
implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices can have
spectral power distribution for the cyan channel falling within the
minimum and maximum ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2. In some
implementations the semiconductor fight emitting devices can have
spectral power distribution for the red channel in one or more of
the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength range
increased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20%
greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater
or less than the values of a red channel shown in Tables 3 and 4.
In some implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices
can have spectral power distribution for the blue channel in one or
more of the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength
range increased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20%
greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater
or less than the values of a blue channel shown in Tables 3 and 4.
In some implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices
can have spectral power distribution for the cyan channel in one or
more of the wavelength ranges other than the reference wavelength
range increased or decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20%
greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater
or less than the values of a cyan channel shown in Table 3. In some
implementations the semiconductor light emitting devices can have a
cyan channel having a cyan color point of a cyan channel shown in
Table 5. In some implementations, the devices can be configured to
generate the fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality
of points along a predefined path with the light generated at each
point having light with BLH factor less than 0.05
.mu.W/cm.sup.2/lux. In some implementations, the devices can be
configured to generate the fourth unsaturated light corresponding
to a plurality of points along a. predefined path with the light
generated at each point having light with one or more of BLH factor
less than or equal to about 0.01 along points with correlated color
temperature below about 2100K, BLH factor less than or equal to
about 0.015 along points with correlated color temperature below
about 2400K, BLUE factor less than or equal to about 0.025 along
points with correlated color temperature below about 3000K, BLH
factor less than or equal to about 0.05 along points with
correlated color temperature below about 4000K, and BLH factor less
than or equal to about 0.060 along points with correlated color
temperature below about 6500K. In some implementations, the devices
can be configured to generate the fourth unsaturated light
corresponding to a plurality of points along a predefined path with
the light generated at each point having light with the ratio of
the EML to the BLH factor being greater than or equal to about 15,
greater than or equal to about 20, greater than or equal to about
21, greater than or equal to about 22, greater than or equal to
about 23, greater than or equal to about 24, greater than or equal
to about 25, greater than or equal to about 26, greater than or
equal to about 27, greater than or equal to about 28, greater than
or equal to about 29, greater than or equal to about 30, greater
than or equal to about 35, or greater than or equal to about 40.
Providing a higher ratio of the EML to the BLH factor can be
advantageous to provide light that provides desired biological
impacts but does not have as much potential for photochemical
induced injuries to the retina or skin.
[0063] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of
generating white light using the semiconductor devices described
herein. In some implementations, the methods can include driving
the first, second, and third LED strings with independently
controllable amounts such that the relative intensities of the
blue, red, and cyan channels can be changed to tune the white light
output.
[0064] In some aspects, the present disclosure provides methods of
generating white light using the semiconductor devices described
herein. In some implementations, the methods can include driving
the first, second, and third LED strings with independently
controllable amounts such that the relative intensities of the
blue, red, and cyan channels can he changed to tune the white light
output. In some aspects, the methods can include generating light
from the blue channel in a blue color region, generating light from
the red channel in a red color region, and generating light from
the cyan channel in a cyan color region. In some implementations,
the methods can include generating light from a blue channel in a
blue color region that is a region on the 1931 CIE Chromaticity
Diagram defined by a line connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates
of the infinity point of the Planckian locus (0.242, 0.24) and
(0.12, 0.068), the Planckian locus from 4000K and infinite CCT the
constant CCT line of 4000K, the line of purples, and the spectral
locus. In some implementations, the methods can include generating
light from a red channel in a red color region that is a region on
the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by the spectral locus
between the constant CCT line of 1600K and the line of purples, the
line of purples, a line connecting the ccx, ccy color coordinates
(0.61. 0.21) and (0.47, 0.28), and the constant CCT line of 1600K.
