U.S. patent application number 16/955207 was filed with the patent office on 2020-10-29 for refrigeration cycle apparatus.
This patent application is currently assigned to DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD.. The applicant listed for this patent is DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD.. Invention is credited to Mitsushi ITANO, Daisuke KARUBE, Yuzo KOMATSU, Shun OHKUBO, Kazuhiro TAKAHASHI, Tatsuya TAKAKUWA, Tetsushi TSUDA, Yuuichi YANAGI, Yuuki YOTSUMOTO.
Application Number | 20200340714 16/955207 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000004976119 |
Filed Date | 2020-10-29 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20200340714 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ITANO; Mitsushi ; et
al. |
October 29, 2020 |
REFRIGERATION CYCLE APPARATUS
Abstract
A refrigeration cycle apparatus including a heat exchanger can
decrease the material cost. An air conditioning apparatus (10) that
is a refrigeration cycle apparatus includes a flammable refrigerant
containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene, an outdoor heat exchanger
(23), and an indoor heat exchanger (27). One of the outdoor heat
exchanger (23) and the indoor heat exchanger (27) is an evaporator
that evaporates the refrigerant, and the other one is a condenser
that condenses the refrigerant. The outdoor heat exchanger (23) and
the indoor heat exchanger (27) each are a heat exchanger that
includes metal plates (19) serving as a plurality of fins made of
aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and flat tubes (16) serving as a
plurality of heat transfer tubes made of aluminum or an aluminum
alloy, and that causes the refrigerant flowing inside the flat
tubes (16) and the air flowing along the metal plates (19) to
exchange heat with each other. The refrigerant repeats a
refrigeration cycle by circulating through the outdoor heat
exchanger (23) and the indoor heat exchanger (27).
Inventors: |
ITANO; Mitsushi; (Osaka,
JP) ; KARUBE; Daisuke; (Osaka, JP) ;
YOTSUMOTO; Yuuki; (Osaka, JP) ; TAKAHASHI;
Kazuhiro; (Osaka, JP) ; KOMATSU; Yuzo; (Osaka,
JP) ; OHKUBO; Shun; (Osaka, JP) ; TAKAKUWA;
Tatsuya; (Osaka, JP) ; TSUDA; Tetsushi;
(Osaka, JP) ; YANAGI; Yuuichi; (Osaka,
JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD. |
Osaka |
|
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
DAIKIN INDUSTRIES, LTD.
Osaka
JP
|
Family ID: |
1000004976119 |
Appl. No.: |
16/955207 |
Filed: |
December 18, 2018 |
PCT Filed: |
December 18, 2018 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/JP2018/046532 |
371 Date: |
June 18, 2020 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09K 2205/126 20130101;
C09K 5/045 20130101; C09K 2205/22 20130101; F25B 13/00
20130101 |
International
Class: |
F25B 13/00 20060101
F25B013/00; C09K 5/04 20060101 C09K005/04 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 18, 2017 |
JP |
2017-242183 |
Dec 18, 2017 |
JP |
2017-242185 |
Dec 18, 2017 |
JP |
2017-242186 |
Dec 18, 2017 |
JP |
2017-242187 |
Oct 5, 2018 |
JP |
PCT/JP2018/037483 |
Oct 17, 2018 |
JP |
PCT/JP2018/038746 |
Oct 17, 2018 |
JP |
PCT/JP2018/038747 |
Oct 17, 2018 |
JP |
PCT/JP2018/038748 |
Oct 17, 2018 |
JP |
PCT/JP2018/038749 |
Claims
1. A refrigeration cycle apparatus comprising: a flammable
refrigerant containing at least 1,2-difluoroethylene; an evaporator
that evaporates the refrigerant; and a condenser that condenses the
refrigerant, wherein at least one of the evaporator and the
condenser is a heat exchanger that includes a plurality of fins
made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and a plurality of heat
transfer tubes made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and that
causes the refrigerant flowing inside the heat transfer tubes and a
fluid flowing along the fins to exchange heat with each other, and
wherein the refrigerant repeats a refrigeration cycle by
circulating through the evaporator and the condenser.
2. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
each of the plurality of fins has a plurality of holes, the
plurality of heat transfer tubes penetrate through the plurality of
holes of the plurality of fins, and outer peripheries of the
plurality of heat transfer tubes are in close contact with inner
peripheries of the plurality of holes.
3. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the plurality of heat transfer tubes are a plurality of flat tubes,
and flat surface portions of the flat tubes that are disposed next
to each other face each other.
4. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
each of the plurality of fins is bent in a waveform, disposed
between the flat surface portions of the flat tubes disposed next
to each other, and connected to the flat surface portions to be
able to transfer heat to the flat surface portions.
5. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 3, wherein
each of the plurality of fins has the plurality of cutouts, and the
plurality of flat tubes are inserted into the plurality of cutouts
of the plurality of fins and connected thereto to be able to
transfer heat to the plurality of fins.
6. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(R1234yf).
7. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA',
A'B, BD, DC', C'C, CO, and OA that connect the following 7 points:
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B
(0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C'(19.5, 70.5,
10.0), point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or
on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line
segments BD, CO, and OA); the line segment AA' is represented by
coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the line segment A'B is represented
by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line segment DC' is represented
by coordinates (x, 0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4,
-0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), the line segment C'C is represented
by coordinates (x, 0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729,
-0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and the line segments BD, CO, and
OA are straight lines.
8. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments GI,
IA, AA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CG that connect the following 8
points: point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point
A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0,
58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C'(19.5, 70.5, 10.0),
and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments
(excluding the points on the line segments IA, BD, and CG); the
line segment AA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line
segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), the line
segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
9. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP,
PN, NK, KA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CJ that connect the following 9
points: point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point
N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1), point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3), point A' (30.6,
30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on
the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments
BD and CJ); the line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), the
line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x,
0.2421x.sup.2-29.955x+931.91, -0.2421x.sup.2+28.955x-831.91), the
line segment KA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line
segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), the line
segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments JP, BD, and CG are straight lines.
10. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments JP,
PL, LM, MA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CJ that connect the following 9
points: point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point
L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6,
30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on
the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments
BD and CJ); the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43) the
line segment MA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line
segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), the line
segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
11. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL,
LM, MA', A'B, BF, FT, and TP that connect the following 7 points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M
(60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,
41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line
segment BF); the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), the
line segment MA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line
segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8, -0.0078x.sup.2-0.2499x+38.2), the line
segment TP is represented by coordinates
0.00672x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525, -0.00672x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475), and
the line segments LM and BF are straight lines.
12. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PL,
LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4 points: point P (55.8,
42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6),
and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9), or on the above line segments; the
line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), the
line segment RP is represented by coordinates
(0.00672x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525, -0.00672x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475),
and the line segments LQ and QR are straight lines.
13. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments SM,
MA', A'B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6 points: point
S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6,
30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2),
and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3), or on the above line segments, the
line segment MA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line
segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8, -0.0078x.sup.2-0.2499x+38.2), the line
segment TS is represented by coordinates
(-0.0017x.sup.2-0.7869x+70.888, -0.0017x.sup.2-0.2131x+29.112), and
the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
14. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E))
and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass %
or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant
comprises 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the
entire refrigerant.
15. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass %
or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the refrigerant
comprises 45.1 mass % to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the
entire refrigerant.
16. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the
refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, if
0<a.ltoreq.11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
(100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BD', D'C, and CG that connect the
following 6 points: point G (0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0,
-0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0), point I
(0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, -0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0), point
A (0.0134a.sup.2-1.9681a+68.6, 0.0, -0.0134a.sup.2+0.9681a+31.4),
point B (0.0, 0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7,
-0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3), point D' (0.0,
0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6), and point C
(-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1, 0.0), or
on the straight lines GI, AB, and D'C (excluding point G, point I,
point A, point B, point D', and point C); if 11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2,
coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within
the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW,
and WG that connect the following 5 points: point G
(0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105, -0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0),
point I (0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105, 0.0,
-0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895), point A
(0.0112a.sup.2-1.9337a+68.484, 0.0, -0.0112a.sup.2+0.9337a+31.516),
point B (0.0, 0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199,
-0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801), and point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or
on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point Q point I, point
A, point B, and point W); if 18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates
(x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of
a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that
connect the following 5 points: point G
(0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727, -0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0),
point I (0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727, 0.0,
-0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273), point A
(0.0107a.sup.2-1.9142a+68.305, 0.0, -0.0107a.sup.2+0.9142a+31.695),
point B (0.0, 0.009a.sup.2-1.6045a+59.318,
-0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682), and point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or
on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point Q point I, point
A, point B, and point W); if 26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates
(x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of
a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that
connect the following 5 points: point G
(0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986, -0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0),
point I (0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986, 0.0,
-0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014), point A
(0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0, -0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207),
point B (0.0, 0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286,
-0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714), and point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or
on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point Q point I, point
A, point B, and point W); and if 36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates
(x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within the range of
a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that
connect the following 5 points: point G
(0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902, -0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098, 0.0),
point I (0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902, 0.0,
-0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098), point A
(0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0, -0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9),
point B (0.0, 0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95,
-0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05), and point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or
on the straight lines GI and AB (excluding point Q point I, point
A, point B, and point W).
17. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (IFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (IFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein when the mass % of
IFO-1132(E), IFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum in the
refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, if
0<a.ltoreq.11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of IFO-1132(E), IFO-1123, and R1234yf is
(100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BD', D'C, and CJ that connect the
following 5 points: point J (0.0049a.sup.2-0.9645a+47.1,
-0.0049a.sup.2-0.0355a+52.9, 0.0), point K'
(0.0514a.sup.2-2.4353a+61.7, -0.0323a.sup.2+0.4122a+5.9,
-0.0191a.sup.2+1.0231a+32.4), point B (0.0,
0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7, -0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3), point D'
(0.0, 0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6), and
point C (-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1,
0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'B, and D'C (excluding point
J, point B, point D', and point C); if 11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2,
coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are within
the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK', K'B, BW,
and WJ that connect the following 4 points: point J
(0.0243a.sup.2-1.4161a+49.725, -0.0243a.sup.2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0),
point K' (0.0341a.sup.2-2.1977a+61.187, -0.0236a.sup.2+0.34a+5.636,
-0.0105a.sup.2+0.8577a+33.177), point B (0.0,
0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199, -0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK' and K'B
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); if
18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4
points: point J (0.0246a.sup.2-1.4476a+50.184,
-0.0246a.sup.2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0), point K'
(0.0196a.sup.2-1.7863a+58.515, -0.0079a.sup.2-0.1136a+8.702,
-0.0117a.sup.2+0.8999a+32.783), point B (0.0,
0.009a.sup.2-1.6045a+59.318, -0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK' and K'B
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); if
26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following
5 points: point J (0.0183a.sup.2-1.1399a+46.493,
-0.0183a.sup.2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0), point K'
(-0.0051a.sup.2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a.sup.2-1.0929a+74.05),
point A (0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0,
-0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207), point B (0.0,
0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286, -0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714), and point
W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'A, and AB
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); and if
36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following
5 points: point J (-0.0134a.sup.2+1.0956a+7.13,
0.0134a.sup.2-2.0956a+92.87, 0.0), point K'(-1.892a+29.443, 0.0,
0.892a+70.557), point A (0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,
-0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0,
0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95, -0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'A, and
AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W).
18. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (IFO-1132(E)),
difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein when the mass % of IFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of IFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments J, JN, NE,
and EI that connect the following 4 points: point I (72.0, 0.0,
28.0), point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7), or on these line segments (excluding the
points on the line segment EI; the line segment IJ is represented
by coordinates (0.0236y.sup.2-1.7616y+72.0, y,
-0.0236y.sup.2+0.7616y+28.0); the line segment NE is represented by
coordinates (0.012y.sup.2-1.9003y+58.3, y,
-0.012y.sup.2+0.9003y+41.7); and the line segments JN and EI are
straight lines.
19. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (IFO-1132(E)),
difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of IFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments MM', M'N,
NV, VQ and GM that connect the following 5 points: point M (52.6,
0.0, 47.4), point M' (39.2, 5.0, 55.8), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1),
point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4), or on
these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM);
the line segment MM' is represented by coordinates
(0.132.sup.2-3.34y+52.6, y, -0.132y.sup.2+2.34y+47.4); the line
segment M'N is represented by coordinates
(0.0596y.sup.2-2.2541y+48.98, y, -0.0596y.sup.2+1.2541y+51.02); the
line segment VG is represented by coordinates
(0.0123y.sup.2-1.8033y+39.6, y, -0.0123y.sup.2+0.8033y+60.4); and
the line segments NV and GM are straight lines.
20. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ON, NU,
and UO that connect the following 3 points: point O (22.6, 36.8,
40.6), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),
or on these line segments; the line segment ON is represented by
coordinates (0.0072y.sup.2-0.6701y+37.512, y,
-0.0072y.sup.2-0.3299y+62.488); the line segment NU is represented
by coordinates (0.0083y.sup.2-1.7403y+56.635, y,
-0.0083y.sup.2+0.7403y+43.365); and the line segment UO is a
straight line.
21. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments QR, RT,
TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points: point Q (44.6,
23.0, 32.4), point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7), point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6), or on
these line segments; the line segment QR is represented by
coordinates (0.0099y.sup.2-1.975y+84.765, y,
-0.0099y.sup.2+0.975y+15.235); the line segment RT is represented
by coordinates (0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y,
-0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874); the line segment LK is represented
by coordinates (0.0049y.sup.2-0.8842y+61.488, y,
-0.0049y.sup.2-0.1158y+38.512); the line segment KQ is represented
by coordinates (0.0095y.sup.2-1.2222y+67.676, y,
-0.0095y.sup.2+0.2222y+32.324); and the line segment TL is a
straight line.
22. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
difluoromethane (R32), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on
their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y,
and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST,
and TP that connect the following 3 points: point P (20.5, 51.7,
27.8), point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8),
or on these line segments; the line segment PS is represented by
coordinates (0.0064y.sup.2-0.7103y+40.1, y,
-0.0064y.sup.2-0.2897y+59.9); the line segment ST is represented by
coordinates (0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126,
y-0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874); and the line segment TP is a
straight line.
23. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their
sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments IK, KB', B'H, HR, RQ
and GI that connect the following 6 points: point I (72.0, 28.0,
0.0), point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), point B' (0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point
H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5,
61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments (excluding the points on the
line segments B'H and GI); the line segment IK is represented by
coordinates (0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.00,
-0.025z.sup.2+0.7429z+28.0, z), the line segment HR is represented
by coordinates (-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06,
0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z), the line segment RG is represented
by coordinates (-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5,
0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and the line segments KB' and GI
are straight lines.
24. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their
sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments IJ, JR, RQ and GI
that connect the following 4 points: point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0),
point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G
(38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments (excluding the points
on the line segment GI); the line segment IJ is represented by
coordinates (0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.0, -0.025z.sup.2+0.7429z+28.0,
z), the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
25. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their
sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments MP, PB', B'H, HR, RQ
and GM that connect the following 6 points: point M (47.1, 52.9,
0.0), point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), point B' (0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point
H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5,
61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments (excluding the points on the
line segments B'H and GM); the line segment MP is represented by
coordinates (0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9,
z), the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z), the
line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments PB' and GM are straight lines.
26. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their
sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments MN, NR, RQ and GM
that connect the following 4 points: point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5), point R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G
(38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments (excluding the points
on the line segment GM); the line segment MN is represented by
coordinates (0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9,
z), the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
27. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their
sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that
connect the following 3 points: point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), point S
(25.4, 56.2, 18.4), and point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2), or on these
line segments; the line segment ST is represented by coordinates
(-0.0982z.sup.2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z.sup.2-1.9622z+59.069, z),
the line segment TP is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), and the
line segment PS is a straight line.
28. The refrigeration cycle apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
the refrigerant comprises trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (FO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32), wherein
when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their
sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x, y, and z,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass % are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments QB'', B''D, DU, and
UQ that connect the following 4 points: point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0),
point B'' (0.0, 63.0, 37.0), point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), and point U
(28.7, 41.2, 30.1), or on these line segments (excluding the points
on the line segment B''D); the line segment DU is represented by
coordinates (-3.4962z.sup.2+210.71z-3146.1,
3.4962z.sup.2-211.71z+3246.1, z), the line segment UQ is
represented by coordinates (0.0135z.sup.2-0.9181z+44.133,
-0.0135z.sup.2-0.0819z+55.867, z), and the line segments QB'' and
B''D are straight lines.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a refrigeration cycle
apparatus.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] There has been a refrigeration cycle apparatus including a
heat exchanger as described in, for example, PTL 1 (Japanese
Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 11-256358). Like the
heat exchanger of the refrigeration cycle apparatus described in
PTL 1, a heat transfer tube may use a copper pipe.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Technical Problem
[0003] A heat exchanger like one described in PTL 1 is expensive
because the heat transfer tube uses the copper pipe.
[0004] In this way, the refrigeration cycle apparatus including the
heat exchanger has an object to decrease the material cost.
Solution to Problem
[0005] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a first aspect
includes a flammable refrigerant containing at least
1,2-difluoroethylene; an evaporator that evaporates the
refrigerant; and a condenser that condenses the refrigerant; at
least one of the evaporator and the condenser is a heat exchanger
that includes a plurality of fins made of aluminum or an aluminum
alloy and a plurality of heat transfer tubes made of aluminum or an
aluminum alloy, and that causes the refrigerant flowing inside the
heat transfer tubes and a fluid flowing along the fins to exchange
heat with each other; and the refrigerant repeats a refrigeration
cycle by circulating through the evaporator and the condenser.
[0006] With the refrigeration cycle apparatus, since the plurality
of fins made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and the plurality of
heat transfer tubes made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy are
included, for example, as compared to a case where a heat transfer
tube uses a copper pipe, the material cost of the heat exchanger
can be decreased.
[0007] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a second aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the first aspect,
in which each of the plurality of fins has a plurality of holes,
the plurality of heat transfer tubes penetrate through the
plurality of holes of the plurality of fins, and outer peripheries
of the plurality of heat transfer tubes are in close contact with
inner peripheries of the plurality of holes.
[0008] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a third aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the first aspect,
in which the plurality of heat transfer tubes are a plurality of
flat tubes, and flat surface portions of the flat tubes that are
disposed next to each other face each other.
[0009] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a fourth aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the third aspect,
in which each of the plurality of fins is bent in a waveform,
disposed between the flat surface portions of the flat tubes
disposed next to each other, and connected to the flat surface
portions to be able to transfer heat to the flat surface
portions.
[0010] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a fifth aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the third aspect,
in which each of the plurality of fins has a plurality of cutouts,
and the plurality of flat tubes are inserted into the plurality of
cutouts of the plurality of fins and connected thereto to be able
to transfer heat to the plurality of fins.
[0011] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 6th aspect is
the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises
trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene
(HFO-1123), and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
[0012] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP)
equal to those of R410A is used.
[0013] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 7th aspect is
the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments AA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, CO, and OA that connect the
following 7 points:
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B
(0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C' (19.5, 70.5,
10.0), point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or
on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line
segments BD, CO, and OA); [0014] the line segment AA' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), [0015] the line segment A'B is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0016] the line segment DC' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4,
-0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0017] the line segment C'C is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729,
-0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and [0018] the line segments BD,
CO, and OA are straight lines.
[0019] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 8th aspect is
the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments GI, IA, AA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CG that connect the
following 8 points:
point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point A
(68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,
41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding
the points on the line segments IA, BD, and CG); [0020] the line
segment AA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503),
[0021] the line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0022]
the line segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0023]
the line segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments GI, IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
[0024] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 9th aspect is
the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments JP, PN, NK, KA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CJ that connect
the following 9 points:
point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point N
(68.6, 16.3, 15.1), point K (61.3, 5.4, 33.3), point A' (30.6,
30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6),
point C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on
the above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments
BD and CJ); [0025] the line segment PN is represented by
coordinates (x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43,
0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), [0026] the line segment NK is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x.sup.2-29.955x+931.91,
-0.2421x.sup.2+28.955x-831.91), [0027] the line segment KA' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), [0028] the line segment A'B is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0029] the line segment DC' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4,
-0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0030] the line segment C'C is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729,
-0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and the line segments JP, BD, and
CG are straight lines.
[0031] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 10th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments JP, PL, LM, MA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CJ that connect
the following 9 points:
point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L
(63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6, 30.0,
39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point
C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the
above line segments (excluding the points on the line segments BD
and CJ); [0032] the line segment PL is represented by coordinates
(x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43)
[0033] the line segment MA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503),
[0034] the line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0035]
the line segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0036]
the line segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
[0037] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 11th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments PL, LM, MA', A'B, BF, FT, and TP that connect the
following 7 points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M
(60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,
41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line
segment BF); [0038] the line segment PL is represented by
coordinates (x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43,
0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), [0039] the line segment MA' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), [0040] the line segment A'B is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0041] the line segment FT is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8,
-0.0078x.sup.2-0.2499x+38.2), [0042] the line segment TP is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525,
-0.00672x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475), and [0043] the line segments LM
and BF are straight lines.
[0044] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 12th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect the following 4
points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point Q
(62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9), or on the above
line segments; [0045] the line segment PL is represented by
coordinates (x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43,
0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), [0046] the line segment RP is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525,
-0.00672x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475), and the line segments LQ and QR
are straight lines.
[0047] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 13th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the 6th aspect,
wherein, when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line
segments SM, MA', A'B, BF, FT, and TS that connect the following 6
points:
point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A'
(30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8,
38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3), or on the above line
segments, [0048] the line segment MA' is represented by coordinates
(x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503),
[0049] the line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0050]
the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8, -0.0078x.sup.2-0.2499x+38.2), [0051]
the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.0017x.sup.2-0.7869x+70.888, -0.0017x.sup.2-0.2131x+29.112), and
[0052] the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
[0053] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 14th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises
trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene
(HFO-1123) in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the
entire refrigerant, and [0054] the refrigerant comprises 62.0 mass
% to 72.0 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire
refrigerant.
[0055] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP)
equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability
(Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
[0056] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 15th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E)
and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the
entire refrigerant, and [0057] the refrigerant comprises 45.1 mass
% to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
[0058] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP)
equal to those of R410A and classified with lower flammability
(Class 2L) in the standard of The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is used.
[0059] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 16th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises
trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene
(HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and
difluoromethane (R32),
wherein [0060] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf,
and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively
represented by x, y, z, and a, [0061] if 0<a.ltoreq.11.1,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines GI, IA,
AB, BD', D'C, and CG that connect the following 6 points: point G
(0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, -0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0), point
I (0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, 0.0, -0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0),
point A (0.0134a.sup.2-1.9681a+68.6, 0.0,
-0.0134a.sup.2+0.9681a+31.4), point B (0.0,
0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7, -0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3), point D'
(0.0, 0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6), and
point C (-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1,
0.0), or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D'C (excluding point G,
point I, point A, point B, point D', and point C); [0062] if
11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105,
-0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0), point I
(0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, -0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895),
point A (0.0112a.sup.2-1.9337a+68.484, 0.0,
-0.0112a.sup.2+0.9337a+31.516), point B (0.0,
0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199, -0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); [0063]
if 18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727,
-0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0), point I
(0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, -0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273),
point A (0.0107a.sup.2-1.9142a+68.305, 0.0,
-0.0107a.sup.2+0.9142a+31.695), point B (0.0,
0.009a.sup.2-1.6045a+59.318, -0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); [0064]
if 26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986,
-0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0), point I
(0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, -0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014),
point A (0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0,
-0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207), point B (0.0,
0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286, -0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714), and point
W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and
[0065] if 36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902,
-0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098, 0.0), point I
(0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, -0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098),
point A (0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,
-0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0,
0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95, -0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W).
[0066] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP)
equal to those of R410A is used.
[0067] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 17th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein, the refrigerant comprises
trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene
(HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf), and
difluoromethane (R32),
wherein [0068] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf,
and R32 based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively
represented by x, y, z, and a, [0069] if 0<a.ltoreq.11.1,
coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by straight lines JK', K'B,
BD', D'C, and CJ that connect the following 5 points: point J
(0.0049a.sup.2-0.9645a+47.1, -0.0049a.sup.2-0.0355a+52.9, 0.0),
point K' (0.0514a.sup.2-2.4353a+61.7, -0.0323a.sup.2+0.4122a+5.9,
-0.0191a.sup.2+1.0231a+32.4), point B (0.0,
0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7, -0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3), point D'
(0.0, 0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6), and
point C (-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1,
0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'B, and D'C (excluding point
J, point B, point D', and point C); [0070] if
11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4
points: point J (0.0243a.sup.2-1.4161a+49.725,
-0.0243a.sup.2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0), point K'
(0.0341a.sup.2-2.1977a+61.187, -0.0236a.sup.2+0.34a+5.636,
-0.0105a.sup.2+0.8577a+33.177), point B (0.0,
0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199, -0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK' and K'B
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); [0071] if
18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4
points: point J (0.0246a.sup.2-1.4476a+50.184,
-0.0246a.sup.2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0), point K'
(0.0196a.sup.2-1.7863a+58.515, -0.0079a.sup.2-0.1136a+8.702,
-0.0117a.sup.2+0.8999a+32.783), point B (0.0,
0.009a.sup.2-1.6045a+59.318, -0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK' and K'B
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); [0072] if
26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following
5 points: point J (0.0183a.sup.2-1.1399a+46.493,
-0.0183a.sup.2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0), point K'
(-0.0051a.sup.2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a.sup.2-1.0929a+74.05),
point A (0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0,
-0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207), point B (0.0,
0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286, -0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714), and point
W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'A, and AB
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); and [0073] if
36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following
5 points: point J (-0.0134a.sup.2+1.0956a+7.13,
0.0134a.sup.2-2.0956a+92.87, 0.0), point K' (-1.892a+29.443, 0.0,
0.892a+70.557), point A (0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,
-0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0,
0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95, -0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05), and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'A, and
AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W).
[0074] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) and a coefficient of performance (COP)
equal to those of R410A is used.
[0075] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 17th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises
trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32),
and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf),
wherein [0076] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4 points: point I
(72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2), point N (27.7, 18.2,
54.1), and point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7), or on these line segments
(excluding the points on the line segment EI; [0077] the line
segment IJ is represented by coordinates
(0.0236y.sup.2-1.7616y+72.0, y, -0.0236y.sup.2+0.7616y+28.0);
[0078] the line segment NE is represented by coordinates
(0.012y.sup.2-1.9003y+58.3, y, -0.012y.sup.2+0.9003y+41.7); and
[0079] the line segments IN and EI are straight lines.
[0080] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with
lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) is used.
[0081] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 19th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf,
wherein [0082] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
MM', M'N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the following 5 points: point
M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4), point M' (39.2, 5.0, 55.8), point N (27.7,
18.2, 54.1), point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and point G (39.6, 0.0,
60.4), or on these line segments (excluding the points on the line
segment GM); [0083] the line segment MM' is represented by
coordinates (0.132y.sup.2-3.34y+52.6, y, -0.132y.sup.2+2.34y+47.4);
[0084] the line segment M'N is represented by coordinates
(0.0596y.sup.2-2.2541y+48.98, y, -0.0596y.sup.2+1.2541y+51.02);
[0085] the line segment VG is represented by coordinates
(0.0123y.sup.2-1.8033y+39.6, y, -0.0123y.sup.2+0.8033y+60.4); and
[0086] the line segments NV and GM are straight lines.
[0087] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with
lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) is used.
[0088] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 20th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf,
wherein [0089] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram
in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments ON, NU,
and UO that connect the following 3 points: point O (22.6, 36.8,
40.6), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4),
or on these line segments; [0090] the line segment ON is
represented by coordinates (0.0072y.sup.2-0.6701y+37.512, y,
-0.0072y.sup.2-0.3299y+62.488); [0091] the line segment NU is
represented by coordinates (0.0083y.sup.2-1.7403y+56.635, y,
-0.0083y.sup.2+0.7403y+43.365); and [0092] the line segment UO is a
straight line.
[0093] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with
lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) is used.
[0094] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 21th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf,
wherein [0095] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following 5 points: point Q
(44.6, 23.0, 32.4), point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7), point T (8.6, 51.6,
39.8), point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and point K (35.6, 36.8, 27.6),
or on these line segments; [0096] the line segment QR is
represented by coordinates (0.0099y.sup.2-1.975y+84.765, y,
-0.0099y.sup.2+0.975y+15.235); [0097] the line segment RT is
represented by coordinates (0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y,
-0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874); [0098] the line segment LK is
represented by coordinates (0.0049y.sup.2-0.8842y+61.488, y,
-0.0049y.sup.2-0.1158y+38.512); [0099] the line segment KQ is
represented by coordinates (0.0095y.sup.2-1.2222y+67.676, y,
-0.0095y.sup.2+0.2222y+32.324); and [0100] the line segment TL is a
straight line.
