U.S. patent application number 16/230819 was filed with the patent office on 2020-06-25 for ear tip with increased material loading.
This patent application is currently assigned to Bose Corporation. The applicant listed for this patent is Bose Corporation. Invention is credited to Caitlin Hanson, Shawn Prevoir, Natalie Zucker.
Application Number | 20200204896 16/230819 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 69467677 |
Filed Date | 2020-06-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20200204896 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hanson; Caitlin ; et
al. |
June 25, 2020 |
EAR TIP WITH INCREASED MATERIAL LOADING
Abstract
An ear tip for an earpiece including a body having first and
second ends, an inner wall extending between the first and second
ends to define a hollow passage to conduct sound waves, and an
outer wall connected to the inner wall of the body at the first end
and tapering away from the inner wall toward the second end. The
ear tip further includes one or more protrusions arranged on an
inner surface of the outer wall, wherein the one or more
protrusions has a varying thickness between the first and second
ends.
Inventors: |
Hanson; Caitlin;
(Westborough, MA) ; Prevoir; Shawn; (Northborough,
MA) ; Zucker; Natalie; (Allston, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Bose Corporation |
Framingham |
MA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Bose Corporation
Framingham
MA
|
Family ID: |
69467677 |
Appl. No.: |
16/230819 |
Filed: |
December 21, 2018 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04R 1/1066 20130101;
H04R 1/105 20130101; C09K 5/063 20130101; H04R 1/1083 20130101;
H04R 1/1016 20130101; H04R 1/1091 20130101; H04R 25/652
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04R 1/10 20060101
H04R001/10; C09K 5/06 20060101 C09K005/06 |
Claims
1. An ear tip for an earpiece, comprising: a body having first and
second ends, an inner wall extending between the first and second
ends to define a hollow passage to conduct sound waves, and an
outer wall connected to the inner wall of the body at the first end
and tapering away from the inner wall toward the second end; a
first protrusion arranged on an inner surface of the outer wall,
wherein the first protrusion has a varying thickness between the
first and second ends; and a second protrusion arranged on the
inner surface of the outer wall, the first and second protrusions
having first and second thicknesses.
2. The ear tip of claim 1, wherein the outer wall forms a generally
frustoconical shape around the inner wall.
3. The ear tip of claim 1, wherein the first protrusion has a
thicker portion that is closer to the second end than the first
end.
4. (canceled)
5. The ear tip of claim 1, wherein the first and second protrusions
are separated by at least one circumferential outer wall portion
having a thickness that is thinner than the first and second
thicknesses of the first and second protrusions.
6. The ear tip of claim 5, wherein the first and second protrusions
are arranged at opposite points on the inner surface of the outer
wall such that centers of the first and second protrusions are
separated by 180 degrees along the inner surface of the outer
wall.
7. The ear tip of claim 5, wherein the first and second protrusions
are separated by two circumferential outer wall portions having
thicknesses that are smaller than the first and second thicknesses
of the first and second protrusions.
8. The ear tip of claim 1, wherein the first or second protrusions
comprises one or more phase change materials having a phase change
ability from solid to liquid state at a predetermined phase change
temperature.
9. The ear tip of claim 1, wherein the body comprises one or more
phase change materials, and the amount of phase change material in
the body and the first and second protrusions is equal to or
greater than 25% by weight.
10. The ear tip of claim 9, wherein the amount of phase change
material in the body and the first and second protrusions is equal
to or greater than 35% by weight.
11. An ear tip for an earpiece, comprising: a body having first and
second ends, an inner wall extending between the first and second
ends to define a hollow passage to conduct sound waves, and an
outer wall connected to the inner wall of the body at the first end
and tapering away from the inner wall toward the second end of the
body, wherein the outer wall has a free end; and a first protrusion
arranged on an inner surface of the outer wall, the first
protrusion having a thicker portion and a thinner portion; wherein
the thicker portion of the first protrusion is closer to the second
end than the first end and connected to the free end of the outer
wall.
12. The ear tip of claim 11, wherein the first protrusion has a
varying thickness between the first and second end.
