U.S. patent application number 16/922017 was filed with the patent office on 2020-10-29 for zoned topsheet.
The applicant listed for this patent is The Procter & Gamble Company. Invention is credited to Sybille Fuchs, Luisa Valerio Gonzalez, John Lee Hammons, Jody Lynn Hoying.
Application Number | 20200337913 16/922017 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000004945975 |
Filed Date | 2020-10-29 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20200337913 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hammons; John Lee ; et
al. |
October 29, 2020 |
ZONED TOPSHEET
Abstract
A disposable absorbent article is disclosed. A topsheet forms a
portion of the wearer-facing surface, wherein the topsheet is a
film and a nonwoven. The topsheet further includes a pair of edge
regions and a central region disposed inboard of the pair of edge
regions. The central region has a first plurality of apertures, and
the edge regions have a second plurality of apertures, wherein the
second plurality of apertures are smaller than the first plurality
of apertures. The disposable absorbent article also includes a
backsheet forming a portion of the garment-facing surface and an
absorbent core disposed between the topsheet and the backsheet.
Inventors: |
Hammons; John Lee;
(Hamilton, OH) ; Hoying; Jody Lynn; (Maineville,
OH) ; Gonzalez; Luisa Valerio; (Oakley, OH) ;
Fuchs; Sybille; (Frankfurt, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Procter & Gamble Company |
Cincinnati |
OH |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000004945975 |
Appl. No.: |
16/922017 |
Filed: |
July 7, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15843755 |
Dec 15, 2017 |
10729598 |
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16922017 |
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14034589 |
Sep 24, 2013 |
9872801 |
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15843755 |
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12188527 |
Aug 8, 2008 |
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14034589 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61F 13/513 20130101;
A61F 2013/51344 20130101; A61F 13/476 20130101; Y10T 428/24777
20150115; A61F 13/51305 20130101; A61F 2013/51383 20130101; A61F
13/512 20130101; Y10T 428/2395 20150401; Y10T 428/24273 20150115;
A61F 2013/51338 20130101; Y10T 428/24479 20150115; A61F 13/4751
20130101; Y10T 428/23929 20150401 |
International
Class: |
A61F 13/513 20060101
A61F013/513; A61F 13/475 20060101 A61F013/475; A61F 13/476 20060101
A61F013/476; A61F 13/512 20060101 A61F013/512 |
Claims
1. A disposable absorbent article having a longitudinal centerline
and a transverse centerline, a pair of lateral side edges generally
aligned in a longitudinal direction, a first end edge and a second
end edge opposite the first end edge, the first end edge and the
second end edge being joined by the pair of lateral side edges, a
pair of wings extending outboard of the lateral side edges, a
wearer-facing surface and an opposing garment-facing surface, the
disposable absorbent article further comprising: a topsheet forming
a portion of the wearer-facing surface, the topsheet comprising a
film and a nonwoven, wherein the topsheet further comprises a pair
of edge regions at least partially disposed on the wings and a
central region disposed inboard of the pair of edge regions,
wherein the central region comprises a first plurality of apertures
and wherein the edge regions comprise a second plurality of
apertures, wherein the second plurality of apertures are smaller
than the first plurality of apertures a backsheet forming a portion
of the garment-facing surface; and an absorbent core disposed
between the topsheet and the backsheet.
2. The disposable absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the film
forms a portion of the wearer-facing surface.
3. The disposable absorbent article of claim 2, wherein the second
plurality of apertures are disposed in the central region and the
edge regions.
4. The disposable absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the first
plurality of apertures is disposed only in the central region.
5. The disposable absorbent article of claim 3, wherein the first
plurality of apertures is disposed only in the central region.
6. The disposable absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the edge
regions further comprise a plurality of embossments.
7. The disposable absorbent article of claim 3, wherein the edge
regions further comprise a plurality of embossments.
8. The disposable absorbent article of claim 5, wherein the edge
regions further comprise a plurality of embossments.
9. The disposable absorbent article of claim 6, further comprising
a plurality of dimples disposed in the central region.
10. The disposable absorbent article of claim 9, wherein the
plurality of dimples is disposed in the edge regions.
11. The disposable absorbent article of claim 9, wherein the
plurality of embossments comprises channels.
12. The disposable absorbent article of claim 1, wherein the
central region further comprises a plurality of embossments.
13. The disposable absorbent article of claim 3, wherein the
central region further comprises a plurality of embossments.
14. The disposable absorbent article of claim 5, wherein the
central region further comprises a plurality of embossments.
15. The disposable absorbent article of claim 12, wherein the
central region further comprises a plurality of dimples.
16. The disposable absorbent article of claim 15, wherein the
plurality of embossments comprises channels.
17. The disposable absorbent article of claim 13, wherein the
central region further comprises a plurality of dimples.
18. The disposable absorbent article of claim 17, wherein the
plurality of embossments comprises channels.
19. The disposable absorbent article of claim 14, wherein the
central region further comprises dimples.
20. The disposable absorbent article of claim 19, wherein the
plurality of embossments comprises channels.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a topsheet for an absorbent
article.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Absorbent articles, such as sanitary napkins, diapers, adult
incontinence products, and the like, are designed to be worn in
close proximity to the crotch of the wearer. Absorbent articles
need to provide for fluid acquisition and retention and need to be
comfortable to wear.
[0003] In use, absorbent articles are stressed by a variety of
fluid handling demands. For instance, the central portion of the
pad may be assaulted with fluid flow that may either be a trickle
or a gush of fluid. If the wearer is lying down on her front or
back, fluid may have a tendency to run off of the front end or rear
portion of the absorbent article. Typical absorbent articles are
approximately the same width as the crotch of the wearer, which can
be somewhat narrow. Thus, there is potential for fluid to run off
the sides of the absorbent article and soil the wings of the
absorbent article, if present, or soil the wearer's undergarment
and/or clothing.
[0004] A woman's crotch region can comprise many different types of
tissues. For instance, the pubic area, labia majora, inner thigh,
and anus can each have a different skin texture. Sanitary napkins
commonly cover the labia, portions of the crotch forward of the
labia, portions of the crotch rearward of the labia, and portions
of the crotch laterally adjacent the labia. As a woman wearing a
sanitary napkin moves, portions of the sanitary napkin can rub up
against nearby body surfaces. Given the complex geometry of a
woman's crotch region and the dynamic geometry of a woman's crotch
as she moves, different portions of the woman's crotch are exposed
to different rubbing forces and the friction between the sanitary
napkin and wearer's crotch can vary depending on the location.
[0005] The moisture and chemical environments of a woman's crotch
can also vary as a function of location. For instance, the labia
majora may be exposed to menses and/or urine. The medial portion of
the woman's pubic area may be exposed to perspiration. Portions
adjacent the medial area may be subjected to more moisture due to
the lack of hair and the tendency for a woman's panty to closely
conform to the junction of the inner thigh and the crotch and pubic
area. The area near the anus may be exposed to more perspiration
and anal leakage than areas further away from the anus.
[0006] Given the variety of fluid handling demands placed on
different portions of an absorbent article, the different physical
interactions between portions of an absorbent article and portions
of a wearer's body, and different moisture and chemical
environments of different portions of a wearer's crotch region,
there is continuing and unaddressed need for absorbent articles
having a topsheet that has different textures that are arranged to
provide fluid handling benefits where needed, skin comfort benefits
where needed, and in regions of the topsheet where fluid handling
benefits and skin comfort benefits are both desired, a texture is
provided that can be acceptable for meeting both needs.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] FIG. 1 is a schematic of a top view of a sanitary
napkin.
[0008] FIG. 2 is schematic of a film having raised portions.
[0009] FIG. 3 is schematic of an apertured film.
[0010] FIG. 4 is schematic of a nonwoven having tufts.
[0011] FIG. 5 is schematic of a nonwoven having embossments.
[0012] FIG. 6 is a schematic of a top view of a sanitary
napkin.
[0013] FIG. 7 is a schematic of a cross section of sanitary napkin,
the cross section taken orthogonal to the longitudinal
centerline.
[0014] FIG. 8 is a schematic of a cross section of sanitary napkin,
the cross section taken orthogonal to the longitudinal
centerline.
[0015] FIG. 9 is a schematic of a cross section of sanitary napkin,
the cross section taken orthogonal to the longitudinal
centerline.
[0016] FIG. 10 is a schematic of a cross section of sanitary
napkin, the cross section taken orthogonal to the longitudinal
centerline.
[0017] FIG. 11 is a schematic of a top view of a sanitary
napkin.
[0018] FIG. 12 is a schematic of a cross section of a nonwoven web
having tufts.
[0019] FIG. 13 is a schematic of a top view of a sanitary
napkin.
[0020] FIG. 14 is a schematic of a cross section of a sanitary
napkin, the cross section taken orthogonal to the transverse
centerline.
[0021] FIG. 15 is a schematic of a cross section of a sanitary
napkin, the cross section taken orthogonal to the transverse
centerline.
[0022] FIG. 16 is a schematic of an apparatus for forming
apertures.
[0023] FIG. 17 is a schematic of an apparatus for forming
apertures.
[0024] FIG. 18 is a schematic of intermeshing rolls.
[0025] FIG. 19 is an apertured web.
[0026] FIG. 20 is a schematic of a film having raised portions.
[0027] FIG. 21 is a schematic of a forming screen.
[0028] FIG. 22 is a schematic of an apparatus for forming
apertures.
[0029] FIG. 23 is a schematic of an apparatus for forming
apertures.
[0030] FIG. 24 is a schematic of an incremental stretching
apparatus.
[0031] FIG. 25 is a schematic of a nonwoven having tufts.
[0032] FIG. 26 is a schematic of a nonwoven having tufts.
[0033] FIG. 27 is a schematic of a apparatus for forming tufts.
[0034] FIG. 28 is a schematic of teeth for forming tufts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of an absorbent
article 10 providing for different skin health benefits and fluid
acquisition benefits for different portions of the wearer's crotch.
The absorbent article 10 can comprise a liquid pervious topsheet
20, a fluid impervious backsheet 30, and an absorbent core 40
disposed between the topsheet 20 and backsheet 30. The topsheet 20
can be described as being in a facing relationship with the
absorbent core 40. The absorbent article can be selected from the
group consisting of an incontinence product, a sanitary napkin, and
a diaper.