[0101] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with
lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) is used.
[0102] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 22th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf,
wherein [0103] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points: point P (20.5,
51.7, 27.8), point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and point T (8.6, 51.6,
39.8), or on these line segments; [0104] the line segment PS is
represented by coordinates (0.0064y.sup.2-0.7103y+40.1, y,
-0.0064y.sup.2-0.2897y+59.9); [0105] the line segment ST is
represented by coordinates (0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y,
-0.0082yz+0.8683y+16.874); and [0106] the line segment TP is a
straight line.
[0107] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, a
refrigeration capacity (may also be referred to as a cooling
capacity or a capacity) equal to those of R410A and classified with
lower flammability (Class 2L) in the standard of The American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE) is used.
[0108] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 23th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises
trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene
(HFO-1123), and difluoromethane (R32),
wherein [0109] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
IK, KB', B'H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the following 6 points:
point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), point B'
(0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point R (23.1, 67.4,
9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments
(excluding the points on the line segments B'H and GI); [0110] the
line segment IK is represented by coordinates
(0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.00, -0.025z.sup.2+0.7429z+28.0, z), [0111]
the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z),
[0112] the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
[0113] the line segments KB' and GI are straight lines.
[0114] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a
coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is
used.
[0115] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 24th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32,
wherein [0116] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
IJ, JR, RG, and GI that connect the following 4 points: point I
(72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5), point R (23.1, 67.4,
9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments
(excluding the points on the line segment GI); [0117] the line
segment IJ is represented by coordinates
(0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.0, -0.025z.sup.2+0.7429z+28.0, z), [0118]
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
[0119] the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
[0120] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a
coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is
used.
[0121] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 25th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32,
wherein [0122] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
MP, PB', B'H, HR, RG, and GM that connect the following 6 points:
point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), point B'
(0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point R (23.1, 67.4,
9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments
(excluding the points on the line segments B'H and GM); [0123] the
line segment MP is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), [0124]
the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z),
[0125] the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
[0126] the line segments PB' and GM are straight lines.
[0127] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a
coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is
used.
[0128] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 26th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32,
wherein [0129] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect the following 4 points: point M
(47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5), point R (23.1, 67.4,
9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these line segments
(excluding the points on the line segment GM); [0130] the line
segment MN is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), [0131]
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
[0132] the line segments JR and GI are straight lines.
[0133] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a
coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is
used.
[0134] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 27th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32,
wherein [0135] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points: point P (31.8,
49.8, 18.4), point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), and point T (34.8, 51.0,
14.2), or on these line segments; [0136] the line segment ST is
represented by coordinates (-0.0982z.sup.2+0.9622z+40.931,
0.0982z.sup.2-1.9622z+59.069, z), [0137] the line segment TP is
represented by coordinates (0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1,
-0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), and [0138] the line segment PS is a
straight line.
[0139] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a
coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is
used.
[0140] A refrigeration cycle apparatus according to a 28th aspect
is the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to any of the first
through 5th aspects, wherein the refrigerant comprises HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32,
wherein [0141] when the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32
based on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented
by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100
mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments
QB'', B''D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4 points: point Q
(28.6, 34.4, 37.0), point B'' (0.0, 63.0, 37.0), point D (0.0,
67.0, 33.0), and point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1), or on these line
segments (excluding the points on the line segment B''D); [0142]
the line segment DU is represented by coordinates
(-3.4962z.sup.2+210.71z-3146.1, 3.4962z.sup.2-211.71z+3246.1, z),
[0143] the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates
(0.0135z.sup.2-0.9181z+44.133, -0.0135z.sup.2-0.0819z+55.867, z),
and [0144] the line segments QB'' and B''D are straight lines.
[0145] In this refrigeration cycle apparatus, the refrigeration
cycle apparatus can decrease the material cost of the heat
exchanger when a refrigerant having a sufficiently low GWP, and a
coefficient of performance (COP) equal to that of R410A is
used.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0146] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an instrument used for a
flammability test.
[0147] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing points A to T and line segments
that connect these points in a ternary composition diagram in which
the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
[0148] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing points A to C, D', G, I, J, and
K', and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %.
[0149] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing points A to C, D', G, I, J, and
K', and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 92.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 7.1
mass %).
[0150] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing points A to C, D', G, I, J, K',
and W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in
a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 88.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 11.1
mass %).
[0151] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and W,
and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 85.5 mass % (the content of R32 is 14.5
mass %).
[0152] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and W,
and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 81.8 mass % (the content of R32 is 18.2
mass %).
[0153] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and W,
and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 78.1 mass % (the content of R32 is 21.9
mass %).
[0154] FIG. 9 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and W,
and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 73.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 26.7
mass %).
[0155] FIG. 10 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and
W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 70.7 mass % (the content of R32 is 29.3
mass %).
[0156] FIG. 11 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and
W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 63.3 mass % (the content of R32 is 36.7
mass %).
[0157] FIG. 12 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and
W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 55.9 mass % (the content of R32 is 44.1
mass %).
[0158] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing points A, B, G, I, J, K', and
W, and line segments that connect these points to each other in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 52.2 mass % (the content of R32 is 47.8
mass %).
[0159] FIG. 14 is a view showing points A to C, E, G, and I to W;
and line segments that connect points A to C, E, G, and I to W in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32,
and R1234yf is 100 mass %.
[0160] FIG. 15 is a view showing points A to U; and line segments
that connect the points in a ternary composition diagram in which
the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %.
[0161] FIG. 16 is a schematic configuration diagram of a
refrigeration apparatus according to a first embodiment.
[0162] FIG. 17 is a front view of an outdoor heat exchanger or an
indoor heat exchanger according to the first embodiment.
[0163] FIG. 18 is a sectional view of a flat tube of a heat
exchanger according to the first embodiment.
[0164] FIG. 19 is a schematic perspective view of an outdoor heat
exchanger according to a second embodiment.
[0165] FIG. 20 is a partly enlarged view when a heat exchange
section of the outdoor heat exchanger is cut in the vertical
direction.
[0166] FIG. 21 is a sectional view in a pipe-axis direction
illustrating an inner-surface grooved tube according to a third
embodiment.
[0167] FIG. 22 is a sectional view taken along line I-I of the
inner-surface grooved tube illustrated in FIG. 21.
[0168] FIG. 23 is a partly enlarged view illustrating in an
enlarged manner a portion of the inner-surface grooved tube
illustrated in FIG. 22.
[0169] FIG. 24 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of a
plate fin.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
(1) Definition of Terms
[0170] In the present specification, the term "refrigerant"
includes at least compounds that are specified in ISO 817
(International Organization for Standardization), and that are
given a refrigerant number (ASHRAE number) representing the type of
refrigerant with "R" at the beginning; and further includes
refrigerants that have properties equivalent to those of such
refrigerants, even though a refrigerant number is not yet given.
Refrigerants are broadly divided into fluorocarbon compounds and
non-fluorocarbon compounds in terms of the structure of the
compounds. Fluorocarbon compounds include chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), and hydrofluorocarbons
(HFC). Non-fluorocarbon compounds include propane (R290), propylene
(R1270), butane (R600), isobutane (R600a), carbon dioxide (R744),
ammonia (R717), and the like.
[0171] In the present specification, the phrase "composition
comprising a refrigerant" at least includes (1) a refrigerant
itself (including a mixture of refrigerants), (2) a composition
that further comprises other components and that can be mixed with
at least a refrigeration oil to obtain a working fluid for a
refrigerating machine, and (3) a working fluid for a refrigerating
machine containing a refrigeration oil. In the present
specification, of these three embodiments, the composition (2) is
referred to as a "refrigerant composition" so as to distinguish it
from a refrigerant itself (including a mixture of refrigerants).
Further, the working fluid for a refrigerating machine (3) is
referred to as a "refrigeration oil-containing working fluid" so as
to distinguish it from the "refrigerant composition."
[0172] In the present specification, when the term "alternative" is
used in a context in which the first refrigerant is replaced with
the second refrigerant, the first type of "alternative" means that
equipment designed for operation using the first refrigerant can be
operated using the second refrigerant under optimum conditions,
optionally with changes of only a few parts (at least one of the
following: refrigeration oil, gasket, packing, expansion valve,
dryer, and other parts) and equipment adjustment. In other words,
this type of alternative means that the same equipment is operated
with an alternative refrigerant. Embodiments of this type of
"alternative" include "drop-in alternative," "nearly drop-in
alternative," and "retrofit," in the order in which the extent of
changes and adjustment necessary for replacing the first
refrigerant with the second refrigerant is smaller.
[0173] The term "alternative" also includes a second type of
"alternative," which means that equipment designed for operation
using the second refrigerant is operated for the same use as the
existing use with the first refrigerant by using the second
refrigerant. This type of alternative means that the same use is
achieved with an alternative refrigerant.
[0174] In the present specification, the term "refrigerating
machine" refers to machines in general that draw heat from an
object or space to make its temperature lower than the temperature
of ambient air, and maintain a low temperature. In other words,
refrigerating machines refer to conversion machines that gain
energy from the outside to do work, and that perform energy
conversion, in order to transfer heat from where the temperature is
lower to where the temperature is higher.
[0175] In the present specification, a refrigerant having a "WCF
lower flammability" means that the most flammable composition
(worst case of formulation for flammability: WCF) has a burning
velocity of 10 cm/s or less according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 34-2013. Further, in the present specification, a
refrigerant having "ASHRAE lower flammability" means that the
burning velocity of WCF is 10 cm/s or less, that the most flammable
fraction composition (worst case of fractionation for flammability:
WCFF), which is specified by performing a leakage test during
storage, shipping, or use based on ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2013 using WCF,
has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less, and that flammability
classification according to the US ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013 is
determined to classified as be "Class 2L."
[0176] In the present specification, a refrigerant having an "RCL
of x % or more" means that the refrigerant has a refrigerant
concentration limit (RCL), calculated in accordance with the US
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013, of x % or more. RCL refers to a
concentration limit in the air in consideration of safety factors.
RCL is an index for reducing the risk of acute toxicity,
suffocation, and flammability in a closed space where humans are
present. RCL is determined in accordance with the ASHRAE Standard.
More specifically, RCL is the lowest concentration among the acute
toxicity exposure limit (ATEL), the oxygen deprivation limit (ODL),
and the flammable concentration limit (FCL), which are respectively
calculated in accordance with sections 7.1.1, 7.1.2, and 7.1.3 of
the ASHRAE Standard.
[0177] In the present specification, temperature glide refers to an
absolute value of the difference between the initial temperature
and the end temperature in the phase change process of a
composition containing the refrigerant of the present disclosure in
the heat exchanger of a refrigerant system.
(2) Refrigerant
(2-1) Refrigerant Component
[0178] Any one of various refrigerants such as refrigerant A,
refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E,
details of these refrigerant are to be mentioned later, can be used
as the refrigerant.
(2-2) Use of refrigerant
[0179] The refrigerant according to the present disclosure can be
preferably used as a working fluid in a refrigerating machine.
[0180] The composition according to the present disclosure is
suitable for use as an alternative refrigerant for HFC refrigerant
such as R410A, R407C and R404 etc, or HCFC refrigerant such as R22
etc.
(3) Refrigerant Composition
[0181] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure comprises at least the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure, and can be used for the same use as the
refrigerant according to the present disclosure. Moreover, the
refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure can be
further mixed with at least a refrigeration oil to thereby obtain a
working fluid for a refrigerating machine.
[0182] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure further comprises at least one other component in
addition to the refrigerant according to the present disclosure.
The refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure may
comprise at least one of the following other components, if
necessary. As described above, when the refrigerant composition
according to the present disclosure is used as a working fluid in a
refrigerating machine, it is generally used as a mixture with at
least a refrigeration oil. Therefore, it is preferable that the
refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure does
not substantially comprise a refrigeration oil. Specifically, in
the refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure,
the content of the refrigeration oil based on the entire
refrigerant composition is preferably 0 to 1 mass %, and more
preferably 0 to 0.1 mass %.
(3-1) Water
[0183] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure may contain a small amount of water. The water content
of the refrigerant composition is preferably 0.1 mass % or less
based on the entire refrigerant. A small amount of water contained
in the refrigerant composition stabilizes double bonds in the
molecules of unsaturated fluorocarbon compounds that can be present
in the refrigerant, and makes it less likely that the unsaturated
fluorocarbon compounds will be oxidized, thus increasing the
stability of the refrigerant composition.
(3-2) Tracer
[0184] A tracer is added to the refrigerant composition according
to the present disclosure at a detectable concentration such that
when the refrigerant composition has been diluted, contaminated, or
undergone other changes, the tracer can trace the changes.
[0185] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure may comprise a single tracer, or two or more
tracers.
[0186] The tracer is not limited, and can be suitably selected from
commonly used tracers. Preferably, a compound that cannot be an
impurity inevitably mixed in the refrigerant of the present
disclosure is selected as the tracer.
[0187] Examples of tracers include hydrofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons,
fluorocarbons, deuterated hydrocarbons, deuterated
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated
compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and
nitrous oxide (N.sub.2O). The tracer is particularly preferably a
hydrofluorocarbon, a hydrochlorofluorocarbon, a chlorofluorocarbon,
a fluorocarbon, a hydrochlorocarbon, a fluorocarbon, or a
fluoroether.
[0188] The following compounds are preferable as the tracer. [0189]
FC-14 (tetrafluoromethane, CF.sub.4) [0190] HCC-40 (chloromethane,
CH.sub.3Cl) [0191] HFC-23 (trifluoromethane, CHF.sub.3) [0192]
HFC-41 (fluoromethane, CH.sub.3Cl) [0193] HFC-125
(pentafluoroethane, CF.sub.3CHF.sub.2) [0194] HFC-134a
(1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, CF.sub.3CH.sub.2F) [0195] HFC-134
(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, CHF.sub.2CHF.sub.2) [0196] HFC-143a
(1,1,1-trifluoroethane, CF.sub.3CH.sub.3) [0197] HFC-143
(1,1,2-trifluoroethane, CHF.sub.2CH.sub.2F) [0198] HFC-152a
(1,1-difluoroethane, CHF.sub.2CH.sub.3) [0199] HFC-152
(1,2-difluoroethane, CH.sub.2FCH.sub.2F) [0200] HFC-161
(fluoroethane, CH.sub.3CH.sub.2F) [0201] HFC-245fa
(1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CHF.sub.2) [0202]
HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, CF.sub.3CH.sub.2CF.sub.3)
[0203] HFC-236ea (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane,
CF.sub.3CHFCHF.sub.2) [0204] HFC-227ea
(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, CF.sub.3CHFCF.sub.3) [0205]
HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHCF.sub.2) [0206] HCFC-31
(chlorofluoromethane, CH.sub.2ClF) [0207] CFC-1113
(chlorotrifluoroethylene, CF.sub.2.dbd.CClF) [0208] HFE-125
(trifluoromethyl-difluoromethyl ether, CF.sub.3OCHF.sub.2) [0209]
HFE-134a (trifluoromethyl-fluoromethyl ether, CF.sub.3OCH.sub.2F)
[0210] HFE-143a (trifluoromethyl-methyl ether, CF.sub.3OCH.sub.3)
[0211] HFE-227ea (trifluoromethyl-tetrafluoroethyl ether,
CF.sub.3OCFCF.sub.3) [0212] HFE-236fa
(trifluoromethyl-trifluoroethyl ether,
CF.sub.3OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3)
[0213] The tracer compound may be present in the refrigerant
composition at a total concentration of about 10 parts per million
(ppm) to about 1000 ppm. Preferably, the tracer compound is present
in the refrigerant composition at a total concentration of about 30
ppm to about 500 ppm, and most preferably, the tracer compound is
present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 300
ppm.
(3-3) Ultraviolet Fluorescent Dye
[0214] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure may comprise a single ultraviolet fluorescent dye, or
two or more ultraviolet fluorescent dyes.
[0215] The ultraviolet fluorescent dye is not limited, and can be
suitably selected from commonly used ultraviolet fluorescent
dyes.
[0216] Examples of ultraviolet fluorescent dyes include
naphthalimide, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthrene, xanthene,
thioxanthene, naphthoxanthene, fluorescein, and derivatives
thereof. The ultraviolet fluorescent dye is particularly preferably
either naphthalimide or coumarin, or both.
(3-4) Stabilizer
[0217] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure may comprise a single stabilizer, or two or more
stabilizers.
[0218] The stabilizer is not limited, and can be suitably selected
from commonly used stabilizers.
[0219] Examples of stabilizers include nitro compounds, ethers, and
amines.
[0220] Examples of nitro compounds include aliphatic nitro
compounds, such as nitromethane and nitroethane; and aromatic nitro
compounds, such as nitro benzene and nitro styrene.
[0221] Examples of ethers include 1,4-dioxane.
[0222] Examples of amines include 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropylamine
and diphenylamine.
[0223] Examples of stabilizers also include butylhydroxyxylene and
benzotriazole.
[0224] The content of the stabilizer is not limited. Generally, the
content of the stabilizer is preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more
preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %, based on the entire refrigerant.
(3-5) Polymerization Inhibitor
[0225] The refrigerant composition according to the present
disclosure may comprise a single polymerization inhibitor, or two
or more polymerization inhibitors.
[0226] The polymerization inhibitor is not limited, and can be
suitably selected from commonly used polymerization inhibitors.
[0227] Examples of polymerization inhibitors include
4-methoxy-1-naphthol, hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ether,
dimethyl-t-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and
benzotriazole.
[0228] The content of the polymerization inhibitor is not limited.
Generally, the content of the polymerization inhibitor is
preferably 0.01 to 5 mass %, and more preferably 0.05 to 2 mass %,
based on the entire refrigerant.
(4) Refrigeration Oil-Containing Working Fluid
[0229] The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to
the present disclosure comprises at least the refrigerant or
refrigerant composition according to the present disclosure and a
refrigeration oil, for use as a working fluid in a refrigerating
machine. Specifically, the refrigeration oil-containing working
fluid according to the present disclosure is obtained by mixing a
refrigeration oil used in a compressor of a refrigerating machine
with the refrigerant or the refrigerant composition. The
refrigeration oil-containing working fluid generally comprises 10
to 50 mass % of refrigeration oil.
(4-1) Refrigeration Oil
[0230] The refrigeration oil is not limited, and can be suitably
selected from commonly used refrigeration oils. In this case,
refrigeration oils that are superior in the action of increasing
the miscibility with the mixture and the stability of the mixture,
for example, are suitably selected as necessary.
[0231] The base oil of the refrigeration oil is preferably, for
example, at least one member selected from the group consisting of
polyalkylene glycols (PAG), polyol esters (POE), and polyvinyl
ethers (PVE).
[0232] The refrigeration oil may further contain additives in
addition to the base oil. The additive may be at least one member
selected from the group consisting of antioxidants,
extreme-pressure agents, acid scavengers, oxygen scavengers, copper
deactivators, rust inhibitors, oil agents, and antifoaming
agents.
[0233] A refrigeration oil with a kinematic viscosity of 5 to 400
cSt at 40.degree. C. is preferable from the standpoint of
lubrication.
[0234] The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to
the present disclosure may further optionally contain at least one
additive. Examples of additives include compatibilizing agents
described below.
(4-2) Compatibilizing Agent
[0235] The refrigeration oil-containing working fluid according to
the present disclosure may comprise a single compatibilizing agent,
or two or more compatibilizing agents.
[0236] The compatibilizing agent is not limited, and can be
suitably selected from commonly used compatibilizing agents.
[0237] Examples of compatibilizing agents include polyoxyalkylene
glycol ethers, amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons, esters,
lactones, aryl ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes.
The compatibilizing agent is particularly preferably a
polyoxyalkylene glycol ether.
(5) Various Refrigerants
[0238] Hereinafter, the refrigerants A to E, which are the
refrigerants used in the present embodiment, will be described in
detail.
[0239] In addition, each description of the following refrigerant
A, refrigerant B, refrigerant C, refrigerant D, and refrigerant E
is each independent. The alphabet which shows a point or a line
segment, the number of an Examples, and the number of a comparative
examples are all independent of each other among the refrigerant A,
the refrigerant B, the refrigerant C, the refrigerant D, and the
refrigerant E. For example, the first embodiment of the refrigerant
A and the first embodiment of the refrigerant B are different
embodiment from each other.
(5-1) Refrigerant A
[0240] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a
mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene
(HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
[0241] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure has
various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative
refrigerant, i.e., a refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of
performance that are equivalent to those of R410A, and a
sufficiently low GWP.
[0242] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is a
composition comprising HFO-1132(E) and R1234yf, and optionally
further comprising HFO-1123, and may further satisfy the following
requirements. This refrigerant also has various properties
desirable as an alternative refrigerant for R410A; i.e., it has a
refrigerating capacity and a coefficient of performance that are
equivalent to those of R410A, and a sufficiently low GWP.
Requirements
[0243] Preferable refrigerant A is as follows:
[0244] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based
on their sum in the refrigerant is respectively represented by x,
y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass %
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA',
A'B, BD, DC', C'C, CO, and OA that connect the following 7
points:
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B
(0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C' (19.5, 70.5,
10.0), point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or
on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line CO);
[0245] the line segment AA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503),
[0246] the line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3, [0247] the
line segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0248]
the line segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
[0249] the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines.
[0250] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5%
or more relative to that of R410A.
[0251] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, based
on their sum in the refrigerant A according to the present
disclosure is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the
refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within a figure surrounded
by line segments GI, IA, AA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CG that
connect the following 8 points:
point G (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point A
(68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,
41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding
the points on the line segment CG); [0252] the line segment AA' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), [0253] the line segment A'B is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0254] the line segment DC' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4,
-0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0255] the line segment C'C is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729,
-0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and [0256] the line segments GI,
IA, BD, and CG are straight lines.
[0257] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant A
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5%
or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant A
has a WCF lower flammability according to the ASHRAE Standard (the
WCF composition has a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).
[0258] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based
on their sum in the refrigerant according to the present disclosure
is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is
preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments JP, PN, NK, KA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CJ that
connect the following 9 points: point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0),
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point N (68.6, 16.3, 15.1), point K
(61.3, 5.4, 33.3), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,
41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and
point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above line segments (excluding
the points on the line segment CJ); [0259] the line segment PN is
represented by coordinates (x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43,
0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), [0260] the line segment NK is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.2421x.sup.2-29.955x+931.91,
-0.2421x.sup.2+28.955x-831.91), [0261] the line segment KA' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), [0262] the line segment A'B is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0263] the line segment DC' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4,
-0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0264] the line segment C'C is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729,
-0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and [0265] the line segments JP,
BD, and CG are straight lines.
[0266] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant A
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5%
or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant
exhibits a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE
Standard (the WCF composition and the WCFF composition have a
burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less).
[0267] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based
on their sum in the refrigerant according to the present disclosure
is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the refrigerant is
preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments JP, PL, LM, MA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, and CJ that
connect the following 9 points:
point J (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L
(63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6, 30.0,
39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point
C' (19.5, 70.5, 10.0), and point (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), or on the above
line segments (excluding the points on the line segment CJ); [0268]
the line segment PL is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43),
[0269] the line segment MA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503),
[0270] the line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0271]
the line segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), [0272]
the line segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
[0273] the line segments JP, LM, BD, and CG are straight lines.
[0274] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5%
or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has
an RCL of 40 g/m.sup.3 or more.
[0275] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based
on their sum in the refrigerant A according to the present
disclosure is respectively represented by x, y, and z, the
refrigerant is preferably a refrigerant wherein coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments PL, LM, MA', A'B, BF, FT, and TP
that connect the following 7 points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point M
(60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7,
41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3),
or on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line
segment BF); [0276] the line segment PL is represented by
coordinates (x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43,
0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), [0277] the line segment MA' is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497,
-0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), [0278] the line segment A'B is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7,
-0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0279] the line segment FT is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8,
-0.0078x.sup.2-0.2499x+38.2), [0280] the line segment TP is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525,
-0.00672x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475), and [0281] the line segments LM
and BF are straight lines.
[0282] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 95% or
more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant has an
RCL of 40 g/m.sup.3 or more.
[0283] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments PL, LQ, QR, and RP that connect
the following 4 points:
point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0), point Q
(62.8, 29.6, 7.6), and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9), or on the above
line segments; [0284] the line segment PL is represented by
coordinates (x, -0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43,
0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), [0285] the line segment RP is
represented by coordinates (x, 0.00672x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525,
-0.00672x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475), and [0286] the line segments LQ
and QR are straight lines.
[0287] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a COP of 95% or more
relative to that of R410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m.sup.3 or more,
furthermore, the refrigerant has a condensation temperature glide
of 1C or less.
[0288] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments SM, MA', A'B, BF, FT, and TS
that connect the following 6 points:
point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1), point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), point
A'(30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B (0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0,
61.8, 38.2), and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3), or on the above line
segments, [0289] the line segment MA' is represented by coordinates
(x, 0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503),
[0290] the line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), [0291]
the line segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8, -0.0078x.sup.2-0.2499x+38.2), [0292]
the line segment TS is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.0017x.sup.2-0.7869x+70.888, -0.0017x.sup.2-0.2131x+29.112), and
[0293] the line segments SM and BF are straight lines.
[0294] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 85% or more relative to that of R410A, a COP of 95% or
more relative to that of R410A, and an RCL of 40 g/m.sup.3 or more
furthermore, the refrigerant has a discharge pressure of 105% or
more relative to that of R410A.
[0295] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein when the mass % of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum in the refrigerant is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments Od, dg, gh, and hO that connect
the following 4 points:
point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4), point g (18.2, 55.1, 26.7), point h
(56.7, 43.3, 0.0), and point o (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or on the line
segments Od, dg, gh, and hO (excluding the points O and h); [0296]
the line segment dg is represented by coordinates
(0.0047y.sup.2-1.5177y+87.598, y, -0.0047y.sup.2+0.5177y+12.402),
[0297] the line segment gh is represented by coordinates
(-0.0134z.sup.2-1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z.sup.2+0.0825z+43.308, z),
and [0298] the line segments hO and Od are straight lines.
[0299] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio
of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
[0300] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0301] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments lg, gh, hi, and il that connect
the following 4 points: point 1 (72.5, 10.2, 17.3), point g (18.2,
55.1, 26.7), point h (56.7, 43.3, 0.0), and point i (72.5, 27.5,
0.0) or on the line segments lg, gh, and il (excluding the points h
and i); [0302] the line segment lg is represented by coordinates
(0.0047y.sup.2-1.5177y+87.598, y, -0.0047y.sup.2+0.5177y+12.402),
the line gh is represented by coordinates
(-0.0134z.sup.2-1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z.sup.2+0.0825z+43.308, z),
and [0303] the line segments hi and il are straight lines.
[0304] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio
of 92.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the
refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the
ASHRAE Standard.
[0305] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0306] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a
ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments Od, de, ef, and fO that connect
the following 4 points: point d (87.6, 0.0, 12.4), point e (31.1,
42.9, 26.0), point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0,
0.0), or on the line segments Od, de, and ef (excluding the points
O and f); [0307] the line segment de is represented by coordinates
(0.0047y.sup.2-1.5177y+87.598, y, -0.0047y.sup.2+0.5177y+12.402),
[0308] the line segment ef is represented by coordinates
(-0.0064z.sup.2-1.1565z+65.501, 0.0064z.sup.2+0.1565z+34.499, z),
and [0309] the line segments fO and Od are straight lines.
[0310] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio
of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
[0311] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0312] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, [0313] coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments le, ef, fi, and il that connect
the following 4 points: point l (72.5, 10.2, 17.3), point e (31.1,
42.9, 26.0), point f (65.5, 34.5, 0.0), and point i (72.5, 27.5,
0.0), or on the line segments le, ef, and il (excluding the points
f and i); [0314] the line segment le is represented by coordinates
(0.0047y.sup.2-1.5177y+87.598, y, -0.0047y.sup.2+0.5177y+12.402),
[0315] the line segment ef is represented by coordinates
(-0.0134z.sup.2-1.0825z+56.692, 0.0134z.sup.2+0.0825z+43.308, z),
and [0316] the line segments fi and il are straight lines.
[0317] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio
of 93.5% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the
refrigerant has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the
ASHRAE Standard.
[0318] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0319] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, [0320] coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments Oa, ab, bc, and cO that connect
the following 4 points: point a (93.4, 0.0, 6.6), point b (55.6,
26.6, 17.8), point c (77.6, 22.4, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0,
0.0), or on the line segments Oa, ab, and bc (excluding the points
O and c); [0321] the line segment ab is represented by coordinates
(0.0052y.sup.2-1.5588y+93.385, y, -0.0052y.sup.2+0.5588y+6.615),
[0322] the line segment be is represented by coordinates
(-0.0032z.sup.2-1.1791z+77.593, 0.0032z.sup.2+0.1791z+22.407, z),
and [0323] the line segments cO and Oa are straight lines.