13. The ear tip of claim 11, wherein the ear tip further comprises
a second protrusion arranged on the inner surface of the outer
wall, the first and second protrusions having first and second
thicknesses.
14. The ear tip of claim 13, wherein the first and second
protrusions are separated by at least one circumferential outer
wall portion having a thickness that is thinner than the first and
second thicknesses of the first and second protrusions.
15. The ear tip of claim 13, wherein the first and second
protrusions are arranged at opposite points on the inner surface of
the outer wall such that centers of the first and second
protrusions are separated by 180 degrees along the inner surface of
the outer wall.
16. The ear tip of claim 13, wherein the first and second
protrusions are separated by two circumferential outer wall
portions having thicknesses that are smaller than the first and
second thicknesses of the first and second protrusions.
17. The ear tip of claim 11, wherein the first or second
protrusions comprises one or more phase change materials having a
phase change ability from solid to liquid state at a predetermined
phase change temperature.
18. The ear tip of claim 13, wherein the body comprises one or more
phase change materials, and the amount of phase change material in
the body and the first and second protrusions is equal to or
greater than 25% by weight.
19. The ear tip of claim 18, wherein the amount of phase change
material in the body and the first and second protrusions is equal
to or greater than 35% by weight.
20. An ear tip for an earpiece, comprising: a body having first and
second ends, an inner wall extending between the first and second
ends to define a hollow passage to conduct sound waves, and an
outer wall connected to the inner wall of the body at the first end
and tapering away from the inner wall toward the second end; first
and second ribs arranged on an inner surface of the outer wall such
that centers of the first and second ribs are diametrically opposed
on the inner surface of the outer wall, the first and second ribs
having first and second thicknesses; and at least one
circumferential outer wall portion arranged between the first and
second ribs, the at least one circumferential outer wall portion
having a third thickness that is thinner than the first and second
thicknesses of the first and second ribs; wherein the first and
second ribs comprise one or more phase change materials having a
phase change ability from solid to liquid state at a predetermined
phase change temperature.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] This disclosure generally relates to configurations for ear
tips for use with earpieces.
SUMMARY
[0002] All examples and features mentioned below can be combined in
any technically possible way.
[0003] In one aspect, an ear tip for an earpiece includes a body
having first and second ends, an inner wall extending between the
first and second ends to define a hollow passage to conduct sound
waves, and an outer wall connected to the inner wall of the body at
the first end and tapering away from the inner wall toward the
second end. The ear tip further includes one or more protrusions
arranged on an inner surface of the outer wall and the one or more
protrusions has a varying thickness between the first and second
ends.
[0004] Implementations may include one or more of the following.
The outer wall can form a generally frustoconical shape around the
inner wall. The one or more protrusions can have a thicker portion
that is closer to the second end than the first end.
[0005] The ear tip can include first and second protrusions
arranged on the inner surface of the outer wall, the first and
second protrusions having first and second thicknesses. The first
and second protrusions can be separated by at least one
circumferential outer wall portion having a thickness that is
thinner than the first and second thicknesses of the first and
second protrusions. The first and second protrusions can be
arranged at opposite points on the inner surface of the outer wall
such that centers of the first and second protrusions are separated
by 180 degrees along the inner surface of the outer wall. The first
and second protrusions can be separated by two circumferential
outer wall portions having thicknesses that are smaller than the
first and second thicknesses of the first and second
protrusions.
[0006] The one or more protrusions can include one or more phase
change materials having a phase change ability from solid to liquid
state at a predetermined phased-change temperature. The body can
include one or more phase change materials, and the amount of phase
change material in the body and the first and second protrusions
can be equal to or greater than 25% by weight. The amount of phase
change material in the body and the first and second protrusions
can be equal to or greater than 35% by weight.
[0007] In another aspect, an ear tip for an earpiece includes a
body having first and second ends, an inner wall extending between
the first and second ends to define a hollow passage to conduct
sound waves, and an outer wall connected to the inner wall of the
body at the first end and tapering away from the inner wall toward
the second end. The ear tip further includes one or more
protrusions arranged on an inner surface of the outer wall, the one
or more protrusions having a thicker portion and a thinner portion.
