U.S. patent application number 16/834259 was filed with the patent office on 2020-10-08 for hepatitis b antiviral agents.
The applicant listed for this patent is ENANTA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.. Invention is credited to Hui Cao, Xuri Gao, Meizhong Jin, Jorden Kass, Wei Li, Yat Sun Or, Xiaowen Peng, Yao-Ling Qiu.
Application Number | 20200317678 16/834259 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000004905725 |
Filed Date | 2020-10-08 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20200317678 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Qiu; Yao-Ling ; et
al. |
October 8, 2020 |
HEPATITIS B ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Abstract
The present invention discloses compounds of Formula (I), or
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, thereof: ##STR00001## which
inhibit the protein(s) encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV) or
interfere with the function of the HBV life cycle of the hepatitis
B virus and are also useful as antiviral agents. The present
invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising
the aforementioned compounds for administration to a subject
suffering from HBV infection. The invention also relates to methods
of treating an HBV infection in a subject by administering a
pharmaceutical composition comprising the compounds of the present
invention.
Inventors: |
Qiu; Yao-Ling; (Andover,
MA) ; Cao; Hui; (Belmont, MA) ; Peng;
Xiaowen; (Sudbury, MA) ; Li; Wei; (Lexington,
MA) ; Kass; Jorden; (Arlington, MA) ; Gao;
Xuri; (Newtonville, MA) ; Jin; Meizhong;
(Wellesley, MA) ; Or; Yat Sun; (Waltham,
MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ENANTA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. |
Watertown |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000004905725 |
Appl. No.: |
16/834259 |
Filed: |
March 30, 2020 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16220267 |
Dec 14, 2018 |
10640511 |
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16834259 |
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15617445 |
Jun 8, 2017 |
10189846 |
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16220267 |
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62348419 |
Jun 10, 2016 |
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62443245 |
Jan 6, 2017 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/519 20130101;
A61P 31/20 20180101; A61K 45/06 20130101; C07D 487/04 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07D 487/04 20060101
C07D487/04; A61P 31/20 20060101 A61P031/20; A61K 31/519 20060101
A61K031/519 |
Claims
1. A compound represented by Formula (I): ##STR00077## or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: A is optionally
substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; B is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, CN,
optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, and optionally
substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl; X is optionally
substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
Alternatively, B and X are taken together with the carbon atom to
which they are attached to form an additional optionally
substituted C.sub.4-C.sub.12 cycloalkenyl or optionally substituted
4- to 12-membered heterocyclic; Y is optionally substituted aryl or
optionally substituted heteroaryl; Z is selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.12
alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.2 alkynyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-
to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and
optionally substituted heteroaryl, --C(O)NR.sub.1R.sub.2, and
--C(O)OR.sub.1; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 at each occurrence are each
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8
cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic,
optionally substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
Alternatively, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are taken together with the
nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally
substituted 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic; R is selected from the
group consisting of optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl; Alternatively, R and Z are
taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form an
additional optionally substituted 4- to 12-membered heterocyclic;
and Alternatively, R and A are taken together with the atoms to
which they are attached to form an additional optionally
substituted 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein A and X are each independently
selected from the following by removal of one hydrogen atom:
##STR00078## wherein each of the above shown aryl and heteroaryl
groups is optionally substituted when possible and may be connected
to the dihydropyrimidine core through a carbon.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R is selected from optionally
substituted methyl, optionally substituted ethyl,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11, --(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nO--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n(O)R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOS(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n(O).sub.2OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11(O).sub.2R.sup.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sup.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11P(O)(OR.sub.12).sub.2, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(NR.sub.11R.sub.12).sub.2, wherein R.sub.11
and R.sub.12 at each occurrence are each independently selected
from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y is selected from the
following ##STR00079## wherein each of the above shown groups is
optionally substituted.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is --(CH.sub.2).sub.n'-M, n'
is 1, 2, or 3, M is hydrogen, --OR.sub.11, protected hydroxy,
--CR.sub.11R.sub.12R.sub.3, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, protected amino or
M is selected from the groups set forth below ##STR00080##
##STR00081## ##STR00082## wherein each of the above shown groups is
optionally substituted when possible, R.sub.3 is selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, --CN,
--OR.sub.11, and --NR.sub.11R.sub.12; R.sub.4 is selected from the
group consisting of --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, OR.sub.11, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sub.5 is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
--C(O)R.sub.11, --C(O)OR.sub.11, --C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--S(O).sub.2R.sub.11, and --S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12; G is
independently selected from CR.sub.11R.sub.12, O and NR.sub.5; G'
is independently selected from CR.sub.5 and N; m' is 1, 2, or 3;
and R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 at each occurrence are independently
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, and optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8
cycloalkyl.
6. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (IIa-1) or
(IIb-1), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00083## wherein A.sub.1 is a 5-membered heteroaryl group
containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S; A.sub.2 is
an optionally substituted phenyl, thiophenyl or 6-membered
heteroaryl group including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
or pyrimidinyl; X.sub.1 is optionally substituted methyl, halo, CN,
OR.sub.11, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; R.sub.11
and R.sub.12 at each occurrence are each independently selected
from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, Y and Z are as
defined in claim 1.
7. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (IIa-3) or
(IIb-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00084## wherein A.sub.1 is a 5-membered heteroaryl group
containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S; A.sub.2 is
an optionally substituted phenyl, thiophenyl or 6-membered
heteroaryl group including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
or pyrimidinyl; X.sub.1 is optionally substituted methyl, halo, CN,
OR.sub.11, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12; v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; E at each
occurrence is same or different and independently selected from
--CR.sub.15R.sub.16--, --C(O)--, --O--, --NR.sub.16--, --S--, and
--S(O).sub.2--; u is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R.sub.15 is hydrogen, halo, CN,
--NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8
alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and optionally
substituted heteroaryl; R.sub.16 is hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
alternatively, R.sub.15 and R.sub.16 are taken together with the
carbon atom to which they are attached to form an optionally
substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted
3- to 7-membered heterocyclic; Y and Z are as defined in claim
1.
8. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (IIIa) or
(IIIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ##STR00085##
wherein A.sub.1 is a 5-membered heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4
heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S; A.sub.2 is an optionally
substituted phenyl, thiophenyl or 6-membered heteroaryl group
including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyrimidinyl;
E at each occurrence is the same or different and independently
selected from --CR.sub.15R.sub.16--, --C(O)--, --O--,
--NR.sub.16--, --S--, and --S(O).sub.2--; u is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
R.sub.15 is hydrogen, halo, CN, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sub.16 is
hydrogen, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and optionally
substituted heteroaryl; alternatively, R.sub.15 and R.sub.16 are
taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to
form an optionally substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or an
optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic; and X, B, and
Y are as defined in claim 1.
9. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (IIIa) or
(IIIb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the
heterocyclic ring ##STR00086## is selected from the groups below:
##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## wherein each of the above
shown groups is optionally substituted; each R.sub.3 is selected
from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, --CN,
--OR.sub.11, and --NR.sub.11R.sub.12; R.sub.5 is selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally
substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted
aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, --C(O)R.sub.11,
--C(O)OR.sub.11, --C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --S(O).sub.2R.sub.11,
--S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12; R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 at each
occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and optionally
substituted heteroaryl; and m' is 1, 2, or 3.
10. The compound of claim 1, represented by Formula (IV) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ##STR00090## wherein E at
each occurrence is the same or different and independently selected
from --CR.sub.15R.sub.16--, --C(O)--, --O--, --NR.sub.16--, --S--,
and --S(O).sub.2--; u is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R.sub.15 is hydrogen, halo,
CN, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8
alkyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl or optionally
substituted heteroaryl; R.sub.16 is hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
alternatively, R.sub.15 and R.sub.16 are taken together with the
carbon atom to which they are attached to form an optionally
substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or an optionally substituted
3- to 7-membered heterocyclic; and X, B, Y and Z are as defined in
claim 1.
11. The compound of claim 1, selected from the compounds set forth
below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: TABLE-US-00002
Compound Structure 1 ##STR00091## 2 ##STR00092## 3 ##STR00093## 4
##STR00094## 5 ##STR00095## 6 ##STR00096## 7 ##STR00097## 8
##STR00098## 9 ##STR00099## 10 ##STR00100## 11 ##STR00101## 12
##STR00102## 13 ##STR00103## 14 ##STR00104## 15 ##STR00105## 16
##STR00106## 17 ##STR00107## 18 ##STR00108## 19 ##STR00109## 20
##STR00110## 21 ##STR00111## 22 ##STR00112## 23 ##STR00113## 24
##STR00114## 25 ##STR00115## 26 ##STR00116## 27 ##STR00117## 28
##STR00118##
12. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a compound according
to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in
combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or
excipient.
13. A method of treating or preventing an HBV infection in a
subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound or a combination of
compounds of Formula (I).
14. The method of claim 13, further comprising administering to the
subject at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the
group consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor, interferon, viral
entry inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor, literature-described
capsid assembly modulator, reverse transcriptase inhibitor,
TLR-agonist, inducer of cellular viral RNA sensor, therapeutic
vaccine, and agents of distinct or unknown mechanism, and a
combination thereof.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the compound and the at least
one additional therapeutic agent are co-formulated.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the compound and the at least
one additional therapeutic agent are co-administered.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein administering the compound
allows for administering of the at least one additional therapeutic
agent at a lower dose or frequency as compared to the administering
of the at least one additional therapeutic agent alone that is
required to achieve similar results in prophylactically treating an
HBV infection in an individual in need thereof.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein before administering the
therapeutically effective amount of the compound of Formula (I),
the individual is known to be refractory to a compound selected
from the group consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor,
interferon, viral entry inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor,
distinct capsid assembly modulator, inducer of cellular viral RNA
sensor, therapeutic vaccine, antiviral compounds of distinct or
unknown mechanism, and combination thereof.
19. The method of claim 14, wherein the administering of the
compound reduces viral load in the individual to a greater extent
compared to the administering of a compound selected from the group
consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor, interferon, viral entry
inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor, distinct capsid assembly
modulator, inducer of cellular viral RNA sensor, therapeutic
vaccine, antiviral compounds of distinct or unknown mechanism, and
combination thereof.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein the administering of the
compound causes a lower incidence of viral mutation and/or viral
resistance than the administering of a compound selected from the
group consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor, interferon, viral
entry inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor, distinct capsid
assembly modulator, inducer of cellular viral RNA sensor,
therapeutic vaccine, antiviral compounds of distinct or unknown
mechanism, and combination thereof.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
application Ser. No. 16/220,267, filed on Dec. 14, 2018, which is a
continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/617,445, filed on Jun.
8, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,189,846, issued on Jan. 29, 2019,
which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
62/348,419, filed on Jun. 10, 2016, and 62/443,245, filed on Jan.
6, 2017. The entire teachings of the above applications are
incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates generally to novel antiviral
agents. Specifically, the present invention relates to compounds
which can inhibit the protein(s) encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV)
or interfere with the function of the HBV life cycle, compositions
comprising such compounds, methods for inhibiting HBV viral
replication, methods for treating or preventing HBV infection, and
processes for making the compounds.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] HBV infection remains a major public health problem,
affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide. Among them, 350
million people worldwide and 1.4 million in the US develop a
chronic infection, which can lead to chronic persistent hepatitis,
liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Every year
500,000 to 1 million people die from the end stage of liver
diseases caused by HBV infection.
[0004] Despite the availability of a prophylactic HBV vaccine, the
burden of chronic HBV infection continues to be a significant unmet
worldwide medical problem, due to suboptimal treatment options and
sustained rates of new infections in most parts of the developing
world. Current treatments do not provide a cure and are limited to
only two classes of agents (interferon and nucleoside
analogues/inhibitors of the viral polymerase); drug resistance, low
efficacy, and tolerability issues limit their impact. The low cure
rates of HBV are attributed at least in part to the presence and
persistence of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the
nucleus of infected hepatocytes. However, persistent suppression of
HBV DNA slows liver disease progression and helps to prevent HCC.
Current therapy goals for HBV-infected patients are directed to
reducing serum HBV DNA to low or undetectable levels, and to
ultimately reducing or preventing the development of cirrhosis and
HCC.
[0005] The HBV is an enveloped, partially double-stranded DNA
(dsDNA) virus of the hepadnavirus family (Hepadnaviridae). HBV
capsid protein (CP) plays essential roles in HBV replication. The
predominant biological function of capsid protein is to act as a
structural protein to encapsidate pre-genomic RNA and form immature
capsid particles, which spontaneously self-assemble from many
copies of core dimers in the cytoplasm. Capsid protein also
regulates viral DNA synthesis through different phosphorylation
status of its C-terminal phosphorylation sites. Also, capsid
protein might facilitate the nuclear translocation of viral relaxed
circular genome by means of the nuclear localization signals
located in the Arginine-rich domain of the C-terminal region of
capsid protein. In the nucleus, as a component of viral cccDNA
minichromosome, capsid protein could play a structural and
regulatory role in the functionality of cccDNA minichromosomes.
Capsid protein also interacts with viral large envelope protein in
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and triggers the release of intact viral
particles from hepatocytes.