[0036] The absorbent core can be comprised of cellulosic material,
such as Foley Fluff, available from Buckey Technologies, Inc.,
Memphis, TN, that is disintegrated and formed into a core having a
density of about 0.07 grams per cubic centimeter and a caliper of
about 10 mm. The absorbent core 40 can be a high internal phase
emulsion foam or a polyacrylate material.
[0037] The absorbent article 10 is discussed herein in the context
of what is commonly referred to in the art as a sanitary napkin,
menstrual pad, or catamenial pad. It is to be understood that the
absorbent article 10 can be any absorbent article designed to be
worn in proximity with the crotch of the wearer.
[0038] The absorbent article 10 and each layer or component thereof
can be described as having a body facing surface and a garment
facing surface. As can be understood by considering the ultimate
use for absorbent articles, such as sanitary napkins, diapers,
incontinent products and the like, the body facing surfaces are the
surfaces of the layers or components that are oriented closer to
the body when in use, and the garment facing surfaces are the
surfaces that are oriented closer to the undergarment of the wearer
when in use. Therefore, for example, the topsheet 20 has a body
facing surface 22 (that can actually be a body contacting surface)
and a garment facing surface opposing the body facing surface 22.
The garment facing surface of the backsheet 30, for example, can be
oriented closest to, and can contact the wearer's panties in
use.
[0039] The topsheet 20 can comprise a central region 50, a first
end intermediate region 660, a first end region 670, a second end
intermediate region 560, a second end region 570, an edge region
70, and an intermediate edge region 60. The central region 50,
first end intermediate region 660, first end region 670, second end
intermediate region 560, and second end region 570 can be disposed
on a line generally parallel to the longitudinal centerline L.
[0040] The central region 50, intermediate edge region 60, and edge
region 70 can be disposed on a line generally parallel to the
transverse centerline T.
[0041] The central region 50 is between the first end region 670
and the second end region 570. The first end intermediate region
660 is between the central region 50 and the first end region 670.
The second end intermediate region 560 is between the central
region 50 and the second end region 570.
[0042] In the arrangement described above, starting from the
intersection of the longitudinal centerline L and the transverse
centerline T and moving on a line generally parallel to the
transverse centerline T, the various regions can be arranged in the
order of the central region 50, the intermediate edge region 60,
and the edge region 70. Starting from the intersection of the
longitudinal centerline L and the transverse centerline T and
moving on a line generally parallel to the longitudinal centerline
L towards the first end edge 28, the various regions can be
arranged in the order of the central region 50, the first end
intermediate region 660, and the first end region 670. Starting
from the intersection of the longitudinal centerline L and the
transverse centerline T and moving on a line generally parallel to
the longitudinal centerline L towards the second end edge 29 of the
absorbent article 10, which opposes the first end edge 28, the end
edges being generally located at the edges of the absorbent article
10 on the longitudinal centerline L, the various regions can be
arranged in the order of the central region 50, the second end
intermediate region 560, and the second end region 570. At least a
portion of the central region 50 can be on the longitudinal
centerline L. At least a portion of the central region 50 can be on
the longitudinal centerline L and transverse centerline T.
[0043] Longitudinal centerline L and transverse centerline T, the
longitudinal centerline L and transverse centerline T being
orthogonal to one another, define a two-dimensional plane of the
absorbent article 10 prior to use, which, in the embodiment shown
is associated with the machine direction (MD) and cross machine
direction (CD) as is commonly known in the art of making absorbent
articles using high-speed commercial production lines. The
absorbent article 10 has a length, which is the longest dimension
measured parallel to the longitudinal axis L. The article 10 has a
width, which is the dimension measured in the CD, e.g., parallel to
the transverse centerline T. The width can vary or be substantially
constant along the length of the sanitary napkin. In general, the
width can be measured between lateral side edges 23 parallel to the
transverse centerline T. The lateral side edges 23 are generally
aligned in the longitudinal direction and may be straight, curved,
or combinations of straight and curved sections.
[0044] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the central region 50,
intermediate edge region 60, and edge region 70 can be disposed on
a line generally parallel to the transverse centerline T. The
central region 50, intermediate edge region 60, and edge region 70
can be disposed on a line that is no more than about thirty degrees
out of alignment with the transverse centerline T.
[0045] As used herein, the word "region" refers to an area set off
as distinct from surrounding or adjoining areas. Thus, for example,
a topsheet comprising uniformly spaced apertures, each of which are
the same size, over the entire surface of the topsheet cannot be
considered to have any regions. Moreover, for example, in a
topsheet comprising uniformly spaced apertures, each of which are
the same size, a single aperture and locally surrounding material
cannot be considered a region because that single aperture and
locally surrounding material are not distinct from surrounding or
adjoining areas. Similarly, for example, a topsheet comprising
uniformly spaced elements, each element being the same, over the
entire surface of the topsheet cannot be considered to have any
regions. Nor, in a topsheet comprising uniformly spaced elements,
for example, may a single element and locally surrounding material
be considered a region. Regions can be separated from one another
such that there is an absence of like structured material between
the regions. A region can comprise an area more than about the
product of 5% of the length of the absorbent article and 5% of the
width of the absorbent article, the width being measured at the
centroid of the respective region (i.e. the particular region of
interest: the central region 50, first end intermediate region 660,
first end region 670, second end intermediate region 560, second
end region 570, intermediate edge region 60, and edge region
70).
[0046] Individually, any of the central region 50, edge region 70,
and intermediate edge region 60 can constitute more than about 5%
the width of the absorbent article 10 as measured between the
lateral side edges 23 at the location of the centroid of the
region. Individually, any of the central region 50, edge region 70,
and intermediate edge region 60 can constitute more than about 10%
the width of the absorbent article 10 as measured between the
lateral side edges 23 at the location of the centroid of the
region. Individually, any of the central region 50, edge region 70,
and intermediate edge region 60 can constitute more than about 20%
the width of the absorbent article 10 as measured between the side
edges 23 at the location of the centroid of the region. Thus, in
one example embodiment, the central region 50 can constitute about
30% of the width of the absorbent article, the intermediate edge
region 60 can constitute about 10% of the width of the absorbent
article, and the edge region 70 can constitute about 15% of the
width of the absorbent article.
[0047] The central region 50 has a central region body facing
surface 52. The central region body facing surface 52 has a central
region texture 54. The first end intermediate region 660 has a
first end intermediate region body facing surface 662. The first
end intermediate region body facing surface 662 has a first end
intermediate region texture 664. The first end region 670 has a
first end region body facing surface 672. The first end region body
facing surface 672 has a first end region texture 674. The second
end intermediate region 560 has a second end intermediate region
body facing surface 562. The second end intermediate region body
facing surface 562 has a second end intermediate region texture
564. The second end region 570 has a second end region body facing
surface 572. The second end region body facing surface 572 has a
second end region texture 574. The intermediate edge region 60 has
an intermediate edge region body facing surface 62. The
intermediate edge region body facing surface 62 has an intermediate
edge region texture 64. The edge region 70 has an edge region body
facing surface 72. The edge region body facing surface 72 has an
edge region texture 74. The central region texture 54, first end
intermediate region texture 664, first end region texture 674,
second end intermediate region texture 564, second end region
texture 574, intermediate edge region texture 64, and edge region
texture 74 can be designed to provide particular benefits with
respect to fluid handling and/or comfort.
[0048] As used herein, texture refers to the topography of the
relevant material in directions orthogonal to a plane defined by
the longitudinal centerline L and transverse centerline T. The
topography of a material can be provided, for example, by portions
of material that are higher or lower relative to adjacent portions
of material, holes through the material, and portions of the
material in which the structure of the material is plastically
disrupted or disturbed relative to adjacent portion. Topography can
be characterized at a resolution of about 100 microns over an area
of at least about four square millimeters.
[0049] For some absorbent articles 10, embodiments are contemplated
in which channels, indentations, dimples, and/or embossments may
not be considered to provide for texture of any of the central
region 50, first end intermediate region 660, first end region 670,
second end intermediate region 560, second end region 570,
intermediate edge region 60, and edge region 70. For such designs,
texture for the regions can be provided by structures other than
channels, indentations, dimples, and/or embossments. As used
herein, a "channel" is an indentation having an in-plane length
greater than the width, the length being the longest dimension,
curved or straight, within the indentation and the in-plane width
being the shortest dimension of the indentation. An indentation,
dimple, or embossment can be considered to be a structure created
by compressing portions of the absorbent article.
[0050] The central region texture 54, first end intermediate region
texture 664, first end region texture 674, second end intermediate
region texture 564, and second end region texture 574 can differ
from one another. The central region texture 54, intermediate edge
region texture 64, and edge region texture 74 can differ from one
another. Arranged in this manner, the central region texture 54,
first end intermediate region texture 664, first end region texture
674, second end intermediate region texture 564, and second end
region texture 574 can differ from one another to provide for
different fluid handling and/or comfort benefits in different
locations of the body facing surface of the topsheet 20. Further,
arranging the central region texture 54, intermediate edge region
texture 64, and edge region texture 74 in this manner can also
provide for different fluid handling and/or comfort benefits in
different locations of the body facing surface of the topsheet
20.
[0051] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the central region
texture 54 can be designed to provide for a region of the topsheet
20 that can rapidly acquire and retain fluid. One or more of the
first end intermediate region texture 664, second end intermediate
region texture 564, and the intermediate edge region texture 64 can
be designed to be soft so that the topsheet 20 is not irritating to
the wearer's labia when the absorbent article 10 is worn and to
provide for resistance to flow on the interface between the
wearer's body and the topsheet 20 so as to reduce the potential for
fluid to escape from being collected by the absorbent article 10 by
leaking towards or off the periphery 27 of the absorbent article
10.
[0052] The edge region texture 74 can be designed to be comfortable
to skin between the labia and inner thigh of the wearer and provide
for resistance to lateral fluid flow on the body facing surface of
the topsheet 20. The edge region texture 74 can be designed to
provide for a soft surface that might come into contact with the
wearer's inner thigh if the absorbent article 10 has flaps 25 that
are to be folded about the edges of the wearer's panty and to
provide for resistance to lateral fluid flow on the surface of the
topsheet 20 that can cause soiling of the wearer's skin,
undergarment, or clothing.