The thicker portion of the one or more protrusions is closer to the
second end than the first end. The one or more protrusions can have
a varying thickness between the first and second end.
[0008] Implementations may include one or more of the following.
The ear tip can include first and second protrusions arranged on
the inner surface of the outer wall, the first and second
protrusions having first and second thicknesses. The first and
second protrusions can be separated by at least one circumferential
outer wall portion having a thickness that is thinner than the
first and second thicknesses of the first and second protrusions.
The first and second protrusions can be arranged at opposite points
on the inner surface of the outer wall such that centers of the
first and second protrusions are separated by 180 degrees along the
inner surface of the outer wall. The first and second protrusions
can be separated by two circumferential outer wall portions having
thicknesses that are smaller than the first and second thicknesses
of the first and second protrusions.
[0009] The one or more protrusions can include one or more phase
change materials having a phase change ability from solid to liquid
state at a predetermined phased-change temperature. The body can
include one or more phase change materials, and the amount of phase
change material in the body and the first and second protrusions
can be equal to or greater than 25% by weight. The amount of phase
change material in the body and the first and second protrusions
can be equal to or greater than 35% by weight.
[0010] In a further aspect, an ear tip for an earpiece includes a
body having first and second ends, an inner wall extending between
the first and second ends to define a hollow passage to conduct
sound waves, and an outer wall connected to the inner wall of the
body at the first end and tapering away from the inner wall toward
the second end. The ear tip further includes first and second ribs
arranged on an inner surface of the outer wall such that centers of
the first and second ribs are diametrically opposed on the inner
surface of the outer wall, the first and second ribs having first
and second thicknesses. The ear tip further includes at least one
circumferential outer wall portion arranged between the first and
second ribs, the at least one circumferential outer wall portion
having a third thickness that is thinner than the first and second
thicknesses of the first and second ribs. The first and second ribs
include one or more phase change materials having a phase change
ability from solid to liquid state at a predetermined phased-change
temperature.
[0011] Other features and advantages will be apparent from the
description and the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 is an example earpiece.
[0013] FIG. 2 is an example headphone with an earpiece.
[0014] FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of an example
earpiece.
[0015] FIG. 4 is a top down view of the earpiece shown in FIGS. 1
and 3, taken generally along line 4-4 in FIG. 1.
[0016] FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the earpiece shown in
FIG. 3, taken generally along line 5-5 in FIG. 3.
[0017] FIG. 6 shows alternate embodiments of the protrusions shown
in FIG. 4.
[0018] FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment of the protrusions shown
in FIG. 4.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] This disclosure describes configurations that enable
increased loading of phase change material into the ear tips of
earpieces. Earpieces can be placed within human ears, e.g., as part
of earphones, headphones, and other wired or wireless devices to
deliver sound. While in contact with the user's ear canal and ear,
earpieces can become uncomfortable due to increasing in-ear
temperatures. Phase change materials can absorb heat as temperature
rises by using the heat energy to melt the solid to liquid. As the
temperature cools, the phase change material releases the heat and
changes back to a solid. The phase change material can be used to
regulate the temperature of a person wearing an earpiece and thus,
reduce discomfort. The more phase change material that can be
placed in contact with the body, the more heat energy can be
absorbed, thereby providing a longer cooling effect. Unfortunately,
while increasing the amount of phase change material can provide
improved temperature regulation, the increased amount of phase
change material can also cause the material to become too hard,
prone to tearing, and reduce elasticity and thus, become less
robust and less comfortable. Increasing the amount of phase change
material in ear tips can also negatively affect or interfere with
acoustic sealing depending on the location of the additional phase
change material.
[0020] The present disclosure describes configurations that enable
increased loading of phase change material into the ear tip to
reduce discomfort to the wearer. The increased loading of phase
change material provides a longer cooling effect while in contact
with the user's ear without significantly affecting acoustic
sealing or making the ear tip too rigid. This disclosure is based,
at least in part, on the realization that the umbrella-shaped
deformable portion of the ear tip can be modified to increase the
volume of the umbrella-shaped deformable portion and thereby
increase the amount of phase change material contained in the ear
tip without sacrificing acoustic sealing. The additional phase
change material accommodated in the increased volume of the
umbrella-shaped deformable portion provides a longer cooling effect
when in contact with the user's ear. More specifically, the
additional phase change material can be positioned in particular
parts of the umbrella-shaped deformable portion that contact the
user's ear when in use as further described below.