[0006] Capsid related anti-HBV inhibitors have been reported. For
example, phenylpropenamide derivatives, including compounds named
AT-61 and AT-130 (Feld J. et al. Antiviral Res. 2007, 76, 168), and
a class of thiazolidin-4-ones from Valeant (W02006/033995), have
been shown to inhibit pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) packaging.
Heteroaryldihydropyrimidines or HAPs were discovered in a tissue
culture-based screening (Weber et al., Antiviral Res. 2002, 54,
69). These HAP analogs act as synthetic allosteric activators and
are able to induce aberrant capsid formation that leads to
degradation of the core protein. A subclass of
sulphamoyl-arylamides also shows activity against HBV (WO
2013/006394, WO 2013/096744, and WO 2014184365). It was also shown
that the small molecule bis-ANS acts as a molecular `wedge` and
interferes with normal capsid-protein geometry and capsid formation
(Zlotnick A. et al. J. Virol. 2002, 4848).
[0007] There is a need in the art for novel therapeutic agents that
treat, ameliorate or prevent HBV infection. Administration of these
therapeutic agents to an HBV infected patient, either as
monotherapy or in combination with other HBV treatments or
ancillary treatments, will lead to significantly improved
prognosis, diminished progression of the disease, and enhanced
seroconversion rates.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The present invention relates to novel antiviral compounds,
pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, as well as
methods to treat or prevent viral (particularly HBV) infection in a
subject in need of such therapy with said compounds. Compounds of
the present invention inhibit the protein(s) encoded by hepatitis B
virus (HBV) or interfere with the life cycle of HBV and are also
useful as antiviral agents. In addition, the present invention
includes the process for the preparation of the said compounds.
[0009] In its principal aspect, the present invention provides a
compound of Formula (I):
##STR00002##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
[0010] A is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted
heteroaryl; preferably A is optionally substituted azolyl,
optionally substituted pyridyl, or optionally substituted
phenyl;
[0011] B is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,
CN, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, and optionally
substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl; preferably B is hydrogen
or optionally substituted methyl;
[0012] X is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted
heteroaryl; preferably X is optionally substituted phenyl;
[0013] Alternatively, B and X are taken together with the carbon
atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted
C.sub.4-C.sub.12 cycloalkenyl or optionally substituted 4- to
12-membered heterocyclic, for example, a C.sub.4-C.sub.12
cycloalkenyl or 4- to 12-membered heterocyclic which is fused with
an aryl or heteroaryl ring wherein each ring is optionally further
substituted;
[0014] Y is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted
heteroaryl; preferably Y is optionally substituted azolyl,
optionally substituted pyridyl, or optionally substituted
phenyl;
[0015] Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl, optionally
substituted heteroaryl, --C(O)NR.sub.1R.sub.2, and
--C(O)OR.sub.1;
[0016] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 at each occurrence are independently
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl;
[0017] Alternatively, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are taken together with
the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form an optionally
substituted 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic;
[0018] R is selected from the group consisting of optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, and optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl;
[0019] Alternatively, R and Z are taken together with the atoms to
which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 4- to
12-membered heterocyclic; and
[0020] Alternatively, R and A are taken together with the atoms to
which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 5- to
7-membered heterocyclic.
[0021] Each preferred group stated above can be taken in
combination with one, any or all other preferred groups.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0022] In one embodiment of the present invention is a compound of
Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof.
[0023] Compounds of Formula I can have the stereochemistry shown in
Formula Ia or Formula Ib.
##STR00003##
[0024] In preferred embodiments, compounds of Formula I have the
stereochemistry shown in Formula Ia.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein A is an optionally substituted azolyl, optionally
substituted pyridyl, or optionally substituted phenyl.
[0026] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is hydrogen, optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, or optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl.
[0027] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is an optionally substituted methyl; preferably,
Z is a methyl optionally substituted with halo, --OR.sub.11, or
--NR.sub.11R.sub.12; wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 at each
occurrence are independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3-to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and optionally
substituted heteroaryl.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is --C(O)NR.sub.1R.sub.2 or --C(O)OR.sub.1.
[0029] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, or optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered
heterocyclic.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is selected from the groups set forth
below:
##STR00004##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted.
The preferred substituents include optionally substituted methyl,
halo, --CN, .dbd.O, .dbd.NR.sub.11, --OR.sub.11, and
--NR.sub.11R.sub.12; wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are as
previously defined.
[0032] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is --(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)R.sub.11, --(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nO--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)--NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O)R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOS(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n--NR.sub.11P(O)(OR.sub.12).sub.2, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(NR.sub.11R.sub.12).sub.2; wherein n is 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, or 6; R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0033] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein B is hydrogen.
[0034] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein B is halo, preferably fluoro.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein B is methyl, optionally substituted with one or
more halo, preferably fluoro. In certain embodiments, B is
difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein R is optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein R is optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8
cycloalkyl.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein R is selected from methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl,
trifluoromethyl, --CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OR.sub.11,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --CH.sub.2C(O)R.sub.11, and
--CH.sub.2C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein R is --(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)R.sub.11, --(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nO--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O)R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOS(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2--NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11P(O)(OR.sub.12).sub.2, or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(NR.sub.11R.sub.12).sub.2; wherein n,
R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0039] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein X is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain
embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula
(I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein X is
optionally substituted heteroaryl.
[0040] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein A is optionally substituted thiophenyl, optionally
substituted imidazolyl, optionally substituted thiazolyl,
optionally substituted oxazolyl, optionally substituted
pyridyl.
[0041] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Y is optionally substituted phenyl. In certain
embodiments, the present invention relates to compounds of Formula
(I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Y is
optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the
present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein Y is optionally
substituted azolyl or optionally substituted pyridyl.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein X is optionally substituted phenyl; and Y is an
optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the
present invention relates to compounds of Formula (I), and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein X is optionally
substituted phenyl; and Y is optionally substituted azolyl,
optionally substituted pyridyl, or optionally substituted
phenyl.
[0043] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein X is optionally substituted monocyclic heteroaryl;
and Y is optionally substituted azolyl, optionally substituted
pyridyl, or optionally substituted phenyl.
[0044] In another particular embodiment, the present invention
relates to compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein A and X are each independently an
aryl or heteroaryl group derived from one of the following by
removal of one hydrogen atom:
##STR00005##
wherein each of the above shown aryl and heteroaryl groups is
optionally substituted and is preferably connected to the
dihydropyrimidine core through a carbon atom.
[0045] In another particular embodiment, the present invention
relates to compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein at least one of A and X is an aryl
or heteroaryl group derived from one of the following by removal of
one hydrogen atom:
##STR00006##
wherein each of the above shown aryl and heteroaryl groups is
optionally substituted and is preferably connected to the
dihydropyrimidine core through a carbon atom.
[0046] In certain embodiments, A and X are each independently
selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00007##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted.
The preferred substituents are optionally substituted methyl, halo,
CN, OR.sub.11, and --NR.sub.11R.sub.12; wherein R.sub.11 and
R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0047] In certain embodiments, at least one of A and X is selected
from the groups set forth below:
##STR00008##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted
when possible. The preferred substituents are optionally
substituted methyl, halo, CN, OR.sub.11, or --NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0048] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Y is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00009##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted.
The preferred substituents include optionally substituted methyl,
halo, --CN, --OR.sub.11, and --NR.sub.11R.sub.12; wherein R.sub.11
and R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Y is optionally substituted azolyl.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Y is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00010##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted
when possible.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Y is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00011##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted.
The preferred substituents include optionally substituted
--C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, halo, --CN, --OR.sub.11, and
--NR.sub.11R.sub.12; R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are as previously
defined.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Y is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00012##
wherein R.sub.20 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl or
C.sub.3-C.sub.6-cycloalkyl. Preferably, R.sub.20 is optionally
substituted methyl or optionally substituted cyclopropyl.
[0053] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is --(CH.sub.2).sub.n'-M; wherein n' is 1, 2, or
3; M is hydrogen, --OR.sub.11, protected hydroxy,
--CR.sub.11R.sub.12R.sub.3, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, protected amino or
selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00013## ##STR00014##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted;
the preferred substituents include halo, .dbd.O, .dbd.NR.sub.11,
--OR.sub.11, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --CN, --CO.sub.2R.sub.11,
--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, and optionally substituted methyl; R.sub.3
is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, --CN,
--OR.sub.11, and --NR.sub.11R.sub.12; R.sub.4 is selected from the
group consisting of --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, OR.sub.11, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sub.5 is
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
--C(O)R.sub.11, --C(O)OR.sub.11, --C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--S(O).sub.2R.sub.11, --S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12; G is
independently selected from CR.sub.11R.sub.12, O and NR.sub.5; G'
is independently selected from CR.sub.5 and N; and n', R.sub.11 and
R.sub.12 are as previously defined. In certain embodiments, R.sub.5
is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00015## ##STR00016##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted;
the preferred substituents include halo, --OR.sub.11,
--NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --CN, --CO.sub.2R.sub.11,
--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally substituted methyl, and
optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment, R.sub.5 is
--SO.sub.2NH.sub.2.
[0054] In another embodiment, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts
thereof, wherein Z is --(CH.sub.2).sub.n'-M, preferably
--CH.sub.2-M, wherein M is selected from the groups set forth
below:
##STR00017##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted
when possible; the preferred substituents include halo,
--OR.sub.11, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --CN, --CO.sub.2R.sub.11,
--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally substituted methyl, and
optionally substituted phenyl; m' is 1, 2, or 3; and n', R.sub.11,
R.sub.12, and R.sub.5 are as previously defined.
[0055] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa) or (IIb) or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof:
##STR00018##
wherein A.sub.1 is a 5-membered heteroaryl group containing 1 to 4
heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S; preferably A.sub.1 is an
optionally substituted azole group including but not limited to
pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl,
thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl; each optionally substituted; A.sub.2 is
an optionally substituted phenyl, thiophenyl or 6-membered
heteroaryl group including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
or pyrimidinyl; each optionally substituted; B, R, X, Y, and Z are
as previously defined.
[0056] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-1) or (IIb-1), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof:
##STR00019##
wherein X.sub.1 is optionally substituted methyl, halo, CN,
OR.sub.11, or NR.sub.11R.sub.12; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; A.sub.1,
A.sub.2, R, Y, Z, R.sub.11, and R.sub.12 are as previously
defined.
[0057] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-1) or (IIb-1), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein m is 0 or m is 1-5 and each
X.sub.1 is halo. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula
(I) is represented by Formula (IIa-1) or (IIb-1), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y is optionally
substituted azolyl. In another embodiment, the compound of Formula
(I) is represented by Formula (IIa-1) or (IIb-1), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is hydrogen or
optionally substituted methyl.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-1) or (IIb-1), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is selected from the group
consisting of --(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)R.sub.11, --(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nO--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O)R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOS(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11P(O)--(OR.sub.12).sub.2, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(NR.sub.11R.sub.12).sub.2; preferably, R is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11; and n, R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are as
previously defined.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-1) or (IIb-1), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z is selected from the group
consisting of --(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)R.sub.11, --(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nO--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O)R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOS(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11P(O)--(OR.sub.12).sub.2, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(NR.sub.11R.sub.12).sub.2; preferably, Z is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2R.sub.12; and n, R.sub.11 and
R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0060] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-2), or (IIb-2), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof:
##STR00020##
wherein X.sub.1, m, A.sub.1, A.sub.2, R, Y, M, R.sub.3, R.sub.11
and R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0061] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-2) or (IIb-2), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein M is --CR.sub.11R.sub.12R.sub.3,
or --NR.sub.11R.sub.12; wherein R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 are taken
together with the atom to which they are attached to form an
optionally substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.8 mono-cycloalkyl or an
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered mono-heterocyclic, wherein
said cycloalkyl or heterocyclic contains 0 to 3 substituents
independently selected from .dbd.CR.sub.13R.sub.14, .dbd.O, and
.dbd.NR.sub.13; R.sub.13 and R.sub.14 are each independently
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, optionally
substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally
substituted-C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted-C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and optionally
substituted heteroaryl; alternatively, R.sub.13 and R.sub.14 are
taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to
form an optionally substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl; R.sub.3
is as previously defined.
[0062] In yet another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-2) or (IIb-2), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein M is --CR.sub.11'R.sub.12'R.sub.3,
or --NR.sub.11'R.sub.12'; wherein R.sub.11' and R.sub.12' are taken
together with the atom they are attached to form an optionally
substituted C.sub.5-C.sub.12 bi- or tri-cycloalkyl or an optionally
substituted 5- to 12-membered bi- or tri-heterocyclic, wherein said
optionally substituted C.sub.5-C.sub.12 bi- or tri-cycloalkyl or an
optionally substituted 5- to 12-membered bi- or tri-heterocyclic
comprises a first ring which includes the carbon atom to which
R.sub.11', R.sub.12' and R.sub.3 are attached or the nitrogen atom
to which R.sub.11' and R.sub.12' are attached, a second ring and an
optional third ring, wherein the second ring is (1) spiro attached
to the first ring, (2) fused to the first ring or (3) formed by a
1,3- or 1,4-bridging group between two ring atoms of the first
ring. Preferably, the first ring is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered
ring. R.sub.3 is as previously defined.
