U.S. patent application number 16/808710 was filed with the patent office on 2020-12-31 for compositions, apparatus and methods for determining alkalinity of an analyte solution.
The applicant listed for this patent is WATER LENS, LLC. Invention is credited to Justin M. DRAGNA, Adam GARLAND, Tyler WEST.
Application Number | 20200408695 16/808710 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005079940 |
Filed Date | 2020-12-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20200408695 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
DRAGNA; Justin M. ; et
al. |
December 31, 2020 |
COMPOSITIONS, APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR DETERMINING ALKALINITY OF
AN ANALYTE SOLUTION
Abstract
Compositions, kits and methods of using the kits and
compositions to determine the alkalinity of an analyte solution are
described. The kit can include a lyophilized titrant.
Inventors: |
DRAGNA; Justin M.; (Houston,
TX) ; GARLAND; Adam; (Houston, TX) ; WEST;
Tyler; (Houston, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
WATER LENS, LLC |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005079940 |
Appl. No.: |
16/808710 |
Filed: |
March 4, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15524107 |
Aug 18, 2017 |
10627350 |
|
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PCT/US2015/059152 |
Nov 5, 2015 |
|
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16808710 |
|
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62076909 |
Nov 7, 2014 |
|
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62084870 |
Nov 26, 2014 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01L 2300/0829 20130101;
G01N 21/253 20130101; B01L 2200/16 20130101; G01N 31/221 20130101;
G01N 31/22 20130101; G01N 21/80 20130101; B01L 3/5085 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G01N 21/80 20060101
G01N021/80; G01N 31/22 20060101 G01N031/22; G01N 21/25 20060101
G01N021/25; B01L 3/00 20060101 B01L003/00 |
Claims
1-45. (canceled)
46. A method of determining the alkalinity of an analyte
composition, the method comprising: a) obtaining a microwell plate
comprising at least six (6) microwells each having a sequentially
increasing amount of a lyophilized titrant composition, wherein the
lyophilized titrant composition is in powdered form and comprises
an acid, a pH sensitive dye capable of having a colorimetric
response in response to a change in pH of a solution, and an
excipient; b) obtaining an aqueous liquid analyte composition; c)
adding substantially the same volume of the aqueous liquid analyte
composition to each of the at least six (6) microwells of the
microwell plate to form solutions from the aqueous liquid analyte
composition and each of the lyophilized titrate compositions in
each of the at least six (6) microwells, wherein the pH of the
solution in each microwell is different, and wherein each of the
lyophilized titrate compositions are dissolved in each solution;
and d) placing the microwell plate in a spectrophotometer and
measuring the absorbance value for each solution in each of the
plurality of microwells at a first wavelength and a second
wavelength, wherein at least one solution represents the alkalinity
of the analyte composition.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein the pH of the solution in each
microwell is sequentially lower.
48. The method of claim 46, wherein the pH sensitive dye has an
acid form and a base form, wherein the absorbance value of the acid
form correlates to the first wavelength and the absorbance value of
the base form correlates to the second wavelength.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein the pH sensitive dye is a
triphenylmethane dye, bromocresol green, crystal violet, cresol
red, thymol blue, 2,4-dintrophenol, bromopheol blue, methyl.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein: (i) at least one of the
solutions has absorbance values as measured at one or more
wavelengths that are not statistically differentiable from the
absorbance values of a solution with a pH value below that at which
the dye shows a colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a
ratio of the absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating
that said solution has an amount of acid that is greater than the
amount required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte
composition; and (ii) at least one of the solutions has absorbance
values as measured at one or more wavelengths that are
statistically differentiable from the absorbance values of a
solution with a pH value above at which the dye shows a
colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a ratio of the
absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating that said
solution has an amount of acid that is less than the amount
required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte
composition.
51. The method of claim 46, wherein the analyte is an aqueous
composition obtained from a subsurface well.
52. The method of claim 46, wherein the determined alkalinity value
of the analyte correlates to a hardness of the water.
53. A kit for determining the alkalinity of an analyte composition,
the kit comprising: a) a microwell plate comprising at least six
(6) microwells each having a sequentially increasing amount of a
lyophilized titrant composition, wherein the lyophilized titrant
composition is in powdered form and comprises an acid, a pH
sensitive dye capable of having a colorimetric response in response
to a change in pH of a solution, and an excipient; and b) a
spectrophotometer configured to measure the absorbance value of
aqueous solutions comprising the lyophilized titrant composition
and an aqueous liquid analyte composition at a first wavelength and
a second wavelength.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/524,107, filed Aug. 18, 2017, which is a
national phase application under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 of
International Application No. PCT/US2015/059152 filed Nov. 5, 2015,
which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
62/076,909, filed Nov. 7, 2014, and U.S. Provisional Application
No. 62/084,870, filed Nov. 26, 2014. Each of the referenced
applications are incorporated into the present application by
reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A. Field of the Invention
[0002] The invention generally concerns the determination of
alkalinity of a solution. In particular, the kits and methods of
the present invention are used to determine the alkalinity of an
analyte composition by adding the analyte composition a lyophilized
titrant composition in each microwell of the plurality of
microwells to form a solution in each microwell having a different
pH.