[0053] The first end region texture 674 and second end region
texture 574 can be designed to be comfortable to skin in the pubic
area or anal region of the wearer and to provide for resistance to
fluid flow on the interface between the wearer's body and the
topsheet 20 of the absorbent article 10. Leakage of fluid off of
the topsheet by a pathway towards the first end edge 28, which may
be the front of the absorbent article 10, and/or second end edge
29, which may be the rear of the absorbent article 10 can be a
problem when the wearer of the absorbent article 10 is lying on her
front or back, as might occur when she is sleeping. One or both of
the first end region texture 674 and second end region texture 574
can be designed to provide for fluid acquisition from the wearer's
anal region, as might occur from a wearer having anal leakage.
[0054] The central region 50, first end intermediate region 660,
first end region 670, second end intermediate region 560, and
second end region 570, can be disposed on a line generally parallel
to the longitudinal centerline L. The central region 50, first end
intermediate region 660, first end region 670, second end
intermediate region 560, and second end region 570 can be disposed
on a line that is no more than about thirty degrees out of
alignment with the longitudinal centerline L. Individually, any of
the central region 50, first end intermediate region 660, first end
region 670, second end intermediate region 560, and second end
region 570 can constitute more than about 5%, or more than about
10%, the length of the absorbent article 10 as measured along the
longitudinal axis L. Thus, in one example embodiment, the central
region 50 can constitute about 30% of the length of the absorbent
article 10, the first end intermediate region 660 can constitute
about 10% of the length of the absorbent article 10, the first end
region 670 can constitute about 10% of the length of the absorbent
article 10, the second end intermediate region 560 can constitute
about 10% of the length of the absorbent article 10, and the second
end region 570 can constitute about 10% of the length of the
absorbent article 10.
[0055] Individually each of the central region 50, first end
intermediate region 660, first end region 670, second end
intermediate region 560, second end region 570, intermediate edge
region 60, and edge region 70 can constitute more than about 10% of
the area of the topsheet, area being measured in the plane of the
absorbent article defined by the longitudinal centerline L and
transverse centerline T. Individually, each of the central region
50, first end intermediate region 660, first end region 670, second
end intermediate region 560, second end region 570, intermediate
edge region 60, and edge region 70 can constitute more than about
5% of the area of the topsheet. Individually, each of the central
region 50, first end intermediate region 660, first end region 670,
second end intermediate region 560, second end region 570,
intermediate edge region 60, and edge region 70 can constitute more
than about 2% of the area of the topsheet.
[0056] The central region (50) can comprise a material selected
from the group consisting of a film 100 having raised portions 90
(FIG. 2), a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG. 3), tufted fibers
206 (the tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG. 4), a nonwoven 130,
a nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a nonwoven 130 having
embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations thereof.
[0057] The first end intermediate region (660) can comprise a
material selected from the group consisting of a film 100 having
raised portions 90 (FIG. 2), a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG.
3), tufted fibers 206 (the tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG.
4), a nonwoven 130, a nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a
nonwoven 130 having embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations
thereof.
[0058] The first end region 670 can comprise a material selected
from the group consisting of a film 100 having raised portions 90
(FIG. 2), a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG. 3), tufted fibers
206 (the tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG. 4), a nonwoven 130,
a nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a nonwoven 130 having
embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations thereof.
[0059] The second end intermediate region 560 can be selected from
the group consisting of a film 100 having raised portions 90 (FIG.
2), a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG. 3), tufted fibers 206
(the tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG. 4), a nonwoven 130, a
nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a nonwoven 130 having
embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations thereof.
[0060] The second end region 570 can comprise a material selected
from the group consisting of a film 100 having raised portions 90
(FIG. 2), a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG. 3), tufted fibers
206 (the tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG. 4), a nonwoven 130,
a nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a nonwoven 130 having
embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations thereof.
[0061] The intermediate edge region 60 can comprise a material
selected from the group consisting of a film 100 having raised
portions 90 (FIG. 2), a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG. 3),
tufted fibers 206 (the tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG. 4), a
nonwoven 130, a nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a nonwoven
130 having embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations thereof.
[0062] The edge region 70 can comprise a material selected from the
group consisting of a film 100 having raised portions 90 (FIG. 2),
a film 100 having apertures 110 (FIG. 3), tufted fibers 206 (the
tufted fibers forming tufts 209) (FIG. 4), a nonwoven 130, a
nonwoven 130 having apertures 110, and a nonwoven 130 having
embossments 140 (FIG. 5), and combinations thereof.
[0063] The central region 50 and the intermediate edge region 60
can comprise a film 100 in facing relationship with a nonwoven 130.
An example of such an arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 6.
Materials that are in a facing relationship can be related such
that they are substantially continuously facing, continuously
facing, or partially facing. Continuously facing means that at
least one entire surface of one material is in effective contact
with the other, effective contact being used because even the
flattest of surfaces is rough at some scale of measurement.
Substantially continuously facing means that the majority of at
least one surface of one material is in effective contact with the
other material. Partially facing means that more than ten percent
of at least one surface of one material is in effective contact
with the other material. An overwrap for a cylindrical absorbent
core 40 can be considered as being in a facing relationship with
the absorbent core 40. The film 100 can be in a substantially
continuous, continuous, or partially facing relationship with
nonwoven 130. The film 100 in the central region 50 can comprise
apertures 110 to provide a pathway for fluid transport through the
film 100. In the intermediate edge region 60, tufted fibers 206
(forming tufts 209) from the nonwoven 130 can protrude through the
film 100. In embodiments in which tufts 209 protrude through a film
100, the tufts 209 may substantially cover the film 100. For
instance, wherein the tufts 209 protrude through the film 100, more
than about 50% of the surface of the film 100 can be covered by the
tufts. More than about 75% of the surface of the film 100 may be
covered by the tufts 209. More than about 90% of the surface of the
film 100 may covered by the tufts 209. The film 100 and nonwoven
130 can be arranged such that in the central region 50, the film
100 is the central region body facing surface 52 and the nonwoven
130 is between the film 100 and the absorbent core 40.
[0064] In a similar embodiment, the central region 50 can comprise
a film 100 having apertures 110 and the intermediate edge region 60
can comprises a film 100 in facing relationship, with a nonwoven
130. In such an arrangement, the film 100 in the central region 50
and the film 100 in the intermediate edge region 60 can be
comprised of a single web of material, as illustrated in FIG. 7.
The tufted fibers 206 in the intermediate edge region 60 can
provide resistance to lateral fluid flow on the body facing surface
of the topsheet 20 and/or provide for a soft texture to the portion
of the topsheet 20 that might come into contact with the wearer's
body adjacent to the opening between the labia. Also, as
illustrated in FIG. 7, the body facing surface of topsheet 20 can
be symmetric about the longitudinal centerline L with opposing
intermediate edge regions 60 and edge regions 70.
[0065] As illustrated in FIG. 8, the central region 50 and the
intermediate edge region 60 can comprise a first nonwoven 131 and a
second nonwoven 132 in a facing relationship. An example of such an
arrangement, in which the central region 50, intermediate edge
region 60, and edge region 70 are disposed on a line generally
parallel with the transverse centerline T, is shown in FIG. 8. As
illustrated in FIG. 8, the first nonwoven 131 can form the central
region body facing surface 52. The first nonwoven 131 can be
designed such that the material is able to rapidly acquire fluid
and the ability to resist rewet of the body facing surface of the
topsheet 20. The first nonwoven 131 can comprise apertures 110 to
provide for rapid acquisition of fluid. In the intermediate edge
region 60, tufted fibers 206 from the second nonwoven 132 can
protrude through the first nonwoven 131 to form tufts 209. In some
embodiments, such an arrangement of tufted fibers 206 can act as a
mechanical bond between the first nonwoven 131 and second nonwoven
132. The first nonwoven 131 and second nonwoven 132 can be arranged
such that in the central region 50, the first nonwoven 131 is the
central region body facing surface 52 and the second nonwoven 132
is between the first nonwoven 131 and the absorbent core 40.
[0066] The intermediate edge region texture 64 can be a film 100
having raised portions 90. An example of a design in which the
intermediate edge region texture 64 is a film 100 having raised
portions 90 that might be practical is one in which the central
region texture 64 is a film 100 having apertures 110, as shown in
FIG. 9. The film 100 in central region 50 and the intermediate edge
region 60 can be comprised of a single unitary web of material.
Without being bound by theory, raised portions 90 are thought to be
able to provide for separation between the topsheet 20 and the
wearer's body, which can provide for comfort during wear and
improved skin health, and can be structured such that the raised
portions 90 provide for a film that has a soft/cushiony
feeling.
[0067] The central region can comprise a film 100 comprising
apertures 110 and the intermediate edge region 60 can comprise
tufted fibers 206, as illustrated in FIG. 10. As illustrated in
FIG. 10, the central region 50, intermediate edge region 60, and
edge region 70 can be disposed on a line generally parallel with
the transverse centerline T. Without being bound by theory, the
tufted fibers 206 are believed to provide for softness of the
topsheet 20 in areas away from the central region 50 and can
provide resistance, or a barrier, to resist runoff of fluid on the
body facing surface of the topsheet 20 in a direction generally
aligned with the transverse centerline T. Also, as illustrated in
FIG. 10, the topsheet 20 can be symmetric about a line parallel to
the transverse centerline T, with opposing intermediate edge
regions 60 and edge regions 70 on opposite sides of the central
region 50.
[0068] The intermediate edge region 60 and the edge region 74 can
comprise tufted fibers 206, which can form tufts 209, as shown in
FIG. 11. The intermediate edge region 60 can have an intermediate
edge region tuft area density and the edge region 70 can have an
edge region tuft area density. A single tuft is comprised of a
plurality of tufted fibers 206. The tuft area density is the number
of tufts per unit area, area being measured in a plane parallel to
the longitudinal centerline L and transverse centerline T. The
intermediate edge region tuft area density can differ from the edge
region tuft area density. For example, the intermediate region tuft
area density can be greater than or less than the edge region tuft
area density. Without being bound by theory, it is thought that by
varying the tuft area density of different regions of the topsheet
20, the softness of the intermediate edge region texture 64 can be
made to differ from the softness of edge region texture 74.