[0063] In yet another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-2) or (IIb-2), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is selected from the group
consisting of --(CH.sub.2).sub.nOR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)R.sub.11, --(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nC(O)--NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOC(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nO--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)R.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nS(O)R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOS(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n(O).sub.2OR.sub.11,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2R.sub.12,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.n(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11S(O).sub.2NR.sub.11R.sub.12;
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nOP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)(OR.sub.11).sub.2,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nNR.sub.11P(O)(OR.sub.12).sub.2, and
--(CH.sub.2).sub.nP(O)--(NR.sub.11R.sub.12).sub.2; n, R.sub.11 and
R.sub.12 are as previously defined.
[0064] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIa-3) or (IIb-3), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof:
##STR00021##
wherein E at each occurrence is the same or different and
independently selected from --CR.sub.15R.sub.16--, --C(O)--, --O--,
--NR.sub.16--, --S--, and --S(O).sub.2--; u is 0, 1, 2, or 3;
R.sub.15 is hydrogen, halo, CN, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkynyl, optionally substituted --C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic, optionally
substituted aryl and optionally substituted heteroaryl; R.sub.16 is
hydrogen, optionally substituted --C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl,
optionally substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, optionally
substituted --C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl, optionally substituted
--C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic, optionally substituted aryl and optionally
substituted heteroaryl; alternatively, R.sub.15 and R.sub.16 are
taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to
form an optionally substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl or an
optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic; v is 0, 1, 2,
3, or 4; X.sub.1, A.sub.1, A.sub.2, R, Y, Z, R.sub.11, and R.sub.12
are as previously defined.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (IIa-3) or (IIb-3) and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof, wherein two vicinal E groups are taken
together to form an optionally substituted C.dbd.C double-bond or
an optionally substituted fused ring. In certain embodiments, two
non-adjacent E groups are taken together to form a bridging
group.
[0066] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00022##
wherein u, B, X, A.sub.1, A.sub.2, Y, and E, are as previously
defined.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (IIIa) or (IIIb) and pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof, wherein two vicinal E groups are taken
together to form a C.dbd.C double-bond, a C.dbd.N double-bond or a
fused ring. In certain embodiments, two remote E groups are taken
together to form a bridging group.
[0068] In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to
compounds of Formula (IIIa) or (IIIb) or pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof, wherein
##STR00023##
is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00024## ##STR00025##
is selected from the groups set forth below:
##STR00026##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted;
the preferred substituents include halo, --OR.sub.11,
--NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --CN, --CO.sub.2R.sub.11,
--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally substituted methyl, and
optionally substituted phenyl; and R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.3,
R.sub.5, and m' are as previously defined. Alternatively, R.sub.5
and R.sub.11 are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which
they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3- to
8-membered heterocyclic. More preferably, R.sub.5 is selected from
the groups set forth below:
##STR00027## ##STR00028##
wherein each of the above shown groups is optionally substituted
when possible; the preferred substituents include halo,
--OR.sub.11, --NR.sub.11R.sub.12, --CN, --CO.sub.2R.sub.11,
--C(O)NR.sub.11R.sub.12, optionally substituted methyl, and
optionally substituted phenyl. In another embodiment, R.sub.5 is
--SO.sub.2NH.sub.2.
[0069] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-1) or (IIIb-1), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00029##
wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m, B, Y, E, and u are as
previously defined.
[0070] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-2) or (IIIb-2), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00030##
wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m, Y, E, and u are as previously
defined.
[0071] In certain embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-3) or (IIIb-3), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00031##
wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m, Y, E, and u are as previously
defined.
[0072] In certain embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-4) or (IIIb-4), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00032##
wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m, Y, R.sub.5 and R.sub.11 are
as previously defined.
[0073] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-4) or (IIIb-4), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m,
R.sub.5 and R.sub.11 are as previously defined, and Y is optionally
substituted azolyl. Preferably Y is optionally substituted
pyrazolyl or oxazolyl.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-5) or (IIIb-5), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00033##
wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m, Y, R.sub.5 and R.sub.11 are
as previously defined.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-5) or (IIIb-5), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m,
R.sub.5 and R.sub.11 are as previously defined, and Y is optionally
substituted azolyl. Preferably Y is optionally substituted
pyrazolyl or oxazolyl.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-6) or (IIIb-6), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00034##
wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m, Y, R.sub.5 and R.sub.11 are
as previously defined.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IIIa-6) or (IIIb-6), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein A.sub.1, A.sub.2, X.sub.1, m,
R.sub.5 and R.sub.11 are as previously defined, and Y is optionally
substituted azolyl. Preferably Y is optionally substituted
pyrazolyl or oxazolyl.
[0078] In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IV), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof,
##STR00035##
wherein, B, X, Y, Z, E and u are as previously defined.
[0079] In yet another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is
represented by Formula (IVa) (IVb), (IVc), or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof,
##STR00036##
wherein each T is independently --CR.sub.15, or N; X.sub.1, m, Y,
Z, E, u, and R.sub.15 are as previously defined. Preferably
R.sub.15 is H, halo, methyl or CF.sub.3.
[0080] It will be appreciated that the description of the present
invention herein should be construed in congruity with the laws and
principles of chemical bonding. In some instances, it may be
necessary to remove a hydrogen atom in order to accommodate a
substituent at any given location.
[0081] It will be yet appreciated that the compounds of the present
invention may contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may
exist in racemic, diastereoisomeric, and optically active forms. It
will still be appreciated that certain compounds of the present
invention may exist in different tautomeric forms. All tautomers
are contemplated to be within the scope of the present
invention.
[0082] In one aspect, the compounds of the invention are useful in
HBV treatment by disrupting, accelerating, reducing, delaying
and/or inhibiting normal viral capsid assembly and/or disassembly
of immature or mature particles, thereby inducing aberrant capsid
morphology and leading to antiviral effects such as disruption of
virion assembly and/or disassembly, virion maturation, and/or virus
egress. In one embodiment, a disruptor of capsid assembly interacts
with mature or immature viral capsid to perturb the stability of
the capsid, thus affecting assembly and/or disassembly. In another
embodiment, a disruptor of capsid assembly perturbs protein folding
and/or salt bridges required for stability, function and/or normal
morphology of the viral capsid, thereby disrupting and/or
accelerating capsid assembly and/or disassembly. In yet another
embodiment, the compounds of the invention bind capsid and alter
metabolism of cellular polyproteins and precursors, leading to
abnormal accumulation of protein monomers and/or oligomers and/or
abnormal particles, which causes cellular toxicity and death of
infected cells. In another embodiment, the compounds of the
invention cause failure of the formation of capsid of optimal
stability, affecting efficient uncoating and/or disassembly of
viruses (e.g., during infectivity).
[0083] In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention disrupt
and/or accelerate capsid assembly and/or disassembly when the
capsid protein is immature. In another embodiment, the compounds of
the invention disrupt and/or accelerate capsid assembly and/or
disassembly when the capsid protein is mature. In yet another
embodiment, the compounds of the invention disrupt and/or
accelerate capsid assembly and/or disassembly during vial
infectivity. In yet another embodiment, the disruption and/or
acceleration of capsid assembly and/or disassembly attenuates HBV
viral infectivity and/or reduces viral load. In yet another
embodiment, disruption, acceleration, inhibition, delay and/or
reduction of capsid assembly and/or disassembly eradicates the
virus from the host organism. In yet another embodiment,
eradication of the HBV from a host advantageously obviates the need
for chronic long-term therapy and/or reduces the duration of
long-term therapy.
[0084] In one embodiment, the compounds described herein are
suitable for monotherapy and are effective against natural or
native HBV strains and against HBV strains resistant to currently
known drugs. In another embodiment, the compounds described herein
are suitable for use in combination therapy.
[0085] In another embodiment, the compounds of the invention can be
used in methods of modulating (e.g., inhibit, disrupt or
accelerate) the activity of HBV cccDNA. In yet another embodiment,
the compounds of the invention can be used in methods of
diminishing or preventing the formation of HBV cccDNA. In another
embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is selected from
immune modulator or immune stimulator therapies, which includes
T-cell response activator AIC649 and biological agents belonging to
the interferon class, such as interferon alpha 2a or 2b or modified
interferons such as pegylated interferon, alpha 2a, alpha 2b,
lamda; or TLR modulators such as TLR-7 agonists or TLR-9 agonists;
or therapeutic vaccines to stimulate an HBV-specific immune
response such as virus-like particles composed of HBcAg and HBsAg,
immune complexes of HBsAg and HBsAb, or recombinant proteins
comprising HBx, HBsAg and HBcAg in the context of a yeast vector;
or immunity activator such as SB-9200 of certain cellular viral RNA
sensors such as RIG-I, NOD2, and MDA5 protein, or RNA interence
(RNAi) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) such as ARC-520, ARC-521,
ARB-1467, and ALN-HBV RNAi, or antiviral agents that block viral
entry or maturation or target the HBV polymerase such as nucleoside
or nucleotide or non-nucleos(t)ide polymerase inhibitors, and
agents of distinct or unknown mechanism including agents that
disrupt the function of other essential viral protein(s) or host
proteins required for HBV replication or persistence such as REP
2139. In an embodiment of the combination therapy, the reverse
transcriptase inhibitor is at least one of Zidovudine, Didanosine,
Zalcitabine, ddA, Stavudine, Lamivudine, Aba-cavir, Emtricitabine,
Entecavir, Apricitabine, Atevirapine, ribavirin, acyclovir,
famciclovir, valacyclovir, ganciclovir, valganciclovir, Tenofovir,
Adefovir, PMPA, cidofovir, Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Delavirdine, or
Etravirine.
[0086] In another embodiment of the combination therapy, the TLR-7
agonist is selected from the group consisting of SM360320
(9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)ad-enine), AZD 8848 (methyl
[3-({[3-(6-amino-2-butoxy-8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-9H-purin-9-yl)propyl][3-(4-mo-
rpholinyl) propyl] amino Imethyl)phenyl] acetate), GS-9620
(4-Amino-2-butoxy-8-[3-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)benzyl]-7,8-dihydro-6(5H)-pt-
eridinone), and R06864018.
[0087] In an embodiment of these combination therapies, the
compound and the additional therapeutic agent are co-formulated. In
another embodiment, the compound and the additional therapeutic
agent are co-administered.
[0088] In another embodiment of the combination therapy,
administering the compound of the invention allows for
administering of the additional therapeutic agent at a lower dose
or frequency as compared to the administering of the at least one
additional therapeutic agent alone that is required to achieve
similar results in prophylactically treating an HBV infection in an
individual in need thereof.
[0089] In another embodiment of the combination therapy, before
administering the therapeutically effective amount of the compound
of the invention, the individual is known to be refractory to a
compound selected from the group consisting of a HBV polymerase
inhibitor, interferon, viral entry inhibitor, viral maturation
inhibitor, distinct capsid assembly modulator, antiviral compounds
of distinct or unknown mechanism, and combination thereof.
[0090] In still another embodiment of the method, administering the
compound of the invention reduces viral load in the individual to a
greater extent compared to the administering of a compound selected
from the group consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor,
interferon, viral entry inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor,
distinct capsid assembly modulator, antiviral compounds of distinct
or unknown mechanism, and combination thereof.
[0091] In another embodiment, administering of the compound of the
invention causes a lower incidence of viral mutation and/or viral
resistance than the administering of a compound selected from the
group consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor, interferon, viral
entry inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor, distinct capsid
assembly modulator, antiviral compounds of distinct or unknown
mechanism, and combination thereof.
[0092] It should be understood that the compounds encompassed by
the present invention are those that are suitably stable for use as
pharmaceutical agent.
Definitions
[0093] Listed below are definitions of various terms used to
describe this invention. These definitions apply to the terms as
they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless
otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as
part of a larger group.
[0094] The term "aryl," as used herein, refers to a mono- or
polycyclic carbocyclic ring system comprising at least one aromatic
ring, including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl,
tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, and indenyl. A polycyclic aryl is a
polycyclic ring system that comprises at least one aromatic ring.
Polycyclic aryls can comprise fused rings, covalently attached
rings or a combination thereof.
[0095] The term "heteroaryl," as used herein, refers to a mono- or
polycyclic aromatic radical having one or more ring atom selected
from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, wherein
any N or S contained within the ring may be optionally oxidized.
Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,
pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl,
isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl,
quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl,
quinoxalinyl. A polycyclic heteroaryl can comprise fused rings,
covalently attached rings or a combination thereof.
[0096] In accordance with the invention, aromatic groups can be
substituted or unsubstituted.
[0097] The term "bicyclic aryl" or "bicyclic heteroaryl" refers to
a ring system consisting of two rings wherein at least one ring is
aromatic; and the two rings can be fused or covalently
attached.
[0098] The term "azole group," as used herein, refers to 5-membered
heteroaromatic ring containing at least one nitrogen atom.
Preferred azole groups contain a nitrogen atom and at least one
additional heteroatom, preferably a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur
atom. Azole groups include, but are not limited to pyrazolyl,
imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl,
1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl. An azole group is termed "ortho"
substituted in reference to two substituents which are on adjacent
ring atoms. An azole group is termed "meta" substituted in
reference to two substituents which are not on adjacent ring
positions.