B. Description of Related Art
[0003] Alkalinity is the buffering capacity of a solution.
Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of water to neutralize acid
and bases thereby maintaining a fairly stable pH. Aqueous solutions
that include compounds such as bicarbonates, carbonates, and
hydroxides which combine with hydronium (H+) ions from the water
thereby raising the pH (more basic) of the water. To maintain a
fairly constant pH in a water body, a higher alkalinity measurement
is desirable. Water bodies with high alkalinity can have the
ability to neutralize acidic inputs into the water body. For
example, rocks, soil, salts, some plant activities, and industrial
wastewater discharge can provide sufficient concentrations of
compounds to a water body that increase the alkalinity of the water
body. Conventional methods for determining alkalinity include
titrating solutions of interest to a pH where all of the titratable
base is consumed. The end point of the titration is determined by
adding a colorimetric pH indicator, (for example, bromocresol
green), and using naked-eye detection of a change in color to
determine the endpoint. This technique suffers from many
disadvantages. First, the visual technique requires the analyst to
manually titrate a solution of acid, drop wise, into the analyte
solution of interest. Secondly, the visual technique requires the
subjective determination of a color change. These two disadvantages
often result in errors resulting from the analyst overshooting the
endpoint due to adding too much strong acid or misjudging the color
change at the endpoint. Thus, the analyst has to in many cases redo
the titration method. Also, manual titration is time-consuming.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] A solution to the disadvantages of a visual titration method
has been discovered. In particular, the solution resides in the use
of lyophilized titrant samples of various concentrations in a
microwell plate. Analyte samples are added to the lyophilized
samples and the absorbance of the resulting samples at two
different wavelengths is measured and the alkalinity of the analyte
composition is determined based on the measured absorbance value.
Notably, the present invention eliminates the drawbacks of
traditional manual titrations by eliminating the subjective
naked-eye determination and provides an accurate value as a user
simply has to add the analyte solution or analyte solutions to each
microwell in the plate instead of manually titrating each analyte
solutions. Furthermore, the present invention removes the
subjective naked-eye determination of an endpoint by using a
spectrophotometer to determine the endpoint.
[0005] In one aspect of the invention, there is disclosed an
alkalinity assay kit. The kit includes a) a microwell plate and b)
a lyophilized titrant composition comprising an acid, a pH
sensitive dye, and an excipient. A plurality of microwells of the
microwell plate contain different amounts of the lyophilized
titrant composition such that when an analyte composition is added
to the lyophilized titrant composition in each microwell of the
plurality of microwells a solution forms and the pH of the solution
in each microwell is different. The microwell plate can include 6,
24, 96, 384, or 1536 microwells. In some aspects of the invention,
the microwell plate includes 6 microwells and each microwell
contains sequentially increasing amounts of titrant compositions.
In other aspects of the invention, the microwell plate has at least
24 or 96 microwells and at least 10 microwells contain sequentially
increasing amounts of the titrant composition. The amounts of
lyophilized titrant in the microwells can sequentially increase and
the pH of the solution in each microwell is sequentially lower. The
plurality of microwells can be sealed to prevent the titrant
composition from exiting the plurality of microwells. In some
instances, the plurality of microwells are sealed with a plastic
film or a foil. The alkalinity assay kit can also include a
spectrophotometer capable of measuring wavelengths between 400 and
700 nanometers (nm).
[0006] In some instances, the titrant composition can include a pH
sensitive dye capable of having a colorimetric response in response
to a change in pH of the solution, an acid compound, and an
excipient compound. The pH sensitive dye can be any pH sensitive
dye. The pH sensitive dye can have a colorimetric response in a
particular pH range. In some instances, the pH sensitive dye can
have an acid form that has a different absorbance value than an
absorbance value of a base form of the pH sensitive dye.
Non-limiting examples of pH sensitive dyes include triphenylmethane
dyes, bromocresol green, crystal violet, cresol red, thymol blue,
2.4-dintrophenol, bromopheol blue, methyl orange, methyl red,
eriochrome black T, and bromocresol purple. In one particular
instance, the pH sensitive dye is bromocresol green. The titrant
solution can include (2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin,
glycine, citrate, lactose, mannitol, sucrose, polyethylene glycol,
or any combination thereof as an excipient. In certain instances,
(2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin is used as an excipient. The
acid in the titrant solution can be camphorsulfonic acid,
trichloroacetic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid,
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, taurine, or any combination
thereof, with a preferred acid being camphorsulfonic acid. The
composition can be a powder. The powder can be made by providing an
aqueous solution of the titrant composition to one or more
containers and subjecting at least one of the containers to
lyophilizing conditions sufficient to remove the water from the
aqueous solution to form the powder. In some instances, the one or
more containers are microwells of a microwell plate. The powder can
be packaged (for example, a bag, vial, or encapsulated). The powder
can be sold separately from the kit.