Furthermore, the higher the tuft area density, the better the tufts
are believed to provide for resistance to lateral flow on the
topsheet.
[0069] The intermediate edge region 60 and the edge region 70 can
comprise tufted fibers 206 and the intermediate edge region 60 can
have an intermediate edge region tuft height H and the edge region
70 can have an edge region tuft height H, as shown in FIG. 12. The
tuft height H is measured as the magnitude by which the tufted
fibers 206 extend from the surface of the base material on the side
from which the tufts protrude there from. The intermediate edge
region tuft height H can differ from the edge region tuft height H.
The intermediate edge region tuft height H can be greater than or
less than the edge region tuft height. Without being bound by
theory, it is thought that different tuft heights can provide for
the desired degree of softness of a region, to provide for a
barrier having sufficient resistance to lateral flow on the
topsheet, and to provide separation of the absorbent article from
the body where desired.
[0070] As shown in FIGS. 4 and 12, tufts 209 can comprise a
plurality of tufted fibers 206 arranged in loops 211. A tuft will
comprise more than one loop 211. A group of loops 211 may or may
not be aligned to form the tuft. If the loops 211 are not aligned,
there will be loops 211 in a variety of orientations. If the loops
211 are generally aligned, the tuft may appear as a tunnel shape,
like that shown in FIG. 4. The loops 211 can extend generally
perpendicular from the MD-CD plane of the web. Depending upon the
number of loops 211 and how close the loops 211 are together, one
loop 211 may hold up another loop 211 or the loops 211 may be
touching. The loops 211 may extend out of the web on an angle.
[0071] A variety of textures can be provided to substrates for use
in a topsheet 20. Materials believed to be practical include, but
are not limited to, apertured film 100, apertured film 100 having
raised portions 90, an apertured nonwoven, a nonwoven having tufts
209, and combinations thereof.
[0072] The central region 50, the first end intermediate edge
region 660, and the second end intermediate region 560 can comprise
a film 100 in facing relationship with a nonwoven 130. An example
of such an arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 13. The film 100 in
the central region 50 can comprise apertures 110 to provide a
pathway for fluid transport through the film 100. In the first end
intermediate edge region 660 and the second intermediate region
560, tufted fibers 206 (forming tufts 209) from the nonwoven 130
can protrude through the film 100. The film 100 and nonwoven 130
can be arranged such that in the central region 50, the film 100 is
the central region body facing surface 52 and the nonwoven 130 is
between the film 100 and the absorbent core 40.
[0073] In a similar embodiment, the central region 50 can comprise
a film 100 having apertures 110 and the first end intermediate edge
region 660 and second end intermediate region 560 can comprises a
film 100 in facing relationship, with a nonwoven 130. In such an
arrangement, the film 100 in the central region 50 and the film 100
in the first end intermediate edge region 660 and second end
intermediate region 560 can be comprised of a single web of
material, as illustrated in FIG. 14. The tufted fibers 206 in the
first end intermediate edge region 660 and second end intermediate
region 560 can provide resistance to longitudinal fluid flow on the
body facing surface of the topsheet 20 and/or provide for a soft
texture to the portion of the topsheet 20 that might come into
contact with the wearer's body adjacent to the opening between the
labia. Also, as illustrated in FIG. 14, the body facing surface of
topsheet 20 can be generally symmetric about the transverse
centerline T.
[0074] As illustrated in FIG. 15, the central region 50, first end
intermediate edge region 660, and second end intermediate region
560 can comprise a first nonwoven 131 and a second nonwoven 132 in
a facing relationship. An example of such an arrangement, in which
the central region 50, first end intermediate region 660, and
second end intermediate region 560 are disposed on a line generally
parallel with the longitudinal centerline L, is shown in FIG. 15.
As illustrated in FIG. 15, the first nonwoven 131 can form the
central region body facing surface 52. The first nonwoven 131 can
be designed such that the material is able to rapidly acquire fluid
and the ability to resist rewet of the body facing surface of the
topsheet 20. The first nonwoven 131 can comprise apertures 110 to
provide for rapid acquisition of fluid. In the first end
intermediate region 660, tufted fibers 206 from the second nonwoven
132 can protrude through the first nonwoven 131 to form tufts 209.
In some embodiments, such an arrangement of tufted fibers 206 can
act as a mechanical bond between the first nonwoven 131 and second
nonwoven 132. The first nonwoven 131 and second nonwoven 132 can be
arranged such that in the central region 50, the first nonwoven 131
is the central region body facing surface 52 and the second
nonwoven 132 is between the first nonwoven 131 and the absorbent
core 40. The second nonwoven 132 can be relatively hydrophilic
compared to the first nonwoven 131.
[0075] The first end region 670 and the second end region 570 can
comprise tufts 209. Without being bound by theory, a texture of
tuft 209 near the front and rear portions of the absorbent article
10 can provide for protection for fluid running of the front and
rear portions of the absorbent article 10.
[0076] Apertures in a web 1 can be formed as illustrated in FIG. 16
to form apertures 110 in topsheet 20. The web 1 can be a film or a
nonwoven. As shown in FIG. 16, web 1 can be formed from a generally
planar, two dimensional precursor web 24 having a first side 12 and
a second side 14. Precursor web 24 can be, for example, a polymer
film, a nonwoven web, a woven fabric, a paper web, a tissue paper
web, or a knitted fabric, or a multilayer laminate of any of the
aforementioned. In general, the term "side" is used herein in the
common usage of the term to describe the two major surfaces of
generally two-dimensional webs, such as paper and films. In a
composite or laminate structure, the first side 12 of the web 1 is
the first side of one of the outermost layers or plies opposing one
another, and the second side 14 is the second side of the other
outermost layer or ply.
[0077] Precursor web 24 can be a polymeric film web. Polymeric film
webs can be deformable. Deformable, as used herein, describes a
material which, when stretched beyond its elastic limit, will
substantially retain its newly formed conformation.
[0078] Polymeric film webs can include materials normally extruded
or cast as films such as polyolefins, nylons, polyesters, and the
like. Such films can be thermoplastic materials such as
polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density
polyethylene, polypropylenes and copolymers and blends containing
substantial fractions of these materials
[0079] Precursor web 24 can be a nonwoven web. For nonwoven
precursor webs 24, the precursor web 24 can comprise unbonded
fibers, entangled fibers, tow fibers, or the like. Fibers can be
extensible and/or elastic, and may be pre-stretched for processing.
Fibers of precursor web 24 can be continuous, such as those
produced by spunbonded methods, or cut to length, such as those
typically utilized in a carded process. Fibers can be absorbent,
and can include fibrous absorbent gelling materials. Fibers can be
bicomponent, multiconstituent, shaped, crimped, or in any other
formulation or configuration known in the art for nonwoven webs and
fibers.
[0080] Nonwoven precursor webs 24 can be any known nonwoven webs
including nonwoven webs 25 comprising polymer fibers having
sufficient elongation properties to be formed into a nonwoven 130
having apertures 110. In general, the polymeric fibers can be
bondable, either by chemical bond (e.g. by latex or adhesive
bonding), pressure bonding, or thermal bonding. Nonwoven precursor
web 24 can comprise about 100% by weight thermoplastic fibers.
Nonwoven precursor web 24 can comprise as little as about 10% by
weight thermoplastic fibers. Likewise, nonwoven precursor web 24
can comprise any amount by weight thermoplastic fibers in 1%
increments between about 10% and about 100%.
[0081] The total basis weight of precursor web 24 (including
laminate or multi-layer precursor webs 24) can range from about 8
gsm to about 500 gsm, depending on the ultimate use of the web 1,
and can be produced in 1 gsm increments between about 8 and about
500 gsm. The constituent fibers of nonwoven precursor web 24 can be
polymer fibers, and can be monocomponent, bicomponent and/or
biconstituent fibers, hollow fibers, non-round fibers (e.g., shaped
(e.g., trilobal) fibers or capillary channel fibers), and can have
major cross-sectional dimensions (e.g., diameter for round fibers,
long axis for elliptical shaped fibers, longest straight line
dimension for irregular shapes) ranging from about 0.1 to about 500
microns in 0.1 micron increments.
[0082] Supply roll 152 rotates in the direction indicated by the
arrow in FIG. 16 as precursor web 24 is moved in the machine
direction by means known in the art, including over or around any
of various idler rollers, tension-control rollers, and the like to
the nip 116 of a pair of counter-rotating rolls 102 and 104. The
rolls 102 and 104 can comprise forming apparatus 103. The pair of
rolls 102 and 104 can operate to form volcano shaped structures 8
and apertures in precursor web 24. Apertured web 1 can be taken up
on wind up roll 180.
[0083] There are a variety of approaches for creating apertures 110
in webs. Factors that can influence the approach selected for
creating apertures include, but are not limited to, whether the
precursor web 24 is a nonwoven or polymeric film, the desired
geometry of the aperture, the desired processing speed, and the
amount of control of the process that is desired.
[0084] An approach for forming apertures in polymeric film webs and
nonwoven webs is to employ a pair of intermeshing rolls 102 and
104, as shown in FIG. 17 and disclosed in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/249,618 by O'Donnell et al. Referring to FIG. 17, there
is shown in more detail the portion of the apparatus shown in FIG.
16 that can form apertured web 1. Forming apparatus 103 can
comprise a pair of steel intermeshing rolls 102 and 104, each
rotating about an axis A, the axes A being parallel and in the same
plane. Forming apparatus 103 can be designed such that precursor
web 24 remains on roll 104 through a certain angle of rotation.
FIG. 17 shows in principle what happens as precursor web 24 goes
straight through nip 116 on forming apparatus 103 and exits as
apertured web 1. Precursor web 24 or apertured web 1 can be
partially wrapped on either of rolls 102 or 104 through a
predetermined angle of rotation prior to (for precursor web 24) or
after (for web 1) nip 116.