[0099] The term "bicyclic azole" or "bicyclic azole group" refers
to an aromatic ring system consisting of two rings wherein at least
one ring is azole group; and the two rings can be fused or
covalently attached. Preferred bicyclic azole groups are those in
which an azole ring is fused to a six-membered aromatic or
heteroaromatic ring. Such groups include, but are not limited to,
benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxazolyl,
benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, imidazolopyridyl, pyrazolopyridyl,
thiazolopyridyl, oxazolopyridyl, isoxazolopyridyl, triazolopyridyl,
and tetrazolopyridyl.
[0100] The term "alkyl" as used herein, refers to saturated,
straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals. "C.sub.1-C.sub.4
alkyl," "C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl," "C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl,"
"C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl," "C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkyl," or
"C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkyl," refer to alkyl groups containing from one
to four, one to six, one to eight, one to twelve, 2 to 4 and 3 to 6
carbon atoms respectively. Examples of C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl
radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl,
isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl and
octyl radicals.
[0101] The term "alkenyl" as used herein, refers to straight- or
branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals having at least one
carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom.
"C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl," "C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl,"
"C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkenyl," "C.sub.3-C.sub.4 alkenyl," or
"C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkenyl," refer to alkenyl groups containing from
two to eight, two to twelve, two to four, three to four or three to
six carbon atoms respectively. Alkenyl groups include, but are not
limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl,
1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, heptenyl, octenyl, and the like.
[0102] The term "alkynyl" as used herein, refers to straight- or
branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals having at least one
carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom.
"C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl," "C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl,"
"C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkynyl," "C.sub.3-C.sub.4 alkynyl," or
"C.sub.3-C.sub.6 alkynyl," refer to alkynyl groups containing from
two to eight, two to twelve, two to four, three to four or three to
six carbon atoms respectively. Representative alkynyl groups
include, but are not limited to, for example, ethynyl, 1-propynyl,
1-butynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, and the like.
[0103] The term "cycloalkyl", as used herein, refers to a
monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring or a bi- or
tri-cyclic group fused, bridged or spiro system, and the carbon
atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted or optionally substituted
with exocyclic olefinic double bond. Preferred cycloalkyl groups
include C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.6 cycloalkyl,
C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkyl and C.sub.4-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl. Examples
of C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkyl include, but not limited to,
cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl,
cyclooctyl, 4-methylene-cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl,
bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, spiro[2.5]octyl,
3-methylenebicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, spiro[4.4]nonanyl, and the
like.
[0104] The term "cycloalkenyl", as used herein, refers to
monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic
group fused, bridged or spiro system having at least one
carbon-carbon double bond and the carbon atoms may be optionally
oxo-substituted or optionally substituted with exocyclic olefinic
double bond. Preferred cycloalkenyl groups include C.sub.3-C.sub.12
cycloalkenyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.8 cycloalkenyl or C.sub.5-C.sub.7
cycloalkenyl groups. Examples of C.sub.3-C.sub.12 cycloalkenyl
include, but not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl,
cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl,
bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enyl,
spiro[2.5]oct-4-enyl, spiro[4.4]non-1-enyl,
bicyclo[4.2.1]non-3-en-9-yl, and the like.
[0105] As used herein, the term "arylalkyl" means a functional
group wherein an alkylene chain is attached to an aryl group, e.g.,
--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-phenyl. The term "substituted arylalkyl" means
an arylalkyl functional group in which the aryl group is
substituted. Similarly, the term "heteroarylalkyl" means a
functional group wherein an alkylene chain is attached to a
heteroaryl group. The term "substituted heteroarylalkyl" means a
heteroarylalkyl functional group in which the heteroaryl group is
substituted.
[0106] As used herein, the term "alkoxy" employed alone or in
combination with other terms means, unless otherwise stated, an
alkyl group having the designated number of carbon atoms connected
to the rest of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for
example, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propoxy, 2-propoxy (isopropoxy) and the
higher homologs and isomers. Preferred alkoxy are (C.sub.1-C.sub.3)
alkoxy.
[0107] It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, heterocyclic and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein
can also be an aliphatic group or an alicyclic group.
[0108] An "aliphatic" group is a non-aromatic moiety comprised of
any combination of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms,
oxygen, nitrogen or other atoms, and optionally contains one or
more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds.
Examples of aliphatic groups are functional groups, such as alkyl,
alkenyl, alkynyl, O, OH, NH, NH.sub.2, C(O), S(O).sub.2, C(O)O,
C(O)NH, OC(O)O, OC(O)NH, OC(O)NH.sub.2, S(O).sub.2NH,
S(O).sub.2NH.sub.2, NHC(O)NH.sub.2, NHC(O)C(O)NH, NHS(O).sub.2NH,
NHS(O).sub.2NH.sub.2, C(O)NHS(O).sub.2, C(O)NHS(O).sub.2NH or
C(O)NHS(O).sub.2NH.sub.2, and the like, groups comprising one or
more functional groups, non-aromatic hydrocarbons (optionally
substituted), and groups wherein one or more carbons of a
non-aromatic hydrocarbon (optionally substituted) is replaced by a
functional group. Carbon atoms of an aliphatic group can be
optionally oxo-substituted. An aliphatic group may be straight
chained, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof and preferably
contains between about 1 and about 24 carbon atoms, more typically
between about 1 and about 12 carbon atoms. In addition to aliphatic
hydrocarbon groups, as used herein, aliphatic groups expressly
include, for example, alkoxyalkyls, polyalkoxyalkyls, such as
polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines, for example.
Aliphatic groups may be optionally substituted.
[0109] The terms "heterocyclic" or "heterocycloalkyl" can be used
interchangeably and referred to a non-aromatic ring or a bi- or
tri-cyclic group fused, bridged or spiro system, where (i) each
ring system contains at least one heteroatom independently selected
from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, (ii) each ring system can be
saturated or unsaturated (iii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms
may optionally be oxidized, (iv) the nitrogen heteroatom may
optionally be quaternized, (v) any of the above rings may be fused
to an aromatic ring, and (vi) the remaining ring atoms are carbon
atoms which may be optionally oxo-substituted or optionally
substituted with exocyclic olefinic double bond. Representative
heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to,
1,3-dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl,
imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl,
oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl,
isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl,
2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]-heptyl, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl,
5-azaspiro[2.5]octyl, 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonanyl,
7-oxooxepan-4-yl, and tetrahydrofuryl. Such heterocyclic groups may
be further substituted. Heteroaryl or heterocyclic groups can be
C-attached or N-attached (where possible).
[0110] It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
alicyclic, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl,
heterocyclic, aliphatic moiety or the like, described herein can
also be a divalent or multivalent group when used as a linkage to
connect two or more groups or substituents, which can be at the
same or different atom(s). One of skill in the art can readily
determine the valence of any such group from the context in which
it occurs.
[0111] The term "substituted" refers to substitution by independent
replacement of one, two, or three or more of the hydrogen atoms
with substituents including, but not limited to, --F, --Cl, --Br,
--I, --OH, C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl; C.sub.2-C.sub.12-alkenyl,
C.sub.2-C.sub.12-alkynyl, --C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, protected
hydroxy, --NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3, --CN, --NH.sub.2, protected amino,
oxo, thioxo, --NH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl, --NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NH-aryl, --NH-heteroaryl,
--NH-heterocycloalkyl, -dialkylamino, -diarylamino,
-diheteroarylamino, --O--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--O--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl, --O--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--O--C.sub.3-C.sub.2-cycloalkyl, --O-aryl, --O-heteroaryl,
--O-heterocycloalkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl, --C(O)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --C(O)-aryl,
--C(O)-heteroaryl, --C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, --CONH.sub.2,
--CONH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, --CONH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--CONH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--CONH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --CONH-aryl,
--CONH-heteroaryl, --CONH-heterocycloalkyl,
--OCO.sub.2--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--OCO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--OCO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--OCO.sub.2--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --OCO.sub.2-aryl,
--OCO.sub.2-heteroaryl, --OCO.sub.2-heterocycloalkyl,
--CO.sub.2--C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, --CO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8
alkenyl, --CO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkynyl,
CO.sub.2--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --CO.sub.2-aryl,
CO.sub.2-heteroaryl, CO.sub.2-heterocyloalkyl, --OCONH.sub.2,
--OCONH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, --OCONH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--OCONH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--OCONH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --OCONH-aryl,
--OCONH-heteroaryl, --OCONH-heterocyclo-alkyl, --NHC(O)H,
--NHC(O)--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHC(O)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--NHC(O)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NHC(O)--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHC(O)-aryl,
--NHC(O)-heteroaryl, --NHC(O)-heterocyclo-alkyl,
--NHCO.sub.2--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHCO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--NHCO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NHCO.sub.2--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHCO.sub.2-aryl,
--NHCO.sub.2-heteroaryl, --NHCO.sub.2-heterocycloalkyl,
--NHC(O)NH.sub.2, --NHC(O)NH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHC(O)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--NHC(O)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NHC(O)NH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHC(O)NH-aryl,
--NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, --NHC(O)NH-heterocycloalkyl, NHC(S)NH.sub.2,
--NHC(S)NH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHC(S)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--NHC(S)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NHC(S)NH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHC(S)NH-aryl,
--NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, --NHC(S)NH-heterocycloalkyl,
--NHC(NH)NH.sub.2, --NHC(NH)NH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHC(NH)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--NHC(NH)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NHC(NH)NH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHC(NH)NH-aryl,
--NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl, --NHC(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl,
--NHC(NH)--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHC(NH)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--NHC(NH)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--NHC(NH)--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHC(NH)-aryl,
--NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, --NHC(NH)-heterocycloalkyl,
--C(NH)NH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--C(NH)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--C(NH)NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--C(NH)NH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --C(NH)NH-aryl,
--C(NH)NH-heteroaryl, --C(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl,
--S(O)--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl, --S(O)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--S(O)--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--S(O)--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --S(O)-aryl,
--S(O)-heteroaryl, --S(O)-heterocycloalkyl, --SO.sub.2NH.sub.2,
--SO.sub.2NH--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--SO.sub.2NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl,
--SO.sub.2NH--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--SO.sub.2NH--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --SO.sub.2NH-aryl,
--SO.sub.2NH-heteroaryl, --SO.sub.2NH-heterocycloalkyl,
--NHSO.sub.2--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--NHSO.sub.2--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl, --NHSO--C.sub.2--C-alkynyl,
--NHSO.sub.2--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --NHSO.sub.2-aryl,
--NHSO.sub.2-heteroaryl, --NHSO.sub.2-heterocycloalkyl,
--CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, --CH.sub.2SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, -aryl, -arylalkyl,
-heteroaryl, -heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl,
--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy,
-methoxymethoxy, -methoxyethoxy, --SH, --S--C.sub.1-C.sub.12-alkyl,
--S--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkenyl, --S--C.sub.2-C.sub.8-alkynyl,
--S--C.sub.3-C.sub.12-cycloalkyl, --S-aryl, --S-heteroaryl,
--S-heterocycloalkyl, or methylthiomethyl. It is understood that
the aryls, heteroaryls, alkyls, cycloalkyls and the like can be
further substituted.
[0112] The term "halo" or halogen" alone or as part of another
substituent, as used herein, refers to a fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, or iodine atom.
[0113] The term "optionally substituted", as used herein, means
that the referenced group may be substituted or unsubstituted. In
one embodiment, the referenced group is optionally substituted with
zero substituents, i.e., the referenced group is unsubstituted. In
another embodiment, the referenced group is optionally substituted
with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently
selected from groups described herein.
[0114] The term "hydrogen" includes hydrogen and deuterium. In
addition, the recitation of an atom includes other isotopes of that
atom so long as the resulting compound is pharmaceutically
acceptable.
[0115] The term "hydroxy activating group," as used herein, refers
to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to activate a
hydroxyl group so that it will depart during synthetic procedures
such as in a substitution or an elimination reaction. Examples of
hydroxyl activating group include, but not limited to, mesylate,
tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate and the like.
[0116] The term "activated hydroxyl," as used herein, refers to a
hydroxy group activated with a hydroxyl activating group, as
defined above, including mesylate, tosylate, triflate,
p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate groups, for example.
[0117] The term "hydroxy protecting group," as used herein, refers
to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a
hydroxyl group against undesired reactions during synthetic
procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the hydroxy
protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed.
Hydroxy protecting groups as known in the art are described
generally in T. H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in
Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York
(1999). Examples of hydroxyl protecting groups include
benzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl,
isopropoxycarbonyl, diphenylmethoxycarbonyl,
2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, formyl,
chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl,
benzoyl, methyl, t-butyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilyl
ethyl, allyl, benzyl, triphenyl-methyl (trityl), methoxymethyl,
methylthiomethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxymethyl,
methanesulfonyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and the
like.
[0118] The term "protected hydroxy," as used herein, refers to a
hydroxy group protected with a hydroxy protecting group, as defined
above, including benzoyl, acetyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl,
methoxymethyl groups, for example.
[0119] The term "hydroxy prodrug group," as used herein, refers to
a promoiety group which is known in the art to change the
physicochemical, and hence the biological properties of a parent
drug in a transient manner by covering or masking the hydroxy
group. After said synthetic procedure(s), the hydroxy prodrug group
as described herein must be capable of reverting back to hydroxy
group in vivo. Hydroxy prodrug groups as known in the art are
described generally in Kenneth B. Sloan, Prodrugs, Topical and
Ocular Drug Delivery, (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences;
Volume 53), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1992).