[0007] The alkalinity assay kit of the present invention can be
used to determine the alkalinity of an analyte composition or a
plurality of analyte compositions. The method can include a)
obtaining any one of the alkalinity assay kits described throughout
this Specification; b) obtaining an analyte composition; c) adding
substantially the same volume of the analyte composition to each of
the plurality of microwells of the microwell plate to form
solutions from the analyte composition and the lyophilized titrate
compositions in each of the plurality of microwells, wherein the pH
of the solution in each microwell is different; d) measuring the
absorbance value for each solution in each of the plurality of
microwells at a first wavelength and a second wavelength and
determining the alkalinity of the analyte composition based on the
measured absorbance values. At least one of the solutions in the
microwells has absorbance values as measured at one or more
wavelengths that are not statistically differentiable from the
absorbance values of a solution with a pH value below that at which
the dye shows a colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a
ratio of the absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating
that said solution has an amount of acid that is greater than the
amount required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte
composition and at least one of the solutions in the microwells has
absorbance values as measured at one or more wavelengths that are
statistically differentiable from the absorbance values of a
solution with a pH value below that at which the dye shows a
colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a ratio of the
absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating that said
solution has an amount of acid that is less than the amount
required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte composition.
In one instance, at least one of the solutions has an absorbance
value at the second wavelength that is 0.4 to 1.7 times greater
than absorbance value at the first wavelength, and where the at
least one solution represents the alkalinity of the analyte
composition+/-40 ppm. The analyte can be obtained from a variety of
sources such as a subsurface well, a hydrocarbon subsurface, or a
water well in a subsurface hydrocarbon formation. In some
instances, the analyte solution is obtained from a hydrocarbon
drilling or fracking process. The alkalinity value of the analyte
can correlated to a hardness of the water. In some instances, a
plurality of solutions having the same analyte are obtained, and
each analyte solution is obtained from a different well of a
plurality of subsurface wells.
[0008] The alkalinity assay kits described throughout the
Specification can be made by a) obtaining a microwell plate; b)
obtaining a lyophilized titrant composition comprising an acid, a
pH sensitive dye, and an excipient; c) adding sequentially
increasing amounts of the lyophilized titrant composition to a
plurality of microwells of the microwell plate such that when an
analyte composition is added to the lyophilized titrant composition
in each microwell of the plurality of microwells a solution forms
and the pH of the solution in each microwell is sequentially lower.
In some instances, the kit is made by a) adding sequentially
increasing amounts of the titrant composition to the plurality of
microwells such that when an analyte composition is added to the
lyophilized titrant composition in each microwell of the plurality
of microwells a solution forms and the pH of the solution in each
microwell is sequentially lower and b) lyophilizing the titrant
solutions. The plurality of microwells can be sealed with foil or a
plastic film to inhibit or prevent the titrant composition from
exiting the plurality of microwells. In some embodiments, the
titrant composition consists essentially of camphorsulfonic acid,
(2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin, and bromocresol green.
[0009] In the context of the present invention 45 embodiments are
described. Embodiment 1 is a composition for the determination of
an alkalinity concentration of a solution that includes a pH
sensitive dye capable of having a colorimetric response in response
to a change in pH of the solution, an acid compound, and an
excipient compound. Embodiment 2 is the composition of embodiment
1, wherein the pH sensitive dye has an acid form that has a
different absorbance value than an absorbance value of a base form
of the pH sensitive dye. Embodiment 3 is the composition of any one
of embodiments 1 to 2, wherein the pH sensitive dye includes
triphenylmethane dyes, bromocresol green, crystal violet, cresol
red, thymol blue, 2.4-dintrophenol, bromopheol blue, methyl orange,
methyl red, eriochrome black T, bromocresol purple, or any
combination thereof. Embodiment 4 is the composition of embodiment
3, wherein the pH sensitive dye is bromocresol green. Embodiment 5
is the composition of any one of embodiments to 4, wherein the acid
compound can include camphorsulfonic acid, trichloroacetic acid,
p-toluene sulfonic acid, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid,
taurine, or any combination thereof. Embodiment 6 is the
composition of embodiment 5, wherein the acid compound is
camphorsulfonic acid. Embodiment 7 is the composition of any one of
embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the excipient includes
(2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin, glycine, citrate, lactose,
mannitol, sucrose, polyethylene glycol, or any combination thereof
as an excipient. Embodiment 8 is the composition of embodiment 7,
wherein the excipient is (2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin,
preferably, (2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin. In embodiment
9, the composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the
composition consists essentially of bromocresol green,
camphorsulfonic acid, and (2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin.