[0085] Roll 102 can comprise a plurality of ridges 106 and
corresponding valleys 108 which can extend unbroken about the
entire circumference of roll 102. Depending on what kind of pattern
is desired in apertured web 1, roll 102 can comprise ridges 106
wherein portions have been removed, such as by etching, milling or
other machining processes, such that some or all of ridges 106 are
not circumferentially continuous, but have breaks or gaps. Ridges
106 can be spaced apart from one another along the axis A of roll
102. For instance, the middle third of roll 102 can be smooth and
the outer thirds of roll 102 can have a plurality of ridges that
are spaced apart from one another. Similarly, ridges 106 on the
middle third of roll 102 can be spaced more closely together than
ridges 106 on the outer thirds of roll 102. The breaks or gaps, in
either the circumferential direction, axial direction, or both
directions, can be arranged to form a pattern, including geometric
patterns such as circles or diamonds. In one embodiment, roll 102
can have teeth, similar to the teeth 510 on roll 104, described
below. In this manner, it is possible to have three dimensional
apertures having portions extending outwardly on both sides of
apertured web 1.
[0086] Roll 104 can comprise a plurality of rows of
circumferentially-extending ridges that have been modified to be
rows of circumferentially-spaced teeth 510 that extend in spaced
relationship about at least a portion of roll 104. The individual
rows of teeth 510 of roll 104 can be separated by corresponding
grooves 112. In operation, rolls 102 and 104 intermesh such that
the ridges 106 of roll 102 extend into the grooves 112 of roll 104
and the teeth 510 of roll 104 extend into the valleys 108 of roll
102. Both or either of rolls 102 and 104 can be heated by means
known in the art such as by incorporating hot oil filled rollers or
electrically-heated rollers. Alternatively, both or either of the
rolls may be heated by surface convection or by surface
radiation.
[0087] A schematic of a cross section of a portion of the
intermeshing rolls 102 and 104 including ridges 106 and
representative teeth 510 is shown in FIG. 18. As shown, teeth 510
have a tooth height TH (note that TH can also be applied to ridge
106 height and tooth height and ridge height can be equal) and a
tooth-to-tooth spacing (or ridge-to-ridge spacing) referred to as
the pitch P. As shown, depth of engagement, (DOE) E is a measure of
the level of intermeshing of rolls 102 and 104 and is measured from
tip of ridge 106 to tip of tooth 510. The depth of engagement E,
tooth height TH, and pitch P can be varied as desired depending on
the properties of precursor web 24 and the desired characteristics
of apertured web 1. The rolls 102 and 104 can be made of wear
resistant stainless steel.
[0088] The aperture area density (the number of apertures 110 per
unit area) can be varied from about 1 aperture/cm.sup.2 to about 6
apertures/cm.sup.2 to about 60 apertures/cm.sup.2, in increments of
1 aperture/cm.sup.2. There can be, for example, at least about 10
apertures/cm.sup.2, or at least about 25 apertures/cm.sup.2.
[0089] As can be understood with respect to forming apparatus 103,
apertures can be made by mechanically deforming precursor web 24
that can be described as generally planar and two dimensional. By
"planar" and "two dimensional" is meant simply that the precursor
web 24 may be flat relative to a finished apertured web 1 having a
distinct, out-of-plane, z-direction three-dimensionality imparted
due to the formation of truncated generally conical shaped
structures 8. "Planar" and "two-dimensional" are not meant to imply
any particular flatness, smoothness or dimensionality and a soft,
fibrous non-woven web can be planar in its as-made condition.
[0090] As precursor web 24 goes through the nip 116, the teeth 510
of roll 104 enter valleys 108 of roll 102 and simultaneously urge
material out of the plane of precursor web 24 to form apertures
110, the apertures being defined by the rim of the truncated
generally conical shaped structures 8. In effect, teeth 510 "push"
through precursor web 24. As the tip of teeth 510 push through
precursor web 24 the web material can be urged by the teeth 510 out
of the plane of precursor web 24 and can be stretched and/or
plastically deformed in the z-direction, creating out-of-plane
geometry characterized by conical shaped structures 8 and apertures
110. The truncated generally conical shaped structures 8 can be
thought of as volcano-shaped structures.
[0091] FIG. 19 shows an embodiment of a three-dimensional apertured
web 1 in which the precursor web 24 was not a flat film but rather
was a film that was pre-textured with microscopic raised portions
90 that can be formed for use in topsheet 20. Raised portions 90
can be bumps, holes, or the like. In the embodiment shown, raised
portions 90 are also volcano-shaped micro-apertures, formed by a
hydroforming process. A suitable hydroforming process is the first
phase of the multiphase hydroforming process disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 4,609,518, issued to Curro et al. on Sep. 2, 1986. The
hydroforming screen utilized for the web shown in FIG. 19 was a
"100 mesh" screen and the film was obtained from Tredegar Film
Products, Terre Haute, Ind. Apertures 110, defined by the rims of
the truncated generally conical shaped structures 8, can be formed
by teeth 510 of roll 104 in forming apparatus 103. The truncated
generally conical shaped structures 8 can be oriented in a topsheet
20 such that the rims of the truncated generally conical shaped
structures 8 are on the body facing side of the topsheet. The
truncated generally conical shaped structures 8 can be oriented in
a topsheet 20 such that the rims of the truncated generally conical
shaped structures are on the garment facing side of the topsheet
20. The truncated generally conical shaped structures 8 can be
oriented in a topsheet 20 such that some of the rims of the
truncated generally conical shaped structures are on the garment
facing side of the topsheet 20 and some of the rims of the
truncated generally conical shaped structures 8 are on the body
facing side of the topsheet 20.
[0092] The apertures of the film embodiments shown in FIG. 19 were
made on an apparatus like that shown in FIG. 17, where the forming
apparatus 103 is arranged to have one patterned roll, e.g., roll
104, and one non-patterned roll 102. In certain embodiments nip 116
can be formed by using two patterned rolls having either the same
or differing patterns, in the same or different corresponding
regions of the respective rolls. Such an apparatus can produce webs
with apertures protruding from both sides of the apertured web 1,
as well as macro-texture, e.g., aberrations, micro-apertures, or
micro-patterns, in the web 1. Likewise, it may be desirable to have
multiple forming apparatuses 103 such that apertured web 1 is
re-processed to have additional truncated generally conical shaped
structures 8 and/or apertures. For example, a greater aperture area
density of truncated generally conical shaped structures 8 on
apertured web 1 can be achieved by processing precursor web 24
through two or more forming apparatuses 103 or by decreasing the
spacing between teeth 510.
[0093] The number, aperture area density, size, geometry, and out
of plane geometry associated with the apertures can be varied by
changing the number, spacing between, geometry, and size of teeth
510 and making corresponding dimensional changes as necessary to
roll 104 and/or roll 102.
[0094] Raised portions 90 can be fibrils to provide texture that
provides for a tactile impression of softness, as illustrated in
FIG. 20. FIG. 20 is an enlarged, partially segmented perspective
illustration of a fluid pervious, macroscopically-expanded,
three-dimensional apertured web 1. Apertured web 1 can have
apertures 110 that provide for fluid communication between opposing
sides of the apertured web 1. The apertures 110 can be defined by a
continuous network of interconnecting members, e.g., members 191,
192, 193, 194, and 195 interconnected to one another. The shape of
apertures 110 may be polygons including, but not limited to,
squares, hexagons, etc., in an ordered or random pattern. Apertures
110 can be in the shape of modified ovals, and in one embodiment
apertures 110 can be in the general shape of a tear drop. Polymer
web 1 exhibits a plurality of raised portions 90 in the form of
hair-like fibrils 225, described more fully below.
[0095] In a three-dimensional, microapertured polymeric web 1, each
interconnecting member can comprises a base portion, e.g., base
portion 181 and each base portion can have a sidewall portions,
e.g., sidewall portions 183 extending from each longitudinal edge
thereof. Sidewall portions 183 can extend generally in the
direction of the opposing surface of the web 1 and join to
sidewalls of adjoining interconnecting members.
[0096] Raised portions 90 can be formed in a web using a forming
structure 350 such as, for example, that shown in FIG. 21. FIG. 21
shows a portion of a forming structure of the present invention 350
in partial perspective view. The forming structure 350 exhibits a
plurality of forming structure apertures 710 defined by forming
structure interconnecting members 910. Forming structure apertures
710 permit fluid communication between opposing surfaces, that is,
between forming structure first surface 900 in the plane of the
first surface 1020 and forming structure second surface 850 in the
plane of the second surface 1060. Forming structure sidewall
portions 830 extend generally between the forming structure first
surface 900 and forming structure second surface 850. Protrusions
2200 can extend from forming structure first surface 900 and can be
generally columnar, pillar-like forms.
[0097] A comparison of FIG. 21 with FIG. 20 shows the general
correspondence of forming structure 350 with polymeric web 1. That
is, the three-dimensional protrusions 2200 and forming structure
apertures 710 of forming structure 350 can have a generally
one-to-one correspondence to the raised portions 90 and apertures
110, respectively, of polymeric web 1.
[0098] Raised portions 90 can be formed in a polymeric web 1 by the
forming structure 350 using a variety of processes known in the
art, including, but not limited to, hydro-forming, vacuum forming,
and direct cast. The forming structure 350 can be arranged as a
cylindrical drum that rotates about the axial axis. U.S. Pat. No.
7,402,723 by Stone et al., issued Jul. 22, 2008 discloses polymeric
webs having raised portions and methods for forming such polymeric
webs. A polymeric web, such as that employed in Always Ultra
sanitary napkins, marked by Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati,
Ohio, can be practical for the topsheet 20 or components/portions
thereof.
[0099] Raised portions 90 other than generally columnar hollow
fibrils are contemplated. Softness can be beneficial when webs 1
are employed as part of a topsheet in a disposable absorbent
article. A soft, compliant topsheet 20 for an absorbent article 10
can be achieved when the apertured web 1 is used with the second
side 14 having raised portions 90 as the body-facing surface of the
article. In some embodiments, raised portions 90 can be on the
garment facing side of the topsheet 20 to possibly provide for a
different level of comfort or different properties related to flow
of fluids.
[0100] A technique for forming a nonwoven 130 having apertures 110
that can be used to form topsheet 20 is illustrated in FIG. 22.