[0324] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of
95% or more relative to that of R410A.
[0325] The refrigerant A according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0326] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, [0327] coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments kb, bj, and jk that connect the
following 3 points: point k (72.5, 14.1, 13.4), point b (55.6,
26.6, 17.8), and point j (72.5, 23.2, 4.3), or on the line segments
kb, bj, and jk; [0328] the line segment kb is represented by
coordinates (0.0052y.sup.2-1.5588y+93.385, y, and
-0.0052y+0.5588y+6.615), [0329] the line segment bj is represented
by coordinates (-0.0032z.sup.2-1.1791z+77.593,
0.0032z.sup.2+0.1791z+22.407, z), and [0330] the line segment jk is
a straight line.
[0331] When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of
95% or more relative to that of R410A; furthermore, the refrigerant
has a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE
Standard.
[0332] The refrigerant according to the present disclosure may
further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf, as long as the above properties
and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure preferably comprises
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass %
or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more
preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire
refrigerant.
[0333] The refrigerant according to the present disclosure may
comprise HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in a total amount of
99.5 mass % or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or more,
based on the entire refrigerant.
[0334] Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can
be widely selected. The mixed refrigerant may contain one
additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
Examples of Refrigerant A
[0335] The present disclosure is described in more detail below
with reference to Examples of refrigerant A. However, refrigerant A
is not limited to the Examples.
[0336] The GWP of R1234yf and a composition consisting of a mixed
refrigerant R410A (R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the
values stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), fourth report. The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated
therein, was assumed to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and
HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3, described in International Publication No.
2015/141678). The refrigerating capacity of R410A and compositions
each comprising a mixture of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf was
determined by performing theoretical refrigeration cycle
calculations for the mixed refrigerants using the National
Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) and Reference Fluid
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (Refprop 9.0) under
the following conditions.
[0337] Further, the RCL of the mixture was calculated with the LFL
of THFO-1132(E) being 4.7 vol. the LFL of HFO-1123 being 10 vol.
and the LFL of R1234yf being 6.2 vol. %, in accordance with the
ASHRAEL Standard 34-2013.
Evaporating temperature: 5.degree. C. Condensation temperature:
45.degree. C. Degree of superheating: 5K Degree of subcooling: 5K
Compressor efficiency: 70%
[0338] Tables 1 to 34 show these values together with the GWP of
each mixed refrigerant.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Comp. Comp. Exam- Comp. Comp. Ex. 2 Ex. 3
Exam- ple 2 Exam- Ex. 4 Item Unit Ex. 1 O A ple 1 A' ple 3 B
HFO-1132(E) mass % R410A 100.0 68.6 49.0 30.6 14.1 0.0 HFO-1123
mass % 0.0 0.0 14.9 30.0 44.8 58.7 R1234yf mass % 0.0 31.4 36.1
39.4 41.1 41.3 GWP -- 2088 1 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 100
99.7 100.0 98.6 97.3 96.3 95.5 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative
100 98.3 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 capacity ratio to 410A)
Condensation .degree. C. 0.1 0.00 1.98 3.36 4.46 5.15 5.35 glide
Discharge % (relative 100.0 99.3 87.1 88.9 90.6 92.1 93.2 pressure
to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 -- 30.7 37.5 44.0 52.7 64.0 78.6
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Comp. Exam- Comp. Comp. Exam- Comp. Ex. 5
Exam- ple 5 Exam- Ex. 6 Ex. 7 ple 7 Ex. 8 Item Unit C ple 4 C' ple
6 D E E' F HFO-1132(E) mass % 32.9 26.6 19.5 10.9 0.0 58.0 23.4 0.0
HFO-1123 mass % 67.1 68.4 70.5 74.1 80.4 42.0 48.5 61.8 R1234yf
mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 19.6 0.0 28.1 38.2 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
COP ratio % (relative 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 95.0 95.0 95.0 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 107.4 105.2 102.9 100.5 97.9 105.0
92.5 86.9 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.16
0.52 0.94 1.42 1.90 0.42 3.16 4.80 glide Discharge % (relative
119.5 117.4 115.3 113.0 115.9 112.7 101.0 95.8 pressure to 410A)
RCL g/m.sup.3 53.5 57.1 62.0 69.1 81.3 41.9 46.3 79.0
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Comp. Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Ex. 9
ple 8 ple 9 ple 10 ple 11 ple 12 Item Unit J P L N N' K HFO-1132(E)
mass % 47.1 55.8 63.1 68.6 65.0 61.3 HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 42.0 31.9
16.3 7.7 5.4 R1234yf mass % 0.0 2.2 5.0 15.1 27.3 33.3 GWP -- 1 1 1
1 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 93.8 95.0 96.1 97.9 99.1 99.5 to 410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 106.2 104.1 101.6 95.0 88.2 85.0 capacity
ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.31 0.57 0.81 1.41 2.11
2.51 glide Discharge % (relative 115.8 111.9 107.8 99.0 91.2 87.7
pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 46.2 42.6 40.0 38.0 38.7 39.7
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
ple 13 ple 14 ple 15 ple 16 ple 17 ple 18 ple 19 Item Unit L M Q R
S S' T HFO-1132(E) mass % 63.1 60.3 62.8 49.8 62.6 50.0 35.8
HFO-1123 mass % 31.9 6.2 29.6 42.3 28.3 35.8 44.9 R1234yf mass %
5.0 33.5 7.6 7.9 9.1 14.2 19.3 GWP -- 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 COP ratio %
(relative 96.1 99.4 96.4 95.0 96.6 95.8 95.0 to 410A) Refrigerating
% (relative 101.6 85.0 100.2 101.7 99.4 98.1 96.7 capacity ratio to
410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.81 2.58 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.55 2.07
glide Discharge % (relative 107.8 87.9 106.0 109.6 105.0 105.0
105.0 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 40.0 40.0 40.0 44.8 40.0 44.4
50.8
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Comp. Example Example Ex. 10 20 21 Item Unit
G H I HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 14.0
0.0 R1234yf mass % 0.0 14.0 28.0 GWP -- 1 1 2 COP ratio % (relative
96.6 98.2 99.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.1 95.1 86.6
capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.46 1.27 1.71
glide Discharge % (relative 108.4 98.7 88.6 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 37.4 37.0 36.6
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Comp. Comp. Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Comp. Item Unit Ex. 11 Ex. 12 ple 22 ple 23 ple 24 ple 25 ple 26
Ex. 13 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
HFO-1123 mass % 85.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 R1234yf
mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COP
ratio % (relative 91.4 92.0 92.8 93.7 94.7 95.8 96.9 98.0 to 410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 105.7 105.5 105.0 104.3 103.3 102.0 100.6
99.1 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.40 0.46
0.55 0.66 0.75 0.80 0.79 0.67 glide Discharge % (relative 120.1
118.7 116.7 114.3 111.6 108.7 105.6 102.5 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 71.0 61.9 54.9 49.3 44.8 41.0 37.8 35.1
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Comp. Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Comp. Item Unit Ex. 14 ple 27 ple 28 ple 29 ple 30 ple 31 ple 32
Ex. 15 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
HFO-1123 mass % 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf
mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 COP ratio % (relative 91.9 92.5 93.3 94.3 95.3 96.4 97.5 98.6 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.2 102.9 102.4 101.5 100.5 99.2
97.8 96.2 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.87
0.94 1.03 1.12 1.18 1.18 1.09 0.88 glide Discharge % (relative
116.7 115.2 113.2 110.8 108.1 105.2 102.1 99.0 pressure to 410A)
RCL g/m.sup.3 70.5 61.6 54.6 49.1 44.6 40.8 37.7 35.0
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Comp. Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Comp. Item Unit Ex. 16 ple 33 ple 34 ple 35 ple 36 ple 37 ple 38
Ex. 17 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0
HFO-1123 mass % 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 R1234yf mass
% 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
COP ratio % (relative 92.4 93.1 93.9 94.8 95.9 97.0 98.1 99.2 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100.5 100.2 99.6 98.7 97.7 96.4
94.9 93.2 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 1.41
1.49 1.56 1.62 1.63 1.55 1.37 1.05 glide Discharge % (relative
113.1 111.6 109.6 107.2 104.5 101.6 98.6 95.5 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 70.0 61.2 54.4 48.9 44.4 40.7 37.5 34.8
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Item Unit ple 39 ple 40 ple 41 ple 42 ple 43 ple 44 ple 45
HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass
% 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP -- 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 93.0
93.7 94.5 95.5 96.5 97.6 98.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative
97.7 97.4 96.8 95.9 94.7 93.4 91.9 capacity ratio to 410A)
Condensation .degree. C. 2.03 2.09 2.13 2.14 2.07 1.91 1.61 glide
Discharge % (relative 109.4 107.9 105.9 103.5 100.8 98.0 95.0
pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 69.6 60.9 54.1 48.7 44.2 40.5
37.4
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Item Unit ple 46 ple 47 ple 48 ple 49 ple 50 ple 51 ple 52
HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass
% 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 R1234yf mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0
25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 GWP -- 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 93.6
94.3 95.2 96.1 97.2 98.2 99.3 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative
94.8 94.5 93.8 92.9 91.8 90.4 88.8 capacity ratio to 410A)
Condensation .degree. C. 2.71 2.74 2.73 2.66 2.50 2.22 1.78 glide
Discharge % (relative 105.5 104.0 102.1 99.7 97.1 94.3 91.4
pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 69.1 60.5 53.8 48.4 44.0 40.4
37.3
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Item
Unit ple 53 ple 54 ple 55 ple 56 ple 57 ple 58 HFO-1132(E) mass %
10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 HFO-1123 mass % 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0
20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 94.3 95.0 95.9 96.8 97.8 98.9 to 410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 91.9 91.5 90.8 89.9 88.7 87.3 capacity
ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 3.46 3.43 3.35 3.18 2.90
2.47 glide Discharge % (relative 101.6 100.1 98.2 95.9 93.3 90.6
pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 68.7 60.2 53.5 48.2 43.9 40.2
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Comp. Item
Unit ple 59 ple 60 ple 61 ple 62 ple 63 Ex. 18 HFO-1132(E) mass %
10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 HFO-1123 mass % 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0
15.0 5.0 R1234yf mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 95.0 95.8 96.6 97.5 98.5 99.6 to 410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 88.9 88.5 87.8 86.8 85.6 84.1 capacity
ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 4.24 4.15 3.96 3.67 3.24
2.64 glide Discharge % (relative 97.6 96.1 94.2 92.0 89.5 86.8
pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 68.2 59.8 53.2 48.0 43.7 40.1
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Exam- Exam- Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Unit ple
64 ple 65 Ex. 19 Ex. 20 Ex. 21 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0
40.0 50.0 HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 R1234yf mass %
40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 GWP -- 2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative
95.9 96.6 97.4 98.3 99.2 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.8
85.4 84.7 83.6 82.4 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree.
C. 5.05 4.85 4.55 4.10 3.50 glide Discharge % (relative 93.5 92.1
90.3 88.1 85.6 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 67.8 59.5 53.0 47.8
43.5
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 66 ple 67 ple 68 ple 69 ple 70 ple 71 ple 72
ple 73 HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 62.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0
HFO-1123 mass % 41.0 39.0 37.0 33.0 41.0 39.0 37.0 35.0 R1234yf
mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COP
ratio % (relative 95.1 95.3 95.6 96.0 95.1 95.4 95.6 95.8 to 410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 102.8 102.6 102.3 101.8 101.9 101.7 101.5
101.2 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.78 0.79
0.80 0.81 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.95 glide Discharge % (relative 110.5
109.9 109.3 108.1 109.7 109.1 108.5 107.9 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 43.2 42.4 41.7 40.3 43.9 43.1 42.4 41.6
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 74 ple 75 ple 76 ple 77 ple 78 ple 79 ple 80
ple 81 HFO-1132(E) mass % 60.0 62.0 61.0 58.0 60.0 62.0 52.0 54.0
HFO-1123 mass % 33.0 31.0 29.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 34.0 32.0 R1234yf
mass % 7.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.2 96.5 96.4 96.6 96.8 96.0 96.2 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100.9 100.7 99.1 98.4 98.1 97.8
98.0 97.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 0.95
0.95 1.18 1.34 1.33 1.32 1.53 1.53 glide Discharge % (relative
107.3 106.7 104.9 104.4 103.8 103.2 104.7 104.1 pressure to 410A)
RCL g/m.sup.3 40.9 40.3 40.5 41.5 40.8 40.1 43.6 42.9
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 82 ple 83 ple 84 ple 85 ple 86 ple 87 ple 88
ple 89 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0
HFO-1123 mass % 30.0 28.0 26.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 R1234yf
mass % 14.0 14.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 GWP -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 COP ratio % (relative 96.4 96.6 96.9 95.8 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.7 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 97.5 97.2 96.9 97.3 97.1 96.8 96.6
96.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 1.51 1.50
1.48 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.69 1.67 glide Discharge % (relative 103.5
102.9 102.3 104.3 103.8 103.2 102.7 102.1 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 42.1 41.4 40.7 45.2 44.4 43.6 42.8 42.1
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 90 ple 91 ple 92 ple 93 ple 94 ple 95 ple 96
ple 97 HFO-1132(E) mass % 58.0 60.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0
HFO-1123 mass % 26.0 24.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 R1234yf
mass % 16.0 16.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 GWP -- 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
2 COP ratio % (relative 96.9 97.1 95.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.3 96.5 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 96.1 95.8 96.8 96.6 96.4 96.2 95.9
95.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 1.65 1.63
1.93 1.92 1.92 1.91 1.89 1.88 glide Discharge % (relative 101.5
100.9 104.5 103.9 103.4 102.9 102.3 101.8 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 41.4 40.7 47.8 46.9 46.0 45.1 44.3 43.5
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 98 ple 99 ple 100 ple 101 ple 102 ple 103 ple
104 ple 105 HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 36.0 38.0 42.0
44.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 44.0 42.0 38.0 36.0
R1234yf mass % 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 95.1 95.3 95.7
95.9 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 95.4 95.2 94.9 94.6 96.3
96.1 95.7 95.4 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
1.86 1.83 1.80 1.77 2.14 2.14 2.13 2.12 glide Discharge % (relative
101.2 100.6 100.0 99.5 104.5 104.0 103.0 102.5 pressure to 410A)
RCL g/m.sup.3 42.7 42.0 41.3 40.6 50.7 49.7 47.7 46.8
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 106 ple 107 ple 108 ple 109 ple 110 ple 111 ple
112 ple 113 HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 34.0
36.0 HFO-1123 mass % 34.0 32.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 44.0 42.0
R1234yf mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.1 96.3 96.7 96.9 97.2 97.4 95.1
95.3 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 95.2 95.0 94.5 94.2 94.0
93.7 95.3 95.1 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.11 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.95 2.37 2.36 glide Discharge % (relative
101.9 101.4 100.3 99.7 99.2 98.6 103.4 103.0 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 45.9 45.0 43.4 42.7 41.9 41.2 51.7 50.6
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 114 ple 115 ple 116 ple 117 ple 118 ple 119 ple
120 ple 121 HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0
52.0 HFO-1123 mass % 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0
R1234yf mass % 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 95.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.4 96.6 96.8
97.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 94.9 94.7 94.5 94.3 94.0
93.8 93.6 93.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.36 2.35 2.33 2.32 2.30 2.27 2.25 2.21 glide Discharge % (relative
102.5 102.0 101.5 101.0 100.4 99.9 99.4 98.8 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 49.6 48.6 47.6 46.7 45.8 45.0 44.1 43.4
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 122 ple 123 ple 124 ple 125 ple 126 ple 127 ple
128 ple 129 HFO-1132(E) mass % 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 32.0 34.0 36.0
38.0 HFO-1123 mass % 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0
R1234yf mass % 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.9 95.2 95.4 95.6
95.8 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.0 92.8 92.5 92.2 94.3
94.1 93.9 93.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.18 2.14 2.09 2.04 2.61 2.60 2.59 2.58 glide Discharge % (relative
98.2 97.7 97.1 96.5 102.4 101.9 101.5 101.0 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 42.6 41.9 41.2 40.5 52.7 51.6 50.5 49.5
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 130 ple 131 ple 132 ple 133 ple 134 ple 135 ple
136 ple 137 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0
54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0
R1234yf mass % 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.2 96.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2
97.5 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.5 93.3 93.1 92.8 92.6
92.4 92.1 91.8 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.56 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.45 2.42 2.38 2.33 glide Discharge % (relative
100.5 100.0 99.5 98.9 98.4 97.9 97.3 96.8 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.7 44.9 44.1 43.3 42.5
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 138 ple 139 ple 140 ple 141 ple 142 ple 143 ple
144 ple 145 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0
38.0 HFO-1123 mass % 20.0 18.0 16.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0
R1234yf mass % 24.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.7 97.9 98.1 95.3 95.5 95.7 95.9
96.1 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.6 91.3 91.0 93.2 93.1
92.9 92.7 92.5 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.28 2.22 2.16 2.86 2.85 2.83 2.81 2.79 glide Discharge % (relative
96.2 95.6 95.1 101.3 100.8 100.4 99.9 99.4 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 41.8 41.1 40.4 53.7 52.6 51.5 50.4 49.4
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 146 ple 147 ple 148 ple 149 ple 150 ple 151 ple
152 ple 153 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0
54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0
R1234yf mass % 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3 97.5
97.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 92.3 92.1 91.9 91.6 91.4
91.2 90.9 90.6 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.77 2.74 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.59 2.53 2.48 glide Discharge % (relative
99.0 98.5 97.9 97.4 96.9 96.4 95.8 95.3 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 48.4 47.4 46.5 45.7 44.8 44.0 43.2 42.5
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 154 ple 155 ple 156 ple 157 ple 158 ple 159 ple
160 ple 161 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0
38.0 HFO-1123 mass % 18.0 16.0 14.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 34.0
R1234yf mass % 26.0 26.0 26.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.9 98.2 98.4 95.6 95.8 96.0 96.2
96.3 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 90.3 90.1 89.8 92.1 91.9
91.7 91.5 91.3 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.42 2.35 2.27 3.10 3.09 3.06 3.04 3.01 glide Discharge % (relative
94.7 94.1 93.6 99.7 99.3 98.8 98.4 97.9 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 41.7 41.0 40.3 53.6 52.5 51.4 50.3 49.3
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 162 ple 163 ple 164 ple 165 ple 166 ple 167 ple
168 ple 169 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0
54.0 HFO-1123 mass % 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0
R1234yf mass % 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8
98.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.1 90.9 90.7 90.4 90.2
89.9 89.7 89.4 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.98 2.94 2.90 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.68 2.62 glide Discharge % (relative
97.4 96.9 96.4 95.9 95.4 94.9 94.3 93.8 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 48.3 47.4 46.4 45.6 44.7 43.9 43.1 42.4
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 170 ple 171 ple 172 ple 173 ple 174 ple 175 ple
176 ple 177 HFO-1132(E) mass % 56.0 58.0 60.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0
42.0 HFO-1123 mass % 16.0 14.0 12.0 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 28.0
R1234yf mass % 28.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 98.2 98.4 98.6 96.1 96.2 96.4 96.6
97.0 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.1 88.8 88.5 90.7 90.5
90.3 90.1 89.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
2.54 2.46 2.38 3.32 3.30 3.26 3.22 3.14 glide Discharge % (relative
93.2 92.6 92.1 97.7 97.3 96.8 96.4 95.4 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 41.7 41.0 40.3 52.4 51.3 50.2 49.2 47.3
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 28 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 178 ple 179 ple 180 ple 181 ple 182 ple 183 ple
184 ple 185 HFO-1132(E) mass % 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0
58.0 HFO-1123 mass % 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0
R1234yf mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.4 97.6 97.8 98.0 98.3 98.5
98.7 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.4 89.2 89.0 88.7 88.4
88.2 87.9 87.6 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
3.08 3.03 2.97 2.90 2.83 2.75 2.66 2.57 glide Discharge % (relative
94.9 94.4 93.9 93.3 92.8 92.3 91.7 91.1 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 46.4 45.5 44.7 43.9 43.1 42.3 41.6 40.9
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 29 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 186 ple 187 ple 188 ple 189 ple 190 ple 191 ple
192 ple 193 HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0
44.0 HFO-1123 mass % 38.0 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0
R1234yf mass % 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.2 96.3 96.5 96.7 96.9 97.1 97.3
97.5 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.6 89.5 89.3 89.1 88.9
88.7 88.4 88.2 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
3.60 3.56 3.52 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.33 3.26 glide Discharge % (relative
96.6 96.2 95.7 95.3 94.8 94.3 93.9 93.4 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 53.4 52.3 51.2 50.1 49.1 48.1 47.2 46.3
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 30 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 194 ple 195 ple 196 ple 197 ple 198 ple 199 ple
200 ple 201 HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0
60.0 HFO-1123 mass % 22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 R1234yf
mass % 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 GWP -- 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 COP ratio % (relative 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 98.5 98.7 98.9 99.2 to
410A) Refrigerating % (relative 88.0 87.7 87.5 87.2 86.9 86.6 86.3
86.0 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C. 3.20 3.12
3.04 2.96 2.87 2.77 2.66 2.55 glide Discharge % (relative 92.8 92.3
91.8 91.3 90.7 90.2 89.6 89.1 pressure to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 45.4
44.6 43.8 43.0 42.3 41.5 40.8 40.2
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 31 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 202 ple 203 ple 204 ple 205 ple 206 ple 207 ple
208 ple 209 HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0
44.0 HFO-1123 mass % 36.0 34.0 32.0 30.0 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0
R1234yf mass % 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 96.5 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.4 97.6
97.8 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 88.4 88.2 88.0 87.8 87.6
87.4 87.2 87.0 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
3.84 3.80 3.75 3.70 3.64 3.58 3.51 3.43 glide Discharge % (relative
95.0 94.6 94.2 93.7 93.3 92.8 92.3 91.8 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 53.3 52.2 51.1 50.0 49.0 48.0 47.1 46.2
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 32 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 210 ple 211 ple 212 ple 213 ple 214 ple 215 ple
216 ple 217 HFO-1132(E) mass % 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 30.0 32.0
34.0 HFO-1123 mass % 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 34.0 32.0 30.0
R1234yf mass % 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 98.0 98.2 98.4 98.6 98.8 96.8 96.9
97.1 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 86.7 86.5 86.2 85.9 85.6
87.2 87.0 86.8 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
3.36 3.27 3.18 3.08 2.97 4.08 4.03 3.97 glide Discharge % (relative
91.3 90.8 90.3 89.7 89.2 93.4 93.0 92.6 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 45.3 44.5 43.7 42.9 42.2 53.2 52.1 51.0
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 33 Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam-
Exam- Item Unit ple 218 ple 219 ple 220 ple 221 ple 222 ple 223 ple
224 ple 225 HFO-1132(E) mass % 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 30.0
32.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 32.0 30.0
R1234yf mass % 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 38.0 38.0 GWP -- 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.3 97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.3 97.1
97.2 to 410A) Refrigerating % (relative 86.6 86.4 86.2 85.9 85.7
85.5 85.9 85.7 capacity ratio to 410A) Condensation .degree. C.
3.91 3.84 3.76 3.68 3.60 3.50 4.32 4.25 glide Discharge % (relative
92.1 91.7 91.2 90.7 90.3 89.8 91.9 91.4 pressure to 410A) RCL
g/m.sup.3 49.9 48.9 47.9 47.0 46.1 45.3 53.1 52.0
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 34 Example Example Item Unit 226 227
HFO-1132(E) mass % 34.0 36.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 26.0 R1234yf mass
% 38.0 38.0 GWP -- 2 2 COP ratio % (relative 97.4 97.6 to 410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.6 85.3 capacity ratio to 410A)
Condensation glide .degree. C. 4.18 4.11 Discharge pressure %
(relative 91.0 90.6 to 410A) RCL g/m.sup.3 50.9 49.8
[0339] These results indicate that under the condition that the
mass % of TIFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x,y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in
a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a
figure surrounded by line segments AA', A'B, BD, DC', C'C, CO, and
GA that connect the following 7 points:
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B
(0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point D (0.0, 80.4, 19.6), point C' (19.5, 70.5,
10.0), point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0), and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or
on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line
segment CO); the line segment AA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3, the line
segment DC' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0082x.sup.2-0.6671x+80.4, -0.0082x.sup.2-0.3329x+19.6), the line
segment C'C is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.6034x+79.729, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.3966x+20.271), and
the line segments BD, CO, and OA are straight lines, the
refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more
relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 92.5% or more relative to
that of R410A.
[0340] The point on the line segment AA' was determined by
obtaining an approximate curve connecting point A, Example 1, and
point A' by the least square method.
[0341] The point on the line segment A'B was determined by
obtaining an approximate curve connecting point A', Example 3, and
point B by the least square method.
[0342] The point on the line segment DC' was determined by
obtaining an approximate curve connecting point D, Example 6, and
point C' by the least square method.
[0343] The point on the line segment C'C was determined by
obtaining an approximate curve connecting point C', Example 4, and
point C by the least square method.
[0344] Likewise, the results indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z)
are within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments AA',
A'B, BF, FT, TE, EO, and OA that connect the following 7
points:
point A (68.6, 0.0, 31.4), point A' (30.6, 30.0, 39.4), point B
(0.0, 58.7, 41.3), point F (0.0, 61.8, 38.2), point T (35.8, 44.9,
19.3), point E (58.0, 42.0, 0.0) and point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), or
on the above line segments (excluding the points on the line EO);
the line segment AA' is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0016x.sup.2-0.9473x+57.497, -0.0016x.sup.2-0.0527x+42.503), the
line segment A'B is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0029x.sup.2-1.0268x+58.7, -0.0029x.sup.2+0.0268x+41.3), the line
segment FT is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0078x.sup.2-0.7501x+61.8, -0.0078x.sup.2 0.2499x+38.2), and the
line segment TE is represented by coordinates (x,
0.0067x.sup.2-0.7607x+63.525, -0.0067x.sup.2-0.2393x+36.475), and
the line segments BF, FO, and OA are straight lines, the
refrigerant has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more
relative to that of R410A, and a COP of 95% or more relative to
that of R410A.
[0345] The point on the line segment FT was determined by obtaining
an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points T, E',
and F, by the least square method.
[0346] The point on the line segment TE was determined by obtaining
an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points E, R,
and T, by the least square method.
[0347] The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a
ternary composition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which the sum of these
components is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point (0.0,
100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point
(0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0,
100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or
below the line segment LM connecting point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0) and
point M (60.3, 6.2, 33.5), the refrigerant has an RCL of 40
g/m.sup.3 or more.
[0348] The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a
ternary composition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123 and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %,
a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point
(0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on
the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right
side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the line segment QR
connecting point Q (62.8, 29.6, 7.6) and point R (49.8, 42.3, 7.9)
or on the left side of the line segment, the refrigerant has a
temperature glide of 1C or less.
[0349] The results in Tables 1 to 34 clearly indicate that in a
ternary composition diagram of the mixed refrigerant of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass
%, a line segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point
(0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on
the left side, and the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right
side, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on the line segment ST
connecting point S (62.6, 28.3, 9.1) and point T (35.8, 44.9, 19.3)
or on the right side of the line segment, the refrigerant has a
discharge pressure of 105% or less relative to that of 410A.
[0350] In these compositions, R1234yf contributes to reducing
flammability, and suppressing deterioration of polymerization etc.
Therefore, the composition preferably contains R1234yf.
[0351] Further, the burning velocity of these mixed refrigerants
whose mixed formulations were adjusted to WCF concentrations was
measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013.
Compositions having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were
determined to be classified as "Class 2L (lower flammability)."
[0352] A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus
shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. In FIG. 1, reference
numeral 901 refers to a sample cell, 902 refers to a high-speed
camera, 903 refers to a xenon lamp, 904 refers to a collimating
lens, 905 refers to a collimating lens, and 906 refers to a ring
filter. First, the mixed refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or
more, and were degassed by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping,
and thawing until no traces of air were observed on the vacuum
gauge. The burning velocity was measured by the closed method. The
initial temperature was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed
by generating an electric spark between the electrodes in the
center of sample cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9
is, and the ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The
spread of the flame was visualized using schlieren photographs.
cylindrical container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm)
equipped with two light transmission acrylic windows was used as
the sample cell, and a xenon lamp was used as the light source.
Schlieren images of the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital
video camera at a frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
[0353] Each WCFF concentration was obtained by using the WCF
concentration as the initial concentration and performing a leak
simulation using NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK Version
4.0.
[0354] Tables 35 and 36 show the results.