Embodiment 10 is the composition of any one of embodiments to 9,
wherein the composition is a powder. Embodiment 11 is the
composition of embodiment 10, wherein the powder is made by
providing an aqueous solution of the titrant composition to one or
more containers and subjecting at least one of the containers to
lyophilizing conditions sufficient to remove the water from the
aqueous solution to form the powder. Embodiment 12 is the
composition of embodiment 11, wherein the one or more containers
are microwells of a microwell plate. Embodiment 13 is the
composition of embodiment 11, wherein the container is a bag or a
vial.
[0010] Embodiment 14 describes an alkalinity assay kit. The
alkalinity assay kit can include (a) a microwell plate; and (b) a
lyophilized titrant composition comprising an acid, a pH sensitive
dye, and an excipient, wherein a plurality of microwells of the
microwell plate contain different amounts of the lyophilized
titrant composition such that when an analyte composition is added
to the lyophilized titrant composition in each microwell of the
plurality of microwells a solution forms and the pH of the solution
in each microwell is different. Embodiment 14 is the alkalinity
assay kit of embodiment 14, wherein the microwell plate can include
6, 24, 96, 384, or 1536 microwells. Embodiment 15 is the alkalinity
assay kit of embodiment 15, wherein the microwell plate includes 6
microwells and each microwell contains sequentially increasing
amounts of the titrant composition. Embodiment 17 is the alkalinity
assay kit of embodiment 15, wherein the microwell plate includes 24
microwells or 96 microwells, and at least 10 microwells contain
sequentially increasing amounts of the titrant composition.
Embodiment 18 is the alkalinity assay kit of any one of embodiments
14 to 17, wherein the amounts of lyophilized titrant sequentially
increase and the pH of the solution in each microwell is
sequentially lower. Embodiment 19 is the alkalinity assay kit of
any one of embodiments 14 to 18, wherein the pH sensitive dye has
an acid form and a base form, wherein the absorbance value of the
acid form is different from the absorbance value of the base form.
Embodiment 20 is the alkalinity assay kit of any one of embodiments
14 to 18, wherein the pH sensitive dye has a colorimetric response
in a particular pH range. Embodiment 21 is the alkalinity assay kit
of any one of embodiments 19 and 20, wherein the pH sensitive dye
is a triphenylmethane dye, bromocresol green, crystal violet,
cresol red, thymol blue, 2.4-dintrophenol, bromopheol blue, methyl
orange, methyl red, eriochrome black T, bromocresol purple, or any
combination thereof. Embodiment 22 is the alkalinity assay kit of
embodiment 21, wherein the pH sensitive dye is bromocresol green.
Embodiment 23 is the alkalinity assay kit of any one of embodiments
14 to 22, wherein the excipient is
(2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin, glycine, citrate, lactose,
mannitol, sucrose, polyethylene glycol, or any combination thereof.
Embodiment 24 is the alkalinity assay kit of embodiment 23, wherein
the excipient is (2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin. Embodiment
25 is the alkalinity assay kit of any one of embodiments 14 to 24,
wherein the acid is camphorsulfonic acid, trichloroacetic acid,
p-toluene sulfonic acid, taurine acid, or any combination thereof.
Embodiment 26 is the alkalinity assay kit of embodiment 25, wherein
the acidic composition is camphorsulfonic acid. Embodiment 27 is
the alkalinity assay kit of any one of embodiments 14 to 26,
wherein the plurality of microwells are sealed to prevent the
titrant composition from exiting the plurality of microwells.
Embodiment 28 is the alkalinity assay kit of embodiment 26, wherein
the plurality of microwells are sealed with a plastic film or a
foil. Embodiment 29 is the alkalinity assay kit of any one of
embodiments 14 to 28, further comprising a spectrophotometer
capable of measuring wavelengths between 400 and 700
nanometers.
[0011] Embodiment 30 describes a method of determining the
alkalinity of an analyte composition. The method can include (a)
obtaining any one of the compositions of embodiments 1 to 14 or
alkalinity assay kits of embodiments 14 to 29; (b) obtaining an
analyte composition; (c) adding substantially the same volume of
the analyte composition to each of the plurality of microwells of
the microwell plate to form solutions from the analyte composition
and the lyophilized titrate compositions in each of the plurality
of microwells, wherein the pH of the solution in each microwell is
different; and (d) measuring the absorbance value for each solution
in each of the plurality of microwells at a first wavelength and a
second wavelength and determining the alkalinity of the analyte
composition based on the measured absorbance values. Embodiment 31
is the method of embodiment 30, wherein the pH of the solution in
each microwell is sequentially lower. Embodiment 32 is the method
of any one of embodiments 30 to 31, wherein the pH sensitive dye
has an acid form and a base form, wherein the absorbance value of
the acid form correlates to the first wavelength and the absorbance
value of the base form correlates to the second wavelength.