Referring to FIG. 22 there is schematically illustrated a process
and apparatus for selectively aperturing a nonwoven web suitable
for use as a topsheet 20 on an absorbent article 10. U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 11/249,618, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,714,107, and
5,628,097 disclose apertures, apparatuses, and methods for creating
apertures 110 in nonwoven webs.
[0101] Nonwoven precursor web 24 can be unwound from a supply roll
152 and travel in a direction indicated by the arrows associated
therewith as the supply roll 152 rotates in the direction indicated
by the arrows associated therewith. The nonwoven precursor web 24
passes through a nip 116 of the web weakening roller arrangement
1108 formed by calender roll 1110 and smooth anvil roller 1112.
[0102] The nonwoven precursor web 24 may be formed by known
nonwoven extrusion processes, such as, for example, known
meltblowing processes or known spunbonding processes, and passed
directly through the nip 116 without first being bonded and/or
stored on a supply roll.
[0103] The nonwoven precursor web 24 may be extensible, elastic, or
nonelastic. The nonwoven precursor web 24 may be a spunbonded web,
a meltblown web, or a bonded carded web. If the nonwoven precursor
web 24 is a web of meltblown fibers, it may include meltblown
microfibers. The nonwoven precursor web 24 may be made of fiber
forming polymers such as, for example, polyolefins. Polyolefins
include one or more of polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene
copolymers, propylene copolymers, and butene copolymers.
[0104] In another embodiment, the nonwoven precursor web 24 may be
a multilayer material having, for example, at least one layer of a
spunbonded web joined to at least one layer of a meltblown web, a
bonded carded web, or other suitable material. For example, the
nonwoven precursor web 24 may be a multilayer web having a first
layer of spunbonded polypropylene having a basis weight from about
0.2 to about 8 ounces per square yard, a layer of meltblown
polypropylene having a basis weight from about 0.2 to about 4
ounces per square yard, and a second layer of spunbonded
polypropylene having a basis weight from about 0.2 to about 8
ounces per square yard. Alternatively, the nonwoven web may be a
single layer of material, such as, for example, a spunbonded web
having a basis weight from about 0.2 to about 10 ounces per square
yard or a meltblown web having a basis weight from about 0.2 to
about 8 ounces per square yard.
[0105] The nonwoven precursor web 24 may be joined to a polymeric
film to form a laminate. Suitable polymeric film materials include
but are not limited to polyolefins, such as polyethylenes,
polypropylene, ethylene copolymers, propylene copolymers, and
butene copolymers; nylon (polyamide); metallocene catalyst-based
polymers; cellulose esters; poly (methyl methacrylate);
polystyrene; poly (vinyl chloride); polyester; polyurethane;
compatible polymers; compatible copolymers; and blends, laminates
and/or combinations thereof.
[0106] The nonwoven precursor web 24 may also be a composite made
up of a mixture of two or more different fibers or a mixture of
fibers and particles. Such mixtures may be formed by adding fibers
and/or particulates to the gas stream in which the meltblown fibers
or spunbond fibers are carried so that an intimate entangled
co-mingling of fibers and other materials, e.g., wood pulp, staple
fibers, and particles, occurs prior to collection of the
fibers.
[0107] The nonwoven precursor web 24 of fibers can be joined by
bonding to form a coherent web structure. Suitable bonding
techniques include, but are not limited to, chemical bonding,
thermobonding, such as point calendering, hydroentangling, and
needling.
[0108] One or both of the patterned calender roll 1110 and the
smooth anvil roller 1112 may be heated and the pressure between the
two rollers may be adjusted to provide the desired temperature, if
any, and pressure to concurrently weaken and melt-stabilize the
nonwoven precursor web 24 at a plurality of locations.
[0109] The patterned calender roll 1110 is configured to have a
cylindrical surface 1114, and a plurality of protuberances 1216
which extend outwardly from cylindrical surface 1114. The
protuberances 1216 are disposed in a predetermined pattern with
each protuberance 1216 being configured and disposed to precipitate
a weakened, melt-stabilized location in the nonwoven precursor web
24 to create a predetermined pattern of weakened, melt-stabilized
locations in the nonwoven precursor web 24. Also shown in FIG. 22
and discussed further below are incremental stretching system 1132,
and incremental stretching rollers 1134 and 1136.
[0110] Prior to entering nip 116, the coherent nonwoven web
comprises a plurality of fibers joined together by point calendered
bonds to form a coherent web structure.
[0111] Patterned calender roll 1110 can have a repeating pattern of
protuberances 1216 which extend about the entire circumference of
cylindrical surface 1114. Alternatively, the protuberances 1216 may
extend around a portion, or portions of the circumference of
cylindrical surface 1114.
[0112] By way of example and not to be limiting, protuberances 1216
can be truncated conical shapes which extend radially outwardly
from cylindrical surface 1114 and which have elliptical distal end
surfaces 1117, as shown in FIG. 23. Other suitable shapes for
distal end surfaces 1117 include, but are not limited to circular,
square, rectangular, etc. The patterned calender roll 1110 can be
finished so that all of the end surfaces 1117 lie in an imaginary
right circular cylinder which is coaxial with respect to the axis
of rotation of calender roll 1110.
[0113] Protuberances 1216 can be blades having their long axis
oriented circumferentially about the patterned calender roll 1110.
Protuberances 1216 can be blades having their long axis oriented
parallel to the rotating axis of the calender roll 1110.
[0114] The protuberances may be disposed in any predetermined
pattern about patterned calender roll 1110. After passing through
the weakening roller arrangement 1108, the precursor web 24 can
have a plurality of melt stabilized locations 1202. Anvil roller
1112, can be a smooth surfaced, right circular cylinder of
steel.
[0115] From the weakening roller arrangement 1108, the nonwoven
precursor web 24 passes through nip 116 formed by the incremental
stretching system 1132 employing opposed pressure applicators
having three-dimensional surfaces which at least to a degree are
complementary to one another.
[0116] Referring now to FIG. 24, there is shown a fragmentary
enlarged view of the incremental stretching system 1132 comprising
incremental stretching rollers 1134 and 1136. The incremental
stretching roller 1134 can comprise a plurality of ridges 106 and
corresponding valleys 108 that extend about the entire
circumference of incremental stretching roller 1134 or only
partially about the circumference of incremental stretching roller
1134. Incremental stretching roller 1136 includes a plurality of
complimentary ridges 106 and a plurality of corresponding valleys
108. The ridges 106 on incremental stretching roller 1134 intermesh
with or engage the valleys 108 on incremental stretching roller
1136 and the ridges 106 on incremental stretching roller 1136
intermesh with or engage the valleys 108 on incremental stretching
roller 1134. As the nonwoven precursor web 24 having weakened,
melt-stabilized locations 1202 passes through the incremental
stretching system 1132, the nonwoven precursor web 24 is subjected
to tensioning in the CD or cross-machine direction causing the
nonwoven precursor web 24 to be extended in the CD direction.
Alternatively, or additionally, the nonwoven precursor web 24 may
be tensioned in the MD or machine direction. The tensioning force
placed on the nonwoven precursor web 24 can be adjusted such that
it causes the weakened, melt-stabilized locations 1202 to rupture
creating a plurality of formed SAN apertures 1204 (SAN standing for
Stretch Apertured Nonwoven) coincident with the weakened
melt-stabilized locations 1202 in the nonwoven precursor web 24 to
form apertured web 1. However, the bonds of the nonwoven precursor
web 24 can be strong enough such that they do not rupture during
tensioning, thereby maintaining the nonwoven web in a coherent
condition even as the weakened, melt-stabilized locations
rupture.
[0117] Other structures of incremental stretching mechanisms
suitable for incrementally stretching or tensioning the nonwoven
web are described in International Patent Publication No. WO
95/03765, published Feb. 9, 1995, in the name of Chappell, et
al.
[0118] The nonwoven apertured web 1 can be taken up on wind-up roll
180 and stored. Alternatively, the nonwoven apertured web 1 may be
fed directly to a production line where it is used to form a
topsheet on a disposable absorbent article.
[0119] An arrangement of tufted fibers 206 can be provided to
substrates for use in a topsheet 20. A plurality of tufted fibers
206 can form a tuft 209. Tufts 209 can comprise a laminate web 1
comprised of two or more layers in which one of the layers is
pushed into the other layer or protrudes through apertures in the
other layer, an example of which is shown in FIG. 25. The layers
are referred to herein as generally planar, two-dimensional
precursor webs, such as first precursor web 220 and second
precursor web 221. Either precursor web can be a film, a nonwoven,
or a woven web. First precursor web 220 and second precursor web
221 (and any additional webs) can be joined with or without
adhesive, thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding and the like.
[0120] Web 1 has a first side 12 and a second side 14, the term
"sides" being used in the common usage of generally planar
two-dimensional webs, such as paper and films that have two sides
when in a generally flat condition. First precursor web 220 has a
first precursor web first surface 212 and a first precursor web
second surface 214. Second precursor web 221 has a second precursor
web first surface 213 and a second precursor web second surface
215. Web 1 has a machine direction (MD) and a cross machine
direction (CD) as is commonly known in the art of web manufacture.
The first precursor web 220 can be a nonwoven web comprised of
substantially randomly oriented fibers, a polymer film, or a woven
web. By "substantially randomly oriented" it is meant that, due to
processing conditions of the precursor web, there may be a higher
amount of fibers oriented in the MD than the CD, or vice-versa.
Second precursor web 221 can be a nonwoven web similar to the first
precursor web 220, or a polymer film or an apertured polymer film,
such as a polyethylene film.
[0121] In one embodiment, first side 12 of web 1 is defined by
exposed portions of the second precursor web first surface 213 and
one or more tufts 209, which can be discrete tufts, which are
integral extensions of the fibers of a nonwoven first precursor web
220. Tufts 209 can protrude through apertures in the second
precursor web 221. As shown in FIG. 25, each tuft 209 can comprise
a plurality of looped fibers 208 oriented out of the plane of the
nonwoven. A tuft 209 can extend through second precursor web 221
and outwardly from the second precursor web first surface 213
thereof.