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 35 Item Unit G H I WCF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0
72.0 72.0 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 9.6 0.0 R1234yf mass % 0.0 18.4 28.0
Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 36 Item Unit J P L N N' K WCF HFO-1132(E) mass
% 47.1 55.8 63.1 68.6 65.0 61.3 HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 42.0 31.9 16.3
7.7 5.4 R1234yf mass % 0.0 2.2 5.0 15.1 27.3 33.3 Leak condition
that Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ results
in WCFF Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping
-40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping,
-40.degree. C., 92% C., 90% C., 90% C., 66% C., 12% C., 0% release,
release, release, release, release, release, liquid liquid gas
phase gas phase gas phase gas phase phase side phase side side side
side side WCFF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0 72.0
HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 17.8 17.4 13.6 12.3 9.8 R1234yf mass % 0.0
10.2 10.6 14.4 15.7 18.2 Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less
8 or less 9 9 8 or less (WCF) Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
10 (WCFF)
[0355] The results in Table 35 clearly indicate that when a mixed
refrigerant of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf contains
HFO-1132(E) in a proportion of 72.0 mass % or less based on their
sum, the refrigerant can be determined to have a WCF lower
flammability.
[0356] The results in Tables 36 clearly indicate that in a ternary
composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf in which their sum is 100 mass %, and a line
segment connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0,
100.0) is the base,
when coordinates (x,y,z) are on or below the line segments JP, PN,
and NK connecting the following 6 points: point J (47.1, 52.9,
0.0), point P (55.8, 42.0, 2.2), point L (63.1, 31.9, 5.0) point N
(68.6, 16.3, 15.1) point N' (65.0, 7.7, 27.3) and point K (61.3,
5.4, 33.3), the refrigerant can be determined to have a WCF lower
flammability, and a WCFF lower flammability. In the diagram, the
line segment PN is represented by coordinates (x,
-0.1135x.sup.2+12.112x-280.43, 0.1135x.sup.2-13.112x+380.43), and
the line segment NK is represented by coordinates (x,
0.2421x.sup.2-29.955x+931.91, -0.2421x.sup.2+28.955x-831.91).
[0357] The point on the line segment PN was determined by obtaining
an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points P, L,
and N, by the least square method.
[0358] The point on the line segment NK was determined by obtaining
an approximate curve connecting three points, i.e., points N, N',
and K, by the least square method.
(5-2) Refrigerant B
[0359] The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure is
[0360] a mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene
(HFO-1132(E)) and trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123) in a total amount of
99.5 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant, and the
refrigerant comprising 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass % or 45.1 mass % to
47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant, or
[0361] a mixed refrigerant comprising HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a
total amount of 99.5 mass % or more based on the entire
refrigerant, and the refrigerant comprising 45.1 mass % to 47.1
mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire refrigerant.
[0362] The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure has
various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative
refrigerant, i.e., (1) a coefficient of performance equivalent to
that of R410A, (2) a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of
R410A, (3) a sufficiently low GWP, and (4) a lower flammability
(Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE standard.
[0363] When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure
is a mixed refrigerant comprising 72.0 mass % or less of
HFO-1132(E), it has WCF lower flammability. When the refrigerant B
according to the present disclosure is a composition comprising
47.1% or less of HFO-1132(E), it has WCF lower flammability and
WCFF lower flammability, and is determined to be "Class 2L," which
is a lower flammable refrigerant according to the ASHRAE standard,
and which is further easier to handle.
[0364] When the refrigerant B according to the present disclosure
comprises 62.0 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes superior
with a coefficient of performance of 95% or more relative to that
of R410A, the polymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or
HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability is further
improved. When the refrigerant B according to the present
disclosure comprises 45.1 mass % or more of HFO-1132(E), it becomes
superior with a coefficient of performance of 93% or more relative
to that of R410A, the polymerization reaction of HFO-1132(E) and/or
HFO-1123 is further suppressed, and the stability is further
improved.
[0365] The refrigerant B according to the present disclosure may
further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to
HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123, as long as the above properties and
effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure preferably comprises
HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 in a total amount of 99.75 mass % or more,
and more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire
refrigerant.
[0366] Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be
selected from a wide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant
may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more
additional refrigerants.
Examples of Refrigerant B
[0367] The present disclosure is described in more detail below
with reference to Examples of refrigerant B. However, the
refrigerant B is not limited to the Examples.
[0368] Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E) and
HFO-1123 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 37 and
38.
[0369] The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A
(R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report.
The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed
to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3,
described in International Publication No. 2015/141678). The
refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a
mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing
theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed
refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology
(NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
Evaporating temperature: 5.degree. C. Condensation temperature:
45.degree. C. Superheating temperature: 5 K Subcooling temperature:
5 K Compressor efficiency: 70%
[0370] The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak
simulation was performed using NIST Standard Reference Data Base
Refleak Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage,
Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard
34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
[0371] Tables 1 and 2 show GWP, COP, and refrigerating capacity,
which were calculated based on these results. The COP and
refrigerating capacity are ratios relative to R410A.
[0372] The coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the
following formula.
COP=(refrigerating capacity or heating capacity)/power
consumption
[0373] For the flammability, the burning velocity was measured
according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF
having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be
"Class 2L (lower flammability)."
[0374] A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus
shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed
refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed
by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no
traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning
velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature
was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an
electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample
cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the
ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the
flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical
container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with
two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell,
and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of
the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a
frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 37 Comparative Comparative Example 1 Example 2
Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Exam- Comparative Item Unit
R410A HFO-1132E Example 3 ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 Example 4
HFO-1132E mass % -- 100 80 72 70 68 65 62 60 (WCF) HFO-1123 mass %
0 20 28 30 32 35 38 40 (WCF) GWP -- 2088 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COP ratio
% (relative 100 99.7 97.5 96.6 96.3 96.1 95.8 95.4 95.2 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 100 98.3 101.9 103.1 103.4 103.8 104.1
104.5 104.8 capacity ratio to R410A) Discharge Mpa 2.73 2.71 2.89
2.96 2.98 3.00 3.02 3.04 3.06 pressure Burning cm/sec Non- 20 13 10
9 9 8 8 or 8 or velocity flammable less less (WCF)
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 38 Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 5
Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 HFO-1132E mass % 50 48 47.1
46.1 45.1 (WCF) HFO-1123 mass % 50 52 52.9 53.9 54.9 (WCF) GWP -- 1
1 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative 94.1 93.9 93.8 93.7 93.6 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 105.9 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 capacity
ratio to R410A) Discharge Mpa 3.14 3.16 3.16 3.17 3.18 pressure
Leakage test Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
conditions (WCFF) Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree.
Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. C.,
92% C., 92% C., 92% C., 92% C., 92% release, release, release,
release, release, liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid phase side
phase side phase side phase side phase side HFO-1132E mass % 74 73
72 71 70 (WCFF) HFO-1123 mass % 26 27 28 29 30 (WCFF) Burning
cm/sec 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less velocity
(WCF) Burning cm/sec 11 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.5 velocity (WCFF) ASHRAE
flammability 2 2 2L 2L 2L classification Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Example 10 Item Unit Example 7 Example 8
Example 9 HFO-1123 HFO-1132E mass % 43 40 25 0 (WCF) HFO-1123 mass
% 57 60 75 100 (WCF) GWP -- 1 1 1 1 COP ratio % (relative 93.4 93.1
91.9 90.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 106.6 106.9 107.9
108.0 capacity ratio to R410A) Discharge Mpa 3.20 3.21 3.31 3.39
pressure Leakage test Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ -- conditions
(WCFF) Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping
-40.degree. C., 92% C., 92% C., 90% release, release, release,
liquid liquid liquid phase side phase side phase side HFO-1132E
mass % 67 63 38 -- (WCFF) HFO-1123 mass % 33 37 62 (WCFF) Burning
cm/sec 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 5 velocity (WCF) Burning
cm/sec 8.5 8 or less 8 or less velocity (WCFF) ASHRAE flammability
2L 2L 2L 2L classification
[0375] The compositions each comprising 62.0 mass % to 72.0 mass %
of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire composition are stable while
having a low GWP (GWP=1), and they ensure WCF lower flammability.
Further, surprisingly, they can ensure performance equivalent to
that of R410A. Moreover, compositions each comprising 45.1 mass %
to 47.1 mass % of HFO-1132(E) based on the entire composition are
stable while having a low GWP (GWP=1), and they ensure WCFF lower
flammability. Further, surprisingly, they can ensure performance
equivalent to that of R410A.
(5-3) Refrigerant C
[0376] The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is a
composition comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)),
trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene
(R1234yf), and difluoromethane (R32), and satisfies the following
requirements. The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure
has various properties that are desirable as an alternative
refrigerant for R410A; i.e. it has a coefficient of performance and
a refrigerating capacity that are equivalent to those of R410A, and
a sufficiently low GWP.
Requirements
[0377] Preferable refrigerant C is as follows:
[0378] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32
based on their sum is respectively represented by x, y, z, and
a,
[0379] if 0<a.ltoreq.11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R1234yf is (100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure
surrounded by straight lines GI, IA, AB, BD', D'C, and CG that
connect the following 6 points:
point G (0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, -0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0,
0.0), point I (0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, 0.0,
-0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0), point A (0.0134a.sup.2-1.9681a+68.6,
0.0, -0.0134a.sup.2+0.9681a+31.4), point B (0.0,
0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7, -0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3), point D'
(0.0, 0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6), and
point C (-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1,
0.0), or on the straight lines GI, AB, and D'C (excluding point G,
point I, point A, point B, point D', and point C); [0380] if
11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105,
-0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0), point I
(0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, -0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895),
point A (0.0112a.sup.2-1.9337a+68.484, 0.0,
-0.0112a.sup.2+0.9337a+31.516), point B (0.0,
0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199, -0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801) and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); [0381]
if 18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727,
-0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0), point I
(0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, -0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273),
point A (0.0107a.sup.2-1.9142a+68.305, 0.0,
-0.0107a.sup.2+0.9142a+31.695), point B (0.0,
0.009a.sup.2-1.6045a+59.318, -0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682) and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); [0382]
if 26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986,
-0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0), point I
(0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, -0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014),
point A (0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0,
-0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207), point B (0.0,
0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286, -0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714) and point
W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W); and
[0383] if 36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines GI, IA, AB, BW, and WG that connect the following 5
points: point G (0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902,
-0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098, 0.0), point I
(0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902, 0.0, -0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098),
point A (0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,
-0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0,
0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95, -0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05) and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines GI and AB
(excluding point G, point I, point A, point B, and point W). When
the refrigerant according to the present disclosure satisfies the
above requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or
more relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more
relative to that of R410A, and further ensures a WCF lower
flammability.
[0384] The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0385] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, [0386] if
0<a.ltoreq.11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
(100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BD', D'C, and CJ that connect the
following 5 points: point J (0.0049a.sup.2-0.9645a+47.1,
-0.0049a.sup.2-0.0355a+52.9, 0.0), point K'
(0.0514a.sup.2-2.4353a+61.7, -0.0323a.sup.2+0.4122a+5.9,
-0.0191a.sup.2+1.0231a+32.4), point B (0.0,
0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7, -0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3), point D'
(0.0, 0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6), and
point C (-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1,
0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'B, and D'C (excluding point
J, point B, point D', and point C); [0387] if
11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4
points: point J (0.0243a.sup.2-1.4161a+49.725,
-0.0243a.sup.2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0), point K'
(0.0341a.sup.2-2.1977a+61.187, -0.0236a.sup.2+0.34a+5.636,
-0.0105a.sup.2+0.8577a+33.177), point B (0.0,
0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199, -0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801) and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK' and K'B
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); [0388] if
18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'B, BW, and WJ that connect the following 4
points: point J (0.0246a.sup.2-1.4476a+50.184,
-0.0246a.sup.2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0), point K'
(0.0196a.sup.2-1.7863a+58.515, -0.0079a.sup.2-0.1136a+8.702,
-0.0117a.sup.2+0.8999a+32.783), point B (0.0,
0.009a.sup.2-1.6045a+59.318, -0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682) and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK' and K'B
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); [0389] if
26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following
5 points: point J (0.0183a.sup.2-1.1399a+46.493,
-0.0183a.sup.2+0.1399a+53.507, 0.0), point K'
(-0.0051a.sup.2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0, 0.0051a.sup.2-1.0929a+74.05),
point A (0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0,
-0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207), point B (0.0,
0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286, -0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714) and point
W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'A, and AB
(excluding point J, point B, and point W); and [0390] if
36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines JK', K'A, AB, BW, and WJ that connect the following
5 points: point J (-0.0134a.sup.2+1.0956a+7.13,
0.0134a.sup.2-2.0956a+92.87, 0.0), point K' (-1.892a+29.443, 0.0,
0.892a+70.557), point A (0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,
-0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9), point B (0.0,
0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95, -0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05) and
point W (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0), or on the straight lines JK', K'A, and
AB (excluding point J, point B, and point W). When the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure satisfies the above
requirements, it has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% or more
relative to that of R410A, and a COP ratio of 92.5% or more
relative to that of R410A. Additionally, the refrigerant has a WCF
lower flammability and a WCFF lower flammability, and is classified
as "Class 2L," which is a lower flammable refrigerant according to
the ASHRAE standard.
[0391] When the refrigerant C according to the present disclosure
further contains R32 in addition to HFO-1132 (E), HFO-1123, and
R1234yf, the refrigerant may be a refrigerant wherein when the mass
% of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, z, and a, [0392] if
0<a.ltoreq.10.0, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition
diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is
(100-a) mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
straight lines that connect the following 4 points: point a
(0.02a.sup.2-2.46a+93.4, 0, -0.02a.sup.2+2.46a+6.6), point b'
(-0.008a.sup.2-1.38a+56, 0.018a.sup.2-0.53a+26.3,
-0.01a.sup.2+1.91a+17.7), point c (-0.016a.sup.2+1.02a+77.6,
0.016a.sup.2-1.02a+22.4, 0), and point o (100.0-a, 0.0, 0.0) or on
the straight lines oa, ab', and b'c (excluding point o and point
c); [0393] if 10.0<a.ltoreq.16.5, coordinates (x,y,z) in the
ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure
surrounded by straight lines that connect the following 4 points:
point a (0.0244a.sup.2-2.5695a+94.056, 0,
-0.0244a.sup.2+2.5695a+5.944), point b'
(0.1161a.sup.2-1.9959a+59.749, 0.014a.sup.2-0.3399a+24.8,
-0.1301a.sup.2+2.3358a+15.451), point c (-0.0161a.sup.2+1.02a+77.6,
0.0161a.sup.2-1.02a+22.4, 0), and point o (100.0-a, 0.0, 0.0), or
on the straight lines oa, ab', and b'c (excluding point o and point
c); or [0394] if 16.5<a.ltoreq.21.8, coordinates (x,y,z) in the
ternary composition diagram are within the range of a figure
surrounded by straight lines that connect the following 4 points:
point a (0.0161a.sup.2-2.3535a+92.742, 0,
-0.0161a.sup.2+2.3535a+7.258), point b'
(-0.0435a.sup.2-0.0435a+50.406, 0.0304a.sup.2+1.8991a-0.0661,
0.0739a.sup.2-1.8556a+49.6601), point c
(-0.0161a.sup.2+0.9959a+77.851, 0.0161a.sup.2-0.9959a+22.149, 0),
and point o (100.0-a, 0.0, 0.0), or on the straight lines oa, ab',
and b'c (excluding point o and point c). Note that when point b in
the ternary composition diagram is defined as a point where a
refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A and a
COP ratio of 95% relative to that of R410A are both achieved, point
b' is the intersection of straight line ab and an approximate line
formed by connecting the points where the COP ratio relative to
that of R410A is 95%. When the refrigerant according to the present
disclosure meets the above requirements, the refrigerant has a
refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or more relative to that of
R410A, and a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of
R410A.
[0395] The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may
further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 as long as the above
properties and effects are not impaired. In this respect, the
refrigerant according to the present disclosure preferably
comprises HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount
of 99.5 mass % or more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and
still more preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire
refrigerant.
[0396] The refrigerant C according to the present disclosure may
comprise HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 in a total amount
of 99.5 mass % or more, 99.75 mass % or more, or 99.9 mass % or
more, based on the entire refrigerant.
[0397] Additional refrigerants are not particularly limited and can
be widely selected. The mixed refrigerant may contain one
additional refrigerant, or two or more additional refrigerants.
Examples of Refrigerant C
[0398] The present disclosure is described in more detail below
with reference to Examples of refrigerant C. However, the
refrigerant C is not limited to the Examples.
[0399] Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 at mass % based on their sum shown in
Tables 39 to 96.
[0400] The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A
(R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report.
The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed
to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3,
described in International Publication No. 2015/141678). The
refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a
mixture of IFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing
theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed
refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology
(NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
[0401] For each of these mixed refrigerants, the COP ratio and the
refrigerating capacity ratio relative to those of R410 were
obtained. Calculation was conducted under the following
conditions.
[0402] Evaporating temperature: 5.degree. C.
[0403] Condensation temperature: 45.degree. C.
[0404] Superheating temperature: 5 K
[0405] Subcooling temperature: 5 K
[0406] Compressor efficiency: 70%
[0407] Tables 39 to 96 show the resulting values together with the
GWP of each mixed refrigerant. The COP and refrigerating capacity
are ratios relative to R410A.
[0408] The coefficient of performance (COP) was determined by the
following formula.
COP=(refrigerating capacity or heating capacity)/power
consumption
TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 39 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Item
Unit 1 A B C D' G I J K' HFO-1132(E) Mass % R410A 68.6 0.0 32.9 0.0
72.0 72.0 47.1 61.7 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 58.7 67.1 75.4 28.0 0.0
52.9 5.9 R1234yf Mass % 31.4 41.3 0.0 24.6 0.0 28.0 0.0 32.4 R32
Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 GWP -- 2088 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
COP ratio % (relative 100 100.0 95.5 92.5 93.1 96.6 99.9 93.8 99.4
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100 85.0 85.0 107.4 95.0 103.1
86.6 106.2 85.5 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 40 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp.
Ex. 9 Ex. 10 Ex. 11 Ex. 12 Ex. 13 Ex. 14 Ex. 15 Ex. 2 Item Unit A B
C D' G I J K' HFO-1132(E) Mass % 55.3 0.0 18.4 0.0 60.9 60.9 40.5
47.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 47.8 74.5 83.4 32.0 0.0 52.4 7.2 R1234yf
Mass % 37.6 45.1 0.0 9.5 0.0 32.0 0.0 38.7 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50 50 49 49 49 50 49 50 COP ratio %
(relative 99.8 96.9 92.5 92.5 95.9 99.6 94.0 99.2 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 110.5 106.0 106.5 87.7 108.9
85.5 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 41 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. 16 17 18 19 20 21 3 Item Unit A B C = D' G
I J K' HFO-1132(E) Mass % 48.4 0.0 0.0 55.8 55.8 37.0 41.0 HFO-1123
Mass % 0.0 42.3 88.9 33.1 0.0 51.9 6.5 R1234yf Mass % 40.5 46.6 0.0
0.0 33.1 0.0 41.4 R32 Mass % 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 GWP
-- 77 77 76 76 77 76 77 COP ratio % (relative 99.8 97.6 92.5 95.8
99.5 94.2 99.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 112.0
108.0 88.6 110.2 85.4 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 42 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Ex. 22 23 24 25 26 4 Item Unit A B G I J K' HFO-1132(E)
Mass % 42.8 0.0 52.1 52.1 34.3 36.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 37.8 33.4
0.0 51.2 5.6 R1234yf Mass % 42.7 47.7 0.0 33.4 0.0 43.4 R32 Mass %
14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP -- 100 100 99 100 99 100 COP
ratio % (relative 99.9 98.1 95.8 99.5 94.4 99.5 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 109.1 89.6 111.1 85.3 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00043 TABLE 43 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Ex. 27 28 29 30 31 5 Item Unit A B G I J K' HFO-1132(E)
Mass % 37.0 0.0 48.6 48.6 32.0 32.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 33.1 33.2
0.0 49.8 4.0 R1234yf Mass % 44.8 48.7 0.0 33.2 0.0 45.3 R32 Mass %
18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 GWP -- 125 125 124 125 124 125 COP
ratio % (relative 100.0 98.6 95.9 99.4 94.7 99.8 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 110.1 90.8 111.9 85.2 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00044 TABLE 44 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Ex. 32 33 34 35 36 6 Item Unit A B G I J K' HFO-1132(E)
Mass % 31.5 0.0 45.4 45.4 30.3 28.8 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 28.5 32.7
0.0 47.8 2.4 R1234yf Mass % 46.6 49.6 0.0 32.7 0.0 46.9 R32 Mass %
21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP -- 150 150 149 150 149 150 COP
ratio % (relative 100.2 99.1 96.0 99.4 95.1 100.0 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 111.0 92.1 112.6 85.1 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00045 TABLE 45 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. 37 38 39 40 41 42 Item Unit A B G I J K'
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 24.8 0.0 41.8 41.8 29.1 24.8 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0
22.9 31.5 0.0 44.2 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 48.5 50.4 0.0 31.5 0.0 48.5
R32 Mass % 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 26.7 GWP -- 182 182 181 182 181
182 COP ratio % (relative 100.4 99.8 96.3 99.4 95.6 100.4 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 111.9 93.8 113.2 85.0 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00046 TABLE 46 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. 43 44 45 46 47 48 Item Unit A B G I J K'
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.3 0.0 40.0 40.0 28.8 24.3 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0
19.9 30.7 0.0 41.9 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 49.4 50.8 0.0 30.7 0.0 46.4
R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP -- 200 200 198 199 198
200 COP ratio % (relative 100.6 100.1 96.6 99.5 96.1 100.4 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 112.4 94.8 113.6 86.7
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00047 TABLE 47 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. 49 50 51 52 53 54 Item Unit A B G I J K'
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 12.1 0.0 35.7 35.7 29.3 22.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0
11.7 27.6 0.0 34.0 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 51.2 51.6 0.0 27.6 0.0 40.8
R32 Mass % 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 36.7 GWP -- 250 250 248 249 248
250 COP ratio % (relative 101.2 101.0 96.4 99.6 97.0 100.4 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 113.2 97.6 113.9 90.9
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00048 TABLE 48 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. 55 56 57 58 59 60 Item Unit A B G I J K'
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 3.8 0.0 32.0 32.0 29.4 21.1 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0
3.9 23.9 0.0 26.5 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 52.1 52.0 0.0 23.9 0.0 34.8
R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP -- 300 300 298 299 298
299 COP ratio % (relative 101.8 101.8 97.9 99.8 97.8 100.5 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 85.0 113.7 100.4 113.9 94.9
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00049 TABLE 49 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. 61 62 63 64 65 Item Unit A = B G I J K' HFO-1132(E) Mass
% 0.0 30.4 30.4 28.9 20.4 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 21.8 0.0 23.3 0.0
R1234yf Mass % 52.2 0.0 21.8 0.0 31.8 R32 Mass % 47.8 47.8 47.8
47.8 47.8 GWP -- 325 323 324 323 324 COP ratio % (relative 102.1
98.2 100.0 98.2 100.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.0
113.8 101.8 113.9 96.8 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00050 TABLE 50 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 66 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 82.9 77.9 72.9 67.9 62.9 57.9
52.9 47.9 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32 Mass %
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 COP
ratio % (relative 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.1 93.4 93.7 94.1 94.5 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 108.4 108.3 108.2 107.9 107.6 107.2 106.8
106.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00051 TABLE 51 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 14 15 16 17 67 18 19 20 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 72.9
67.9 62.9 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32
Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
49 COP ratio % (relative 95.0 95.4 95.9 96.4 96.9 93.0 93.3 93.6 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 105.8 105.2 104.5 103.9 103.1
105.7 105.5 105.2 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00052 TABLE 52 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
50.0 55.0 60.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9
22.9 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R32
Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
49 COP ratio % (relative 93.9 94.2 94.6 95.0 95.5 96.0 96.4 96.9 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 104.9 104.5 104.1 103.6 103.0
102.4 101.7 101.0 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00053 TABLE 53 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 68 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 17.9 67.9 62.9 57.9 52.9 47.9
42.9 37.9 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 49 49 49 49 49
49 49 COP ratio % (relative 97.4 93.5 93.8 94.1 94.4 94.8 95.2 95.6
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100.3 102.9 102.7 102.5 102.1
101.7 101.2 100.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00054 TABLE 54 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 36 37 38 39 69 40 41 42 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 62.9
57.9 52.9 R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 49 49 49 49 49
49 49 COP ratio % (relative 96.0 96.5 97.0 97.5 98.0 94.0 94.3 94.6
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100.1 99.5 98.9 98.1 97.4 100.1
99.9 99.6 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00055 TABLE 55 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
50.0 55.0 60.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9
12.9 R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 R32
Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 49 49 49 49 49 49
49 COP ratio % (relative 95.0 95.3 95.7 96.2 96.6 97.1 97.6 98.1 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 99.2 98.8 98.3 97.8 97.2 96.6 95.9
95.2 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00056 TABLE 56 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 70 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 7.9 57.9 52.9 47.9 42.9 37.9
32.9 27.9 R1234yf Mass % 20.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 49 50 50 50 50 50
50 50 COP ratio % (relative 98.6 94.6 94.9 95.2 95.5 95.9 96.3 96.8
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 94.4 97.1 96.9 96.7 96.3 95.9
95.4 94.8 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00057 TABLE 57 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 58 59 60 61 71 62 63 64 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0
65.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1
R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R32 Mass %
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP
ratio % (relative 97.2 97.7 98.2 98.7 99.2 95.2 95.5 95.8 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 94.2 93.6 92.9 92.2 91.4 94.2 93.9 93.7
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00058 TABLE 58 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
50.0 55.0 60.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 12.9 7.9
2.9 R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R32 Mass
% 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
COP ratio % (relative 96.2 96.6 97.0 97.4 97.9 98.3 98.8 99.3 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.3 92.9 92.4 91.8 91.2 90.5 89.8
89.1 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00059 TABLE 59 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 47.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9
12.9 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 R32
Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 COP ratio % (relative 95.9 96.2 96.5 96.9 97.2 97.7 98.1 98.5 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 91.1 90.9 90.6 90.2 89.8 89.3 88.7
88.1 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00060 TABLE 60 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 7.9 2.9 42.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9
17.9 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 R32
Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
50 COP ratio % (relative 99.0 99.4 96.6 96.9 97.2 97.6 98.0 98.4 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 87.4 86.7 88.0 87.8 87.5 87.1 86.6
86.1 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00061 TABLE 61 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item Unit 72 73 74 75 76 77
78 79 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
HFO-1123 Mass % 12.9 7.9 2.9 37.9 32.9 27.9 22.9 17.9 R1234yf Mass
% 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1
7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 COP ratio %
(relative 98.8 99.2 99.6 97.4 97.7 98.0 98.3 98.7 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 85.5 84.9 84.2 84.9 84.6 84.3 83.9 83.5
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00062 TABLE 62 Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Unit Ex. 80 Ex. 81
Ex. 82 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 12.9 7.9
2.9 R1234yf Mass % 45.0 45.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 7.1 7.1 7.1 GWP -- 50
50 50 COP ratio % (relative 99.1 99.5 99.9 to R410A) Refrigerating
% (relative 82.9 82.3 81.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00063 TABLE 63 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 70.5 65.5 60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 40.5
35.5 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32 Mass % 14.5
14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP -- 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
COP ratio % (relative 93.7 93.9 94.1 94.4 94.7 95.0 95.4 95.8 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 110.2 110.0 109.7 109.3 108.9
108.4 107.9 107.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00064 TABLE 64 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
97 Ex. 83 98 99 100 101 102 103 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0 10.0
15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 30.5 25.5 65.5 60.5 55.5
50.5 45.5 40.5 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP -- 99 99 99
99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relative 96.2 96.6 94.2 94.4 94.6 94.9
95.2 95.5 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 106.6 106.0 107.5
107.3 107.0 106.6 106.1 105.6 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00065 TABLE 65 Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 104 105 106 84 107 108 109 110 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0
50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5
60.5 55.5 50.5 45.5 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP --
99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relative 95.9 96.3 96.7 97.1
94.6 94.8 95.1 95.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 105.1 104.5
103.8 103.1 104.7 104.5 104.1 103.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00066 TABLE 66 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 111 112 113 114 115 85 116 117 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0
40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 10.0 15.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 40.5 35.5 30.5 25.5
20.5 15.5 55.5 50.5 R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP --
99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relative 95.7 96.0 96.4 96.8
97.2 97.6 95.1 95.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.3 102.8
102.2 101.6 101.0 100.3 101.8 101.6 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00067 TABLE 67 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item
Unit 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 86 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 25.0
30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5
25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP --
99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relative 95.6 95.9 96.2 96.5
96.9 97.3 97.7 98.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 101.2 100.8
100.4 99.9 99.3 98.7 98.0 97.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00068 TABLE 68 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 50.5 45.5 40.5 35.5 30.5
25.5 20.5 15.5 R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
25.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP -- 99
99 99 99 99 99 99 99 COP ratio % (relative 95.6 95.9 96.1 96.4 96.7
97.1 97.5 97.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 98.9 98.6 98.3
97.9 97.4 96.9 96.3 95.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00069 TABLE 69 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
133 Ex. 87 134 135 136 137 138 139 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 55.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 5.5 45.5 40.5
35.5 30.5 25.5 20.5 R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP --
99 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio % (relative 98.3 98.7 96.2
96.4 96.7 97.0 97.3 97.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 95.0
94.3 95.8 95.6 95.2 94.8 94.4 93.8 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00070 TABLE 70 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0 50.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 15.5 10.5 5.5 40.5 35.5
30.5 25.5 20.5 R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0
35.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP -- 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio % (relative 98.1 98.5 98.9
96.8 97.0 97.3 97.6 97.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.3
92.6 92.0 92.8 92.5 92.2 91.8 91.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00071 TABLE 71 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0 45.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 15.5 10.5 5.5 35.5 30.5
25.5 20.5 15.5 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
40.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP -- 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio % (relative 98.3 98.7 99.1
97.4 97.7 98.0 98.3 98.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 90.8
90.2 89.6 89.6 89.4 89.0 88.6 88.2 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00072 TABLE 72 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Item Unit 156 157 158 159 160 88 89 90 HFO-1132(E) Mass %
35.0 40.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 5.5
30.5 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 5.5 R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0
45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
14.5 GWP -- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio % (relative
98.9 99.3 98.1 98.4 98.7 98.9 99.3 99.6 to R410A) Refrigerating %
(relative 87.6 87.1 86.5 86.2 85.9 85.5 85.0 84.5 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00073 TABLE 73 Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex. Comp. Ex.