Embodiment 33 is the method of embodiment 32, wherein the pH
sensitive dye is a triphenylmethane dye, bromocresol green, crystal
violet, cresol red, thymol blue, 2.4-dintrophenol, bromopheol blue,
methyl. Embodiment 34 is the method of embodiment 33, wherein pH
sensitive dye is bromocresol green. Embodiment 35 is the method of
any one of embodiments 30 to 34, wherein: (i) at least one of the
solutions has absorbance values as measured at one or more
wavelengths that are not statistically differentiable from the
absorbance values of a solution with a pH value below that at which
the dye shows a colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a
ratio of the absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating
that said solution has an amount of acid that is greater than the
amount required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte
composition; and (ii) at least one of the solutions has absorbance
values as measured at one or more wavelengths that are
statistically differentiable from the absorbance values of a
solution with a pH value below that at which the dye shows a
colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a ratio of the
absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating that said
solution has an amount of acid that is less than the amount
required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte composition.
Embodiment 36 is the method of any one of embodiments 30 to 34,
wherein at least one of the solutions has an absorbance value at
the second wavelength that is 0.4 to 1.7 times greater than
absorbance value at the first wavelength, and wherein said at least
one solution represents the alkalinity of the analyte
composition+/-40 ppm. Embodiment 37 is the method of any one of
embodiments 30 to 36, wherein the analyte in is an aqueous
composition obtained from a subsurface well. Embodiment 38 is the
method of any one of embodiments 30 to 36, wherein the analyte
solution can include a plurality of solutions having the same
analyte, and each analyte solution is obtained from a different
well of a plurality of subsurface wells. Embodiment 39 is the
method of embodiments 37 to 38, wherein the well is a hydrocarbon
well or a water well in a subsurface hydrocarbon formation.
Embodiment 40 is the method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39,
wherein the analyte solution is obtained from a drilling process or
fracking process. Embodiment 41 is the method of any one of
embodiments 30 to 40, wherein the determined alkalinity value of
the analyte correlates to a hardness of the water.
[0012] Embodiment 42 describes a method of making any one of the
alkalinity assay kits of embodiments 14 to 29. The method can
include (a) obtaining a microwell plate; (b) obtaining a
lyophilized titrant composition comprising an acid, a pH sensitive
dye, and an excipient; and (c) adding sequentially increasing
amounts of the lyophilized titrant composition to a plurality of
microwells of the microwell plate such that when an analyte
composition is added to the lyophilized titrant composition in each
microwell of the plurality of microwells a solution forms and the
pH of the solution in each microwell is sequentially lower.
Embodiment 43 is the method of embodiment 42, wherein obtaining a
lyophilized titrant composition includes providing an aqueous
solution of the titrant composition to one or more microwells of
the microwell plate and subjecting the microwell plate to
lyophilizing conditions sufficient to remove the water from the
aqueous solution and form a powder. Embodiment 44 is the method of
any one of embodiments 42 to 43, wherein the plurality of
microwells are sealed to prevent the titrant composition from
exiting the plurality of microwells. Embodiment 45 is the method of
embodiment 44, wherein the plurality of microwells are sealed with
a plastic film or a foil.
[0013] The term "acidic solution" refers to a solution that has a
concentration of hydrogen ions greater than the concentration of
hydroxide ion ([H+]>[OH.sup.-]).
[0014] The term "alkalinity" refers to the measurement of the
ability of an aqueous solution to neutralize acidity. Alkalinity is
usually expressed in ppm of calcium carbonate (CaCO.sub.3).
[0015] The terms "basic solution" or "alkaline solution" refers to
a solution that has a concentration of hydrogen ions less than the
concentration of hydroxide ion ([H+]<[OH.sup.-]).
[0016] The term "pH" refers to the measurement of the concentration
of hydrogen ions in water or other media. pH is generally expressed
as a log scale based on 10 where pH=-log[H+].
[0017] The term "about" or "approximately" are defined as being
close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in
one non-limiting embodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%,
preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1%, and most
preferably within 0.5%.
[0018] The term "substantially" and its variations are defined as
being largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified as
understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one
non-limiting embodiment substantially refers to ranges within 10%,
within 5%, within 1%, or within 0.5%.
[0019] The terms "inhibiting" or "reducing" or "preventing" or
"avoiding" or any variation of these terms, when used in the claims
and/or the specification includes any measurable decrease or
complete inhibition to achieve a desired result.
[0020] The term "effective," as that term is used in the
specification and/or claims, means adequate to accomplish a
desired, expected, or intended result.