[0120] The term "amino protecting group," as used herein, refers to
a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect an
amino group against undesired reactions during synthetic
procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the amino protecting
group as described herein may be selectively removed. Amino
protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in T.
H. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic
Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999).
Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited
to, methoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl,
benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.
[0121] The term "protected amino," as used herein, refers to an
amino group protected with an amino protecting group as defined
above.
[0122] The term "leaving group" means a functional group or atom
which can be displaced by another functional group or atom in a
substitution reaction, such as a nucleophilic substitution
reaction. By way of example, representative leaving groups include
chloro, bromo and iodo groups; sulfonic ester groups, such as
mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate and the like; and acyloxy
groups, such as acetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy and the like.
[0123] The term "aprotic solvent," as used herein, refers to a
solvent that is relatively inert to proton activity, i.e., not
acting as a proton-donor. Examples include, but are not limited to,
hydrocarbons, such as hexane and toluene, for example, halogenated
hydrocarbons, such as, for example, methylene chloride, ethylene
chloride, chloroform, and the like, heterocyclic compounds, such
as, for example, tetrahydrofuran and N-methylpyrrolidinone, and
ethers such as diethyl ether, bis-methoxymethyl ether. Such
compounds are well known to those skilled in the art, and it will
be obvious to those skilled in the art that individual solvents or
mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and
reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility
of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature
ranges, for example. Further discussions of aprotic solvents may be
found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs,
for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of
Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II,
in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, N Y,
1986.
[0124] The term "protic solvent," as used herein, refers to a
solvent that tends to provide protons, such as an alcohol, for
example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol,
t-butanol, and the like. Such solvents are well known to those
skilled in the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the
art that individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred
for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such
factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and
preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of
protogenic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or
in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical
Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A.
Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series,
John Wiley & Sons, N Y, 1986.
[0125] Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by
this invention are only those that result in the formation of
stable compounds. The term "stable," as used herein, refers to
compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture
and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient
period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g.,
therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).
[0126] The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction
mixture and further purified by a method such as column
chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or
recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan,
further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the Formula herein
will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an
alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds.
Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group
methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing
the compounds described herein are known in the art and include,
for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive
Organic Transformations, 2.sup.nd Ed. Wiley-VCH (1999); T. W.
Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,
3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999); L. Fieser and M. Fieser,
Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and
Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for
Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent
editions thereof.
[0127] The term "subject," as used herein, refers to an animal.
Preferably, the animal is a mammal. More preferably, the mammal is
a human. A subject also refers to, for example, dogs, cats, horses,
cows, pigs, guinea pigs, fish, birds and the like.
[0128] The compounds of this invention may be modified by appending
appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological
properties. Such modifications are known in the art and may include
those which increase biological penetration into a given biological
system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system),
increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow
administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of
excretion.
[0129] The compounds described herein contain one or more
asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers,
diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined,
in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)-
or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include
all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically
pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective
optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or
by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried
out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by
repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques
which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details
regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers,
Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the
compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, other
unsaturation, or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless
specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both
E and Z geometric isomers or cis- and trans-isomers. Likewise, all
tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. Tautomers may be
in cyclic or acyclic. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double
bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not
intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so
states; thus a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-heteroatom
double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans,
or a mixture of the two in any proportion.
[0130] Certain compounds of the present invention may also exist in
different stable conformational forms which may be separable.
Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric
single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring
strain, may permit separation of different conformers. The present
invention includes each conformational isomer of these compounds
and mixtures thereof.
[0131] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt,"
refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical
judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans
and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic
response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable
benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well
known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describes
pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 66: 1-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during
the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the
invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a
suitable organic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable
salts include, but are not limited to, nontoxic acid addition salts
are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as
hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid
and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid,
maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic
acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion
exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are
not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate,
benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate,
camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentane-propionate,
digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate,
glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate,
heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate,
lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate,
malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate,
nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate,
propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate,
p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.
Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium,
lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further
pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate,
nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed
using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate,
phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms,
sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
[0132] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable ester"
refers to esters which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that
break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound
or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example,
those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic
acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and
alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety
advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of
particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates,
acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and
ethylsuccinates.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0133] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention
comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the
present invention formulated together with one or more
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
[0134] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier or excipient" means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or
liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation
auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve
as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose,
glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato
starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered
tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter
and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil,
safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil;
glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and
ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide
and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic
saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer
solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as
sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring
agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and
perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be
present in the composition, according to the judgment of the
formulator.
[0135] The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be
administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically,
rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted
reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by
injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may
contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable
carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the
formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids,
bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated
compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein
includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,
intraarticular, intra-arterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal,
intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion
techniques.
[0136] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include
pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions,
suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active
compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents
commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other
solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl
alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl
alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol,
dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut,
corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol,
tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid
esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents,
the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting
agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring,
and perfuming agents.
[0137] Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable
aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to
the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and
suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a
sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic
parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a
solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and
solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P.
and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed
oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can be employed including
synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as
oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectable.
[0138] The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example,
by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by
incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid
compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water
or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
[0139] In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often
desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a
liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor
water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends
upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon
crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed
absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished
by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable
depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug
in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide.
Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the
particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be
controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include
poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable
formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes
or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.
[0140] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are
preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the
compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients
or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a
suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid
at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal
cavity and release the active compound.
[0141] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules,
tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms,
the active compound is mixed with at least one inert,
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium
citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such
as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid,
b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates,
gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants
such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar,
calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain
silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such
as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium
compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol
and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and
bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate,
magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl
sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and
pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.
[0142] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as
fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such
excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular
weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
[0143] The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills,
and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as
enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the
pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain
opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they
release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a
certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed
manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include
polymeric substances and waxes.
[0144] Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a
compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams,
lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.
The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or
buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye
ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being
within the scope of this invention.
[0145] The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in
addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such
as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch,
tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones,
bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures
thereof.
[0146] Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds
of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid,
aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or
mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain
customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.
[0147] Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing
controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms
can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper
medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux
of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by
either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the
compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
[0148] For pulmonary delivery, a therapeutic composition of the
invention is formulated and administered to the patient in solid or
liquid particulate form by direct administration e.g., inhalation
into the respiratory system. Solid or liquid particulate forms of
the active compound prepared for practicing the present invention
include particles of respirable size: that is, particles of a size
sufficiently small to pass through the mouth and larynx upon
inhalation and into the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. Delivery
of aerosolized therapeutics, particularly aerosolized antibiotics,
is known in the art (see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,068 to
Van Devanter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,269 to Smith et al., and
WO 98/43650 by Montgomery, all of which are incorporated herein by
reference).
Antiviral Activity
[0149] An inhibitory amount or dose of the compounds of the present
invention may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg,
alternatively from about 1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Inhibitory amounts or
doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well
as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.
[0150] According to the methods of treatment of the present
invention, viral infections, conditions are treated or prevented in
a patient such as a human or another animal by administering to the
patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the
invention, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to
achieve the desired result.
[0151] By a "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound of the
invention is meant an amount of the compound which confers a
therapeutic effect on the treated subject, at a reasonable
benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The
therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test
or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or
feels an effect). An effective amount of the compound described
above may range from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, preferably
from about 1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Effective doses will also vary
depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of
co-usage with other agents. It will be understood, however, that
the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the
present invention will be decided by the attending physician within
the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically
effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a
variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the
severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound
employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight,
general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of
administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of
the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment;
drugs used in combination or contemporaneously with the specific
compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical
arts.
[0152] The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention
administered to a human or other animal in single or in divided
doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body
weight or more usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Single
dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof
to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according
to the present invention comprise administration to a patient in
need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the
compound(s) of this invention per day in single or multiple
doses.
[0153] The compounds of the present invention described herein can,
for example, be administered by injection, intravenously,
intra-arterial, subdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or
subcutaneously; or orally, buccally, nasally, transmucosally,
topically, in an ophthalmic preparation, or by inhalation, with a
dosage ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg of body weight,
alternatively dosages between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120
hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug. The
methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of
compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated
effect. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this
invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per
day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration
can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount of active
ingredient that may be combined with pharmaceutically excipients or
carriers to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon
the host treated and the particular mode of administration. A
typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active
compound (w/w). Alternatively, such preparations may contain from
about 20% to about 80% active compound.
[0154] Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be
required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular
patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the
activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight,
general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of
excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the
disease, condition or symptoms, the patient's disposition to the
disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating
physician.
[0155] Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance
dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention
may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or
frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function
of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is
retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired
level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a
long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
[0156] When the compositions of this invention comprise a
combination of a compound of the Formula described herein and one
or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the
compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage
levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between
about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy
regimen. The additional agents may be administered separately, as
part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this
invention. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single
dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in
a single composition.
[0157] The said "additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents"
includes but not limited to, immune therapies (eg. interferon),
therapeutic vaccines, antifibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents
such as corticosteroids or NSAIDs, bronchodilators such as beta-2
adrenergic agonists and xanthines (e.g. theophylline), mucolytic
agents, anti-muscarinics, anti-leukotrienes, inhibitors of cell
adhesion (e.g. ICAM antagonists), anti-oxidants (eg
N-acetylcysteine), cytokine agonists, cytokine antagonists, lung
surfactants and/or antimicrobial and anti-viral agents (e.g.
ribavirin and amantidine). The compositions according to the
invention may also be used in combination with gene replacement
therapy.
Combination and Alternation Therapy
[0158] It has been recognized that drug-resistant variants of HIV,
HBV and HCV can emerge after prolonged treatment with an antiviral
agent. Drug resistance most typically occurs by mutation of a gene
that encodes for a protein such as an enzyme used in viral
replication, and most typically in the case of HIV, reverse
transcriptase, protease, or DNA polymerase, and in the case of HBV,
DNA polymerase, or in the case of HCV, RNA polymerase, protease, or
helicase. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the efficacy of a
drug against HIV infection can be prolonged, augmented, or restored
by administering the compound in combination or alternation with a
second, and perhaps third, antiviral compound that induces a
different mutation from that caused by the principle drug. The
compounds can be used for combination are selected from the group
consisting of a HBV polymerase inhibitor, interferon, TLR
modulators such as TLR-7 agonists or TLR-9 agonists, therapeutic
vaccines, immune activator of certain cellular viral RNA sensors,
viral entry inhibitor, viral maturation inhibitor, distinct capsid
assembly modulator, antiviral compounds of distinct or unknown
mechanism, and combination thereof. Alternatively, the
pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, or other parameter of the drug
can be altered by such combination or alternation therapy. In
general, combination therapy is typically preferred over
alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous
stresses on the virus.
[0159] Preferred compounds for combination or alternation therapy
for the treatment of HBV include 3TC, FTC, L-FMAU, interferon,
adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, telbivudine (L-dT), valtorcitabine
(3'-valinyl L-dC), -D-dioxolanyl-guanine (DXG),
.beta.-D-dioxolanyl-2,6-diaminopurine (DAPD), and
.beta.-D-dioxolanyl-6-chloropurine (ACP), famciclovir, penciclovir,
lobucavir, ganciclovir, and ribavirin.
[0160] Although the invention has been described with respect to
various preferred embodiments, it is not intended to be limited
thereto, but rather those skilled in the art will recognize that
variations and modifications may be made therein which are within
the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended
claims.