Comp. Ex. Item Unit 91 92 93 94 95 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 25.5 20.5 15.5 10.5 5.5 R1234yf Mass
% 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 R32 Mass % 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 GWP
-- 100 100 100 100 100 COP ratio % (relative 98.9 99.1 99.4 99.7
100.0 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 83.3 83.0 82.7 82.2 81.8
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00074 TABLE 74 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 63.1 58.1 53.1 48.1 43.1
38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R32
Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP -- 149 149 149
149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio % (relative 94.8 95.0 95.2 95.4 95.7
95.9 96.2 96.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 111.5 111.2
110.9 110.5 110.0 109.5 108.9 108.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00075 TABLE 75 Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 96 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 10.0
15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 58.1 53.1 48.1
43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP --
149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio % (relative 96.9 95.3
95.4 95.6 95.8 96.1 96.4 96.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
107.7 108.7 108.5 108.1 107.7 107.2 106.7 106.1 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00076 TABLE 76 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 176 97 177 178 179 180 181 182 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 45.0 50.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 53.1 48.1
43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP --
149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio % (relative 97.0 97.4
95.7 95.9 96.1 96.3 96.6 96.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
105.5 104.9 105.9 105.6 105.3 104.8 104.4 103.8 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00077 TABLE 77 Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 183 184 98 185 186 187 188 189 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 40.0 45.0
50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 48.1
43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP --
149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio % (relative 97.2 97.5
97.9 96.1 96.3 96.5 96.8 97.1 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
103.3 102.6 102.0 103.0 102.7 102.3 101.9 101.4 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00078 TABLE 78 Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 190 191 192 99 193 194 195 196 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.0 40.0
45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1
43.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 25.0
25.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP --
149 149 149 149 149 149 149 149 COP ratio % (relative 97.4 97.7
98.0 98.4 96.6 96.8 97.0 97.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
100.9 100.3 99.7 99.1 100.0 99.7 99.4 98.9 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00079 TABLE 79 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 197 198 199 200 100 201 202 203 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0
40.0 45.0 50.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1
3.1 38.1 33.1 28.1 R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0
30.0 30.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP --
149 149 149 149 149 150 150 150 COP ratio % (relative 97.6 97.9
98.2 98.5 98.9 97.1 97.3 97.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
98.5 97.9 97.4 96.8 96.1 97.0 96.7 96.3 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00080 TABLE 80 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0
40.0 45.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 23.1 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1
33.1 28.1 23.1 R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0
35.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP -- 150
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 COP ratio % (relative 97.8 98.1 98.4
98.7 99.1 97.7 97.9 98.1 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 95.9
95.4 94.9 94.4 93.8 93.9 93.6 93.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00081 TABLE 81 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 35.0
40.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 18.1 13.1 8.1 3.1 28.1
23.1 18.1 13.1 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0
40.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP -- 150
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 COP ratio % (relative 98.4 98.7 99.0
99.3 98.3 98.5 98.7 99.0 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 92.9
92.4 91.9 91.3 90.8 90.5 90.2 89.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00082 TABLE 82 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item
Unit 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 101 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 10.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 8.1 3.1 23.1 18.1
13.1 8.1 3.1 18.1 R1234yf Mass % 40.0 40.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
50.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP -- 150
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 COP ratio % (relative 99.3 99.6 98.9
99.1 99.3 99.6 99.9 99.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 89.3
88.8 87.6 87.3 87.0 86.6 86.2 84.4 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00083 TABLE 83 Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Unit Ex. 102 Ex. 103
Ex. 104 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 13.1 8.1
3.1 R1234yf Mass % 50.0 50.0 50.0 R32 Mass % 21.9 21.9 21.9 GWP --
150 150 150 COP ratio % (relative 99.8 100.0 100.2 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 84.1 83.8 83.4 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00084 TABLE 84 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item
Unit 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 105 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 55.7 50.7 45.7 40.7
35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP -- 199 199
199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio % (relative 95.9 96.0 96.2 96.3
96.6 96.8 97.1 97.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 112.2 111.9
111.6 111.2 110.7 110.2 109.6 109.0 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00085 TABLE 85 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item
Unit 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 106 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 50.7 45.7 40.7 35.7
30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
10.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP --
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio % (relative 96.3 96.4
96.6 96.8 97.0 97.2 97.5 97.8 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
109.4 109.2 108.8 108.4 107.9 107.4 106.8 106.2 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00086 TABLE 86 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item
Unit 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 107 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 40.7 35.7 30.7
25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP --
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio % (relative 96.7 96.8
97.0 97.2 97.4 97.7 97.9 98.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
106.6 106.3 106.0 105.5 105.1 104.5 104.0 103.4 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00087 TABLE 87 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Item
Unit 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 108 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 40.7 35.7 30.7 25.7
20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7 R1234yf Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
20.0 20.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP --
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio % (relative 97.1 97.3
97.5 97.7 97.9 98.1 98.4 98.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
103.7 103.4 103.0 102.6 102.2 101.6 101.1 100.5 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00088 TABLE 88 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0 20.0
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 10.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 35.7 30.7 25.7 20.7 15.7
10.7 5.7 30.7 R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
30.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP -- 199
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 COP ratio % (relative 97.6 97.7 97.9
98.1 98.4 98.6 98.9 98.1 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 100.7
100.4 100.1 99.7 99.2 98.7 98.2 97.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00089 TABLE 89 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0
30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 25.7 20.7 15.7 10.7 5.7
25.7 20.7 15.7 R1234yf Mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0
35.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP -- 199
199 199 199 199 200 200 200 COP ratio % (relative 98.2 98.4 98.6
98.9 99.1 98.6 98.7 98.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 97.4
97.1 96.7 96.2 95.7 94.7 94.4 94.0 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00090 TABLE 90 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 30.0 10.0
15.0 20.0 25.0 10.0 15.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.7 5.7 20.7 15.7 10.7
5.7 15.7 10.7 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0
45.0 R32 Mass % 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP -- 200
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 COP ratio % (relative 99.2 99.4 99.1
99.3 99.5 99.7 99.7 99.8 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 93.6
93.2 91.5 91.3 90.9 90.6 88.4 88.1 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00091 TABLE 91 Comp. Comp. Item Unit Ex. 279 Ex. 280 Ex.
109 Ex. 110 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 HFO-1123 Mass %
5.7 10.7 5.7 5.7 R1234yf Mass % 45.0 50.0 50.0 55.0 R32 Mass % 29.3
29.3 29.3 29.3 GWP -- 200 200 200 200 COP ratio % (relative 100.0
100.3 100.4 100.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 87.8 85.2
85.0 82.0 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00092 TABLE 92 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 281 282 283 284 285 111 286 287 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 15.0
20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 40.9 35.9 30.9 25.9
20.9 15.9 35.9 30.9 R1234yf Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0
10.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP -- 298
298 298 298 298 298 299 299 COP ratio % (relative 97.8 97.9 97.9
98.1 98.2 98.4 98.2 98.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 112.5
112.3 111.9 111.6 111.2 110.7 109.8 109.5 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00093 TABLE 93 Ex. Ex. Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 288 289 290 112 291 292 293 294 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 25.0
30.0 35.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 25.9 20.9 15.9 10.9
30.9 25.9 20.9 15.9 R1234yf Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP --
299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 COP ratio % (relative 98.3 98.5
98.6 98.8 98.6 98.6 98.7 98.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
109.2 108.8 108.4 108.0 107.0 106.7 106.4 106.0 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00094 TABLE 94 Ex. Comp. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item
Unit 295 113 296 297 298 299 300 301 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 30.0 35.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 10.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.9 5.9 25.9 20.9
15.9 10.9 5.9 20.9 R1234yf Mass % 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
20.0 25.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP --
299 299 299 299 299 299 299 299 COP ratio % (relative 99.0 99.2
99.0 99.0 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
105.6 105.2 104.1 103.9 103.6 103.2 102.8 101.2 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00095 TABLE 95 Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Item Unit
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 20.0 25.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 15.0 HFO-1123 Mass % 15.9 10.9 5.9 15.9 10.9
5.9 10.9 5.9 R1234yf Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0
R32 Mass % 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 44.1 GWP -- 299 299
299 299 299 299 299 299 COP ratio % (relative 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8
99.9 100.0 100.3 100.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 101.0
100.7 100.3 98.3 98.0 97.8 95.3 95.1 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00096 TABLE 96 Item Unit Ex. 400 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0
HFO-1123 Mass % 5.9 R1234yf Mass % 40.0 R32 Mass % 44.1 GWP -- 299
COP ratio % (relative 100.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
92.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
[0409] The above results indicate that the refrigerating capacity
ratio relative to R410A is 85% or more in the following cases:
[0410] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), THFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32
based on their sum is respectively represented by x,y, z, and a, in
a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of THFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass %, a straight line connecting
a point (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0-a) is the
base, and the point (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0) is on the left side, if
0<a.ltoreq.11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition
diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line AB that
connects point A (0.0134a.sup.2-1.9681a+68.6, 0.0,
-0.0134a.sup.2+0.9681a+31.4) and point B (0.0,
0.0144a.sup.2-1.6377a+58.7, -0.0144a.sup.2+0.6377a+41.3); [0411] if
11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line
AB that connects point A (0.0112a.sup.2-1.9337a+68.484, 0.0,
-0.0112a.sup.2+0.9337a+31.516) and point B (0.0,
0.0075a.sup.2-1.5156a+58.199, -0.0075a.sup.2+0.5156a+41.801);
[0412] if 18.2a<a.ltoreq.267, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line
AB that connects point A (0.0107a.sup.2-1.9142a+68.305, 0.0,
-0.0107a.sup.2+0.9142a+31.695) and point B (0.0, 0.009a.sup.2
1.6045a+59.318, -0.009a.sup.2+0.6045a+40.682); [0413] if
26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line
AB that connects point A (0.0103a.sup.2-1.9225a+68.793, 0.0,
-0.0103a.sup.2+0.9225a+31.207) and point B (0.0,
0.0046a.sup.2-1.41a+57.286, -0.0046a.sup.2+0.41a+42.714); and
[0414] if 36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on, or on the left side of, a straight line
AB that connects point A (0.0085a.sup.2-1.8102a+67.1, 0.0,
-0.0085a.sup.2+0.8102a+32.9) and point B (0.0,
0.0012a.sup.2-1.1659a+52.95, -0.0012a.sup.2+0.1659a+47.05).
[0415] Actual points having a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85%
or more form a curved line that connects point A and point B in
FIG. 3, and that extends toward the 1234yf side. Accordingly, when
coordinates are on, or on the left side of, the straight line AB,
the refrigerating capacity ratio relative to R410A is 85% or
more.
[0416] Similarly, it was also found that in the ternary composition
diagram, if 0<a.ltoreq.11.1, when coordinates (x,y,z) are on, or
on the left side of, a straight line D'C that connects point D'
(0.0, 0.0224a.sup.2+0.968a+75.4, -0.0224a.sup.2-1.968a+24.6) and
point C (-0.2304a.sup.2-0.4062a+32.9, 0.2304a.sup.2-0.5938a+67.1,
0.0); or if 11.1<a.ltoreq.46.7, when coordinates are in the
entire region, the COP ratio relative to that of R410A is 92.5% or
more.
[0417] In FIG. 3, the COP ratio of 92.5% or more forms a curved
line CD. In FIG. 3, an approximate line formed by connecting three
points: point C (32.9, 67.1, 0.0) and points (26.6, 68.4, 5) (19.5,
70.5, 10) where the COP ratio is 92.5% when the concentration of
R1234yf is 5 mass % and 10 mass was obtained, and a straight line
that connects point C and point D' (0, 75.4, 24.6), which is the
intersection of the approximate line and a point where the
concentration of HFO-1132(E) is 0.0 mass % was defined as a line
segment D'C. In FIG. 4, point D'(0, 83.4, 9.5) was similarly
obtained from an approximate curve formed by connecting point C
(18.4, 74.5, 0) and points (13.9, 76.5, 2.5) (8.7, 79.2, 5) where
the COP ratio is 92.5%, and a straight line that connects point C
and point D' was defined as the straight line D'C.
[0418] The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak
simulation was performed using NIST Standard Reference Database
REFLEAK Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage,
Shipping, Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard
34-2013. The most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
[0419] For the flammability, the burning velocity was measured
according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. Both WCF and WCFF
having a burning velocity of 10 cm/s or less were determined to be
classified as "Class 2L (lower flammability)."
[0420] A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus
shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed
refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed
by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no
traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning
velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature
was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an
electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample
cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the
ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the
flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical
container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with
two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell,
and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of
the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a
frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
[0421] The results are shown in Tables 97 to 104.
TABLE-US-00097 TABLE 97 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item
Ex. 6 Ex. 13 Ex. 19 Ex. 24 Ex. 29 Ex. 34 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass %
72.0 60.9 55.8 52.1 48.6 45.4 HFO-1123 Mass % 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.4
33.2 32.7 R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1 11.1
14.5 18.2 21.9 Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
TABLE-US-00098 TABLE 98 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 39
Ex. 45 Ex. 51 Ex. 57 Ex. 62 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 41.8 40 35.7 32
30.4 HFO-1123 Mass % 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.9 21.8 R1234yf Mass % 0 0 0
0 0 R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8 Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s
10 10 10 10 10
TABLE-US-00099 TABLE 99 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item
Ex. 7 Ex. 14 Ex. 20 Ex. 25 Ex. 30 Ex. 35 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass %
72.0 60.9 55.8 52.1 48.6 45.4 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
R1234yf Mass % 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.4 33.2 32.7 R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1
11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9 Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
10
TABLE-US-00100 TABLE 100 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 40
Ex. 46 Ex. 52 Ex. 58 Ex. 63 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 41.8 40 35.7 32
30.4 HFO-1123 Mass % 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf Mass % 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.9
21.8 R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8 Burning velocity (WCF)
cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
TABLE-US-00101 TABLE 101 Item Comp. Ex. 8 Comp. Ex. 15 Comp. Ex. 21
Comp. Ex. 26 Comp. Ex. 31 Comp. Ex. 36 WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 47.1
40.5 37.0 34.3 32.0 30.3 HFO-1123 Mass % 52.9 52.4 51.9 51.2 49.8
47.8 R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1 11.1
14.5 18.2 21.9 Leak condition that Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ results in WCFF Shipping -40.degree. C.,
Shipping -40.degree. C., Shipping -40.degree. C., Shipping
-40.degree. C., Shipping -40.degree. C., Shipping -40.degree. C.,
92% release, 92% release, 92% release, 92% release, 92% release,
92% release, liquid phase liquid phase liquid phase liquid phase
liquid phase liquid phase side side side side side side WCFF
HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 72.0 62.4 56.2 50.6 45.1 40.0 HFO-1123 Mass %
28.0 31.6 33.0 33.4 32.5 30.5 R1234yf Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.4 0.0
0.0 R32 Mass % 0.0 50.9 10.8 16.0 22.4 29.5 Burning velocity cm/s 8
or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF)
Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 (WCFF)
TABLE-US-00102 TABLE 102 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 41
Ex. 47 Ex. 53 Ex. 59 Ex. 64 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.1 28.8 29.3
29.4 28.9 HFO-1123 Mass % 44.2 41.9 34.0 26.5 23.3 R1234yf Mass %
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8 Leak
condition that Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ results
in WCFF Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping
-40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. C., 92% C.,
92% C., 92% C., 90% C., 86% release, release, release, release,
release, liquid liquid liquid gas phase gas phase phase side phase
side phase side side side WCFF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 34.6 32.2 27.7
28.3 27.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 26.5 23.9 17.5 18.2 16.7 R1234yf Mass %
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R32 Mass % 38.9 43.9 54.8 53.5 55.8 Burning
velocity (WCF) cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8.3 9.3 9.6 Burning
velocity (WCFF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
TABLE-US-00103 TABLE 103 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp Comp. Comp. Item
Ex. 9 Ex. 16 Ex. 22 Ex. 27 Ex. 32 Ex. 37 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass %
61.7 47.0 41.0 36.5 32.5 28.8 HFO-1123 Mass % 5.9 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.0
2.4 R1234yf Mass % 32.4 38.7 41.4 43.4 45.3 46.9 R32 Mass % 0.0 7.1
11.1 14.5 18.2 21.9 Leak condition that Storage/ Storage/ Storage/
Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ results in WCFF Shipping -40.degree.
Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree.
Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. C., 0% C., 0% C., 0% C.,
92% C., 0% C., 0% release, release, release, release, release,
release, gas phase gas phase gas phase liquid phase gas phase gas
phase side side side side side side WCFF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0
56.2 50.4 46.0 42.4 39.1 HFO-1123 Mass % 10.5 12.6 11.4 10.1 7.4
4.4 R1234yf Mass % 17.5 20.4 21.8 22.9 24.3 25.7 R32 Mass % 0.0
10.8 16.3 21.0 25.9 30.8 Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 8 or less 8 or
less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less Burning velocity
(WCFF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
TABLE-US-00104 TABLE 104 Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Comp. Item Ex. 42
Ex. 48 Ex. 54 Ex. 60 Ex. 65 WCF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 24.8 24.3 22.5
21.1 20.4 HFO-1123 Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 48.5
46.4 40.8 34.8 31.8 R32 Mass % 26.7 29.3 36.7 44.1 47.8 Leak
condition that Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ Storage/ results
in WCFF Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping
-40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. Shipping -40.degree. C., 0% C., 0%
C., 0% C., 0% C., 0% release, release, release, release, release,
gas phase gas phase gas phase gas phase gas phase side side side
side side WCFF HFO-1132(E) Mass % 35.3 34.3 31.3 29.1 28.1 HFO-1123
Mass % 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1234yf Mass % 27.4 26.2 23.1 19.8 18.2
R32 Mass % 37.3 39.6 45.6 51.1 53.7 Burning velocity (WCF) cm/s 8
or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less Burning velocity
(WCFF) cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
[0422] The results in Tables 97 to 100 indicate that the
refrigerant has aWCF lower flammability in the following cases:
[0423] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), THFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32
based on their sum in the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E),
THFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 is respectively represented by x, y, z,
and a, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary composition diagram in
which the sum of THFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a)
mass % and a straight line connecting a point (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0)
and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0-a) is the base, if 0<a.ltoreq.11.1,
coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary composition diagram are on or
below a straight line GI that connects point G
(0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, -0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0, 0.0) and
point I (0.026a.sup.2-1.7478a+72.0, 0.0,
-0.026a.sup.2+0.7478a+28.0);
if 11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that
connects point G (0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105,
-0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895, 0.0) and point I
(0.02a.sup.2-1.6013a+71.105, 0.0, -0.02a.sup.2+0.6013a+28.895); if
18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that
connects point G (0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727,
-0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273, 0.0) and point I
(0.0135a.sup.2-1.4068a+69.727, 0.0, -0.0135a.sup.2+0.4068a+30.273);
if 26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that
connects point G (0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986,
-0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014, 0.0) and point I
(0.0111a.sup.2-1.3152a+68.986, 0.0, -0.0111a.sup.2+0.3152a+31.014);
and if 36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7, coordinates (x,y,z) in the ternary
composition diagram are on or below a straight line GI that
connects point G (0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902,
-0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098, 0.0) and point I
(0.0061a.sup.2-0.9918a+63.902, 0.0,
-0.0061a.sup.2-0.0082a+36.098).
[0424] Three points corresponding to point G (Table 105) and point
I (Table 106) were individually obtained in each of the following
five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were
obtained.
TABLE-US-00105 TABLE 105 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 0 18.2
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 11.1 26.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 18.2 R32 0
7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 72.0 60.9 55.8
55.8 52.1 48.6 48.6 45.4 41.8 HFO-1123 28.0 32.0 33.1 33.1 33.4
33.2 33.2 32.7 31.5 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E)
0.026a.sup.2 - 1.7478a + 72.0 0.02a.sup.2 - 1.6013a + 71.105
0.0135a.sup.2 - 1.4068a + 69.727 Approximate expression HFO-1123
-0.026a.sup.2 + 0..7478a + 28.0 -0.02a.sup.2 + 0..6013a + 28.895
-0.0135a.sup.2 + 0.4068a + 30.273 Approximate expression R1234yf 0
0 0 Approximate expression Item 36.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 26.7
46.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
HFO-1132(E) 41.8 40.0 35.7 35.7 32.0 30.4 HFO-1123 31.5 30.7 27.6
27.6 23.9 21.8 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32 a a HFO-1132(E) 0.0111a2 -
1.3152a + 68.986 0.0061a.sup.2 - 0.9918a + 63.902 Approximate
expression HFO-1123 -0.0111a2 + 0.3152a + 31.014 -0.0061a.sup.2 -
0.0082a + 36.098 Approximate expression R1234yf 0 0 Approximate
expression
TABLE-US-00106 TABLE 106 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 18.2
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 11.1 26.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 18.2 R32 0
7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 72.0 60.9 55.8
55.8 52.1 48.6 48.6 45.4 41.8 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf
28.0 32.0 33.1 33.1 33.4 33.2 33.2 32.7 31.5 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E)
0.026a.sup.2 - 1.7478a + 72.0 0.02a.sup.2 - 1.6013a + 71.105
0.0135a.sup.2 - 1.4068a + 69.727 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0
0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf -0.026a.sup.2 + 0.7478a + 28.0
-0.02a.sup.2 + 0.6013a + 28.895 -0.0135a.sup.2 + 0.4068a + 30.273
Approximate expression Item 36.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 26.7 46.7
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
HFO-1132(E) 41.8 40.0 35.7 35.7 32.0 30.4 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0
R1234yf 31.5 30.7 23.6 23.6 23.5 21.8 R32 x x HFO-1132(E)
0.0111a.sup.2 - 1.3152a + 68.986 0.0061a.sup.2 - 0.9918a + 63.902
Approximate expression HFO-1123 0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf
-0.0111a.sup.2 + 0.3152a + 31.014 -0.0061a.sup.2 - 0.0082a + 36.098
Approximate expression
[0425] The results in Tables 101 to 104 indicate that the
refrigerant is determined to have a WCFF lower flammability, and
the flammability classification according to the ASHRAE Standard is
"2L (flammability)" in the following cases:
[0426] When the mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32
based on their sum in the mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, R1234yf, and R32 is respectively represented by x, y, z,
and a, in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R1234yf is (100-a) mass % and a straight
line connecting a point (0.0, 100.0-a, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0,
100.0-a) is the base, if 0<a.ltoreq.11.1, coordinates (x,y,z) in
the ternary composition diagram are on or below a straight line JK'
that connects point J (0.0049a.sup.2-0.9645a+47.1,
-0.0049a.sup.2-0.0355a+52.9, 0.0) and point
K'(0.0514a.sup.2-2.4353a+61.7, -0.0323a.sup.2+0.4122a+5.9,
-0.0191a.sup.2+1.0231a+32.4); if 11.1<a.ltoreq.18.2, coordinates
are on a straight line JK' that connects point J
(0.0243a.sup.2-1.4161a+49.725, -0.0243a.sup.2+0.4161a+50.275, 0.0)
and point K'(0.0341a.sup.2-2.1977a+61.187,
-0.0236a.sup.2+0.34a+5.636, -0.0105a.sup.2+0.8577a+33.177); if
18.2<a.ltoreq.26.7, coordinates are on or below a straight line
JK' that connects point J (0.0246a.sup.2-1.4476a+50.184,
-0.0246a.sup.2+0.4476a+49.816, 0.0) and point K'
(0.0196a.sup.2-1.7863a+58.515, -0.0079a.sup.2-0.1136a+8.702,
-0.0117a.sup.2+0.8999a+32.783); if 26.7<a.ltoreq.36.7,
coordinates are on or below a straight line JK' that connects point
J (0.0183a.sup.2-1.1399a+46.493, -0.0183a.sup.2+0.1399a+53.507,
0.0) and point K' (-0.0051a.sup.2+0.0929a+25.95, 0.0,
0.0051a.sup.2-1.0929a+74.05); and if 36.7<a.ltoreq.46.7,
coordinates are on or below a straight line JK' that connects point
J (-0.0134a.sup.2+1.0956a+7.13, 0.0134a.sup.2-2.0956a+92.87, 0.0)
and point K'(-1.892a+29.443, 0.0, 0.892a+70.557).
[0427] Actual points having a WCFF lower flammability form a curved
line that connects point J and point K' (on the straight line AB)
in FIG. 3 and extends toward the HFO-1132(E) side. Accordingly,
when coordinates are on or below the straight line JK', WCFF lower
flammability is achieved.
[0428] Three points corresponding to point J (Table 107) and point
K' (Table 108) were individually obtained in each of the following
five ranges by calculation, and their approximate expressions were
obtained.
TABLE-US-00107 TABLE 107 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 18.2
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 11.1 26.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 18.2 R32 0
7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 47.1 40.5 37
37.0 34.3 32.0 32.0 30.3 29.1 HFO-1123 52.9 52.4 51.9 51.9 51.2
49.8 49.8 47.8 44.2 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E)
0.0049a.sup.2 - 0.9645a + 47.1 0.0243a.sup.2 - 1.4161a + 49.725
0.0246a.sup.2 - 1.4476a + 50.184 Approximate expression HFO-1123
-0.0049a.sup.2 - 0.0355a + 52.9 -0.0243a.sup.2 + 0.4161a + 50.275
-0.0246a.sup.2 + 0.4476a + 49.816 Approximate expression R1234yf 0
0 0 Approximate expression Item 36.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 26.7
47.8 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
HFO-1132(E) 29.1 28.8 29.3 29.3 29.4 28.9 HFO-1123 44.2 41.9 34.0
34.0 26.5 23.3 R1234yf 0 0 0 0 0 0 R32 a a HFO-1132(E)
0.0183a.sup.2 - 1.1399a + 46.493 -0.0134a.sup.2 + 1.0956a + 7.13
Approximate expression HFO-1123 -0.0183a.sup.2 + 0.1399a + 53.507
0.0134a.sup.2 - 2.0956a + 92.87 Approximate expression R1234yf 0 0
Approximate expression
TABLE-US-00108 TABLE 108 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 18.2
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 11.1 26.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 18.2 R32 0
7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 61.7 47.0 41.0
41.0 36.5 32.5 32.5 28.8 24.8 HFO-1123 5.9 7.2 6.5 6.5 5.6 4.0 4.0
2.4 0 R1234yf 32.4 38.7 41.4 41.4 43.4 45.3 45.3 46.9 48.5 R32 x x
x HFO-1132(E) 0.0514a.sup.2 - 2.4353a + 61.7 0.0341a.sup.2 -
2.1977a + 61.187 0.0196a.sup.2 - 1.7863a + 58.515 Approximate
expression HFO-1123 -0.0323a.sup.2 + 0.4122a + 5.9 -0.0236a.sup.2 +
0.34a + 5.636 -0.0079a.sup.2 - 0.1136a + 8.702 Approximate
expression R1234yf -0.0191a.sup.2 + 1.0231a + 32.4 -0.0105a.sup.2 +
0.8577a + 33.177 -0.0117a.sup.2 + 0.8999a + 32.783 Approximate
expression Item 36.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 26.7 46.7 .gtoreq. R32
.gtoreq. 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8 HFO-1132(E) 24.8
24.3 22.5 22.5 21.1 20.4 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf 48.5 46.4
40.8 40.8 34.8 31.8 R32 x x HFO-1132(E) -0.0051a.sup.2 + 0.0929a +
25.95 -1.892a + 29.443 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0 0
Approximate expression R1234yf 0.0051a.sup.2 - 1.0929a + 74.05
0.892a + 70.557 Approximate expression
[0429] FIGS. 3 to 13 show compositions whose R32 content a (mass %)
is 0 mass %, 7.1 mass %, 11.1 mass %, 14.5 mass %, 18.2 mass %,
21.9 mass %, 26.7 mass %, 29.3 mass %, 36.7 mass %, 44.1 mass %,
and 47.8 mass %, respectively.