In some implementations, the methods can include generating light
from a cyan channel in a cyan color region that is a region on the
1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram defined by a 41-step MacAdam ellipse
centered approximately 46 points above the Planckian locus at a CCT
of 5600K, and the Planckian locus. The methods can include
generating light from blue, red, and cyan channels having spectral
power distributions falling within the minimum and maximum ranges
shown in Tables 1 and 2. In some implementations the methods can
include generating light from a red channel with a spectral power
distribution with spectral power in one or more of the wavelength
ranges other than the reference wavelength range increased or
decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less,
within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than the
values of a red channel shown in Tables 3 and 4. In some
implementations the methods can include generating light from a
blue channel with a spectral power distribution with spectral power
in one or more of the wavelength ranges other than the reference
wavelength range increased or decreased. within 30% greater or
less, within 20% greater or less, within 10% greater or less, or
within 5% greater or less than the values of a blue channel shown
in Tables 3 and 4. In some implementations the methods can include
generating light from a cyan channel with a spectral power
distribution with spectral power in one or more of the wavelength
ranges other than the reference wavelength range increased or
decreased within 30% greater or less, within 20% greater or less,
within 10% greater or less, or within 5% greater or less than the
values of a green channel shown in Table 3. In some
implementations, the methods can include generating light from a
cyan channel having a cyan color point of a cyan channel shown in
Table 5. In some implementations, the combining generates the
fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality of points
along a predefined path with the light generated at each point
having light with one or more of BLH factor less than or equal to
about 0.01 along points with correlated color temperature below
about 2100K, BLH factor less than or equal to about 0.015 along
points with correlated color temperature below about 2400K, BM
factor less than or equal to about 0.025 along points with
correlated color temperature below about 3000K, BLH factor less
than or equal to about 0.05 along points with correlated color
temperature below about 4000K, and BLH factor less than or equal to
about 0.060 along points with correlated color temperature below
about 6500K. In some implementations, the combining generates the
fourth unsaturated light corresponding to a plurality of points
along a predefined path with the light generated at each point
having light with the ratio of the EAU, to the BLH factor being
greater than or equal to about 15, greater than or equal to about
20, greater than or equal to about 21, greater than or equal to
about 22, greater than or equal to about 23, greater than or equal
to about 24, greater than or equal to about 25, greater than or
equal to about 26, greater than or equal to about 27, greater than
or equal to about 28, greater than or equal to about 29, greater
than or equal to about 30, greater than or equal to about 35, or
greater than or equal to about 40.
EXAMPLES
General Simulation Method.
[0065] Devices having four LED strings with particular color points
were simulated. For each device, LED strings and recipient
luminophoric mediums with particular emissions were selected, and
then white light rendering capabilities were calculated for a
select number of representative points on or near the Planckian
locus between about 1800K and 10000K. Ra, R9, R13, R15, LER, Rf,
Rg, CLA, CS, EML, BLH factor, CAF, CER, COI, and circadian
performance values were calculated at each representative
point.
[0066] The calculations Were performed with Scilab (Scilab
Enterprises, Versailles, France), LightTools (Synopsis, Inc.,
Mountain View, Calif.), and custom software created using Python
(Python Software Foundation, Beaverton, Oreg.). Each LED string was
simulated with an LED emission spectrum and excitation and emission
spectra of luminophoric medium(s). For luminophoric mediums
comprising phosphors, the simulations also included the absorption
spectrum and particle size of phosphor particles. The LED strings
generating combined emissions within blue and red, color regions
were prepared using spectra of a LUXEON Z Color Line royal blue LED
(product code LXZI-PR01) of color bin codes 3, 4, 5, or 6 or a
LUXEON Z Color Line blue LED (LXZI-PB01) of color bin code 1 or 2
(Lumileds Holding B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands). The LED strings
generating combined emissions with color points within the cyan
regions were prepared using spectra of a LUXEON Z Color Line blue
LED (LXZI-PB01) of color bin code 5 or LUXEON Z Color Line cyan LED
(LXZ1-PB01) color bin code 1, 8, or 9 (Lumileds Holding B.V.,
Amsterdam, Netherlands). Similar LEDs from other manufacturers such
as ( )RAM GmbH and. Cree, Inc. could also be used.