Abbreviations
[0161] Abbreviations which may be used in the descriptions of the
scheme and the examples that follow are: Ac for acetyl; AcOH for
acetic acid; AIBN for azobisisobutyronitrile; BINAP for
2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl; Boc.sub.2O for
di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate; Boc for t-butoxycarbonyl; Bpoc for
1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbonyl; Bz for benzoyl; Bn for
benzyl; BocNHOH for tert-butyl N-hydroxycarbamate; t-BuOK for
potassium tert-butoxide; Bu.sub.3SnH for tributyltin hydride; BOP
for (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium
Hexafluorophosphate; Brine for sodium chloride solution in water;
BSA for N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide; CDI for
carbonyldiimidazole; DCM or CH.sub.2C.sub.2 for dichloro-methane;
CH.sub.3 for methyl; CH.sub.3CN for acetonitrile; Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3
for cesium carbonate; CuCl for copper (I) chloride; CuI for copper
(I) iodide; dba for dibenzylidene acetone; dppb for
diphenylphos-phinobutane; DBU for
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene; DCC for
N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide; DEAD for diethylazodicarboxylate;
DIAD for diisopropyl azodicarboxylate; DIPEA or (i-Pr).sub.2EtN for
N,N,-diisopropylethyl amine; Dess-Martin periodinane for
1,1,1-tris(acetyloxy)-1,1-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-one; DMAP
for 4-dimethylamino-pyridine; DME for 1,2-dimethoxyethane; DMF for
N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO for dimethyl sulfoxide; DMT for
di(p-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethyl or dimethoxy-trityl; DPPA for
diphenylphosphoryl azide; EDC for
N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide; EDC HCl for
N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; EtOAc
for ethyl acetate; EtOH for ethanol; Et.sub.2O for diethyl ether;
HATU for O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N',-tetramethyluronium
Hexafluoro-phosphate; HCl for hydrogen chloride; HOBT for
1-hydroxybenzotriazole; K.sub.2CO.sub.3 for potassium carbonate;
n-BuLi for n-butyl lithium; i-BuLi for i-butyl lithium; t-BuLi for
t-butyl lithium; PhLi for phenyl lithium; LDA for lithium
diisopropylamide; LiTMP for lithium
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinate; MeOH for methanol; Mg for
magnesium; MOM for methoxymethyl; Ms for mesyl or
--SO.sub.2--CH.sub.3; Ms.sub.2O for methanesulfonic anhydride or
mesyl-anhydride; MTBE for t-butyl methyl ether; NaN(TMS).sub.2 for
sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; NaCl for sodium chloride; NaH for
sodium hydride; NaHCO.sub.3 for sodium bicarbonate or sodium
hydrogen carbonate; Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 sodium carbonate; NaOH for
sodium hydroxide; Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 for sodium sulfate; NaHSO.sub.3
for sodium bisulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfite;
Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3 for sodium thiosulfate; NH.sub.2NH.sub.2 for
hydrazine; NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 for ammonium bicarbonate; NH.sub.4Cl
for ammonium chloride; NMO for N-methylmorpholine N-oxide;
NaIO.sub.4 for sodium periodate; Ni for nickel; OH for hydroxyl;
OsO.sub.4 for osmium tetroxide; PPA for polyphophoric acid; PTSA
for p-toluenesulfonic acid; PPTS for pyridiniump-toluenesulfonate;
PhI(OPiv).sub.2 for Bis(tert-butylcarbonyloxy)iodobenzene;
Rh.sub.2(Esp).sub.2 for
Bis[rhodium(.alpha.,.alpha.,.alpha.',.alpha.'-tetramethyl-1,3-benzenedipr-
opionic acid)]; TBAF for tetrabutylammonium fluoride; TEA or
Et.sub.3N for triethylamine; TES for triethylsilyl; TESCl for
triethylsilyl chloride; TESOTf for triethylsilyl
trifluoromethanesulfonate; TFA for trifluoroacetic acid; THE for
tetrahydrofuran; TMEDA for N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylene-diamine;
TPP or PPh.sub.3 for triphenyl-phosphine; Troc for
2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonyl; Ts for tosyl or
--SO.sub.2--C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3; Ts.sub.2O for tolylsulfonic
anhydride or tosyl-anhydride; TsOH for p-tolylsulfonic acid; Pd for
palladium; Ph for phenyl; POPd for dihydrogen
dichlorobis(di-tert-butylphosphinito-.kappa.P)palladate(II);
Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 for tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (0);
Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 for tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium (0);
PdCl.sub.2(PPh.sub.3).sub.2 for
trans-dichlorobis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II); Pt for
platinum; Rh for rhodium; rt for room temperature; Ru for
ruthenium; TBS for tert-butyl dimethylsilyl; TMS for
trimethylsilyl; or TMSCl for trimethylsilyl chloride.
Synthetic Methods
[0162] The compounds and processes of the present invention will be
better understood in connection with the following synthetic
schemes that illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the
invention may be prepared. These schemes are of illustrative
purpose, and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention.
Equivalent, similar, or suitable solvents, reagents or reaction
conditions may be substituted for those particular solvents,
reagents, or reaction conditions described herein without departing
from the general scope of the method of synthesis.
[0163] The nature of the group B in Formula I will have a
significant effect on the choice of the synthesis methods, as
demonstrated below.
##STR00037##
[0164] When B in Formula I is a hydrogen, an illustrative method is
shown in Schemes 1, the X, A, Y, Z are as defined as previously for
formula I. The starting material aldehyde I-1, a ketone I-2 wherein
Y is an electron withdrawing group, such as an ester, or an
aromatic group (the desired aryl or heteroaryl) and an amidine I-3
are all either commercially available or can be easily prepared by
those familiar with the skill of the arts. The dihydropyrimidine
core I-4 can be prepared in one pot process from an aldehyde I-1, a
ketone I-2 and an amidine I-3 (or its salt) in the presence of a
suitable base as such potassium acetate or potassium bicarbonate in
a solvent like methanol, or trifluoroethanol. Most frequently,
elevated temperature is required for this transformation. Starting
from this core I-4, A, X, Y, Z could be individually manipulated
and converted to varieties of functional groups.
[0165] For instance, when Z in I-4 is a methyl, this methyl can be
further functionalized easily. One specific example is shown in
scheme 1a, when I-4a is treated with NBS, the methyl bromide I-5
will be obtained. The bromide can be displaced with nucleophiles.
Therefore, when I-5a is reacted with various bi-functional
molecules Z'(CH.sub.2).sub.mGH, in which GH is a nucleophile, such
as an amine, an alcohol or a malonate; Z' is precursor of a leaving
group, such as a protected hydroxyl or a ester, in the presence of
a suitable base such as TEA or pyridine, will provide a more
complicated structure I-6a. Next the Z' is converted to a desired
leaving group by either de-protection or reduction to free the
alcohol, followed by mesylate formation to afford the 1-7a.
Alternatively, bromide or tosylate may be used. When 1-7a is
treated with a base, like TEA or K.sub.2CO.sub.3, in a proper
solvent such as THF, acetonitrile or DMF will give the cyclized
product 1-8a.
##STR00038##
[0166] Next, Y in the formula I-8a can be further manipulated. For
instance, as shown in Scheme 1b, wherein Y is an ester, R.sub.3 is
as defined as previously. In the case while R.sub.3 is t-Butyl or
allyl, then ester I-8b can be converted to an advanced carboxyl
acid intermediate I-9b when treated with strong acid (HCl or TFA)
or Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4/Morpholine, respectively. By taking
advantage of this carboxyl acid as a key intermediate, various
functional groups can be generated from it. One specific example is
shown in the same scheme, this carboxyl acid is converted to the
acyl chloride followed by treating with amines to give the amide
I-10b. Alternatively this transformation also can be completed in
the presence of a dehydration reagent such as EDC or DCC as well as
a base like TEA, DIPEA. When R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are hydrogen, this
amide when treated with a dehydration reagent such as TFAA will
afford a nitrile. This nitrile can serve as advanced intermediate
for azoles. When R.sub.1 is methyl, R.sub.2 is methoxyl, a Weinreb
amide is obtained. In the next step, this Weinreb amide is reduced
to an aldehyde or reacted with all sorts of Grignard reagent will
offer various ketone, which could serve as later stage intermediate
for further functional group manipulation for more complicated
heteroaryl including azoles. One example is shown in the same
scheme, the Weinreb amide I-10b can be reduced to afford the
aldehyde I-11b, which when reacted with acetone in the presence of
a base such as LDA will offer the .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone
1-12b. I-12b is treated with hydroxyl amine followed by an iodine
induced cyclization to afford the isoxazole I-13c. More related
arts can be found in the various publications (for example, J. A
Joule and K. Mills, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 5.sup.th edition, 557
and reference therein). G, m' and R.sub.3 are as previously
defined.
##STR00039##
[0167] In yet another specific example as shown in Scheme 1c, when
the carboxyl acid I-9b is treated with pyridinium tribromide in the
presence a base such as pyridine, a bromide I-10c will be produced.
The bromide reacts with various aryl or heteroaryl boronic
ester/acid or tin reagent, which can be commercial available or
easily prepared by those familiar with the skill of the arts, under
the Pd(0) catalyzed coupling conditions to give the target molecule
I-11c. (see reviews: A. Suzuki, Pure Applied Chem., 1991, 63, 419;
A. Suzuki, Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic
Synthesis, 2002, 1, 249; A. Anastasia, et al, Handbook of
Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, 2002, 1, 311).
##STR00040##
[0168] In yet another specific example as shown Scheme 1d, the
compound I-4d can be protected with a proper protecting group such
as Boc, or Cbz to give I-5d. Hydrolysis the ester of I-5d following
similar procedure as described in Scheme 1b will afford the acid
I-6d. When the carboxyl acid I-6d is treated with at least two
equivalents of NBS, the di-bromo compound I-7d will be obtained.
Starting from this di-bromo I-7d, following similar chemical
procedure described in Scheme 1a for converting I-5a to I-8a, the
5-bromo compound I-10c will be generated. From it, target I-11c
will be obtained as discussed in Scheme 1c.
##STR00041##
[0169] In yet another specific example as shown Scheme 1e, if the
amidine I-3 shown in Scheme 1 is replaced with a urea, a
dihydropyrimidine-2-one I-4a analogue to I-4 is generated. It is
well known in literature (A. Karnail, et al, Journal of Organic
Chemistry, 1989, 54, 5898) that when this family molecules are
treated with (Boc).sub.2O in the present of a base such as TEA, or
DIPEA, a N-3 Boc protected product I-5e will be obtained.
Alkylation of this intermediate I-5e with an alkylation reagent,
like RBr with the desired R group in the presence of a proper base
such as NaH will afford the N-1 alkylated intermediate I-6e. When
I-6e is treated with an acid, like HCl or TFA, the N-3 Boc
protecting group will be removed, which is followed by heating this
material in POCl.sub.3 to lead to the 2-chloro dhydropyrimidine
I-7e. This chloride reacts with various aryl or heteroaryl boronic
ester/acid or tin reagent, which can be commercial available or
easily prepared by those familiar with the skill of the arts, under
the Pd(0) catalyzed coupling conditions to give the target molecule
I-8e contains the desired A group. When I-8e is reacted with 1
equivalent NBS, the 6-methyl will be brominated to offer advanced
intermediated I-9e. The bromide in I-9e can be displaced with the
desired M group with MH in the presence of proper base to afford
I-10e. In molecule I-10e, if the Y is desired aryl or heteroaryl
group, then I-10e is a desired target; if Y is an ester, then all
the chemistry described in Scheme 1b and Scheme 1c can be applied
to afford the desired product. R and M are as previously
defined.
##STR00042##
[0170] On the other hand, if the R in I-9e contains a nucleophile
such as I-9e' as shown in Scheme 1f, when treated with a base, TEA,
or NaH will afford the intermediate I-8a.
##STR00043##
[0171] On the other hand when B is CN or an alkyl group, a step
wise route is required for the preparation of the final targets. As
illustrated in Scheme 2, aldehyde I-1 and I-2 are reacted with each
other in the presence of a catalyst system, such as
piperidine/acetic acid to afford the .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated
ketone II-1. This .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone II-1 reacts
with a copper reagent CuB, which can be commercially available or
can be easily generated in situ from CuI and BMgX (or BLi). The
newly formed .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone II-2 then reacts
with I-3 in a similar process described above as in the one-pot
process to afford the desired target I.
##STR00044##
[0172] In a specific example, while B is a methyl, X is a aryl or
heteroaryl, I in Scheme 2 can be introduced with a chemistry
described in Scheme 2a following similar published precedents (For
example, WO 2013/102655). A distal acetylene I-1a served as a
methyl ketone equivalent reacts with ketone I-2 in the presence of
InCl.sub.3 will provide the .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketone
II-1a, which in turn when reacts with amidine I-3 will provide Ia,
the 4-methyl analogue of I.
##STR00045##
[0173] With I in hand, all the chemistry described in Scheme 1a to
Scheme 1f can be applied here to give the desired targets.
[0174] Alternatively, in certain cases, even when B is hydrogen, a
step wise procedure similar as in Scheme 2 is required to achieve
the targets.
[0175] It will be appreciated that, with appropriate manipulation
and protection of any chemical functionality, synthesis of
compounds of Formula (I) is accomplished by methods analogous to
those above and to those described in the Experimental section.
Suitable protecting groups can be found, but are not restricted to,
those found in T W Greene and P G M Wuts "Protective Groups in
Organic Synthesis", 3rd Ed (1999), J Wiley and Sons.
[0176] All references cited herein, whether in print, electronic,
computer readable storage media or other form, are expressly
incorporated by reference in their entirety, including but not
limited to, abstracts, articles, journals, publications, texts,
treatises, internet web sites, databases, patents, and patent
publications.
[0177] Various changes and modifications to the disclosed
embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such
changes and modifications including, without limitation, those
relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives,
formulations and/or methods of the invention may be made without
departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the
appended claims.
[0178] Although the invention has been described with respect to
various preferred embodiments, it is not intended to be limited
thereto, but rather those skilled in the art will recognize that
variations and modifications may be made therein which are within
the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended
claims.
EXAMPLES
[0179] The compounds and processes of the present invention will be
better understood in connection with the following examples, which
are intended as an illustration only and not limiting of the scope
of the invention.
##STR00046##
[0180] Step 1-1a.
[0181] A solution of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxypropanoate (5 g, 42.3 mmol)
and 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (6 g, 42.3 mmol) was
stirred for 4 hours at 120.degree. C. The mixture was concentrated
under vacuum to give desired product (9 g, crude) as yellow oil,
which was used in the next step without further purification. ESI
MS m/z=203.25 [M+H].sup.+.
[0182] Step 1-1b.