[0021] The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction
with the term "comprising" in the claims or the specification may
mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or
more," "at least one," and "one or more than one."
[0022] The words "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as
"comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such
as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such
as "includes" and "include") or "containing" (and any form of
containing, such as "contains" and "contain") are inclusive or
open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or
method steps.
[0023] The alkalinity assay kits and the methods of using and
making the alkalinity assay kits of the present invention can
"comprise," "consist essentially of," or "consist of" particular
ingredients, components, compositions, etc. disclosed throughout
the specification. With respect to the transitional phase
"consisting essentially of," in one non-limiting aspect, a basic
and novel characteristic of the kits of the present invention is
the ability to determine the alkalinity of an aqueous solution
using spectrometric analysis.
[0024] Other objects, features and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent from the following figures, detailed
description, and examples. It should be understood, however, that
the figures, detailed description, and examples, while indicating
specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of
illustration only and are not meant to be limiting. Additionally,
it is contemplated that changes and modifications within the spirit
and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in
the art from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIGS. 1A-1C are schematics of alkalinity assay kits of the
present invention.
[0026] FIG. 2 is a flow chart depicting a method of determining
alkalinity of a water body.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0027] Conventional technologies used to determine the alkalinity
of a solution involve visual titration methods that are
time-consuming and often inaccurate. Many time, manual visual
titrations result in error resulting from the analyst overshooting
the endpoint due to adding too much strong acid or misjudging the
color change at the endpoint. A discovery has been made that avoids
overshooting the endpoint and eliminating the need for a visual
titration of adding an acidic solution drop wise into a water
solution that includes the analyte. The discovery lies in the use
of a lyophilized titrant sample used in a microwell plate. The
titrant sample can include a pH sensitive dye, an acid, and an
excipient. Each microwell of the microwell of the microwell plates
has at least two microwells having a different pH. The analyte
solution is added to the titrant to form a solution and the
alkalinity of the solution is determined by measuring the
absorbance value for each solution in each of the plurality of
microwells at a first wavelength and a second wavelength and
determining the alkalinity of the analyte composition based on the
measured absorbance values.
[0028] These and other non-limiting aspects of the present
invention are discussed in further detail in the following
sections.
A. Alkalinity Assay Kit
[0029] FIGS. 1A-1C depict schematics of embodiments of alkalinity
assay system 100. The alkalinity assay system or kit includes
microwell plate 102 having a plurality of microwells 104. The
plurality of microwells 104 can be assembled in the removable
holders 106. Holders 106 may include members 108 that position on
top of the side wall 110. Holders 106 may rest on, or be suspended
above, bottom wall 112 of the microwell plate 102. As shown, holder
106 includes eight (8) microwells 104, however, it should be
understood that the number of microwells can be adjusted to the
size of the microwell plate 102. For example, the number of the
microwells 104 can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, etc. As shown in FIG. 1A, the microwell
plate 102 does not include any titrant composition. FIG. 1B depicts
all of the microwells having titrant composition 114 and FIG. 1C
depicts some of the microwells having titrant composition 114. The
microwells 104 can hold a volume of 20, 50, 300, 500 microliters,
preferably 300 microliters or 400 microliters. The microwell plate
102, microwells 104, holders 106, can be made of any material
having chemical resistance to acid. Non-limiting examples of
materials include polymers, copolymers of polymers, polystyrene,
polypropylene, cyclo-olefins and the like. The holders 106 may be
polymeric or plastic tape with the microwells 104 embossed on the
tape. Microwell plates are commercially available from Thermo
Fisher Scientific (Waltham, Mass., USA).
[0030] As shown in FIG. 1B, the microwells 104 can be filled with
sequentially increasing amounts of lyophilized titrant composition
so that each microwell has an increasing amount of acid. In some
embodiments, each microwell is can have an increasing amount of
acid and then the other reagents can be added to the microwell. For
example, microwell 104-1 can have the least amount of acid and
microwell 104-56 can have the most amount of acid. In other
embodiments, the microwells 104 in each holder 106 can have
increasing amounts of acid, but each holder 106 have the same
amount of acid. For example, microwells 104-1, 104-9, 104-17,
104-25, 104-33, 104-41, 104-49 can have the same amount of acid and
microwells 104-8, 104-16, 104-32, 104-40, 104-48 and 104-56 can
have the same amount of acid. It should be understood, that
configuration of the amount titrant in the microwells 104 can be
any chosen configuration as long as two of the microwells 104 have
different amounts of acid. In some instances, the acid, dye and an
excipient can be lyophilized in the microwells 104 in the microwell
plate 102. Lyophilizing conditions include -60 degree Celsius at
100 mtorr. The microwells 104, microwell holders 106, and/or the
microwell plate can be sealed with a known sealing agent (for
example, plastic film or foil) to allow the microwell plate 102 or
the microwell holders 106 to stored or transported. In some
embodiments, the alkalinity assay system includes a
spectrophotometer that is capable of measuring the absorbance of
the chosen colorimetric dye.