[0021] The embodiments and implementations disclosed or otherwise
envisioned herein can be utilized with any suitable earpiece made
of a material possessing elastomeric properties. Example materials
possessing elastomeric properties include rubbers and thermoplastic
materials. Examples of suitable earpieces include Bose
QuietControl.RTM. headphones (manufactured by Bose Corporation of
Framingham, Mass.), noise-blocking earplugs, and hearing aids.
However, the disclosure is not limited to these devices, and thus
the disclosure and embodiments disclosed herein can encompass any
earpiece configured to be placed at least partially within human
ears.
[0022] FIG. 1 shows an example earpiece 100 including an ear tip
that is configured to fit at least partially into a person's ear
canal and a retaining structure configured to hold the ear tip in
place when worn. FIG. 2 is an example headphone 101 with earpiece
100. FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of earpiece 100. The
following should be viewed in light of FIGS. 1-3. Earpiece 100 can
include retaining legs 102, body 104, and hollow passage 106.
Although FIGS. 1-3 show retaining legs 102 as one embodiment of a
retaining structure, this disclosure is not limited to such a
configuration. Any type of retaining structure is contemplated.
Alternatively, the retaining structure can be omitted altogether.
The retaining legs 100 are optional.
[0023] Body 104 includes first end 108 and second end 110 opposite
the first end 108. Second end 110 is proximate to the retaining
legs 102. Body 104 further includes inner wall 107 extending
between the first end 108 and the second end 110. Inner wall 107
defines and surrounds hollow passage 106 which can be configured to
conduct sound waves. Body 104 also includes outer wall 112
connected to the inner wall 107 at the first end 108. Outer wall
112 tapers away from the inner wall 107 toward the second end 110.
In example embodiments, outer wall 112 is frustoconical in shape.
As shown in FIGS. 1-3, outer wall 112 tapers toward the second end
110 but does not necessarily reach the second end 110. In alternate
embodiments not shown, outer wall 112 could extend to the second
end 110 or beyond second end 110.
[0024] Body 104 can be configured as part of a headphone in example
embodiments. In such embodiments, an acoustic driver module 101 can
be connected to the earpiece 100 as shown in FIG. 2. In alternate
embodiments, earpieces may be connected to an audio generation
device wirelessly. In embodiments where the hollow passage 106
conducts sound waves, such sound waves can be conducted from the
second end 110 toward the first end 108 and into a person's ear
canal. Body 104 can also be configured as passive earplugs that do
not have any connections or acoustic features. Regardless of
whether body 104 contains any connections or acoustic features,
inserting the body 104 into the outer ear and the ear canal causes
the inner and outer walls 107, 112 of body 104 to deform to conform
to the anatomical features in the user's ear canal.
[0025] Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, which shows a cutaway of a
top down view of the earpiece shown in FIG. 3, when body 104 is
inserted into a user's ear, portions of outer wall 112 deform
naturally in particular directions. For example, portions A, B, C,
and D tend to be displaced in the directions shown, respectively.
Portions A and B are displaced in opposite directions away from
each other and portions C and D are displaced in opposite
directions toward each other. Portions C and D are squeezed
together by the walls of the ear canal and portions A and B expand
to fill open space in the ear so that portions A and B contact
farther wall areas of the ear canal. The directions in which
portions A and D tend to move when body 104 is inserted into a
user's ear are shown in FIG. 2.
[0026] One or more protrusions 120, 122 can be added to the inside
surface of outer wall 112 at portions A and B. In the example
shown, protrusions 120, 122 are mirror images of each other
however, they do not need to be mirror images. Protrusions 120, 122
can be arranged at opposite points on the inner surface of the
outer wall 112 such that their centers are separated by
approximately 180 degrees along the inner surface. In example
embodiments, protrusions 120, 122 can be merely diametrically
opposed along the inner surface of the outer wall 112. In FIG. 4,
the protrusions are separated by two circumferential outer wall
portions at portions C and D. The thicknesses of these
circumferential outer wall portions at portions C and D are thinner
than the thicknesses of the protrusions.