[0183] A solution of the compound from step 1-1a (5 g, 24.5 mmol),
2-chloro-4-fluorobenzaldehyde (4.3 g, 27.3 mmol), TsOH (cat) and
HOAc (cat) in toluene (60 mL) was stirred at 110.degree. C.
overnight. The mixture was concentrated. The residue was
chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give the
desired product (5.93 g, 70.0%) as yellow solid. ESI MS m/z=343.00
[M+H].sup.+.
[0184] Step 1-1c.
[0185] A solution of the compound from step 1-1b (5 g, 14.6 mmol),
thiazole-2-carboximidamide HCl salt (2.38 g, 14.6 mmol) and
K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.01 g, 14.6 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred for
2 hours at 80.degree. C. It was diluted with EtOAc and washed with
brine, filtered and concentrated. After the residue was purified by
silica gel column (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether), the mixture was
recrystallized from EtOH at 0.degree. C. to give the desired
product as yellow solid (1.25 g, 25.0%). ESI MS m/z=452.05
[M+H].sup.+.
[0186] Step 1-1d.
[0187] A solution of the compound from step 1-1c (950 mg, 2.10
mmol), (Boc).sub.2O (915.6 mg, 4.20 mmol) and DMAP (307 mg, 2.51
mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was stirred for 1 hour at rt. The reaction
mixture was concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (silica,
ethyl acetate/petroleum ether) to give the desired compound as
yellow solid (1.07 g, 92%). ESI MS m/z=552.30 [M+H].sup.+.
[0188] Step 1-1e.
[0189] A solution of the compound from step 1-1d (965 mg, 1.75
mmol) in a solution of NaOH [40 mL, 2M in H.sub.2O/MeOH (1:5)] was
stirred for 18 hours at rt. After being acidified with aq HCl (4N)
to pH 5, the mixture was extracted with DCM. The organic layer was
washed with aq. NH.sub.4Cl and H.sub.2O, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4)
and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (silica, ethyl
acetate/petroleum ether) to give the desired compound as yellow
solid (620 mg, 78%). ESI MS m/z=452.15 [M+H].sup.+.
[0190] Step 1-1f.
[0191] A solution of the compound from step 1-1e (250 mg, 0.55
mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was treated with NBS (295 mg, 1.66 mmol) for 6
hours at rt. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (2
mL) and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was dried
(Na.sub.2SO.sub.4), concentrated. The residue was chromatographed
(Cis column, MeCN/H.sub.2O) to give the title compound as yellow
solid (103.5 mg, 33%). ESI MS m/z=566.10, 568.10 [M+H].sup.+.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta. 8.04 (m, 2H), 7.98 (d,
1H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 4.45 (m, 2H), 1.15
(s, 9H).
##STR00047##
[0192] Step 2-2a.
[0193] To a solution of 1-ethynyl-4-fluorobenzene (21.500 g, 179
mmol) and allyl acetoacetate (25.4 g, 179 mmol) in xylene (170 ml)
at rt was added indium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (2.012 g,
3.58 mmol). The mixture was heated at 120.degree. C. for 3 h before
being allowed to cool down and concentrated. The residue was
diluted with DCM and hexanes (.about.2/1) and filtered. The
filtrate was directly purified by flash column chromatography
(silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired compound as yellow
oil (25.80 g, 55%). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. ppm
7.23-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.09-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.98-5.89 (m, 0.5H),
5.66-5.56 (m, 0.5H), 5.37-5.24 (m, 1H), 5.18-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.70
(dt, J=5.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (dt, J=6.0, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 2.40 (s,
1.5H), 2.35 (s, 1.5H), 2.30 (s, 1.5H), 1.90 (s, 1.5H).
[0194] Step 2-2b.
[0195] To a mixture of thiazole-2-carboximidamide hydrochloride
(5.49 g, 33.6 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (5.64 g, 67.1 mmol) in
NMP (46 ml) at 120.degree. C. was added a solution of the compound
from Step 2-2a (8.80 g, 33.6 mmol) in NMP (20 ml). The mixture was
heated at 120.degree. C. under N.sub.2 for 2.5 h before being
allowed to cool down and diluted with MTBE and water. The organic
layer was washed with water (*1), brine (*1), dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated. The residue was
purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to
afford the desired compound as yellow oil (5.10 g, 41%). ESI MS
m/z=372.13 [M+H].sup.+.
[0196] Step 2-2c.
[0197] A solution of the compound from step 2-2b (5.10 g, 13.73
mmol), (Boc).sub.2O (5.74 ml, 24.72 mmol) and DMAP (3.35 g, 27.5
mmol) in DCM (60 ml) was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was
directly purified by flash column chromatography (silica,
hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired compound as orange oil (5.50
g, 85%). ESI MS m/z=472.18 [M+H].sup.+.
[0198] Step 2-2d.
[0199] To a mixture of the compound from step 2-2c (0.630 g, 1.336
mmol) and morpholine (0.122 ml, 1.403 mmol) in THE (8 ml) at rt was
added Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (0.077 g, 0.067 mmol). The mixture was
stirred at rt under N.sub.2 for 1.5 h before being concentrated.
The residue was taken up with EtOAc and water. 1 N HCl aq
(.about.1.5 ml) was added to get 2 clear layers. The organic layer
was washed with brine (*1), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s),
filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column
chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
compound as yellow foam (0.576 g, 100%). ESI MS m/z=432.14
[M+H].sup.+.
[0200] Step 2-2e.
[0201] To a solution of the compound from step 2-2d (0.290 g, 0.672
mmol) in DCM (6 ml) and heptane (6.00 ml) at rt was added NBS
(0.251 g, 1.411 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at rt
for 20 h before being diluted with DCM and saturated NaHCO.sub.3
aq. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (*1). The combined
organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and
concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column
chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound
as colorless foam (0.344 g, 94%). ESI MS m/z=543.97, 545.97, 547.97
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 1
##STR00048##
[0203] Step 1a.
[0204] To a solution of ethyl 2-nitroacetate (0.941 g, 7.07 mmol)
in DMF (50 ml) at rt was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 0.283 g,
7.07 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 1 h before
being cooled down to 0.degree. C. Intermediate 1 (2.000 g, 3.54
mmol) was added at 0.degree. C. The resulting solution was stirred
at 0.degree. C. for 2 h and then at rt overnight. It was quenched
with saturated NH.sub.4Cl aq and diluted with DCM and EtOAc. The
organic layer was washed with water (*1), brine (*2), dried
(Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and concentrated. The residue was
chromatographed (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
compound as yellow foam (0.903 g, 41%). ESI MS m/z=617.03, 619.03
[M+H].sup.+.
[0205] Step 1b.
[0206] To a solution of the compound from step 1a (450 mg, 0.728
mmol) and 1-methyl-3-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrazole (351 mg, 0.947
mmol) in toluene (12 ml) at rt was added Pd(Ph.sub.3P).sub.4 (126
mg, 0.109 mmol). The mixture was degassed 3 times before being
heated at 135.degree. C. using a microwave reactor for 45 min. The
above reaction was repeated once. The reaction mixtures were
combined and directly chromatographed (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to
afford the desired compound as yellow foam (525.0 mg, 58%). ESI MS
m/z=619.16, 621.15 [M+H].sup.+.
[0207] Step 1c.
[0208] A clear yellow-orange solution of the compound from step 1b
(60 mg, 0.097 mmol) in DCM (2.0 ml) and TFA (1.0 ml) was stirred at
rt for 1 h before being concentrated. The residue was co-evaporated
with toluene (*2), then with DCM and some DIPEA. The residue was
chromatographed (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
compound as yellow foam (42.0 mg, 84%). ESI MS m/z=519.10, 521.11
[M+H].sup.+.
[0209] Step 1d.
[0210] Raney 2800 Ni (excess, slurry in Water) was washed with THE
(*3). A solution of the compound from step 1c (42 mg, 0.081 mmol)
in THE (2 ml) was added at rt, followed by (Boc).sub.2O (0.056 ml,
0.243 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50.degree. C.
with a H.sub.2 balloon for 6 h. It was diluted with MeOH and
filtered through a short pad of celite, washing with DCM/MeOH
(1/1). The filtrate was concentrated. The residue was
chromatographed (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
compound as yellow foam (21.0 mg, 44%). ESI MS m/z=589.18, 591.18
[M+H].sup.+.
[0211] Step 1e.
[0212] To a solution of the compound from step 1d (21 mg, 0.036
mmol) in THE (2 ml) was added LiBH.sub.4 (excess). The mixture was
heated at 75.degree. C. for 45 min before being allowed to cool
down. 0.5 N HCl solution was added dropwise until no bubble was
observed. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic
layer was washed with brine, dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4) and
concentrated. The residue was chromatographed (silica,
hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired compound as yellow foam (11.8
mg, 60%). ESI MS m/z=547.17, 549.17 [M+H].sup.+.
[0213] Step 1f.
[0214] To a solution of the compound from step 1e (11.8 mg, 0.022
mmol) in DCM (2 ml) at 0.degree. C. was added Et.sub.3N (6.01
.mu.l, 0.043 mmol), followed by MsCl (2.52 .mu.l, 0.032 mmol). The
resulting mixture was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 1 h before being
diluted with DCM and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with
DCM (*2). The combined organic layers were dried (Na.sub.2SO.sub.4)
and concentrated. The residue was dried under vacuum to afford the
desired compound as yellow foam (13.5 mg, 100%). ESI MS m/z=625.15,
627.15 [M+H].sup.+. MS showed .about.50% of the product already
cyclized.
[0215] Step 1g.
[0216] To a solution of the compound from step 1f (13.5 mg, 0.022
mmol) in DCM (2 ml) at rt was added Et.sub.3N (6.02 .mu.l, 0.043
mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 1.5 h and then
at 40.degree. C. for 4 h. It was concentrated. The residue was
chromatographed (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title
compound as yellow foam (10.0 mg, 88%). ESI MS m/z=529.16, 531.16
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 2
##STR00049##
[0218] Step 2a.
[0219] To a solution of Example 1 (10.0 mg, 0.019 mmol) in DCM (2
ml) at rt was added 4N HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.095 ml, 0.378 mmol).
The resulting suspension was stirred at rt for 1 h. More 4 N HCl in
1,4-dioxane (0.095 ml, 0.378 mmol) was added. The suspension was
stirred at rt for 1 h before being concentrated. The residue was
co-evaporated with toluene and dried under vacuum to afford the
desired compound as yellow foam (8.5 mg, 100%). ESI MS m/z=429.11,
431.11 [M+H].sup.+.
[0220] Step 2b.
[0221] To a solution of the compound from step 2a (8.5 mg, 0.019
mmol) in pyridine (1 ml) at rt was added cyclopropanesulfonyl
chloride (5.34 mg, 0.038 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred
at rt for 3 h and then heated at 30.degree. C. overnight. DMAP
(2.321 mg, 0.019 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated at
50.degree. C. for 2 h before being allowed to cool down and
quenched with water. It was concentrated. The residue was
co-evaporated with toluene and chromatographed (silica, DCM/MeOH)
to afford the title compound as yellow foam (4.7 mg, 44%). ESI MS
m/z=533.10, 535.10 [M+H].sup.+.
[0222] .sup.1H NMR showed it was a mixture of 2 diastereomers, dr
.about.3/2.
Example 3
##STR00050##
[0224] The title compound was obtained by chiral HPLC separation of
Example 2 with Chiralpak OD-H column (eluting with 30% i-PrOH in
hexanes). ESI MS m/z=533.10, 535.10 [M+H].sup.+.
Alternative Route for the Preparation of Example 3
##STR00051##
[0226] Step 3a.
[0227] To a suspension of Intermediate 1 (3.00 g, 5.30 mmol) and
ethyl 2-((diphenylmethylene)amino)acetate (1.985 g, 7.42 mmol) in
toluene (54 ml) cooled at 0.degree. C. was added
O-Allyl-N-(9-anthracenylmethyl)cinchonidinium bromide (0.321 g,
0.530 mmol), followed by 50% KOH aq (17.68 ml, 265 mmol) dropwise.
The mixture was vigorously stirred at 0.degree. C. for 2 h before
being diluted with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq and MTBE. The organic
layer was washed with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq (*1), brine (*1),
dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated. The
residue was dried under vacuum to afford the desired compound as
yellow foam (5.40 g), which was used directly for next step. ESI MS
m/z=751.14, 753.14 [M+H].sup.+.
[0228] Step 3b.
[0229] A clear orange solution of the compound from step 3a (5.40
g, 5.30 mmol) in THE (30 ml), Water (30.00 ml) and AcOH (20.00 ml)
was stirred at rt for 2.5 h before being concentrated. The residue
was co-evaporated with DCM and some Et.sub.3N (*1). It was purified
by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford
the desired compound as yellow foam (2.540 g, 82% over 2 steps).
ESI MS m/z=587.06, 589.06 [M+H].sup.+. .sup.1H NMR showed the dr
was .about.5/1.
[0230] Step 3c.
[0231] To a clear yellow solution of the compound from step 3b
(0.500 g, 0.851 mmol) in DCM (10 ml) at rt was added DMAP (0.208 g,
1.701 mmol), followed by Cbz-Cl (0.146 ml, 1.021 mmol). The
solution was stirred at rt for 3 h before being quenched with
saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq. and diluted with EtOAc and water. The
organic layer was washed with brine (*1), dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated. The residue was
purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to
afford the desired compound as yellow solid (0.284 g, 46%). ESI MS
m/z=721.11, 723.11 [M+H].sup.+.