[0122] A textured region of tufts 209 can comprise a laminate web 1
comprising a first precursor web 220, at least the first precursor
web 220 being a nonwoven web 130, the laminate web 1 having a first
side 12, the first side 12 comprising the second precursor web 221
and at least one discrete tuft 209, each tuft 209 comprising a
plurality of tufted fibers 206 being integral extensions of the
first precursor web 220 and extend through the second precursor web
221, the laminate web 1 having a second side 14, the second side 14
comprising the first precursor web 220.
[0123] First precursor web 220 can be a fibrous woven or nonwoven
web comprising elastic or elastomeric fibers. Elastic or
elastomeric fibers can be stretched at least about 50% and return
to within 10% of their original dimension. Tufts 209 can be formed
from elastic fibers if the fibers are simply displaced due to the
mobility of the fiber within the nonwoven, or if the fibers are
stretched beyond their elastic limit and are plastically
deformed.
[0124] Second precursor web 221 can be virtually any web material
provided that the material has sufficient integrity to be formed
into the laminate by the process described below, and that it has
elongation properties relative to first precursor web 220, such
that upon experiencing the strain of fibers from first precursor
web 220 being urged out-of-plane in the direction of second
precursor web 221, second precursor web 221 will be urged out of
plane (e.g. by stretching) or rupture (e.g. by tearing due to
extensional failure). If rupture occurs, IPS apertures 204 can be
formed at the rupture locations (IPS stands for Inter-Penetrating
Self). Portions of first precursor web 220 can extend through IPS
apertures 204 (i.e., "push through" or protrude through) in second
precursor web 221 to form tufts 209 on first side 12 of web 1. In
one embodiment second precursor web 221 is a polymer film. Second
precursor web 221 can also be a woven textile web, a nonwoven web,
a polymer film, an apertured polymer film, a paper web, (e.g.,
tissue paper), a metal foil (e.g., aluminum wrapping foil), a foam
(e.g., urethane foam sheeting), or the like.
[0125] As shown in FIG. 25, tufts 209 can extend through IPS
apertures 204 in second precursor web 221. IPS apertures 204 can be
formed by locally rupturing second precursor web 221. Rupture may
involve a simple splitting open of second precursor web 221, such
that IPS apertures 204 are in-plane (MD-CD) two-dimensional
apertures. However, for some materials, such as polymer films,
portions of second precursor web 221 can be deflected or urged
out-of-plane (i.e., the plane of second precursor web 221) to form
flap-like structures, referred to herein as a flap, or flaps, 207.
The form and structure of flaps 207 can be dependent upon the
material properties of second precursor web 221. Flaps 207 can have
the general structure of one or more flaps, as shown in FIGS. 25.
In other embodiments, flap 207 can have a more volcano shaped
structure, as if the tuft 209 is erupting from the flap 207.
[0126] Tufts 209 can be, in a sense, "pushed through" (or protrude
through) second precursor web 221 and can be "locked" in place by
frictional engagement with IPS apertures 204. This indicates a
certain amount of recovery at the opening that tends to constrain
tuft 209 from pulling back out through IPS apertures 204. The
frictional engagement of the tufts and openings can provide for a
laminate web structure having tufting on one side that can be
formed without adhesives or thermal bonding.
[0127] Tufts 209 can be spaced sufficiently closely so as to
substantially (for instance cover more than about 65%, about 75%,
about 85%, or about 95% of the portion, zone, or region of
interest) effectively cover first side 12 of web 1 when tufts 209
protrude through second precursor web 221. In such an embodiment,
both sides of web 1 appear to be nonwoven, with a difference
between first side 12 and second side 14 being a difference in
surface texture. Therefore, in one embodiment, the web 1 can be
described as a laminate material of two or more precursor webs,
wherein both sides of the laminate web are substantially covered by
fibers from only one of the precursor webs.
[0128] The looped fibers 208 can be substantially aligned with one
another, as shown in FIG. 25. The looped fibers can be arranged
such that tuft 209 has a distinct linear orientation and a long
axis LA, as shown in FIG. 25. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 25,
long axis LA is parallel to the MD. The tuft 209 can have a
symmetrical shape in the MD-CD plane, such as a circular shape or
square shape. Tufts 209 can have an aspect ratio (ratio of longest
dimension to shortest dimension, both measured in the MD-CD plane)
greater than 1. In one embodiment, all the spaced apart tufts 209
have generally parallel long axes LA. The number of tufts 209 per
unit area of web 1, i.e., the area density of tufts 209, can be
varied from about 1 tuft/cm.sup.2 to about 100 tufts/cm.sup.2.
There can be at least about 10, or at least about 20
tufts/cm.sup.2.
[0129] Tufts 209 can be formed by urging fibers out-of-plane in the
z-direction at discrete, localized, portions of first precursor web
220. Tufts 209 can be formed in the absence of second precursor web
221, as illustrated in FIG. 26, using the process as described
below.
[0130] Referring to FIG. 27 there is shown an apparatus and method
for making a web 1 comprising tufts 209 that can be used to form
topsheet 20. The forming apparatus 103 comprises a pair of
intermeshing rolls 102 and 104, each rotating about an axis A, the
axes A being parallel in the same plane. Roll 102 comprises a
plurality of ridges 106 and corresponding valleys 108 which can
extend unbroken about the entire circumference of roll 102. Roll
104 can comprise a plurality of rows of circumferentially-extending
ridges that have been modified to be rows of
circumferentially-spaced teeth 510 that extend in spaced
relationship about at least a portion of roll 104. Portions of roll
104 can be without teeth 510 to permit forming a web 1 having
portions without tufts 209. Size and/or spacing of teeth 510 can be
varied to permit formation of a web 1 having different size tufts
209 in different portions and/or have portions without tufts
209.
[0131] The individual rows of teeth 510 of roll 104 are separated
by corresponding grooves 112. In operation, rolls 102 and 104
intermesh such that the ridges 106 of roll 102 extend into the
grooves 112 of roll 104 and the teeth 510 of roll 104 extend into
the valleys 108 of roll 102. Both or either of rolls 102 and 104
can be heated by means known in the art such as by using hot oil
filled rollers or electrically-heated rollers.
[0132] In FIG. 27 the forming apparatus 103 is shown as having one
patterned roll, e.g., roll 104, and one non-patterned grooved roll
102. Two patterned rolls 104 having either the same or differing
patterns, in the same or different corresponding regions of the
respective rolls can be used. An apparatus can be designed to have
teeth pointing in opposite directions on opposing rolls. This can
result in a web with tufts 209 being produced on both sides of the
web.
[0133] Web 1 can be made by mechanically deforming precursor webs,
such as first precursor web 220 and second precursor web 221, that
can each be described as generally planar and two dimensional prior
to processing by the apparatus shown in FIG. 27. By "planar" and
"two dimensional" is meant simply that the webs start the process
in a generally flat condition relative to the web 1 that has
distinct, out-of-plane, z-direction three-dimensionality due to the
formation of tufts 209.
[0134] The process and apparatus for forming tufts 209 is similar
in many respects to a process described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,801
entitled "Web Materials Exhibiting Elastic-Like Behavior" and
referred to in subsequent patent literature as "SELF" webs, which
stands for "Structural Elastic-like Film". As described below, the
teeth 510 of roll 104 have a geometry associated with the leading
and trailing edges that permit the teeth to essentially "push"
through the plane of the first precursor web 220 and second
precursor web 221. In a two layer laminate web, the teeth 510 urge
fibers from a first precursor web 220 simultaneously out-of-plane
and through the plane of second precursor web 221. Therefore, tufts
209 of web 1 can be "tunnel-like" tufts of looped fibers 208
extending through and away from the second precursor web first
surface 213 and can be symmetrically shaped.
[0135] First precursor web 220 and second precursor web 221 are
provided either directly from their respective web making processes
or indirectly from supply rolls and moved in the machine direction
to the nip 116 of counter-rotating intermeshing rolls 102 and 104.
The precursor webs are preferably held in a sufficient web tension
so as to enter the nip 116 in a generally flattened condition by
means well known in the art of web handling. As first precursor web
220 and second precursor web 221 pass through the nip 116, the
teeth 510 of roll 104 which are intermeshed with valleys 108 of
roll 102 simultaneously urge portions of first precursor web 220
out of the plane of first precursor web 220, and in some instances,
through second precursor web 221 to form tufts 209. In effect,
teeth 510 "push" fibers of first precursor web 220 into or through
the plane of the second precursor web 221.
[0136] As the tip of teeth 510 push into or through first precursor
web 220 and second precursor web 221, the portions of the fibers of
first precursor web 220 that are oriented predominantly in the CD
across teeth 510 are urged by the teeth 510 out of the plane of
first precursor web 220. Fibers can be urged out of plane due to
fiber mobility, or they can be urged out of plane by being
stretched and/or plastically deformed in the z-direction. Portions
of first precursor web 220 urged out of plane by teeth 510 push
into or through second precursor web 221, which can rupture due to
its relatively lower extensibility, thereby resulting in formation
of tufts 209 on first side 12 of web 1.
[0137] For a given maximum strain (e.g., the strain imposed by
teeth 510 of forming apparatus 103), second precursor web 221 can
actually fail under the tensile loading produced by the imposed
strain. That is, for the tufts 209 to be disposed on the first side
12 of web 1, second precursor web 221 may need to have sufficiently
low fiber mobility (if any) and/or relatively low
elongation-to-break such that it locally (i.e., in the area of
strain) fails in tension, thereby producing IPS apertures 204
through which tufts 209 can extend.
[0138] In one embodiment, second precursor web 221 has an
elongation to break in the range of about 1% to about 5%. While the
actual required elongation to break depends on the strain to be
induced to form web 1, it is recognized that in some embodiments,
second precursor web 221 can exhibit a web elongation-to-break of
about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, or more. It is
also recognized that actual elongation-to-break can depend on the
strain rate, which, for the apparatus shown in FIG. 27, is a
function of line speed. Elongation to break of webs can be measured
by means known in the art, such as by standard tensile testing
methods using standard tensile testing apparatuses, such as those
manufactured by Instron, MTS, Thwing-Albert, and the like.