[0430] Points A, B, C, and D' were obtained in the following manner
according to approximate calculation.
[0431] Point A is a point where the content of HFO-1123 is 0 mass
%, and a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that of
R410A is achieved. Three points corresponding to point A were
obtained in each of the following five ranges by calculation, and
their approximate expressions were obtained (Table 109).
TABLE-US-00109 TABLE 109 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 18.2
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 11.1 26.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 18.2 R32 0
7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 68.6 55.3 48.4
48.4 42.8 37 37 31.5 24.8 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf 31.4
37.6 40.5 40.5 42.7 44.8 44.8 46.6 48.5 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E)
0.0134a.sup.2 - 1.9681a + 68.6 0.0112a.sup.2 - 1.9337a + 68.484
0.0107a.sup.2 - 1.9142a + 68.305 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0
0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf -0.0134a.sup.2 + 0.9681a + 31.4
-0.0112a.sup.2 + 0.9337a + 31.516 -0.0107a.sup.2 + 0.9142a + 31.695
Approximate expression Item 36.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 26.7 46.7
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
HFO-1132(E) 24.8 21.3 12.1 12.1 3.8 0 HFO-1123 0 0 0 0 0 0 R1234yf
48.5 49.4 51.2 51.2 52.1 52.2 R32 a a HFO-1132(E) 0.0103a.sup.2 -
1.9225a + 68.793 0.0085a.sup.2 - 1.8102a + 67.1 Approximate
expression HFO-1123 0 0 Approximate expression R1234yf
-0.0103a.sup.2 + 0.9225a + 31.207 -0.0085a.sup.2 + 0.8102a + 32.9
Approximate expression
[0432] Point Bis a point where the content of THFO-1132(E) is 0
mass %, and a refrigerating capacity ratio of 85% relative to that
of R410A is achieved.
[0433] Three points corresponding to point B were obtained in each
of the following five ranges by calculation, and their approximate
expressions were obtained (Table 110).
TABLE-US-00110 TABLE 110 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 18.2
.gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 11.1 26.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 18.2 R32 0
7.1 11.1 11.1 14.5 18.2 18.2 21.9 26.7 HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 HFO-1123 58.7 47.8 42.3 42.3 37.8 33.1 33.1 28.5 22.9 R1234yf
41.3 45.1 46.6 46.6 47.7 48.7 48.7 49.6 50.4 R32 a a a HFO-1132(E)
0 0 0 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0.0144a.sup.2 - 1.6377a +
58.7 0.0075a.sup.2 - 1.5156a + 58.199 0.009a.sup.2 - 1.6045a +
59.318 Approximate expression R1234yf -0.0144a.sup.2 + 0.6377a +
41.3 -0.0075a.sup.2 + 0.5156a + 41.801 -0.009a.sup.2 + 0.6045a +
40.682 Approximate expression Item 36.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 26.7
46.7 .gtoreq. R32 .gtoreq. 36.7 R32 26.7 29.3 36.7 36.7 44.1 47.8
HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0 0 0 0 HFO-1123 22.9 19.9 11.7 11.8 3.9 0 R1234yf
50.4 50.8 51.6 51.5 52.0 52.2 R32 a a HFO-1132(E) 0 0 Approximate
expression HFO-1123 0.0046a.sup.2 - 1.41a + 57.286 0.0012a.sup.2 -
1.1659a + 52.95 Approximate expression R1234yf -0.0046a.sup.2 +
0.41a + 42.714 -0.0012a.sup.2 + 0.1659a + 47.05 Approximate
expression
[0434] Point D' is a point where the content of THFO-1132(E) is 0
mass %, and a COP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is
achieved.
[0435] Three points corresponding to point D' were obtained in each
of the following by calculation, and their approximate expressions
were obtained (Table 111).
TABLE-US-00111 TABLE 111 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 R32 0 7.1
11.1 HFO-1132(E) 0 0 0 HFO-1123 75.4 83.4 88.9 R1234yf 24.6 9.5 0
R32 a HFO-1132(E) 0 Approximate expression HFO-1123 0.0224a.sup.2 +
0.968a + 75.4 Approximate expression R1234yf -0.0224a.sup.2 -
1.968a + 24.6 Approximate expression
[0436] Point C is a point where the content of R1234yf is 0 mass %,
and a COP ratio of 95.5% relative to that of R410A is achieved.
[0437] Three points corresponding to point C were obtained in each
of the following by calculation, and their approximate expressions
were obtained (Table 112).
TABLE-US-00112 TABLE 112 Item 11.1 .gtoreq. R32 > 0 R32 0 7.1
11.1 HFO-1132(E) 32.9 18.4 0 HFO-1123 67.1 74.5 88.9 R1234yf 0 0 0
R32 a HFO-1132(E) -0.2304a.sup.2 - 0.4062a + 32.9 Approximate
expression HFO-1123 0.2304a.sup.2 - 0.5938a + 67.1 Approximate
expression R1234yf 0 Approximate expression
(5-4) Refrigerant D
[0438] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is a
mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene
(HFO-1132(E)), difluoromethane (R32), and
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (R1234yf).
[0439] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has
various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative
refrigerant; i.e., a refrigerating capacity equivalent to that of
R410A, a sufficiently low GWP, and a lower flammability (Class 2L)
according to the ASHRAE standard.
[0440] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0441] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the following 4
points: point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2),
point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7), or on
these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI);
[0442] the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates
(0.0236y.sup.2-1.7616y+72.0, y, -0.0236y.sup.2+0.7616y+28.0);
[0443] the line segment NE is represented by coordinates
(0.012y.sup.2-1.9003y+58.3, y, -0.012y.sup.2+0.9003y+41.7); and
[0444] the line segments JN and EI are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or
more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and a WCF lower
flammability.
[0445] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0446] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments MM', M'N, NV, VG, and GM that connect the
following 5 points: point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4), point M' (39.2, 5.0,
55.8), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and
point G (39.6, 0.0, 60.4), or on these line segments (excluding the
points on the line segment GM); [0447] the line segment MM' is
represented by coordinates (0.132y.sup.2-3.34y+52.6, y,
-0.132y.sup.2+2.34y+47.4); [0448] the line segment M'N is
represented by coordinates (0.0596y.sup.2-2.2541y+48.98, y,
-0.0596y.sup.2+1.2541y+51.02); [0449] the line segment VG is
represented by coordinates (0.0123y.sup.2-1.8033y+39.6, y,
-0.0123y.sup.2+0.8033y+60.4); and [0450] the line segments NV and
GM are straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied,
the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a
refrigerating capacity ratio of 70% or more relative to R410A, a
GWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
[0451] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0452] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the following 3
points: point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and
point U (3.9, 36.7, 59.4), or on these line segments; [0453] the
line segment ON is represented by coordinates
(0.0072y.sup.2-0.6701y+37.512, y, -0.0072y.sup.2-0.3299y+62.488);
[0454] the line segment NU is represented by coordinates
(0.0083y.sup.2-1.7403y+56.635, y, -0.0083y.sup.2+0.7403y+43.365);
and [0455] the line segment UO is a straight line. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or
more relative to R410A, a GWP of 250 or less, and an ASHRAE lower
flammability.
[0456] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0457] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the following
5 points: point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4), point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7),
point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8), point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and point K
(35.6, 36.8, 27.6), or on these line segments; [0458] the line
segment QR is represented by coordinates
(0.0099y.sup.2-1.975y+84.765, y, -0.0099y.sup.2+0.975y+15.235);
[0459] the line segment RT is represented by coordinates
(0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y, -0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874);
[0460] the line segment LK is represented by coordinates
(0.0049y.sup.2-0.8842y+61.488, y, -0.0049y.sup.2-0.1158y+38.512);
[0461] the line segment KQ is represented by coordinates
(0.0095y.sup.2-1.2222y+67.676, y, -0.0095y.sup.2+0.2222y+32.324);
and [0462] the line segment TL is a straight line. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or
more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and a WCF lower
flammability.
[0463] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0464] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3
points: point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8), point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and
point T (8.6, 51.6, 39.8), or on these line segments; [0465] the
line segment PS is represented by coordinates
(0.0064y.sup.2-0.7103y+40.1, y, -0.0064y.sup.2-0.2897y+59.9);
[0466] the line segment ST is represented by coordinates
(0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y, -0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874);
and [0467] the line segment TP is a straight line. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or
more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and an ASHRAE lower
flammability.
[0468] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0469] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments ac, cf, fd, and da that connect the following 4
points: point a (71.1, 0.0, 28.9), point c (36.5, 18.2, 45.3),
point f (47.6, 18.3, 34.1), and point d (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), or on
these line segments; [0470] the line segment ac is represented by
coordinates (0.0181y.sup.2-2.2288y+71.096, y,
-0.0181y.sup.2+1.2288y+28.904); [0471] the line segment fd is
represented by coordinates (0.02y.sup.2-1.7y+72, y,
-0.02y.sup.2+0.7y+28); and [0472] the line segments cf and da are
straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the
refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating
capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or
less, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE
standard.
[0473] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0474] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments ab, be, ed, and da that connect the following 4
points: point a (71.1, 0.0, 28.9), point b (42.6, 14.5, 42.9),
point e (51.4, 14.6, 34.0), and point d (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), or on
these line segments; [0475] the line segment ab is represented by
coordinates (0.0181y.sup.2 2.2288y+71.096, y,
-0.0181y.sup.2+1.2288y+28.904); [0476] the line segment ed is
represented by coordinates (0.02y.sup.2-1.7y+72, y,
-0.02y.sup.2+0.7y+28); and [0477] the line segments be and da are
straight lines. When the requirements above are satisfied, the
refrigerant according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating
capacity ratio of 85% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 100 or
less, and a lower flammability (Class 2L) according to the ASHRAE
standard.
[0478] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0479] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments gi, ij, and jg that connect the following 3
points: point g (77.5, 6.9, 15.6), point i (55.1, 18.3, 26.6), and
point j (77.5. 18.4, 4.1), or on these line segments; [0480] the
line segment gi is represented by coordinates
(0.02y.sup.2-2.4583y+93.396, y, -0.02y.sup.2+1.4583y+6.604); and
[0481] the line segments ij and jg are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or
more relative to R410A and a GWP of 100 or less, undergoes fewer or
no changes such as polymerization or decomposition, and also has
excellent stability.
[0482] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0483] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and
R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded
by line segments gh, hk, and kg that connect the following 3
points: point g (77.5, 6.9, 15.6), point h (61.8, 14.6, 23.6), and
point k (77.5, 14.6, 7.9), or on these line segments; [0484] the
line segment gh is represented by coordinates
(0.02y.sup.2-2.4583y+93.396, y, -0.02y.sup.2+1.4583y+6.604); and
[0485] the line segments hk and kg are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 95% or
more relative to R410A and a GWP of 100 or less, undergoes fewer or
no changes such as polymerization or decomposition, and also has
excellent stability.
[0486] The refrigerant D according to the present disclosure may
further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf, as long as the above properties and
effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure preferably comprises
HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or
more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and still more
preferably 99.9 mass % or more based on the entire refrigerant.
[0487] Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be
selected from a wide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant
may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more
additional refrigerants.
Examples of Refrigerant D
[0488] The present disclosure is described in more detail below
with reference to Examples of refrigerant D. However, the
refrigerant D is not limited to the Examples.
[0489] The composition of each mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf was defined as WCF. A leak simulation was
performed using the NIST Standard Reference Database REFLEAK
Version 4.0 under the conditions of Equipment, Storage, Shipping,
Leak, and Recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The
most flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
[0490] A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus
shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed
refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed
by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no
traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning
velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature
was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an
electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample
cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the
ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the
flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical
container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with
two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell,
and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of
the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a
frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC. Tables 113 to 115 show
the results.
TABLE-US-00113 TABLE 113 Comparative Example Example Example
Example 13 Example 12 Example 14 Example 16 Item Unit I 11 J 13 K
15 L WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 72 57.2 48.5 41.2 35.6 32 28.9 R32
Mass % 0 10 18.3 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.7 R1234yf Mass % 28 32.8 33.2
31.2 27.6 23.8 19.4 Burning Velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
(WCF)
TABLE-US-00114 TABLE 114 Comparative Example Example Example 14
Example 19 Example 21 Example Item Unit M 18 W 20 N 22 WCF HFO-1132
(E) Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.4 29.3 27.7 24.6 R32 Mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0
14.5 18.2 27.6 R1234yf Mass % 47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.8 Leak
condition that Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage,
Storage, results in WCFF Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping,
-40.degree. Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping,
-40.degree. Shipping, -40.degree. C., 0% release, C., 0% release,
C., 0% release, C., 0% release, C., 0% release, C., 0% release, on
the gas on the gas on the gas on the gas on the gas on the gas
phase side phase side phase side phase side phase side phase side
WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 72.0 57.8 48.7 43.6 40.6 34.9 R32 Mass %
0.0 9.5 17.9 24.2 28.7 38.1 R1234yf Mass % 28.0 32.7 33.4 32.2 30.7
27.0 Burning Velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less
8 or less 8 or less (WCF) Burning Velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10 10
(WCFF)
TABLE-US-00115 TABLE 115 Example Example 23 Example 25 Item Unit O
24 P WCF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 HFO-1123 Mass % 36.8
44.2 51.7 R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8 Leak condition that results
Storage, Storage, Storage, in WCFF Shipping, -40.degree. C.,
Shipping, -40.degree. C., Shipping, -40.degree. C., 0% release, 0%
release, 0% release, on the gas on the gas on the gas phase side
phase side phase side WCFF HFO-1132 (E) Mass % 31.4 29.2 27.1
HFO-1123 Mass % 45.7 51.1 56.4 R1234yf Mass % 23.0 19.7 16.5
Burning Velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF) Burning
Velocity cm/s 10 10 10 (WCFF)
[0491] The results indicate that under the condition that the mass
% of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z)
in the ternary composition diagram shown in FIG. 14 in which the
sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are on the line
segment that connects point I, point J, point K, and point L, or
below these line segments, the refrigerant has a WCF lower
flammability.
[0492] The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) in
the ternary composition diagram shown in FIG. 14 are on the line
segments that connect point M, point M', point W, point J, point N,
and point P, or below these line segments, the refrigerant has an
ASHRAE lower flammability.
[0493] Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E), R32,
and R1234yf in amounts (mass %) shown in Tables 116 to 144 based on
the sum of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf. The coefficient of
performance (COP) ratio and the refrigerating capacity ratio
relative to R410 of the mixed refrigerants shown in Tables 116 to
144 were determined. The conditions for calculation were as
described below.
[0494] Evaporating temperature: 5.degree. C.
[0495] Condensation temperature: 45.degree. C.
[0496] Degree of superheating: 5 K
[0497] Degree of subcooling: 5 K
[0498] Compressor efficiency: 70%
[0499] Tables 116 to 144 show these values together with the GWP of
each mixed refrigerant.
TABLE-US-00116 TABLE 116 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Example 2 Example 3
Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Item Unit Example 1 A B A'
B' A'' B'' HFO-1132(E) Mass % 81.6 0.0 63.1 0.0 48.2 0.0 R32 Mass %
R410A 18.4 18.1 36.9 36.7 51.8 51.5 R1234yf Mass % 0.0 81.9 0.0
63.3 0.0 48.5 GWP -- 2088 125 125 250 250 350 350 COP Ratio %
(relative 100 98.7 103.6 98.7 102.3 99.2 102.2 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 100 105.3 62.5 109.9 77.5 112.1 87.3
Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00117 TABLE 117 Comparative Comparative Example Example
Example 8 Comparative Example 10 Example 2 Example 4 Item Unit C
Example 9 C' 1 R 3 T HFO-1132(E) Mass % 85.5 66.1 52.1 37.8 25.5
16.6 8.6 R32 Mass % 0.0 10.0 18.2 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.6 R1234yf Mass
% 14.5 23.9 29.7 34.6 37.7 39.2 39.8 GWP -- 1 69 125 188 250 300
350 COP Ratio % (relative 99.8 99.3 99.3 99.6 100.2 100.8 101.4 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5 92.5
Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00118 TABLE 118 Comparative Example Example Comparative
Example Example 11 Example 6 Example 8 Example 12 Example 10 Item
Unit E 5 N 7 U G 9 V HFO-1132(E) Mass % 58.3 40.5 27.7 14.9 3.9
39.6 22.8 11.0 R32 Mass % 0.0 10.0 18.2 27.6 36.7 0.0 10.0 18.1
R1234yf Mass % 41.7 49.5 54.1 57.5 59.4 60.4 67.2 70.9 GWP -- 2 70
125 189 250 3 70 125 COP Ratio % (relative 100.3 100.3 100.7 101.2
101.9 101.4 101.8 102.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 80.0
80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00119 TABLE 119 Comparative Example Example Example
Example Example 13 Example 12 Example 14 Example 16 17 Item Unit I
11 J 13 K 15 L Q HFO-1132(E) Mass % 72.0 57.2 48.5 41.2 35.6 32.0
28.9 44.6 R32 Mass % 0.0 10.0 18.3 27.6 36.8 44.2 51.7 23.0 R1234yf
Mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 31.2 27.6 23.8 19.4 32.4 GWP -- 2 69 125 188
250 300 350 157 COP Ratio % (relative 99.9 99.5 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.8
100.1 99.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 86.6 88.4 90.9 94.2
97.7 100.5 103.3 92.5 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00120 TABLE 120 Comparative Example Example Example 14
Example 19 Example 21 Example Item Unit M 18 W 20 N 22 HFO-1132(E)
Mass % 52.6 39.2 32.4 29.3 27.7 24.5 R32 Mass % 0.0 5.0 10.0 14.5
18.2 27.6 R1234yf Mass % 47.4 55.8 57.6 56.2 54.1 47.9 GWP -- 2 36
70 100 125 188 COP Ratio % (relative 100.5 100.9 100.9 100.8 100.7
100.4 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 77.1 74.8 75.6 77.8 80.0
85.5 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00121 TABLE 121 Example Example Example 23 Example 25 26
Item Unit O 24 P S HFO-1132(E) Mass % 22.6 21.2 20.5 21.9 R32 Mass
% 36.8 44.2 51.7 39.7 R1234yf Mass % 40.6 34.6 27.8 38.4 GWP -- 250
300 350 270 COP Ratio % (relative 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.4 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 91.0 95.0 99.1 92.5 Capacity Ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00122 TABLE 122 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Example Example Comparative Comparative Item Unit
Example 15 Example 16 Example 17 Example 18 27 28 Example 19
Example 20 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
80.0 R32 Mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 R1234yf Mass % 85.0
75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 GWP -- 37 37 37 36 36 36 35 35
COP Ratio % (relative 103.4 102.6 101.6 100.8 100.2 99.8 99.6 99.4
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 56.4 63.3 69.5 75.2 80.5 85.4
90.1 94.4 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00123 TABLE 123 Comparative Comparative Example
Comparative Example Comparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit
Example 21 Example 22 29 Example 23 30 Example 24 Example 25
Example 26 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0
80.0 R32 Mass % 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 R1234yf
Mass % 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 GWP -- 71 71 70 70
70 69 69 69 COP Ratio % (relative 103.1 102.1 101.1 100.4 99.8 99.5
99.2 99.1 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 61.8 68.3 74.3 79.7
84.9 89.7 94.2 98.4 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00124 TABLE 124 Comparative Example Comparative Example
Example Comparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 27 31
Example 28 32 33 Example 29 Example 30 Example 31 HFO-1132(E) Mass
% 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 R32 Mass % 15.0 15.0 15.0
15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R1234yf Mass % 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0
25.0 15.0 5.0 GWP -- 104 104 104 103 103 103 103 102 COP Ratio %
(relative 102.7 101.6 100.7 100.0 99.5 99.2 99.0 98.9 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 66.6 72.9 78.6 84.0 89.0 93.7 98.1 102.2
Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00125 TABLE 125 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Item
Unit Example 32 Example 33 Example 34 Example 35 Example 36 Example
37 Example 38 Example 39 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 R32 Mass % 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0
25.0 R1234yf Mass % 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 65.0 GWP --
138 138 137 137 137 136 136 171 COP Ratio % (relative 102.3 101.2
100.4 99.7 99.3 99.0 98.8 101.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
71.0 77.1 82.7 88.0 92.9 97.5 101.7 75.0 Capacity Ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00126 TABLE 126 Example Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Example Item Unit
34 Example 40 Example 41 Example 42 Example 43 Example 44 Example
45 35 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 20.0
R32 Mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 30.0 R1234yf Mass %
55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 60.0 50.0 GWP -- 171 171 171 170 170
170 205 205 COP Ratio % (relative 100.9 100.1 99.6 99.2 98.9 98.7
101.6 100.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 81.0 86.6 91.7 96.5
101.0 105.2 78.9 84.8 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00127 TABLE 127 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Example Example Example Comparative Item Unit Example
46 Example 47 Example 48 Example 49 36 37 38 Example 50 HFO-1132(E)
Mass % 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 30.0 30.0
30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 R1234yf Mass % 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 GWP -- 204 204 204 204 239 238 238 238 COP
Ratio % (relative 100.0 99.5 99.1 98.8 101.4 100.6 99.9 99.4 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 90.2 95.3 100.0 104.4 82.5 88.3
93.7 98.6 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00128 TABLE 128 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Example Comparative Comparative Comparative Item Unit
Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 39 Example 55 Example
56 Example 57 HFO-1132(E) Mass % 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
10.0 R32 Mass % 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.0 R1234yf
Mass % 15.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 45.0 GWP -- 237 237 272
272 272 271 271 306 COP Ratio % (relative 99.0 98.8 101.3 100.6
99.9 99.4 99.0 101.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.2
107.5 86.0 91.7 96.9 101.8 106.3 89.3 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00129 TABLE 129 Example Example Comparative Comparative
Comparative Example Comparative Comparative Item Unit 40 41 Example
58 Example 59 Example 60 42 Example 61 Example 62 HFO-1132(E) Mass
% 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 R32 Mass % 45.0 45.0 45.0
45.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 40.0
30.0 20.0 10.0 GWP -- 305 305 305 304 339 339 339 338 COP Ratio %
(relative 100.6 100.0 99.5 99.1 101.3 100.6 100.0 99.5 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 94.9 100.0 104.7 109.2 92.4 97.8 102.9
107.5 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00130 TABLE 130 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Example Example Example Example Item Unit Example 63
Example 64 Example 65 Example 66 43 44 45 46 HFO-1132(E) Mass %
10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 56.0 59.0 62.0 65.0 R32 Mass % 55.0 55.0 55.0
55.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 25.0 15.0 5.0 41.0 38.0
35.0 32.0 GWP -- 373 372 372 372 22 22 22 22 COP Ratio % (relative
101.4 100.7 100.1 99.6 100.1 100.0 99.9 99.8 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 95.3 100.6 105.6 110.2 81.7 83.2 84.6
86.0 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00131 TABLE 131 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 49.0 52.0 55.0 58.0 61.0 43.0 46.0 49.0 R32 Mass
% 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 R1234yf Mass % 45.0 42.0 39.0
36.0 33.0 48.0 45.0 42.0 GWP -- 43 43 43 43 42 63 63 63 COP Ratio %
(relative 100.2 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.7 100.3 100.1 99.9 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 80.9 82.4 83.9 85.4 86.8 80.4 82.0 83.5
Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00132 TABLE 132 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 52.0 55.0 58.0 38.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 50.0 R32 Mass
% 9.0 9.0 9.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 R1234yf Mass % 39.0 36.0
33.0 50.0 47.0 44.0 41.0 38.0 GWP -- 63 63 63 83 83 83 83 83 COP
Ratio % (relative 99.8 99.7 99.6 100.3 100.1 100.0 99.8 99.7 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.0 86.5 87.9 80.4 82.0 83.5 85.1
86.6 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00133 TABLE 133 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 53.0 33.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 45.0 48.0 51.0 R32 Mass
% 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R1234yf Mass % 35.0 52.0
49.0 46.0 43.0 40.0 37.0 34.0 GWP -- 83 104 104 103 103 103 103 103
COP Ratio % (relative 99.6 100.5 100.3 100.1 99.9 99.7 99.6 99.5 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 88.0 80.3 81.9 83.5 85.0 86.5 88.0
89.5 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00134 TABLE 134 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.0 32.0 35.0 38.0 41.0 44.0 47.0 36.0 R32 Mass
% 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 3.0 R1234yf Mass % 53.0 50.0
47.0 44.0 41.0 38.0 35.0 61.0 GWP -- 124 124 124 124 124 123 123 23
COP Ratio % (relative 100.6 100.3 100.1 99.9 99.8 99.6 99.5 101.3
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 80.6 82.2 83.8 85.4 86.9 88.4
89.9 71.0 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00135 TABLE 135 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 39.0 42.0 30.0 33.0 36.0 26.0 29.0 32.0 R32 Mass
% 3.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 R1234yf Mass % 58.0 55.0 64.0
61.0 58.0 65.0 62.0 59.0 GWP -- 23 23 43 43 43 64 64 63 COP Ratio %
(relative 101.1 100.9 101.5 101.3 101.0 101.6 101.3 101.1 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 72.7 74.4 70.5 72.2 73.9 71.0 72.8 74.5
Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00136 TABLE 136 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 R32 Mass
% 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 R1234yf Mass % 67.0 64.0
61.0 58.0 69.0 66.0 63.0 60.0 GWP -- 84 84 84 84 104 104 104 104
COP Ratio % (relative 101.8 101.5 101.2 101.0 102.1 101.8 101.4
101.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 70.8 72.6 74.3 76.0 70.4
72.3 74.0 75.8 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00137 TABLE 137 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 28.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 25.0 R32 Mass
% 15.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 21.0 R1234yf Mass % 57.0 70.0
67.0 64.0 61.0 58.0 55.0 54.0 GWP -- 104 124 124 124 124 124 124
144 COP Ratio % (relative 100.9 102.2 101.9 101.6 101.3 101.0 100.7
100.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 77.5 70.5 72.4 74.2 76.0
77.7 79.4 80.7 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00138 TABLE 138 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.0 24.0 17.0 20.0 23.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 R32 Mass
% 24.0 24.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 R1234yf Mass % 55.0 52.0
56.0 53.0 50.0 57.0 54.0 51.0 GWP -- 164 164 185 185 184 205 205
205 COP Ratio % (relative 100.9 100.6 101.1 100.8 100.6 101.3 101.0
100.8 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 80.8 82.5 80.8 82.5 84.2
80.7 82.5 84.2 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00139 TABLE 139 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 22.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 8.0 12.0 R32 Mass %
30.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 36.0 36.0 R1234yf Mass % 48.0 58.0
55.0 52.0 49.0 46.0 56.0 52.0 GWP -- 205 225 225 225 225 225 245
245 COP Ratio % (relative 100.5 101.6 101.3 101.0 100.8 100.5 101.6
101.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 85.9 80.5 82.3 84.1 85.8
87.5 82.0 84.4 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00140 TABLE 140 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 15.0 18.0 21.0 42.0 39.0 34.0 37.0 30.0 R32 Mass
% 36.0 36.0 36.0 25.0 28.0 31.0 31.0 34.0 R1234yf Mass % 49.0 46.0
43.0 33.0 33.0 35.0 32.0 36.0 GWP -- 245 245 245 170 191 211 211
231 COP Ratio % (relative 101.0 100.7 100.5 99.5 99.5 99.8 99.6
99.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 86.2 87.9 89.6 92.7 93.4
93.0 94.5 93.0 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00141 TABLE 141 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 33.0 36.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 33.0 23.0 26.0 R32 Mass
% 34.0 34.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 40.0 40.0 R1234yf Mass % 33.0 30.0
39.0 36.0 33.0 30.0 37.0 34.0 GWP -- 231 231 252 251 251 251 272
272 COP Ratio % (relative 99.8 99.6 100.3 100.1 99.9 99.8 100.4
100.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 94.5 96.0 91.9 93.4 95.0
96.5 93.3 94.9 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00142 TABLE 142 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 29.0 32.0 19.0 22.0 25.0 28.0 31.0 18.0 R32 Mass
% 40.0 40.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 46.0 R1234yf Mass % 31.0 28.0
38.0 35.0 32.0 29.0 26.0 36.0 GWP -- 272 271 292 292 292 292 292
312 COP Ratio % (relative 100.0 99.8 100.6 100.4 100.2 100.1 99.9
100.7 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 96.4 97.9 93.1 94.7 96.2
97.8 99.3 94.4 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00143 TABLE 143 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 21.0 23.0 26.0 29.0 13.0 16.0 19.0 22.0 R32 Mass
% 46.0 46.0 46.0 46.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 49.0 R1234yf Mass % 33.0 31.0
28.0 25.0 38.0 35.0 32.0 29.0 GWP -- 312 312 312 312 332 332 332
332 COP Ratio % (relative 100.5 100.4 100.2 100.0 101.1 100.9 100.7
100.5 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 96.0 97.0 98.6 100.1 93.5
95.1 96.7 98.3 Capacity Ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00144 TABLE 144 Example Example Item Unit 151 152
HFO-1132(E) Mass % 25.0 28.0 R32 Mass % 49.0 49.0 R1234yf Mass %
26.0 23.0 GWP -- 332 332 COP Ratio % (relative 100.3 100.1 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 99.8 101.3 Capacity Ratio to
R410A)
[0500] The results also indicate that under the condition that the
mass % of UHFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x,y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in
a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of UFO-1132(E), R32,
and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure
surrounded by line segments IJ, JN, NE, and EI that connect the
following 4 points:
point I (72.0, 0.0, 28.0), point J (48.5, 18.3, 33.2), point N
(27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and point E (58.3, 0.0, 41.7), or on these line
segments (excluding the points on the line segment EI), [0501] the
line segment IJ is represented by coordinates
(0.0236y.sup.2-1.7616y+72.0, y, -0.0236y.sup.2+0.7616y+28.0),
[0502] the line segment NE is represented by coordinates
(0.012y.sup.2-1.9003y+58.3, y, -0.012y.sup.2+0.9003y+41.7), and
[0503] the line segments JN and EI are straight lines, the
refrigerant D has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 80% or more
relative to R410A, a GWP of 125 or less, and a WCF lower
flammability.