[0232] Step 3d.
[0233] To a solution of the compound from step 3c (0.284 g, 0.393
mmol) and 1-methyl-3-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrazole (0.190 g, 0.511
mmol) in toluene (8 ml) at rt was added Pd(Ph.sub.3P).sub.4 (68.2
mg, 0.059 mmol). The mixture was degassed 3 times before being
heated at 135.degree. C. using a microwave reactor for 45 min. The
mixture was directly purified by flash column chromatography
(silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired compound as yellow
oil (0.240 g, 84%). ESI MS m/z=723.24, 725.24 [M+H].sup.+.
[0234] Step 3e.
[0235] A solution of the compound from step 3d (0.240 g, 0.332
mmol) in DCM (4 ml) and TFA (2.000 ml) was stirred at rt for 1 h.
The mixture was concentrated. The residue was co-evaporated with
toluene (*1), and then DCM with some Et.sub.3N (*1). The residue
was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc)
to afford the desired compound as yellow solid (0.195 g, 94%). ESI
MS m/z=623.18, 625.17 [M+H].sup.+.
[0236] Step 3f.
[0237] To a solution of the compound from step 3e (0.195 g, 0.313
mmol) in THE (6 ml) at rt was added LiBH.sub.4 (1.0 M in THF, 0.939
ml, 0.939 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for 4.5 h. 1.0 N HCl
solution was added dropwise until no bubble was observed. Excess
tri-amine was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min
before being diluted with EtOAc and saturated NH.sub.4Cl aq. The
organic layer was washed with brine (*1), dried over
Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated. The residue was
purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to
afford the desired compound as yellow foam (0.165 g, 91%). ESI MS
m/z=581.16, 583.16 [M+H].sup.+.
[0238] Step 3g.
[0239] To a yellow solution of the compound from step 3f (0.145 g,
0.250 mmol) in DCM (5 ml) cooled at 0.degree. C. was added
Et.sub.3N (0.070 ml, 0.499 mmol), followed by a solution of MsCl
(0.029 ml, 0.374 mmol) in DCM (0.1 ml). The resulting mixture was
stirred at 0.degree. C. for 1 h before being diluted with DCM and
water. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (*2). The combined
organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and
concentrated. The residue was taken up in DCM (5 ml). Et.sub.3N
(0.070 ml, 0.500 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at
40.degree. C. for 6 h. The mixture was directly purified by flash
column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
compound as yellow foam (0.124 g, 88%). ESI MS m/z=563.15, 565.14
[M+H].sup.+.
[0240] Step 3h.
[0241] The compound from step 3g (2.420 g, 4.30 mmol) was treated
with 30% HBr in acetic acid (15.56 ml, 86 mmol) at rt for 1 h. The
mixture was freed of volatile by rotavapor. The residue oil was
triturated with hexane/DCM (.about.2/1, *2). The residue oil was
dissolved in MeOH and poured into excess 7 M NH.sub.3 in MeOH at
0.degree. C. The resulting clear solution was stirred at 0.degree.
C. for 15 min and then concentrated. The residue was partitioned
between DCM and water. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM
(*2). The combined organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4
(s), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash
column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
major diastereomer as yellow foam (1.410 g, 76%). ESI MS
m/z=429.10, 431.09 [M+H].sup.+.
[0242] Step 3i.
[0243] To a yellow solution of the compound from step 3h (26.1 mg,
0.061 mmol) in DCM (2 ml) at rt was added DMAP (14.87 mg, 0.122
mmol), followed by a solution of cyclopropanesulfonyl chloride
(9.30 .mu.l, 0.091 mmol) in DCM (0.1 ml). The solution was stirred
at rt for 3 h before being quenched with excess i-PrOH at rt. The
mixture was concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column
chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound
as yellow foam (26.3 mg, 81%). ESI MS m/z=533.10, 535.10
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 4
##STR00052##
[0245] Step 4a.
[0246] To a suspension of Intermediate 2 (0.945 g, 1.733 mmol) and
ethyl 2-((diphenylmethylene)amino)acetate (0.927 g, 3.47 mmol) in
toluene (17 ml) cooled at 0.degree. C. was added
O-Allyl-N-(9-anthracenylmethyl)cinchonidinium bromide (0.105 g,
0.173 mmol), followed by 50% KOH aq (5.78 ml, 87 mmol) dropwise.
The mixture was vigorously stirred at 0.degree. C. for 2 h before
being diluted with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq and MTBE. The organic
layer was washed with saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq (*1), brine (*1),
dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated. The
residue was dried under vacuum to afford the desired compound as
yellow foam (1.830 g), which was used directly for next step. ESI
MS m/z=731.17, 733.17 [M+H].sup.+.
[0247] Step 4b.
[0248] A clear orange solution of the compound from step 4a (1.268
g, 1.733 mmol) in THE (9 ml), Water (9.00 ml) and AcOH (6.00 ml)
was stirred at rt for 4 h before being concentrated. The residue
was taken up in DCM and saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq. The aqueous layer
was extracted with DCM (*1). The combine organic layers were dried
over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated. The residue
was purified by flash column chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc)
to afford the desired compound as yellow foam (0.820 g, 83% over 2
steps). ESI MS m/z=567.11, 569.11 [M+H].sup.+.
[0249] Step 4c.
[0250] To a clear yellow solution of the compound from step 4b
(50.0 mg, 0.088 mmol) in DCM (0.6 ml) was added 4 M HCl in
1,4-dioxane (0.551 ml, 2.203 mmol) at rt. The resulting clear
solution was stirred at rt for 0.5 h before being freed of
volatiles. The residue was dissolved in DCM and washed with
saturated NaHCO.sub.3 aq. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM
(*1). The combine organic layers were dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4
(s), filtered and concentrated. The residue was dried under vacuum
to afford the desired compound as yellow foam (40.8 mg), which was
used directly for next step. ESI MS m/z=467.05, 469.05
[M+H].sup.+.
[0251] Step 4d.
[0252] To a clear yellow solution of the compound from step 4c
(40.8 mg, 0.087 mmol) in DCM (2 ml) at rt was added DMAP (21.33 mg,
0.175 mmol), followed by a solution of cyclopropanesulfonyl
chloride (9.78 .mu.l, 0.096 mmol) in DCM (0.1 ml) dropwise. The
solution was stirred at rt for 3 h. Excess i-PrOH was added at rt
to quench the reaction. After 5 min, the mixture was concentrated.
The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (silica,
hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired compound as yellow foam (40.6
mg, 81%). ESI MS m/z=571.05, 573.05 [M+H].sup.+.
[0253] Step 4e.
[0254] To a solution of the compound from step 4d (40.6 mg, 0.071
mmol) in THE (1 ml) at rt was added a solution of LiBH.sub.4 in THE
(1.0 M, 0.213 ml, 0.213 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for
1.5 h. 0.5 N HCl solution was added dropwise until no bubble was
observed. Excess tri-amine was added. The mixture was stirred at rt
for 10 min before being diluted with EtOAc and water. The organic
layer was washed with brine (*1), dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 (s),
filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash column
chromatography (silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired
compound as yellow foam (32.4 mg, 86%). ESI MS m/z=529.04, 531.04
[M+H].sup.+.
[0255] Step 4f.
[0256] To a solution of the compound from step 4e (32.4 mg, 0.061
mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 ml) at rt was added triethylamine
(0.026 ml, 0.184 mmol), followed by methanesulfonic anhydride
(11.19 mg, 0.064 mmol). The solution was stirred at 55.degree. C.
for 2 h. More methanesulfonic anhydride (11.19 mg, 0.064 mmol) was
added. The solution was stirred at 55.degree. C. for 1.5 h before
being allowed to cool down. Two drops of i-PrOH was added at rt.
The mixture was directly purified by flash column chromatography
(silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the desired compound as yellow
foam (27.4 mg, 88%). ESI MS m/z=511.03, 513.03 [M+H].sup.+.
[0257] Step 4g.
[0258] To a solution of the compound from step 4f (27.4 mg, 0.054
mmol) and 1-methyl-3-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrazole (25.9 mg, 0.070
mmol) in toluene (2 ml) at rt was added Pd(Ph.sub.3P).sub.4 (9.29
mg, 8.04 .mu.mol). The mixture was degassed 3 times before being
heated at 135.degree. C. using a microwave reactor for 45 min. The
mixture was directly purified by flash column chromatography
(silica, hexanes/EtOAc) to afford the title compound as yellow foam
(19.2 mg, 70%). ESI MS m/z=513.15 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 5
##STR00053##
[0260] The title compound was obtained by chiral HPLC separation of
Example 4 with Chiralpak OD-H column (eluting with 10% i-PrOH in
hexanes). ESI MS m/z=513.15 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 6
##STR00054##
[0262] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=507.08, 509.08 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 7
##STR00055##
[0264] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=521.10, 523.10 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 8
##STR00056##
[0266] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=535.12, 537.12 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 9
##STR00057##
[0268] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=583.12, 585.11 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 10
##STR00058##
[0270] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=547.12, 549.11 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 11
##STR00059##
[0272] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=547.11, 549.11 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 12
##STR00060##
[0274] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=579.10, 581.10 [M+H.sub.2O+H].sup.+.
Example 13
##STR00061##
[0276] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=593.11, 595.11 [M+H.sub.2O+H].sup.+.
Example 14
##STR00062##
[0278] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as step 3i. ESI MS m/z=569.10, 571.10 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 15
##STR00063##
[0280] The title compound was prepared following similar procedure
as the alternative route for the preparation of Example 3. ESI MS
m/z=520.07, 522.06 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 16
##STR00064##
[0282] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=531.14 [M+H].sup.+.
Example 17
##STR00065##
[0284] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=536.12, 538.11
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 18
##STR00066##
[0286] The title compound was prepare following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=534.08, 536.08
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 19
##STR00067##
[0288] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=533.10, 535.10
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 20
##STR00068##
[0290] Step 20a.
[0291] A solution of the compound from Step 3h (50.0 mg, 0.117
mmol) and sulfamide (33.6 mg, 0.350 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (2 ml) was
flushed with N.sub.2 and then heated at 110.degree. C. in a sealed
tube for 5 h. The mixture was allowed to cool down and freed of
volatiles with a stream of N.sub.2. The residue was dissolved in
DMSO (2 ml) and filtered. The filtrate was directly purified by
HPLC (40.about.90% ACN in water) to afford the title compound as
brown solid (42 mg, 72%). ESI MS m/z=508.07, 510.07
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 21
##STR00069##
[0293] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=534.08, 536.08
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 22
##STR00070##
[0295] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=547.11, 549.11
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 23
##STR00071##
[0297] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=530.09, 532.09
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 24
##STR00072##
[0299] The title compound was prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5. ESI MS m/z=569.08, 571.08
[M+H].sup.+.
Example 25
##STR00073##
[0301] The title compound is prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5.
Example 26
##STR00074##
[0303] The title compound is prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5.
Example 27
##STR00075##
[0305] The title compound is prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5.
Example 28
##STR00076##
[0307] The title compound is prepared following the similar
procedure as that of Example 5.
Biological Activity
[0308] Methods: HepAD38 cells are maintained as previously reported
(Ladner et al, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997, 4, 1715).
Briefly, cells are passaged upon attaining confluency in DMEM/F12
media in the presence of 10% FBS, Penn/Strep, 250 .mu.g/mL G418,
and 1 .mu.g/ml tetracycline. Novel compounds are screened by first
washing cells three times with PBS to remove tetracycline, and
plating in 96 well plates at 35,000 cells/well. Compounds dissolved
in DMSO are then diluted 1:200 into wells containing cells. Five
days after compound addition, material is harvested for analysis.
For an extended 8 day analysis, cells are plated and treated as
described above, but media and compound are refreshed on d2 and d5
post initial treatment.
[0309] On harvest day, virion DNA is obtained by lysing with
Sidestep Lysis and Stabilization Buffer and then quantified via
quantitative real time PCR. Commercially available ELISA kits are
used to quantitate the viral proteins HBsAg (Alpco) or HbeAg (US
Biological) by following the manufacturer's recommended protocol
after diluting samples to match the linear range of their
respective assays. Irrespective of readout, compound concentrations
that reduce viral product accumulation in the cell lysates or
supernatants by 50% relative to no drug controls (EC.sub.50) are
reported; EC.sub.50 ranges are as follows: A<0.1 .mu.M; B 0.1-1
.mu.M; C >1 .mu.M.
[0310] Compound toxicity is evaluated by seeding cells at 15,000
cells/well and treating with compound as described above. Three
days after compound addition, cells are treated with ATPLite
reagent and compound concentrations that reduce total ATP levels in
wells by 50% relative to no drug controls (CC.sub.50) are reported;
CC.sub.50 ranges are as follows: A >25 .mu.M; B 10-25 .mu.M;
C<10 .mu.M.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Summary of Activities Compd. HepAD38 HepG2
Number EC.sub.50 (.mu.M) CC.sub.50 (.mu.M) 1 A C 2 A A 3 A 4 A 5 A
6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A A 18 A A 19
A 20 A A 21 A 22 A >6 23 B
[0311] While this invention has been particularly shown and
described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will
be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in
form and details may be made therein without departing from the
scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
* * * * *