B. Method of Determining Alkalinity of a Solution
[0031] The alkalinity assay system and kit described throughout the
specification can be used to determine the alkalinity of a
solution. The solution can be a sample from a water body such as a
subsurface water well in a hydrocarbon formation, a lake, a river,
a canal or the like. Referring to FIG. 2, a flow chart for
determining alkalinity is depicted. In method 200, the microwell
plate 102 containing the lyophilized titrant composition 114 is
obtained in step 202. In step 204, a known amount of analyte
solution (for example 300 microliters) is added to the lyophilized
titrant composition 114 reagents in the microwells 104 using a
delivery apparatus (for example, multichannel pipette). In step
206, after solids in the plate have fully dissolved, the microwell
plate 102 is placed in a spectrophotometer (for example, a plate
reader) and the absorbance of each microwell at the wavelengths of
the colorimetric dye is measured. In embodiments when the
colorimetric dye is bromocresol green, the absorbances at 460 nm
and 620 nm are measured. At least one of the solutions in a
microwell 104 has absorbance values at the measured wavelengths
that are not statistically differentiable from the absorbance
values of a solution with a pH value below that at which the dye
shows a colorimetric response. The absorbance value may be
expressed as a ratio of the absorbance of multiple wavelengths,
thereby indicating that said solution has an amount of acid that is
greater than the amount required to neutralize the alkalinity of
the analyte composition. At least one of the solutions has
absorbance values as measured at one or more wavelengths that are
statistically differentiable from the absorbance values of a
solution with a pH value below that at which the dye shows a
colorimetric response, which may be expressed as a ratio of the
absorbance of multiple wavelengths, thereby indicating that said
solution has an amount of acid that is less than the amount
required to neutralize the alkalinity of the analyte composition.
The absorbance data is then used to calculate the concentrations of
the acidic and basic forms of the dye using their respective
extinction coefficients. This data can be used to improve the
accuracy of the system by allowing for the assessment of wells
which have close to the exact amount of acid required to neutralize
the sample. The alkalinity of the sample can then be determined
based on that precise well rather than between two different wells.
The ratios of the concentrations of the acid and base form of the
dye used to calculate the alkalinity are limited only by the
accuracy and precision of the detector used. It is often desirable
to use the same values for the uncertainty in the single well case
as is found for the two well case. The more narrow the window, the
more precise the result will be. However, it will also be unlikely
that a sample will fall into a smaller window. If one specific case
uses an application with the wells spaced 80 ppm alkalinity apart
so that the uncertainty in the two well case is +/-40 ppm, the
ratios used to calculate the alkalinity for the single well case
can be chosen such that the uncertainty is +/-40 ppm. Certain
experimental conditions may require changes to the desired
absorbance ratios in order to match the desired uncertainty window.
In a non-limiting embodiment using bromocresol green as the dye, if
the absorption at 460 nm is greater than 1.7 times the absorption
at 620 nm, the microwell has more acid than is required to
neutralize the alkalinity. If the absorption at 460 nm is less than
0.4 times the absorbance at 620 nm, the microwell does not have
enough acid to neutralize the alkalinity. The first microwell which
is found to have more acid than required represents the maximum
value of the alkalinity. The last microwell which has less acid
than required represents the minimum value of the alkalinity. The
assessed alkalinity is thus the average alkalinity capacity of the
two wells+/-half of their average alkalinity capacity. If a
microwell displays an absorbance at 460 nm that is between 0.4 and
1.7 times the absorbance at 620, then the alkalinity is the value
represented by that microwell+/-desired uncertainty window. For
example, for the embodiment using bromocresol embodiment, setting
the absorbance ratios between 0.4 and 1.7 created an uncertainty
window of +/-40 ppm.
[0032] The system 100 can be automated to acquire data. The
acquired data can be transmitted to one or more computer systems.
The computer systems can include components such as CPUs or
applications with an associated machine readable medium or article
which may store an instruction or a set of instructions that, if
executed by a machine, may cause the machine to perform a method
and/or operations in accordance with the methods of the present
invention. For example, the microwell plate 102 can be put in a
plate reader and the spectrophotometer can automatically measure
the absorbance of each sample. The measured absorbance can be
stored in a computer system in the spectrophotometer and/or
transmitted to another computer system. Either computer may be
capable of processing the absorbance and displaying or printing an
alkalinity value for a series of analytes. Such a machine may
include, for example, any suitable processing platform, computing
platform, computing device, processing device, computing system,
processing system, computer, processor, or the like, and may be
implemented using any suitable combination of hardware and/or
software. The machine-readable medium or article may include, for
example, any suitable type of memory unit, memory device, memory
article, memory medium, storage device, storage article, storage
medium and/or storage unit, for example, memory, removable or
non-removable media, erasable or non-erasable media, writeable or
re-writeable media, digital or analog media, hard disk, floppy
disk, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disk
Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), optical disk,
magnetic media, magneto-optical media, removable memory cards or
disks, various types of Digital Versatile Disk (DVD), a tape, a
cassette, or the like. The instructions may include any suitable
type of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code,
executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. The
instructions may be implemented using any suitable high-level,
low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/or interpreted
programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Perl, Matlab,
Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and so
forth. The computer system may further include a display device
such as monitor, an alphanumeric input device such as keyboard, and
a directional input device such as mouse.