[0139] Furthermore, relative to first precursor web 220, second
precursor web 221 can have lower fiber mobility (if any) and/or
lower elongation-to-break (i.e., elongation-to-break of individual
fibers, or, if a film, elongation-to-break of the film) such that,
rather than extending out-of-plane to the extent of the tufts 209,
second precursor web 221 can fail in tension under the strain
produced by the formation of tufts 209, e.g., by the teeth 510 of
forming apparatus 103. In one embodiment, second precursor web 221
exhibits sufficiently low elongation-to-break relative to first
precursor web 220 such that flaps 207 of IPS apertures 204 only
extend slightly out-of-plane, if at all, relative to tufts 209.
Second precursor web 221 can have an elongation to break of at
least about 10% less than the first precursor web 220, or at least
about 30% less, or at least about 50% less, or at least about 100%
less than that of first precursor web 220.
[0140] The number, spacing, and size of tufts 209 can be varied by
changing the number, spacing, and size of teeth 510 and making
corresponding dimensional changes as necessary to roll 104 and/or
roll 102.
[0141] A tufted web 1 can be formed from a nonwoven first precursor
web 220 having a basis weight of between about 60 gsm and about 100
gsm (80 gsm being practical) and a polyolefinic film (e.g.,
polyethylene or polypropylene) second precursor web 221 having a
density of about 0.91 to about 0.94 g/cm.sup.3 and a basis weight
of about 20 gsm.
[0142] An enlarged view of teeth 510 is shown in FIG. 28. Teeth 510
can have a circumferential length dimension TL measured generally
from the leading edge LE to the trailing edge TE at the tooth tip
111 of about 1.25 mm and can be uniformly spaced from one another
circumferentially by a distance TD of about 1.5 mm. For making a
web 1 from precursor web 24 having a total basis weight in the
range of about 60 to about 100 gsm, teeth 510 of roll 104 can have
a length TL ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm and a spacing
TD from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm, a tooth height TH ranging from
about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm, and a pitch P between about 1 mm (0.040
inches) and about 5 mm (0.200 inches). Depth of engagement E can be
from about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm (up to a maximum equal to tooth
height TH). Of course, E, P, TH, TD and TL can be varied
independently of each other to achieve a desired size, spacing, and
area density of tufts 209.
[0143] The tooth tip 111 can be elongated and can have a generally
longitudinal orientation, corresponding to a long axes LA of tufts
209 and discontinuities 216. It is believed that to get the tufted,
looped tufts 209 of the web 1 that can be described as being terry
cloth-like, the LE and TE should be very nearly orthogonal to the
cylindrical surface 1114 of roll 104. As well, the transition from
the tip 111 and LE or TE should be a sharp angle, such as a right
angle, having a sufficiently small radius of curvature such that
teeth 510 can push through second precursor web 221 at the LE and
TE. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that having
relatively sharply angled tip transitions between the tip of tooth
510 and the LE and TE permits the teeth 510 to push through first
precursor web 220 and second precursor web 221 "cleanly", that is,
locally and distinctly, so that the first side 12 of the resulting
web 1 has tufts 209. When so processed, the web 1 may not be
imparted with any particular elasticity, beyond what the first
precursor web 220 and second precursor web 221 may have possessed
originally. The pushing through of the second precursor web 221 can
result in a small portion of the second precursor web 221 forming
"confetti" or small pieces.
[0144] Web 1 having tufts 209 can be used as a topsheet 20 or a
portion of topsheet 20 of absorbent article 10. Web 1 having tufts
209 can be beneficial as a topsheet 20 for absorbent articles due
to the combination of excellent fluid acquisition and distribution
to the absorbent core 40, and excellent prevention of rewet to the
body-facing surface of topsheet 20 when in use. Rewet can be a
result of at least two causes: (1) squeezing out of the absorbed
fluid due to pressure on the absorbent article 10; and/or (2)
wetness entrapped within or on the topsheet 20.
[0145] Surface texture in various portions of the topsheet 20 can
be created by providing tufts 209. Tufts 209 can be oriented such
that tufts 209 comprise a portion of the body facing surface 22 of
the topsheet 20. Tufts 209 can be oriented such that tufts 209 are
oriented on the garment facing surface of the topsheet 20.
[0146] U.S. Patent Publications US 20040131820 A1, filed on Dec.
16, 2003, in the name of Turner et al., US 20040265534 A1, filed on
Dec. 16, 2003, in the name of Curro et al., US 20040265533 A1,
filed on Dec. 16, 2003, in the name of Hoying et al., US
20040229008 A1, filed on Dec. 16, 2003, in the name of Hoying et
al., US 20050281976 A1, filed Jun. 17, 2005, in the name of Curro
et al., US 20050281976 A1, filed on Jun. 17, 2005, in the name of
Curro et al. disclose are variety of structures forming tufts 209
and methods of making such tufts 209.
[0147] A topsheet 20 can be made by using a nonwoven first
precursor web 220 and a fluid impermeable or fluid permeable
polyethylene film second precursor web 221. The basis weights of
the component webs can be varied, however, in general due to cost
and benefit considerations a total basis weight of between about 20
gsm and about 80 gsm can be desirable for web 1. When made as a
film/nonwoven laminate, web 1 can combine the softness and fluid
capillarity of fiber tufts and the rewet prevention of a fluid
impermeable polymer film.
[0148] Embossments 140, as illustrated in FIG. 5, can be formed in
the substrate comprising the topsheet 20 by passing the substrate
between a smooth roller and an embossing roller having projections
thereon. As the substrate passes between the smooth roller and
embossing roller, thermoplastic fibers in the substrate are
deformed and bonded together with one another and the fiber density
of the nonwoven in the embossment 140 is greater than that for
portions adjacent to the embossment 140.
[0149] In one embodiment, the absorbent core 40 can be between a
laminate web comprising first precursor web 220 and second
precursor web 221 such that neither the first precursor web 220 nor
the second precursor web 221 or a portion of either the first
precursor web 220 or second precursor web 221 is between the
absorbent core 40 and the backsheet 30.
[0150] Texture can be measured using a GFM Mikrocad Optical
Profiler instrument commercially available from GFMesstechnik GmbH,
Warthestra.beta.e 21, D14513 Teltow/Berlin, Germany The GFM
Mikrocad Optical Profiler instrument includes a compact optical
measuring sensor based on the digital micro mirror projection,
consisting of the following main components: a) DMD projector with
1024.times.768 direct digital controlled micro mirrors, b) CCD
camera with high resolution (1300.times.1000 pixels), c) projection
optics adapted to a measuring area of at least 40 mm.times.40 mm
down to 4 mm.times.3 mm, and d) matching resolution recording
optics; a table tripod based on a small hard stone plate; a cold
light source; a measuring, control, and evaluation computer;
measuring, control, and evaluation software ODSCAD 4.0, English
version; and adjusting probes for lateral (x-y) and vertical (z)
calibration.
[0151] The GFM Mikrocad Optical Profiler system measures the
surface height of a sample using the digital micro-mirror pattern
projection technique. The result of the analysis is a map of
surface height (z) vs. xy displacement. The system has a field of
view of 27.times.22 mm with a resolution of 21 microns. The height
resolution should be set to between 0.10 and 1.00 micron. The
height range is 64,000 times the resolution.
[0152] To measure the texture of a material or composite material
the following can be performed: (1) Turn on the cold light source.
The settings on the cold light source should be 4 and C, which
should give a reading of 3000K on the display; (2) Turn on the
computer, monitor and printer and open the ODSCAD 4.0 or higher
Mikrocad Software; (3) Select "Measurement" icon from the Mikrocad
taskbar and then click the "Live Pic" button; (4) Place a 5 mm by 5
mm sample of fibrous structure product conditioned at a temperature
of 73.degree. F..+-.2.degree. F. (about 23.degree. C..+-.1.degree.
C.) and a relative humidity of 50%.+-.2% under the projection head
and adjust the distance for best focus; (5) Click the "Pattern"
button repeatedly to project one of several focusing patterns to
aid in achieving the best focus (the software cross hair should
align with the projected cross hair when optimal focus is
achieved). Position the projection head to be normal to the sample
surface; (6) Adjust image brightness by changing the aperture on
the camera lens and/or altering the camera "gain" setting on the
screen. Set the gain to the lowest practical level while
maintaining optimum brightness so as to limit the amount of
electronic noise. When the illumination is optimum, the red circle
at bottom of the screen labeled "I.O." will turn green; (7) Select
Standard measurement type; (8) Click on the "Measure" button. This
will freeze the live image on the screen and, simultaneously, the
surface capture process will begin. It is important to keep the
sample still during this time to avoid blurring of the captured
images. The full digitized surface data set will be captured in
approximately 20 seconds; (9) If the surface data is satisfactory,
save the data to a computer file with ".omc" extension. This will
also save the camera image file ".kam"; (10) To move the surface
data into the analysis portion of the software, click on the
clipboard/man icon; (11) Now, click on the icon "Draw Lines". Draw
a line through the center of a region of features defining the
texture of interest. Click on Show Sectional Line icon. In the
sectional plot, click on any two points of interest, for example, a
peak and the baseline, then click on vertical distance tool to
measure height in microns or click on adjacent peaks and use the
horizontal distance tool to determine in-plane direction spacing;
and (12) for height measurements, use 3 lines, with at least 5
measurements per line, discarding the high and low values for each
line, and determining the mean of the remaining 9 values. Also
record the standard deviation, maximum, and minimum. For x and/or y
direction measurements, determine the mean of 7 measurements. Also
record the standard deviation, maximum, and minimum. Criteria that
can be used to characterize and distinguish texture include, but
are not limited to, occluded area (i.e. area of features), open
area (area absent of features), spacing, in-plane size, and height.
If the probability that the difference between the two means of
texture characterization is caused by chance is less than 10%, the
textures can be considered to differ from one another.
[0153] Textures can also be compared to and distinguished from one
another visually by an ordinary observer having 20/20 vision from a
distance of 30 cm in lighting at least equal to the illumination of
a standard 100 watt incandescent white light bulb. If the ordinary
observer can distinguish between the textures, the textures can be
considered to differ from one another.
[0154] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be
understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values
recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension
is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally
equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension
disclosed as "40 mm" is intended to mean "about 40 mm."
[0155] All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the
Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference;
the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission
that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the
extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document
conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a
document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition
assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
[0156] While particular embodiments of the present invention have
been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those
skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims
all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of
this invention.
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