[0027] One or more phase change materials and/or stiffening
materials can also be included in body 104 between the inner wall
107 and the outer wall 112. As shown in FIG. 4, this part of the
body between the inner wall 107 and the outer wall 112 can also be
shaped such that additional material is provided proximate to
portions A and B and less material is provided proximate to
portions C and D. The reduced thickness of the body proximate to
portions C and D allows the inner wall 107 to contract easily. The
increased thickness of the body proximate to portions A and B
provides support for when the inner wall 107 expands.
[0028] Protrusions 120, 122 at portions A and B can include one or
more phase change materials to provide a longer cooling effect. For
example, when body 104 is inserted into a user's ear and portions A
and B expand, portions A and B are pushed closer to and in contact
with parts of the ear canal. The additional phase change material
at portions A and B can absorb additional heat energy within the
ear by contacting these parts of the ear canal thereby providing a
longer cooling effect.
[0029] Although protrusions 120, 122 can include one or more phase
change materials in the embodiments and implementations described
herein, protrusions 120, 122 can be included in the ear tips
without phase change materials. Even without one or more phase
change materials, protrusions 120, 122 can fill empty spaces in the
ear canal to further block outside noise from entering the ear
and/or block the user's music from leaking to the outside. Thus,
protrusions 120, 122 aid in the passive attenuation of the earpiece
even if protrusions 120, 122 are not providing a longer cooling
effect as discussed above. Of course, in embodiments where
protrusions 120, 122 include one or more phase change materials,
such protrusions provide a longer cooling effect and improved
passive attenuation advantageously.
[0030] One or more protrusions 120, 122 can be formed into
stiffening ribs as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The stiffening ribs
extend in a circumferential direction around the inner surface of
the outer wall 112, but not around the entire circumference. This
non-uniform circumferential distribution of the protrusions
advantageously allows additional material to be added in areas
where the ear tip naturally expands in use, but not in areas where
the ear tip naturally contracts.
[0031] Alternatively, one or more protrusions 120, 122 can be
formed into one or more pluralities of protrusions positioned at
portions A and/or B. For example, the stiffening protrusions shown
in FIGS. 3 and 4 can be replaced with a plurality of protrusions at
portion A and/or another plurality of protrusions at portion B as
shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. Pluralities of protrusions can include two
or more protrusions that are arranged in contact with each other,
e.g., one after the other as shown in FIG. 6 at protrusions 220A,
220B, 220C, 220D, 220E, 220F, 220G, or two or more protrusions that
are arranged not in contact with each other, e.g., spaced apart as
shown at protrusions 222A, 222b, 222C, 222D, 222E in FIG. 6.
Pluralities of protrusions can include any number of suitable
protrusions. For example, two or more protrusions are contemplated.
Protrusions can take any suitable form, including, but not limited
to, circular protrusions, arcuate protrusions, or rectangular
protrusions 220A, 220B, 220C, 222A, 222B, 222C in FIG. 7, etc. In
embodiments, the protrusions are symmetrical about its center point
however, they do not need to be symmetrical.
[0032] FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of the earpiece shown in
FIG. 3. Protrusion 120 is on the right and protrusion 122 is on the
left. The thicknesses of the protrusions 120, 122 vary between
first end 108 and second end 110. The thicknesses of protrusions
120, 122 are thinner proximate to first end 108 and increase in
thickness toward the second end 110. However, the thicknesses do
not increase linearly. The thinner portions of protrusions 120, 122
are proximate to the first end 108 because this end is farthest in
the ear canal when the ear tip is inserted and there is less space
for protrusions 120, 122 at this part of the ear canal. In
contrast, the thicker portions of protrusions 120, 122 are
proximate to the second end 110 because this end rests just
outside, at, or just inside the ear canal when the ear tip is
inserted and there are gaps in the ear at these positions to
receive protrusions 120, 122. The additional phase change material
in protrusions 120, 122 enables more heat energy to be absorbed at
these positions just outside, at, or just inside the ear canal at
portions A and B. The added thickness at the second end 110 can
also help reduce vibration, for example, by approximately 4 decibel
(dB) when used with a sound generating device. To achieve greater
contact with the user's ear, outer wall 112 also includes
additional material extending toward second end 110. Thus,
increased phase change material can be loaded behind the outer wall
112 of the ear tip such that more heat energy can be absorbed
during use without preventing a proper acoustic seal or causing
discomfort since the additional material is placed in wider areas
of the ear canal.