EXAMPLES
[0033] The present invention will be described in greater detail by
way of specific examples. The following examples are offered for
illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the
invention in any manner. Those of skill in the art will readily
recognize a variety of noncritical parameters which can be changed
or modified to yield essentially the same results.
Example 1
Alkalinity Assay Kit
[0034] Microwells (300 microliter) of a 96-microwell plate were
filled with sequentially increasing amounts of acid to produce the
pH listed in Table 1 upon the addition of the sample Bromocresol
green (0.00028 mg, (Sigma-Aldrich.RTM., USA) and
(2-hydroxylpropyl)-.beta.-cyclodextrin (0.01 mg,) was added to each
well. The resulting aqueous titrant solution was lyophilized at
-60.degree. C. and 100 mtorr.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Microwell Number pH 1 4.199282922 2
2.796749476 3 2.504400165 4 2.331241458 5 2.207776457 6 2.111753092
7 2.033163951 8 1.966640589 9 1.908966484 10 1.858061333 11
1.812501841 12 1.771271221 13 1.733617761 14 1.698970004
Example 2
Determination of Alkalinity of a Water Body
[0035] Alkalinity Assay. Analyte solutions (300 microliters)
containing an unknown amount of carbonate ion was added to the
microwells of the 96-microwell plate prepared in Example 1. After
dissolution of the lyophilized titrant sample, the microwell plate
was positioned in a plate reader and the absorbance value of the
plate was determined.
[0036] The data shown in Table 2 was collected from a run of 3
produced waters on the alkalinity assay. The values in each set of
2 columns represent the 14 wells of a complete assay. The first row
given is a blank. The ratios of the absorbances given by the rows
"Blank 460" and "Blank 620" were used to calculate the alkalinity
of each sample. This resulted in a calculation of 832+/-40,
543+/-40, and 294+/-40 ppm alkalinity for the 3 samples
respectively.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.066 0.064 0.033 0.032 0.036
0.033 460 0.043 0.042 0.034 0.032 0.035 0.033 620 0.026 0.025
-0.006 -0.007 -0.003 -0.006 Blank 460 0.008 0.007 -0.001 -0.003 0
-0.002 Blank 620 0.1 0.117 0.075 0.231 0.072 0.231 460 0.49 0.489
0.49 0.037 0.488 0.036 620 0.06 0.078 0.036 0.192 0.033 0.192 Blank
460 0.455 0.454 0.455 0.002 0.453 0.001 Blank 620 0.091 0.114 0.062
0.248 0.064 0.232 460 0.513 0.472 0.506 0.055 0.499 0.036 620 0.052
0.075 0.023 0.208 0.025 0.193 Blank 460 0.478 0.437 0.471 0.02
0.464 0.001 Blank 620 0.09 0.126 0.063 0.233 0.077 0.23 460 0.506
0.455 0.508 0.041 0.46 0.036 620 0.051 0.086 0.024 0.194 0.038 0.19
Blank 460 0.471 0.42 0.473 0.006 0.425 0.001 Blank 620 0.102 0.224
0.063 0.245 0.197 0.231 460 0.519 0.298 0.498 0.053 0.154 0.037 620
0.063 0.185 0.024 0.206 0.157 0.192 Blank 460 0.484 0.263 0.463
0.018 0.119 0.002 Blank 620 0.09 0.245 0.095 0.234 0.23 0.233 460
0.485 0.062 0.432 0.04 0.044 0.035 620 0.051 0.205 0.056 0.195
0.191 0.194 Blank 460 0.45 0.027 0.397 0.005 0.009 0 Blank 620
0.112 0.305 0.14 0.225 0.232 0.232 460 0.504 0.121 0.359 0.035 0.04
0.037 620 0.072 0.266 0.101 0.186 0.193 0.193 Blank 460 0.469 0.086
0.324 0 0.005 0.002 Blank 620 0.103 0.236 0.211 0.215 0.218 0.22
460 0.466 0.059 0.169 0.035 0.038 0.036 620 0.064 0.197 0.172 0.176
0.178 0.18 Blank 460 0.43 0.024 0.134 0 0.003 0.001 Blank 620
* * * * *