[0504] The results also indicate that under the condition that the
mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure
surrounded by line segments MM', M'N, NV, VG, and GM that connect
the following 5 points:
point M (52.6, 0.0, 47.4), point M' (39.2, 5.0, 55.8), point N
(27.7, 18.2, 54.1), point V (11.0, 18.1, 70.9), and point G (39.6,
0.0, 60.4), or on these line segments (excluding the points on the
line segment GM), [0505] the line segment MM' is represented by
coordinates (0.132y.sup.2-3.34y+52.6, y, -0.132y.sup.2+2.34y+47.4),
[0506] the line segment M'N is represented by coordinates
(0.0596y.sup.2-2.2541y+48.98, y, -0.0596y.sup.2+1.2541y+51.02),
[0507] the line segment VG is represented by coordinates
(0.0123y.sup.2-1.8033y+39.6, y, -0.0123y.sup.2+0.8033y+60.4), and
[0508] the line segments NV and GM are straight lines, the
refrigerant D according to the present disclosure has a
refrigerating capacity ratio of 70% or more relative to R410A, a
GWP of 125 or less, and an ASHRAE lower flammability.
[0509] The results also indicate that under the condition that the
mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure
surrounded by line segments ON, NU, and UO that connect the
following 3 points:
point O (22.6, 36.8, 40.6), point N (27.7, 18.2, 54.1), and point U
(3.9, 36.7, 59.4), or on these line segments, [0510] the line
segment ON is represented by coordinates
(0.0072y.sup.2-0.6701y+37.512, y, -0.0072y.sup.2-0.3299y+62.488),
[0511] the line segment NU is represented by coordinates
(0.0083y.sup.2-1.7403y+56.635, y, -0.0083y.sup.2+0.7403y+43.365),
and [0512] the line segment UO is a straight line, the refrigerant
D according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 80% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 250 or less, and
an ASHRAE lower flammability.
[0513] The results also indicate that under the condition that the
mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure
surrounded by line segments QR, RT, TL, LK, and KQ that connect the
following 5 points:
point Q (44.6, 23.0, 32.4), point R (25.5, 36.8, 37.7), point T
(8.6, 51.6, 39.8), point L (28.9, 51.7, 19.4), and point K (35.6,
36.8, 27.6), or on these line segments, [0514] the line segment QR
is represented by coordinates (0.0099y.sup.2-1.975y+84.765, y,
-0.0099y.sup.2+0.975y+15.235), [0515] the line segment RT is
represented by coordinates (0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y,
-0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874), [0516] the line segment LK is
represented by coordinates (0.0049y.sup.2-0.8842y+61.488, y,
-0.0049y.sup.2-0.1158y+38.512), [0517] the line segment KQ is
represented by coordinates (0.0095y.sup.2-1.2222y+67.676, y,
-0.0095y.sup.2+0.2222y+32.324), and [0518] the line segment TL is a
straight line, the refrigerant D according to the present
disclosure has a refrigerating capacity ratio of 92.5% or more
relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and a WCF lower
flammability.
[0519] The results further indicate that under the condition that
the mass % of HFO-1132(E), R32, and R1234yf based on their sum is
respectively represented by x, y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z)
in a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
R32, and R1234yf is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure
surrounded by line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the
following 3 points:
point P (20.5, 51.7, 27.8), point S (21.9, 39.7, 38.4), and point T
(8.6, 51.6, 39.8), or on these line segments, [0520] the line
segment PS is represented by coordinates
(0.0064y.sup.2-0.7103y+40.1, y, -0.0064y.sup.2-0.2897y+59.9),
[0521] the line segment ST is represented by coordinates
(0.0082y.sup.2-1.8683y+83.126, y, -0.0082y.sup.2+0.8683y+16.874),
and [0522] the line segment TP is a straight line, the refrigerant
D according to the present disclosure has a refrigerating capacity
ratio of 92.5% or more relative to R410A, a GWP of 350 or less, and
an ASHRAE lower flammability.
(5-5) Refrigerant E
[0523] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is a
mixed refrigerant comprising trans-1,2-difluoroethylene
(HFO-1132(E)), trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), and difluoromethane
(R32).
[0524] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure has
various properties that are desirable as an R410A-alternative
refrigerant, i.e., a coefficient of performance equivalent to that
of R410A and a sufficiently low GWP.
[0525] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0526] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments IK, KB', B'H, HR, RG, and GI that connect the
following 6 points: point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point K (48.4, 33.2,
18.4), point B' (0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point
R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these
line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B'H and
GI); [0527] the line segment IK is represented by coordinates
(0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.00, -0.025z.sup.2+0.7429z+28.0, z), [0528]
the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z),
[0529] the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
[0530] the line segments KB' and GI are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has WCF lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93%
or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
[0531] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0532] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments IJ, JR, RG, and GI that connect the following 4
points: point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5), point
R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these
line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GI); [0533]
the line segment IJ is represented by coordinates
(0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.0, -0.025z.sup.2+0.7429z+28.0, z), [0534]
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and
[0535] the line segments JR and GI are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has WCF lower flammability, a COP ratio of 93%
or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
[0536] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0537] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments MP, PB', B'H, HR, RG, and GM that connect the
following 6 points: point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (31.8, 49.8,
18.4), point B' (0.0, 81.6, 18.4), point H (0.0, 84.2, 15.8), point
R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these
line segments (excluding the points on the line segments B'H and
GM); [0538] the line segment MP is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), [0539]
the line segment HR is represented by coordinates
(-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z),
[0540] the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491zz+0.1544z+61.5, z), and [0541]
the line segments PB' and GM are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of
93% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or
less.
[0542] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0543] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments MN, NR, RG, and GM that connect the following 4
points: point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point N (38.5, 52.1, 9.5), point
R (23.1, 67.4, 9.5), and point G (38.5, 61.5, 0.0), or on these
line segments (excluding the points on the line segment GM); [0544]
the line segment MN is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), [0545]
the line segment RG is represented by coordinates
(-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5, 0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z),
[0546] the line segments NR and GM are straight lines. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of
93% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.
[0547] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0548] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments PS, ST, and TP that connect the following 3 points:
point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), point S (25.4, 56.2, 18.4), and point T
(34.8, 51.0, 14.2), or on these line segments; [0549] the line
segment ST is represented by coordinates
(-0.0982z.sup.2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z.sup.2-1.9622z+59.069, z),
[0550] the line segment TP is represented by coordinates
(0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9, z), and
[0551] the line segment PS is a straight line. When the
requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to the
present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio of
94.5% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or
less.
[0552] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0553] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments QB'', B''D, DU, and UQ that connect the following 4
points: point Q (28.6, 34.4, 37.0), point B'' (0.0, 63.0, 37.0),
point D (0.0, 67.0, 33.0), and point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1), or on
these line segments (excluding the points on the line segment
B''D); [0554] the line segment DU is represented by coordinates
(-3.4962z.sup.2+210.71z-3146.1, 3.4962z.sup.2-211.71z+3246.1, z),
[0555] the line segment UQ is represented by coordinates
(0.0135z.sup.2-0.9181z+44.133, -0.0135z.sup.2-0.0819z+55.867, z),
and [0556] the line segments QB'' and B''D are straight lines. When
the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to
the present disclosure has ASHRAE lower flammability, a COP ratio
of 96% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 250 or
less.
[0557] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0558] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments Oc', c'd', d'e', e'a', and a'O that connect the
following 5 points: point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point c' (56.7,
43.3, 0.0), point d' (52.2, 38.3, 9.5), point e' (41.8, 39.8,
18.4), and point a' (81.6, 0.0, 18.4), or on the line segments
c'd', d'e', and e'a' (excluding the points c' and a'); [0559] the
line segment c'd' is represented by coordinates
(-0.0297z.sup.2-0.1915z+56.7, 0.0297z.sup.2+1.1915z+43.3, z),
[0560] the line segment d'e' is represented by coordinates
(-0.0535z.sup.2+0.3229z+53.957, 0.0535z.sup.2+0.6771z+46.043, z),
and [0561] the line segments Oc', e'a', and a'O are straight lines.
When the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 92.5% or
more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of 125 or less.
[0562] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0563] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments Oc, cd, de, ea', and a'O that connect the following 5
points: point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point c (77.7, 22.3, 0.0), point
d (76.3, 14.2, 9.5), point e (72.2, 9.4, 18.4), and point a' (81.6,
0.0, 18.4), or on the line segments cd, de, and ea' (excluding the
points c and a'); [0564] the line segment cde is represented by
coordinates (-0.017z.sup.2+0.0148z+77.684,
0.017z.sup.2+0.9852z+22.316, z), and [0565] the line segments Oc,
ea', and a'O are straight lines. When the requirements above are
satisfied, the refrigerant according to the present disclosure has
a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to that of R410A, and a GWP of
125 or less.
[0566] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0567] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments Oc', c'd', d'a, and aO that connect the following 5
points: point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point c' (56.7, 43.3, 0.0),
point d' (52.2, 38.3, 9.5), and point a (90.5, 0.0, 9.5), or on the
line segments c'd' and d'a (excluding the points c' and a); [0568]
the line segment c'd' is represented by coordinates
(-0.0297z.sup.2-0.1915z+56.7, 0.0297z.sup.2+1.1915z+43.3, z), and
[0569] the line segments Oc', d'a, and aO are straight lines. When
the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to
the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 93.5% or more relative to
that of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.
[0570] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure is
preferably a refrigerant wherein [0571] when the mass % of
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is respectively
represented by x, y, and z, coordinates (x,y,z) in a ternary
composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and
R32 is 100 mass % are within the range of a figure surrounded by
line segments Oc, cd, da, and aO that connect the following 4
points: point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point c (77.7, 22.3, 0.0), point
d (76.3, 14.2, 9.5), and point a (90.5, 0.0, 9.5), or on the line
segments cd and da (excluding the points c and a); [0572] the line
segment cd is represented by coordinates
(-0.017z.sup.2+0.0148z+77.684, 0.017z.sup.2+0.9852z+22.316, z), and
[0573] the line segments Oc, da, and aO are straight lines. When
the requirements above are satisfied, the refrigerant according to
the present disclosure has a COP ratio of 95% or more relative to
that of R410A, and a GWP of 65 or less.
[0574] The refrigerant E according to the present disclosure may
further comprise other additional refrigerants in addition to
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32, as long as the above properties and
effects are not impaired. In this respect, the refrigerant
according to the present disclosure preferably comprises
HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 in a total amount of 99.5 mass % or
more, more preferably 99.75 mass % or more, and even more
preferably 99.9 mass % or more, based on the entire
refrigerant.
[0575] Such additional refrigerants are not limited, and can be
selected from a wide range of refrigerants. The mixed refrigerant
may comprise a single additional refrigerant, or two or more
additional refrigerants.
Examples of Refrigerant E
[0576] The present disclosure is described in more detail below
with reference to Examples of refrigerant E. However, the
refrigerant E is not limited to the Examples.
[0577] Mixed refrigerants were prepared by mixing HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32 at mass % based on their sum shown in Tables 145
and 146.
[0578] The composition of each mixture was defined as WCF. A leak
simulation was performed using National Institute of Science and
Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Data Base Refleak Version 4.0
under the conditions for equipment, storage, shipping, leak, and
recharge according to the ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. The most
flammable fraction was defined as WCFF.
[0579] For each mixed refrigerant, the burning velocity was
measured according to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013. When the
burning velocities of the WCF composition and the WCFF composition
are 10 cm/s or less, the flammability of such a refrigerant is
classified as Class 2L (lower flammability) in the ASHRAE
flammability classification.
[0580] A burning velocity test was performed using the apparatus
shown in FIG. 1 in the following manner. First, the mixed
refrigerants used had a purity of 99.5% or more, and were degassed
by repeating a cycle of freezing, pumping, and thawing until no
traces of air were observed on the vacuum gauge. The burning
velocity was measured by the closed method. The initial temperature
was ambient temperature. Ignition was performed by generating an
electric spark between the electrodes in the center of a sample
cell. The duration of the discharge was 1.0 to 9.9 ms, and the
ignition energy was typically about 0.1 to 1.0 J. The spread of the
flame was visualized using schlieren photographs. A cylindrical
container (inner diameter: 155 mm, length: 198 mm) equipped with
two light transmission acrylic windows was used as the sample cell,
and a xenon lamp was used as the light source. Schlieren images of
the flame were recorded by a high-speed digital video camera at a
frame rate of 600 fps and stored on a PC.
[0581] Tables 145 and 146 show the results.
TABLE-US-00145 TABLE 145 Item Unit I J K L WCF HFO-1132(E) mass %
72.0 57.7 48.4 35.5 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0 32.8 33.2 27.5 R32 mass %
0.0 9.5 18.4 37.0 Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 (WCF)
TABLE-US-00146 TABLE 146 Item Unit M N T P U Q WCF HFO-1132(E) mass
% 47.1 38.5 34.8 31.8 28.7 28.6 HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 52.1 51.0 49.8
41.2 34.4 R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 14.2 18.4 30.1 37.0 Leak condition
that results Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage, Storage,
in WCFF Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping,
-40.degree. Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping, -40.degree. Shipping,
-40.degree. C., 92%, release, C., 92%, release, C., 92%, release,
C., 92%, release, C., 92%, release, C., 92%, release, on the liquid
on the liquid on the liquid on the liquid on the liquid on the
liquid phase side phase side phase side phase side phase side phase
side WCFF HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 58.9 51.5 44.6 31.4 27.1 HFO-1123
mass % 28.0 32.4 33.1 32.6 23.2 18.3 R32 mass % 0.0 8.7 15.4 22.8
45.4 54.6 Burning velocity cm/s 8 or less 8 or less 8 or less 8 or
less 8 or less 8 or less (WCF) Burning velocity cm/s 10 10 10 10 10
10 (WCFF)
[0582] The results in Table 1 indicate that in a ternary
composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of THFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32 in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment
connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0)
is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and
the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates
(x,y,z) are on or below line segments IK and KL that connect the
following 3 points:
point I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), point K (48.4, 33.2, 18.4), and point L
(35.5, 27.5, 37.0); the line segment IK is represented by
coordinates (0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.00, -0.025zz+0.7429z+28.00,
z), and the line segment KL is represented by coordinates
(0.0098z.sup.2-1.238z+67.852, -0.0098z.sup.2+0.238z+32.148, z), it
can be determined that the refrigerant has WCF lower
flammability.
[0583] For the points on the line segment IK, an approximate curve
(x=0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.00) was obtained from three points,
i.e., I (72.0, 28.0, 0.0), J (57.7, 32.8, 9.5), and K (48.4, 33.2,
18.4) by using the least-square method to determine coordinates
(x=0.025z.sup.2-1.7429z+72.00,
y=100-z-x=-0.00922z.sup.2+0.2114z+32.443, z).
[0584] Likewise, for the points on the line segment KL, an
approximate curve was determined from three points, i.e., K (48.4,
33.2, 18.4), Example 10 (41.1, 31.2, 27.7), and L (35.5, 27.5,
37.0) by using the least-square method to determine
coordinates.
[0585] The results in Table 146 indicate that in a ternary
composition diagram of a mixed refrigerant of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32 in which their sum is 100 mass %, a line segment
connecting a point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0)
is the base, the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side, and
the point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is on the right side, when coordinates
(x,y,z) are on or below line segments MP and PQ that connect the
following 3 points:
point M (47.1, 52.9, 0.0), point P (31.8, 49.8, 18.4), and point Q
(28.6, 34.4, 37.0), it can be determined that the refrigerant has
ASHRAE lower flammability.
[0586] In the above, the line segment MP is represented by
coordinates (0.0083z.sup.2-0.984z+47.1, -0.0083z.sup.2-0.016z+52.9,
z), and the line segment PQ is represented by coordinates
(0.0135z.sup.2-0.9181z+44.133, -0.0135z.sup.2-0.0819z+55.867,
z).
[0587] For the points on the line segment MP, an approximate curve
was obtained from three points, i.e., points M, N, and P, by using
the least-square method to determine coordinates. For the points on
the line segment PQ, an approximate curve was obtained from three
points, i.e., points P, U, and Q, by using the least-square method
to determine coordinates.
[0588] The GWP of compositions each comprising a mixture of R410A
(R32=50%/R125=50%) was evaluated based on the values stated in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), fourth report.
The GWP of HFO-1132(E), which was not stated therein, was assumed
to be 1 from HFO-1132a (GWP=1 or less) and HFO-1123 (GWP=0.3,
described in International Publication No. 2015/141678). The
refrigerating capacity of compositions each comprising R410A and a
mixture of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123 was determined by performing
theoretical refrigeration cycle calculations for the mixed
refrigerants using the National Institute of Science and Technology
(NIST) and Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
Database (Refprop 9.0) under the following conditions.
[0589] The COP ratio and the refrigerating capacity (which may be
referred to as "cooling capacity" or "capacity") ratio relative to
those of R410 of the mixed refrigerants were determined. The
conditions for calculation were as described below.
Evaporating temperature: 5.degree. C. Condensation temperature:
45.degree. C. Degree of superheating: 5K Degree of subcooling: 5K
Compressor efficiency: 70%
[0590] Tables 147 to 166 show these values together with the GWP of
each mixed refrigerant.
TABLE-US-00147 TABLE 147 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Example 2 Example 3
Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Item Unit Example 1 A B A'
B' A'' B'' HFO-1132(E) mass % R410A 90.5 0.0 81.6 0.0 63.0 0.0
HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 90.5 0.0 81.6 0.0 63.0 R32 mass % 9.5 9.5 18.4
18.4 37.0 37.0 GWP -- 2088 65 65 125 125 250 250 COP ratio %
(relative 100 99.1 92.0 98.7 93.4 98.7 96.1 to R410A) Refrigerating
% (relative 100 102.2 111.6 105.3 113.7 110.0 115.4 capacity ratio
to R410A)
TABLE-US-00148 TABLE 148 Comparative Comparative Example
Comparative Example 8 Example 9 Comparative 1 Example Example 11
Item Unit O C Example 10 U 2 D HFO-1132(E) mass % 100.0 50.0 41.1
28.7 15.2 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 0.0 31.6 34.6 41.2 52.7 67.0 R32 mass
% 0.0 18.4 24.3 30.1 32.1 33.0 GWP -- 1 125 165 204 217 228 COP
ratio % (relative 99.7 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 98.3 109.9 111.7 113.5 114.8 115.4
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00149 TABLE 149 Comparative Example Example Comparative
Example 12 Comparative 3 4 Example 14 Item Unit E Example 13 T S F
HFO-1132(E) mass % 53.4 43.4 34.8 25.4 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 46.6
47.1 51.0 56.2 74.1 R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 14.2 18.4 25.9 GWP -- 1 65
97 125 176 COP ratio % (relative 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.5 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 105.6 109.2 110.8 112.3 114.8 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00150 TABLE 150 Comparative Example Comparative Example 15
Example 6 Example Example 16 Item Unit G 5 R 7 H HFO-1132(E) mass %
38.5 31.5 23.1 16.9 0.0 HFO-1123 mass % 61.5 63.5 67.4 71.1 84.2
R32 mass % 0.0 5.0 9.5 12.0 15.8 GWP -- 1 35 65 82 107 COP ratio %
(relative 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 to R410A) Refrigerating %
(relative 107.0 109.1 110.9 111.9 113.2 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00151 TABLE 151 Comparative Example Example Comparative
Example 17 8 9 Comparative Example 19 Item Unit I J K Example 18 L
HFO-1132(E) mass % 72.0 57.7 48.4 41.1 35.5 HFO-1123 mass % 28.0
32.8 33.2 31.2 27.5 R32 mass % 0.0 9.5 18.4 27.7 37.0 GWP -- 1 65
125 188 250 COP ratio % (relative 96.6 95.8 95.9 96.4 97.1 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 103.1 107.4 110.1 112.1 113.2
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00152 TABLE 152 Comparative Exam- Exam- Exam- Example 20
ple 10 ple 11 ple 12 Item Unit M N P Q HFO-1132(E) mass % 47.1 38.5
31.8 28.6 HFO-1123 mass % 52.9 52.1 49.8 34.4 R32 mass % 0.0 9.5
18.4 37.0 GWP -- 1 65 125 250 COP ratio % (relative 93.9 94.1 94.7
96.9 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 106.2 109.7 112.0 114.1
capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00153 TABLE 153 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Example Example Example Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example
22 Example 23 Example 24 14 15 16 Example 25 Example 26 HFO-1132(E)
mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 HFO-1123 mass % 85.0
75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0 R32 mass % 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
5.0 5.0 5.0 GWP -- 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 COP ratio % (relative
91.7 92.2 92.9 93.7 94.6 95.6 96.7 97.7 to R410A) Refrigerating %
(relative 110.1 109.8 109.2 108.4 107.4 106.1 104.7 103.1 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00154 TABLE 154 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Example Example Example Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example
27 Example 28 Example 29 17 18 19 Example 30 Example 31 HFO-1132(E)
mass % 90.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 5.0
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 R32 mass % 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 GWP -- 35 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 COP ratio %
(relative 98.8 92.4 92.9 93.5 94.3 95.1 96.1 97.0 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 101.4 111.7 111.3 110.6 109.6 108.5 107.2
105.7 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00155 TABLE 155 Comparative Example Example Example
Example Example Comparative Comparative Item Unit Example 32 20 21
22 23 24 Example 33 Example 34 HFO-1132(E) mass % 80.0 10.0 20.0
30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 10.0 75.0 65.0 55.0 45.0
35.0 25.0 15.0 R32 mass % 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
GWP -- 68 102 102 102 102 102 102 102 COP ratio % (relative 98.0
93.1 93.6 94.2 94.9 95.6 96.5 97.4 to R410A) Refrigerating %
(relative 104.1 112.9 112.4 111.6 110.6 109.4 108.1 106.6 capacity
ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00156 TABLE 156 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Item
Unit Example 35 Example 36 Example 37 Example 38 Example 39 Example
40 Example 41 Example 42 HFO-1132(E) mass % 80.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 HFO-1123 mass % 5.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0
20.0 10.0 R32 mass % 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 GWP --
102 136 136 136 136 136 136 136 COP ratio % (relative 98.3 93.9
94.3 94.8 95.4 96.2 97.0 97.8 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
105.0 113.8 113.2 112.4 111.4 110.2 108.8 107.3 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00157 TABLE 157 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Item
Unit Example 43 Example 44 Example 45 Example 46 Example 47 Example
48 Example 49 Example 50 HFO-1132(E) mass % 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
50.0 60.0 70.0 10.0 HFO-1123 mass % 65.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 25.0 15.0
5.0 60.0 R32 mass % 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 30.0 GWP --
170 170 170 170 170 170 170 203 COP ratio % (relative 94.6 94.9
95.4 96.0 96.7 97.4 98.2 95.3 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
114.4 113.8 113.0 111.9 110.7 109.4 107.9 114.8 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00158 TABLE 158 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Example Example Comparative Item Unit
Example 51 Example 52 Example 53 Example 54 Example 55 25 26
Example 56 HFO-1132(E) mass % 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0 20.0
30.0 HFO-1123 mass % 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 55.0 45.0 35.0 R32
mass % 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 GWP -- 203 203 203
203 203 237 237 237 COP ratio % (relative 95.6 96.0 96.6 97.2 97.9
96.0 96.3 96.6 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 114.2 113.4
112.4 111.2 109.8 115.1 114.5 113.6 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00159 TABLE 159 Comparative Comparative Comparative
Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Comparative Item
Unit Example 57 Example 58 Example 59 Example 60 Example 61 Example
62 Example 63 Example 64 HFO-1132(E) mass % 40.0 50.0 60.0 10.0
20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 HFO-1123 mass % 25.0 15.0 5.0 50.0 40.0 30.0
20.0 10.0 R32 mass % 35.0 35.0 35.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 GWP --
237 237 237 271 271 271 271 271 COP ratio % (relative 97.1 97.7
98.3 96.6 96.9 97.2 97.7 98.2 to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative
112.6 111.5 110.2 115.1 114.6 113.8 112.8 111.7 capacity ratio to
R410A)
TABLE-US-00160 TABLE 160 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
HFO-1132(E) mass % 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 HFO-1123
mass % 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 R32 mass % 2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 GWP -- 14 14 14 14 28 28 28 28 COP ratio %
(relative 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.2 93.3 93.5 93.7 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 107.7 107.5 107.3 107.2 108.6 108.4 108.2
108.0 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00161 TABLE 161 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
HFO-1132(E) mass % 43.0 31.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 41.0 27.0 HFO-1123
mass % 53.0 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 65.0 R32 mass % 4.0 6.0
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 8.0 GWP -- 28 41 41 41 41 41 41 55 COP ratio %
(relative 93.9 93.1 93.2 93.4 93.6 93.7 93.9 93.0 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 107.8 109.5 109.3 109.1 109.0 108.8 108.6
110.3 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00162 TABLE 162 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
HFO-1132(E) mass % 29.0 31.0 33.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 32.0 32.0 HFO-1123
mass % 63.0 61.0 59.0 57.0 55.0 53.0 51.0 50.0 R32 mass % 8.0 8.0
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 17.0 18.0 GWP -- 55 55 55 55 55 55 116 122 COP
ratio % (relative 93.2 93.3 93.5 93.6 93.8 94.0 94.5 94.7 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 110.1 110.0 109.8 109.6 109.5 109.3 111.8
111.9 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00163 TABLE 163 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
HFO-1132(E) mass % 30.0 27.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 11.0 13.0 HFO-1123
mass % 52.0 42.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 54.0 52.0 R32 mass % 18.0 31.0
33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 35.0 35.0 GWP -- 122 210 223 223 223 223 237
237 COP ratio % (relative 94.5 96.0 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.0 96.0
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 112.1 113.7 114.3 114.2 114.0
113.8 115.0 114.9 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00164 TABLE 164 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
HFO-1132(E) mass % 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 11.0 HFO-1123
mass % 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 52.0 R32 mass % 35.0 35.0
35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 35.0 37.0 GWP -- 237 237 237 237 237 237 237
250 COP ratio % (relative 96.1 96.2 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.4 96.5 96.2
to R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 114.8 114.7 114.5 114.4 114.2
114.1 113.9 115.1 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00165 TABLE 165 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
HFO-1132(E) mass % 13.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 HFO-1123
mass % 50.0 48.0 46.0 50.0 48.0 46.0 44.0 42.0 R32 mass % 37.0 37.0
37.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 GWP -- 250 250 250 237 237 237 237 237 COP
ratio % (relative 96.3 96.4 96.4 96.1 96.2 96.2 96.3 96.4 to R410A)
Refrigerating % (relative 115.0 114.9 114.7 114.8 114.7 114.5 114.4
114.2 capacity ratio to R410A)
TABLE-US-00166 TABLE 166 Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Item Unit 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
HFO-1132(E) mass % 25.0 27.0 11.0 19.0 21.0 23.0 25.0 27.0 HFO-1123
mass % 40.0 38.0 52.0 44.0 42.0 40.0 38.0 36.0 R32 mass % 0.0 0.0
0.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 GWP -- 237 237 250 250 250 250 250 250
COP ratio % (relative 96.4 96.5 96.2 96.5 96.5 96.6 96.7 96.8 to
R410A) Refrigerating % (relative 114.1 113.9 115.1 114.6 114.5
114.3 114.1 114.0 capacity ratio to R410A)
[0591] The above results indicate that under the condition that the
mass % of HFO-1132(E), HFO-1123, and R32 based on their sum is
respectively represented by x,y, and z, when coordinates (x,y,z) in
a ternary composition diagram in which the sum of HFO-1132(E),
HFO-1123, and R32 is 100 mass %, a line segment connecting a point
(0.0, 100.0, 0.0) and a point (0.0, 0.0, 100.0) is the base, and
the point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0) is on the left side are within the
range of a figure surrounded by line segments that connect the
following 4 points:
point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point A'' (63.0, 0.0, 37.0), point B''
(0.0, 63.0, 37.0), and point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0), or on these line
segments, the refrigerant has a GWP of 250 or less.