[0067] The emission, excitation and absorption curves are available
from commercially available phosphor manufacturers such as
Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), Intematix
Corporation (Fremont, Calif.), EMD Performance Materials of Merck
KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and PhosphorTech Corporation (Kennesaw,
Ga.). The luminophoric mediums used in the LED strings were
combinations of one or more of Compositions A, B, and D and one or
more of Compositions C, E, and F as described more frilly elsewhere
herein. Those of skill in the art appreciate that various
combinations of LEDs and luminescent blends can be combined to
generate combined emissions with desired color points on the 1931
CIE chromaticity diagram and the desired spectral power
distributions.
Example 1
[0068] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 505 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 2 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0069] FIGS. 7A-7B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian. locus. FIGS. 7A-7B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 2
[0070] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium,
and. generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 505 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 3 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0071] FIGS. 8A-8B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 8A-8B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 3
[0072] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 480 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 4 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0073] FIGS. 9A-9B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 9A-9B shows data for white light
color points generated using the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 4
[0074] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LEI) string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium,
arid generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 485 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 5 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0075] FIGS. 10A-10B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 10A-10B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 5
[0076] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 495 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 6 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0077] FIGS. 11A-11B shows tight-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 11A-11B shows data for white light
color points generated using the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 6
[0078] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately nm to approximately X155 nm,
utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a combined
emission of a red channel having the characteristics of Red Channel
1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED string is
driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 505 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 7 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0079] FIGS. 12A-12B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 12A-12B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 7
[0080] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 1 as described above and shown in
Table 3. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 1 as described above and shown in Table 3. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 505 mn, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 8 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0081] FIGS. 13A-13B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 13A-13B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 8
[0082] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 2 as described above and shown in
Table 4. A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 2 as described above and shown in Table 4. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 505 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 9 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0083] FIGS. 14A-14B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 14A-14B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 9
[0084] A semiconductor light emitting device was simulated having
three LED strings. A first LED string is driven by a blue LED
having peak emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to
approximately 455 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a blue channel having the
characteristics of Blue Channel 2 as described above and shown in
Table 4, A second LED string is driven by a blue LED having peak
emission wavelength of approximately 450 nm to approximately 455
nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and generates a
combined emission of a red channel having the characteristics of
Red Channel 2 as described above and shown in Table 4. A third LED
string is driven by a cyan LED having peak emission wavelength of
approximately 505 nm, utilizes a recipient luminophoric medium, and
generates a combined emission of a cyan channel having the
characteristics of Cyan Channel 9 as described above and shown in
Table 3 and 5.
[0085] FIGS. 15A-15B shows light-rendering characteristics of the
device for a representative selection of white light color points
near the Planckian locus. FIGS. 15A-15B shows data for white light
color points generated using only the first, second, and third LED
strings.
Example 10
[0086] The 3-channel systems of Examples 1-8 were compared with
off-the-shelf commercial LED devices rated at 80 CRI, having Ra
approximately equal to 80. The off-the shelf devices were based on
data from LumiLeds products in the LUXEON series. FIGS. 16A-D shows
performance comparisons between the system of Examples 1-8 and
various fixed-CCT (non-tunable) products, with differences between
the Ra and EML values shown for each correlating approximate
CCT.
[0087] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a
variety of materials can be used in the manufacturing of the
components in the devices and systems disclosed herein. Any
suitable structure and/or material can be used for the various
features described herein, and a skilled artisan will be able to
select an appropriate structures and materials based on various
considerations, including the intended use of the systems disclosed
herein, the intended arena within which they will be used, and the
equipment and/or accessories with which they are intended to be
used, among other considerations. Conventional polymeric,
metal-polymer composites, ceramics, and metal materials are
suitable for use in the various components. Materials hereinafter
discovered and/or developed that are determined to be suitable for
use in the features and elements described herein would also be
considered acceptable.
[0088] When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as
molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical
formulae, all combinations, and subcombinations of ranges for
specific exemplar therein are intended to be included.
[0089] The disclosures of each patent, patent application, and
publication cited or described in this document are hereby
incorporated herein by reference, in its entirety.
[0090] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that
numerous changes and modifications can be made to the exemplars of
the disclosure and that such changes and modifications can be made
without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. It is,
therefore, intended that the appended claims cover all such
equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of
the disclosure.
* * * * *