[0033] Body 104 can be made of a composition comprising an
elastomer and one or more phase change materials. The one or more
phase change materials can be distributed uniformly through body
104 or in specific areas. Based on the configurations described and
otherwise envisioned herein, the phase change material can be
present in body 104 including protrusions 120, 122 in an amount
ranging between approximately 10% and approximately 40% by weight.
The amount of phase change material in body 104 including
protrusions 120, 122 can be equal to or greater than 25% or equal
to or greater than 35% by weight, for example 38%.
[0034] The phase change material is enclosed in microspheres such
that when the material undergoes a phase change to the liquid
state, the liquid is contained. The outer shell of the microspheres
can be made of any suitable polymer. The one or more phase change
materials change from solid to liquid or liquid to solid at a
predetermined temperature within the range of 25 degrees Celsius to
35 degrees Celsius. The phase change temperature can be
approximately 28 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Celsius by way of
two examples. However, any suitable phase change temperature is
contemplated. Thus, when a user inserts an earpiece into the user's
ear and the temperature of the ear canal increases, the one or more
phase change materials melt and store heat thereby drawing the heat
away from the user's skin.
[0035] Typical earpieces that do not contain phase change material
reach body temperature in less than five minutes upon being
inserted into the user's ear. In example embodiments where the
phase change material is a loaded gel, the gel can be packed behind
the outer wall of the ear tip. With the loaded gel behind the outer
wall, the ear tip reaches body temperature in twenty-five minutes.
In example embodiments, the phase change material can be added to
the ear tip in tool (e.g., in the body and the protrusions) so that
the added step of placing the loaded gel behind the outer wall can
be dispensed with advantageously.
[0036] Exemplary phase change materials include MPCM32 and MPCM28
from Microtek Laboratories Inc. located in Dayton, Ohio and
EnFinit.TM. PCM (Phase Change Material) 28CPS and EnFinit.TM. PCM
35CP from Encapsys, LLC located in Appleton, Wis.
[0037] The hardness of the ear tips described herein can provide
comfort while maintaining their shape and providing an improved
cooling effect. In examples, the ear tips can be made of a single
material having any suitable hardness (e.g., approximately 30 Shore
A). In other examples, the ear tips can be made of two or more
materials. For example, the outer wall of the ear tip can be made
of suitable rubbers or gels having any suitable hardness (e.g.,
approximately 10 Shore 00) and the protrusions and/or other
components of the ear tip can be made of a harder material to
provided additional support. A suitable hardness for the material
providing additional support is approximately 30 Shore A.
[0038] As described herein, the ear tip configurations provide an
improved manufacturing process by eliminating the need to apply
phase change material to a molded product. The ear tip
configurations described herein also provide improved passive
attenuation and, with one or more phase change materials, a longer
cooling effect thereby improving the overall comfort of the ear tip
to the user.
[0039] Other implementations are within the scope of the following
claims and other claims to which the applicant may be entitled.
[0040] While several inventive examples have been described and
illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily
envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing
the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the
advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or
modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive
examples described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art
will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials,
and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and
that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or
configurations will depend upon the specific application or
applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those
skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no
more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific
inventive examples described herein. It is, therefore, to be
understood that the foregoing examples are presented by way of
example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and
equivalents thereto, inventive examples may be practiced otherwise
than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive examples of
the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature,
system, article, material, and/or method described herein. In
addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems,
articles, materials, and/or methods, if such features, systems,
articles, materials, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent,
is included within the inventive scope of the present
disclosure.
* * * * *