[0592] The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments that
connect the following 4 points:
point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point A' (81.6, 0.0, 18.4), point B'
(0.0, 81.6, 18.4), and point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0), or on these line
segments, the refrigerant has a GWP of 125 or less.
[0593] The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are
within the range of a figure surrounded by line segments that
connect the following 4 points:
point O (100.0, 0.0, 0.0), point A (90.5, 0.0, 9.5), point B (0.0,
90.5, 9.5), and point (0.0, 100.0, 0.0), or on these line segments,
the refrigerant has a GWP of 65 or less.
[0594] The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are
on the left side of line segments that connect the following 3
points:
point C (50.0, 31.6, 18.4), point U (28.7, 41.2, 30.1), and point D
(52.2, 38.3, 9.5), or on these line segments, the refrigerant has a
COP ratio of 96% or more relative to that of R410A.
[0595] In the above, the line segment CU is represented by
coordinates (-0.0538z.sup.2+0.7888z+53.701, 0.0538z-1.7888z+46.299,
z), and the line segment UD is represented by coordinates
(-3.4962z.sup.2+210.71z-3146.1, 3.4962z.sup.2-211.71z+3246.1,
z).
[0596] The points on the line segment CU are determined from three
points, i.e., point C, Comparative Example 10, and point U, by
using the least-square method.
[0597] The points on the line segment UD are determined from three
points, i.e., point U, Example 2, and point D, by using the
least-square method.
[0598] The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are
on the left side of line segments that connect the following 3
points:
point E (55.2, 44.8, 0.0), point T (34.8, 51.0, 14.2), and point F
(0.0, 76.7, 23.3), or on these line segments, the refrigerant has a
COP ratio of 94.5% or more relative to that of R410A.
[0599] In the above, the line segment ET is represented by
coordinates (-0.0547z.sup.2-0.5327z+53.4,
0.0547z.sup.2-0.4673z+46.6, z), and the line segment TF is
represented by coordinates
(-0.0982z.sup.2+0.9622z+40.931, 0.0982z.sup.2-1.9622z+59.069,
z).
[0600] The points on the line segment ET are determined from three
points, i.e., point E, Example 2, and point T, by using the
least-square method.
[0601] The points on the line segment TF are determined from three
points, i.e., points T, S, and F, by using the least-square
method.
[0602] The results also indicate that when coordinates (x,y,z) are
on the left side of line segments that connect the following 3
points:
point G (0.0, 76.7, 23.3), point R (21.0, 69.5, 9.5), and point H
(0.0, 85.9, 14.1), or on these line segments, the refrigerant has a
COP ratio of 93% or more relative to that of R410A.
[0603] In the above, the line segment GR is represented by
coordinates (-0.0491z.sup.2-1.1544z+38.5,
0.0491z.sup.2+0.1544z+61.5, z), and the line segment RH is
represented by coordinates
(-0.3123z.sup.2+4.234z+11.06, 0.3123z.sup.2-5.234z+88.94, z).
[0604] The points on the line segment GR are determined from three
points, i.e., point G, Example 5, and point R, by using the
least-square method.
[0605] The points on the line segment RH are determined from three
points, i.e., point R, Example 7, and point H, by using the
least-square method.
[0606] In contrast, as shown in, for example, Comparative Examples
8, 9, 13, 15, 17, and 18, when R32 is not contained, the
concentrations of HFO-1132(E) and HFO-1123, which have a double
bond, become relatively high; this undesirably leads to
deterioration, such as decomposition, or polymerization in the
refrigerant compound.
(6) First Embodiment
[0607] In a first embodiment, an air conditioning apparatus 10 that
is an example of a refrigeration cycle apparatus is described. The
refrigeration cycle apparatus represents any of all apparatuses
that are operated with refrigeration cycles. The refrigeration
cycle apparatuses include an air conditioner, a dehumidifier, a
heat pump warm-water supply apparatus, a refrigerator, a
refrigeration apparatus for freezing, a cooling apparatus for
manufacturing process, and so forth.
[0608] The air conditioning apparatus 10 is a separate air
conditioning apparatus including an outdoor unit (not illustrated)
and an indoor unit (not illustrated) and configured to switch the
operation between cooling operation and heating operation.
[0609] As illustrated in FIG. 16, the air conditioning apparatus 10
includes a refrigerant circuit 20 that performs a vapor compression
refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant circuit 20 includes an outdoor
circuit 20a installed in the outdoor unit, and an indoor circuit
20b installed in the indoor unit. In the outdoor circuit 20a, a
compressor 21, an outdoor heat exchanger 23, an outdoor expansion
valve 24, a four-way valve 22, a bridge circuit 31, and a
gas-liquid separator 25 are connected. The outdoor heat exchanger
23 constitutes a heat-source-side heat exchanger. In contrast, in
the indoor circuit 20b, an indoor heat exchanger 27 and an indoor
expansion valve 26 are connected. The indoor heat exchanger 27
constitutes a use-side heat exchanger. A discharge pipe 45 of the
compressor 21 is connected to a first port P1 of the four-way valve
22. A suction pipe 46 of the compressor 21 is connected to a second
port P2 of the four-way valve 22.
[0610] An inflow pipe 36, an outflow pipe 37, and an injection pipe
38 are connected to the gas-liquid separator 25. The inflow pipe 36
is open at an upper portion of the inner space of the gas-liquid
separator 25. The outflow pipe 37 is open at a lower portion of the
inner space of the gas-liquid separator 25. The injection pipe 38
is open at an upper portion of the inner space of the gas-liquid
separator 25. In the gas-liquid separator 25, the refrigerant which
has flowed in from the inflow pipe 36 is separated into a saturated
liquid and a saturated gas, the saturated liquid flows out from the
outflow pipe 37, and the saturated gas flows out from the injection
pipe 38. The inflow pipe 36 and the outflow pipe 37 are connected
to the bridge circuit 31. The injection pipe 38 is connected to an
intermediate connection pipe 47 of the compressor 21.
[0611] The refrigerant in the saturated gas state which has flowed
out from the injection pipe 38 is injected into a compression
chamber with an intermediate pressure of a compression mechanism 32
via an intermediate port. In this embodiment, the inflow pipe 36,
the outflow pipe 37, the injection pipe 38, and the gas-liquid
separator 25 supply the refrigerant in the saturated liquid state,
which is included in the refrigerant which has flowed out from the
outdoor heat exchanger 23 during cooling operation and which has
been decompressed to have the intermediate pressure in the
refrigeration cycle, to the indoor heat exchanger 27, to constitute
an injection circuit 15 for supplying the refrigerant in the
saturated gas state to the compressor 21.
[0612] The bridge circuit 31 is a circuit in which a first check
valve CV1, a second check valve CV2, a third check valve CV3, and a
fourth check valve CV4 are connected in a bridge form. In the
bridge circuit 31, a connection end located on the inflow side of
the first check valve CV1 and on the inflow side of the second
check valve CV2 is connected to the outflow pipe 37. A connection
end located on the outflow side of the second check valve CV2 and
on the inflow side of the third check valve CV3 is connected to the
indoor heat exchanger 27. The refrigerant pipe that connects the
connection end to the indoor heat exchanger 27 is provided with the
indoor expansion valve 26 of which the opening degree is
changeable. A connection end located on the outflow side of the
third check valve CV3 and on the outflow side of the fourth check
valve CV4 is connected to the inflow pipe 36. A connection end
located on the outflow side of the first check valve CV1 and on the
inflow side of the fourth check valve CV4 is connected to the
outdoor heat exchanger 23.
[0613] During cooling operation, the four-way valve 22 is set in a
state (a state indicated by solid lines in FIG. 16) in which the
first port P1 and the third port P3 communicate with each other,
and the second port P2 and the fourth port P4 communicate with each
other. When the compressor 21 is operated in this state, a cooling
operation is performed such that the outdoor heat exchanger 23
operates as a condenser and the indoor heat exchanger 27 operates
as an evaporator in the refrigerant circuit 20.
[0614] During heating operation, the four-way valve 22 is set in a
state (a state indicated by broken lines in FIG. 16) in which the
first port P1 and the fourth port P4 communicate with each other,
and the second port P2 and the third port P3 communicate with each
other. When the compressor 21 is operated in this state, a heating
operation is performed such that the outdoor heat exchanger 23
operates as an evaporator and the indoor heat exchanger 27 operates
as a condenser in the refrigerant circuit 20.
[0615] The outdoor heat exchanger 23 is constituted of a
microchannel heat exchanger (also referred to as micro heat
exchanger) having formed therein a microchannel 13 that serves as a
flow path of a refrigerant. The microchannel 13 is a fine flow path
(a flow path having a very small flow path area) fabricated by
using, for example, micro-fabricating technology. In general, a
heat exchanger having the microchannel 13 that is a flow path
having a diameter of several millimeters or less which exhibits an
effect of surface tension is called microchannel heat
exchanger.
[0616] Specifically, as illustrated in FIG. 17, the outdoor heat
exchanger 23 includes a plurality of flat tubes 16 and a pair of
headers 17 and 18. The pair of headers 17 and 18 are constituted of
tubular hermetically sealed containers. As illustrated in FIG. 18,
each flat tube 16 has formed therein a plurality of microchannels
13. The plurality of microchannels 13 are formed at a predetermined
pitch in the width direction of the flat tube 16. Each flat tube 16
is fixed to the pair of headers 17 and 18 such that one end of each
microchannel 13 is open in the one header 17, and the other end of
the microchannel 13 is open in the other header 18. Moreover, a
wave-shaped metal plate 19 is provided between the flat tubes
16.
[0617] An outdoor fan 28 is provided near the outdoor heat
exchanger 23. In the outdoor heat exchanger 23, the outdoor air
supplied by the outdoor fan 28 flows through gaps formed by the
flat tubes 16 and the metal plates 19. The outdoor air flows in the
width direction of the flat tubes 16.
[0618] In the outdoor heat exchanger 23, the one header 17 is
connected to the third port P3 of the four-way valve 22, and the
other header 18 is connected to the bridge circuit 31. In the
outdoor heat exchanger 23, the refrigerant which has flowed into
one of the headers 17 and 18 is distributed to the plurality of
microchannels 13, and the refrigerant which has passed through each
of the microchannels 13 is joined in the other one of the headers
17 and 18. Each microchannel 13 serves as a refrigerant flow path
through which the refrigerant flows. In the outdoor heat exchanger
23, the refrigerant flowing through each microchannel 13 exchanges
heat with the outdoor air.
[0619] The indoor heat exchanger 27 is constituted of a
microcchanel heat exchanger. The indoor heat exchanger 27 has the
same structure as the outdoor heat exchanger 23, and hence the
description on the structure of the indoor heat exchanger 27 is
omitted. An indoor fan 29 is provided near the indoor heat
exchanger 27. In the indoor heat exchanger 27, the refrigerant
flowing through each microchannel 13 exchanges heat with the indoor
air supplied by the indoor fan 29. In the indoor heat exchanger 27,
the one header 17 is connected to the fourth port P4 of the
four-way valve 22, and the other header 18 is connected to the
bridge circuit 31.
[0620] In the present embodiment, the outdoor heat exchanger 23 and
the indoor heat exchanger 27 are constituted of microchannel heat
exchangers. The capacity of the inside of the microchannel heat
exchanger is smaller than that of a heat exchanger of another
structure type having equivalent performance (for example,
cross-fin type fin-and-tube heat exchanger). Hence, the total
capacity of the inside of the refrigerant circuit 20 can be
decreased compared with a refrigeration cycle apparatus using a
heat exchanger of another structure type.
[0621] Regarding resistance to pressure and resistance to
corrosion, "0.9 mm flat-tube thickness (a vertical height h16 of
the flat tube 16 illustrated in FIG. 18) 4.0 mm" is preferably
established; and regarding heat exchange capacity, "8.0 mm
flat-tube thickness (a horizontal width W16 of the flat tube 16
illustrated in FIG. 18) 25.0 mm" is preferably established.
[0622] In the present embodiment, the refrigerant circuit 20 is
filled with a refrigerant for performing a vapor compression
refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant is a mixed refrigerant
containing 1,2-difluoroethylene, and can use any one of the
above-described refrigerants A to E.
(7) Second Embodiment
[0623] As illustrated in FIG. 19, an outdoor heat exchanger 125
includes a heat exchange section 195 and header collection pipes
191 and 192. The heat exchange section 195 includes a plurality of
flat perforated tubes 193 and a plurality of insertion fins 194.
The flat perforated tubes 193 are an example of a flat tube. The
outdoor heat exchanger 125 is included in a refrigerant circuit of
a refrigeration cycle apparatus. The refrigerant circuit of the
refrigeration cycle apparatus includes a compressor, an evaporator,
a condenser, and an expansion valve. In heating operation, the
outdoor heat exchanger 125 functions as an evaporator in the
refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle apparatus. In
cooling operation, the outdoor heat exchanger 125 functions as a
condenser in the refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle
apparatus.
[0624] FIG. 20 is a partly enlarged view of the heat exchange
section 195 when the flat perforated tubes 193 and the insertion
fins 194 are cut in the vertical direction. The flat perforated
tubes 193 function as a heat transfer tube, and transfers heat
which shifts between the insertion fins 194 and the outdoor air to
the refrigerant flowing thereinside.
[0625] Each of the flat perforated tubes 193 includes side surface
portions serving as heat transfer surfaces, and a plurality of
inner flow paths 193a through which the refrigerant flows. The flat
perforated tubes 193 are arranged in a plurality of stages at
intervals in a state in which a side surface portion of a flat
perforated tube 193 vertically faces a side surface portion of
another flat perforated tube 193 disposed next to the former flat
perforated tube 193. The insertion fins 194 are a plurality of fins
each having a shape illustrated in FIG. 20 and connected to the
flat perforated tubes 193. Each of the insertion fins 194 has a
plurality of cutouts 194a extending horizontally narrow and long so
that the insertion fin 194 is inserted onto the flat perforated
tubes 193 arranged in the plurality of stages between the header
collection pipes 191 and 192. As illustrated in FIG. 20, the shape
of each cutout 194a of the insertion fins 194 corresponds to the
external shape of a cross section of each flat perforated tube
193.
[0626] Here, a case where a coupling portion 194b of the insertion
fin 194 is disposed on the leeward side has been described. In this
case, the coupling portion 194b is a portion of the insertion fin
194 linearly coupled without a cutout 194a. In the outdoor heat
exchanger 125, however, the coupling portion 194b of the insertion
fin 194 may be disposed on the windward side. When the coupling
portion 194b is disposed on the windward side, the wind is
dehumidified first by the insertion fin 194 and then the wind hits
the flat perforated tubes 193.
[0627] Here, a case where the heat exchanger illustrated in FIG. 19
is used for the outdoor heat exchanger 125. However, the heat
exchanger illustrated in FIG. 19 may be used for an indoor heat
exchanger. When an insertion fin is used for an indoor heat
exchanger, the coupling portion of the insertion fin may be
disposed on the leeward side. In this way, in the indoor heat
exchanger, when the coupling portion of the insertion fin is
disposed on the leeward side, a spray of water can be
prevented.
[0628] Regarding resistance to pressure and resistance to
corrosion, "0.9 mm flat-tube thickness (a vertical height h193 of
the flat perforated tube 193 illustrated in FIG. 20) 4.0 mm" is
preferably established; and regarding heat exchange capacity, "8.0
mm flat-tube thickness (a horizontal width W193 of the flat
perforated tube 193 illustrated in FIG. 20) 25.0 mm" is preferably
established.
[0629] In the present embodiment, the refrigerant circuit including
the outdoor heat exchanger 125 is filled with a refrigerant for
performing a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant
is a mixed refrigerant containing 1,2-difluoroethylene, and can use
any one of the above-described refrigerants A to E.
(8) Third Embodiment
[0630] An inner-surface grooved tube 201 is inserted into through
holes 211a of a plurality of plate fins 211 that are illustrated in
FIG. 24 and that are disposed in parallel to each other. Next, a
pipe expanding tool (not illustrated) is press fitted into the
inner-surface grooved tube 201. Accordingly, the inner-surface
grooved tube 201 is expanded, the clearance between the
inner-surface grooved tube 201 and the plate fin 211 is eliminated,
thereby increasing the degree of close contact between the
inner-surface grooved tube 201 and the plate fin 211. Next, the
pipe expanding tool is removed from the inner-surface grooved tube
201. Accordingly, a heat exchanger in which the inner-surface
grooved tube 201 is joined to the plate fin 211 without a gap is
manufactured.
[0631] The inner-surface grooved tube 201 is used for a plate
fin-and-tube heat exchanger of a refrigeration cycle apparatus,
such as either of an air conditioner and a refrigeration air
conditioning apparatus. The plate fin-and-tube heat exchanger is
included in a refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle
apparatus. The refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle
apparatus includes a compressor, an evaporator, a condenser, and an
expansion valve. In heating operation, the plate fin-and-tube heat
exchanger functions as an evaporator in the refrigerant circuit of
the refrigeration cycle apparatus. In cooling operation, the plate
fin-and-tube heat exchanger functions as a condenser in the
refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle apparatus.
[0632] The inner-surface grooved tube 201 having a pipe outer
diameter D201 of a pipe of 4 mm or more and 10 mm or less is used.
The original tube of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 uses a
material of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The method of forming an
inner-surface grooved shape of the inner-surface grooved tube 201
may be component rolling, rolling, or the like, however, is not
limited thereby.
[0633] As illustrated in FIGS. 21, 22, and 23, the inner-surface
grooved tube 201 includes multiple grooves 202 formed in the inner
surface thereof in a direction inclined toward a pipe-axis
direction, and in-pipe fins 203 formed between the grooves 202. The
number of the grooves 202 is 30 or more and 100 or less. A groove
lead angle .theta.201 formed between each groove 202 and the pipe
axis is 10 degrees or more and 50 degrees or less. A bottom
thickness T201 of each inner-surface grooved tube 201 in a section
orthogonal to the pipe axis (cut along line I-I) of the
inner-surface grooved tube 201 is 0.2 mm or more and 1.0 mm or
less. A fin height h201 of each in-pipe fin is 0.1 mm or more and
is 1.2 times the bottom thickness T201 or less. A fin-thread vertex
angle 6201 is 5 degrees or more and 45 degrees or less. A fin-root
radius r201 is 20% or more and 50% or less of the fin height
h201.
[0634] Next, limitations on numerical values of the inner-surface
groove shape of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 are
described.
[0635] (8-1) Number of Grooves: 30 or More and 100 or Less
[0636] The number of grooves is properly determined with regard to
heat transfer performance, individual weight, and so forth, in
combination with respective specifications (described later) of the
inner-surface groove shape, and is preferably 30 or more and 100 or
less. If the number of grooves is less than 30, groove moldability
likely decreases. If the number of grooves is more than 100, a
grooving tool (grooving plug) is likely chipped. In either case,
volume productivity of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 likely
decreases.
[0637] Furthermore, when the inner-surface grooved tube 201 is used
for the outdoor heat exchanger and the indoor heat exchanger
included in the refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle
apparatus, it is preferably satisfied that the number of grooves of
the inner-surface grooved tube 201 of the outdoor heat
exchanger>the number of grooves of the inner-surface grooved
tube 201 of the indoor heat exchanger. Accordingly, in-pipe
pressure loss of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 can be
decreased, and heat transfer performance thereof can be
increased.
[0638] (8-2) Groove Lead Angle .theta.201: 10 Degrees or More and
50 Degrees or Less
[0639] The groove lead angle .theta.201 is preferably 10 degrees or
more and 50 degrees or less. If the groove lead angle .theta.201 is
less than 10 degrees, heat transfer performance of the
inner-surface grooved tube 201 (heat exchanger) likely decreases.
If the groove lead angle .theta.201 is more than 50 degrees, it may
be difficult to suppress deformation of the in-pipe fin 203 due to
ensuring of volume productivity and expansion of the diameter of
the inner-surface grooved tube 201.
[0640] Furthermore, when the inner-surface grooved tube 201 is used
for the outdoor heat exchanger and the indoor heat exchanger
included in the refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle
apparatus, it is preferably satisfied that the groove lead angle of
the inner-surface grooved tube 201 of the outdoor heat
exchanger<the number of grooves of the inner-surface grooved
tube 201 of the indoor heat exchanger. Accordingly, in-pipe
pressure loss of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 can be
decreased, and heat transfer performance thereof can be
increased.
[0641] (8-3) Bottom Thickness T201: 0.2 mm or More and 1.0 mm or
Less
[0642] The bottom thickness T201 is preferably 0.2 mm or more and
1.0 mm or less. If the bottom thickness T201 is outside the range,
it may be difficult to manufacture the inner-surface grooved tube
201. If the bottom thickness T201 is 0.2 mm or less, the strength
of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 likely decreases, and it is
likely difficult to keep the strength of resistance to
pressure.
[0643] (8-4) Fin Height h201: 0.1 mm or More and (Bottom Thickness
T201.times.1.2) mm or Less
[0644] The fin height h201 is preferably 0.1 mm or more and (bottom
thickness T201.times.1.2) mm or less. If the fin height h201 is
less than 0.1 mm, heat transfer performance of the inner-surface
grooved tube 201 (heat exchanger) likely decreases. If the fin
height h201 is more than (bottom thickness T201.times.1.2) mm, it
may be difficult to suppress significant deformation of the in-pipe
fin 203 due to ensuring of volume productivity and expansion of the
diameter of the inner-surface grooved tube 201.
[0645] Furthermore, when the inner-surface grooved tube 201 is used
for the outdoor heat exchanger and the indoor heat exchanger
included in the refrigerant circuit of the refrigeration cycle
apparatus, it is preferably satisfied that the fin height h201 of
the inner-surface grooved tube 201 of the outdoor heat
exchanger>the fin height h201 of the inner-surface grooved tube
201 of the indoor heat exchanger. Accordingly, in-pipe pressure
loss of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 can be decreased, and
heat transfer performance of the outdoor heat exchanger can be
further increased.
[0646] (8-5) Thread Vertex Angle .delta.201: 5 Degrees or More and
45 Degrees or Less
[0647] The thread vertex angle 6201 is preferably 5 degrees or more
and 45 degrees or less. If the thread vertex angle 6201 is less
than 5 degrees, it may be difficult to suppress deformation of the
in-pipe fin 203 due to ensuring of volume productivity and
expansion of the diameter of the inner-surface grooved tube 201. If
the thread vertex angle 6201 is more than 45 degrees, maintenance
of heat transfer performance of the inner-surface grooved tube 201
(heat exchanger) and the individual weight of the inner-surface
grooved tube 201 likely become excessive.
[0648] (8-6) Fin-root Radius r201: 20% or More and 50% or Less of
Fin Height h201
[0649] The fin-root radius r201 is preferably 20% or more and 50%
or less of the fin height h201. If the fin-root radius r201 is less
than 20% of the fin height h201, fin inclination due to the pipe
expansion likely becomes excessive, and volume productivity likely
decreases. If the fin-root radius r201 is more than 50% of the fin
height h201, the effective heat transfer area of the refrigerant
gas-liquid interface likely decreases, and heat transfer
performance of the inner-surface grooved tube 201 (heat exchanger)
likely decreases.
[0650] In the present embodiment, the refrigerant circuit including
the plate fin-and-tube heat exchanger using the inner-surface
grooved tube 201 is filled with a refrigerant for performing a
vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant is a mixed
refrigerant containing 1,2-difluoroethylene, and can use any one of
the above-described refrigerants A to E.
(9) Characteristics
[0651] The air conditioning apparatus 10 that is the refrigeration
cycle apparatus according to the first embodiment, the
refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the second embodiment,
and the refrigeration cycle apparatus according to the third
embodiment each include a flammable refrigerant containing at least
1,2-difluoroethylene, an evaporator that evaporates the
refrigerant, and a condenser that condenses the refrigerant. The
refrigeration cycle apparatuses are constituted such that the
refrigerant repeats a refrigeration cycle by circulating through
the evaporator and the condenser.
[0652] According to the first embodiment, the outdoor heat
exchanger 23 is one of the evaporator and the condenser, and the
indoor heat exchanger 27 is the other one of the evaporator and the
condenser; and the outdoor heat exchanger 23 and the indoor heat
exchanger 27 each include the metal plates 19 serving as a
plurality of fins made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and the
flat tubes 16 serving as a plurality of heat transfer tubes made of
aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The outdoor heat exchanger 23 and
the indoor heat exchanger 27 are each a heat exchanger that causes
the refrigerant flowing inside the heat transfer tubes 16 and the
air which is a fluid flowing along the metal plates 19 to exchange
heat with each other. The flat tube 16 includes a flat surface
portion 16a illustrated in FIG. 18. In each of the outdoor heat
exchanger 23 and the indoor heat exchanger 27, the flat surface
portions 16a of the flat tubes 16 that are disposed next to each
other face each other. Each of the plurality of metal plates 19 is
bent in a waveform, and disposed between the flat surface portions
16a of the flat tubes 16 disposed next to each other. Each metal
plate 19 is connected to the flat surface portions 16a to be able
to transfer heat to the flat surface portions 16a.
[0653] According to the second embodiment, the outdoor heat
exchanger 125 is one of the evaporator and the condenser, and
includes the plurality of insertion fins 194 made of aluminum or an
aluminum alloy, and the flat perforated tubes 193 serving as a
plurality of heat transfer tubes made of aluminum or an aluminum
alloy. The outdoor heat exchanger 125 is a heat exchanger that
causes the refrigerant flowing inside the flat perforated tube 193
and the air which is a fluid flowing along the insertion fin 194 to
exchange heat with each other. The flat perforated tube 193 have
the flat surface portions 193b illustrated in FIG. 20. In the
outdoor heat exchanger 125, the flat surface portions 193b of the
flat perforated tubes 193 that are disposed next to each other face
each other. Each of the plurality of insertion fins 194 has a
plurality of cutouts 194a. The plurality of flat perforated tubes
193 are inserted into the plurality of cutouts 194a of the
plurality of insertion fins 194 and connected thereto to be able to
transfer heat to the plurality of insertion fins 194.
[0654] According to the third embodiment, the heat exchanger
including the plurality of plate fins 211 made of aluminum or an
aluminum alloy, and the inner-surface grooved tubes 201 serving as
a plurality of heat transfer tubes made of aluminum or an aluminum
alloy is one of the evaporator and the condenser. The heat
exchanger is a heat exchanger that causes the refrigerant flowing
inside the inner-surface grooved tube 201 and the air which is a
fluid flowing along the plate fins 211 to exchange heat with each
other. Each of the plurality of plate fins 211 has the plurality of
through holes 211a. In the heat exchanger, the plurality of
inner-surface grooved tubes 201 penetrate through the plurality of
through holes 211a of the plurality of plate fins 211. The outer
peripheries of the plurality of inner-surface grooved tubes 201 are
in close contact with the inner peripheries of the plurality of
through holes 211a.
[0655] In the above-described refrigeration cycle apparatus, the
heat exchanger includes the metal plates 19, the insertion fins
194, or the plate fins 211 serving as a plurality of fins made of
aluminum or an aluminum alloy; and the flat tubes 16, the flat
perforated tubes 193, or the inner-surface grooved tubes 201
serving as a plurality of heat transfer tubes made of aluminum or
an aluminum alloy. Since the refrigeration cycle apparatus has such
a configuration, for example, as compared to a case where a heat
transfer tube uses a copper pipe, the material cost of the heat
exchanger can be decreased.
[0656] The embodiments of the present disclosure have been
described above, and it is understood that the embodiments and
details can be modified in various ways without departing from the
idea and scope of the present disclosure described in the
claims.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
[0657] 10 air conditioning apparatus (example of refrigeration
cycle apparatus) [0658] 16 flat tube (example of heat transfer
tube) [0659] 16a, 193b flat surface portion [0660] 19 metal plate
(example of fin) [0661] 23, 125 outdoor heat exchanger (example of
evaporator, and example of condenser) [0662] 27 indoor heat
exchanger (example of evaporator, example of condenser) [0663] 193
flat perforated tube (example of heat transfer tube, example of
flat tube) [0664] 194 insertion fin [0665] 194a cutout [0666] 201
inner-surface grooved tube (example of heat transfer tube) [0667]
211 plate fin [0668] 211a through hole
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
[0669] PTL 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication
No. 11-256358
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