U.S. patent application number 16/559160 was filed with the patent office on 2020-03-05 for benzylamino-oxoethyl benzamide analogs and methods of use.
The applicant listed for this patent is The Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. Invention is credited to Venkateswararao Eeda, Weidong Wang.
Application Number | 20200071264 16/559160 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 69640627 |
Filed Date | 2020-03-05 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20200071264 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wang; Weidong ; et
al. |
March 5, 2020 |
BENZYLAMINO-OXOETHYL BENZAMIDE ANALOGS AND METHODS OF USE
Abstract
Benzylamino-oxoethyl benzamide compounds for use in treating
diseases and conditions associated with abnormal cell function
related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. For example, the
compounds can be used as suppressors of ER stress-induced
pancreatic .beta.-cell dysfunction and death, for example in the
treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The compounds can also be
used in treatments for chronic heart disease, neurodegenerative
diseases, retinal degeneration, and other metabolic disorders
associated with ER stress.
Inventors: |
Wang; Weidong; (Edmond,
OK) ; Eeda; Venkateswararao; (Oklahoma City,
OK) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma |
Norman |
OK |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
69640627 |
Appl. No.: |
16/559160 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62726634 |
Sep 4, 2018 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07C 233/73 20130101;
C07D 317/54 20130101; C07D 231/56 20130101; C07C 237/22 20130101;
C07D 213/40 20130101; C07C 311/46 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07C 233/73 20060101
C07C233/73; C07D 317/54 20060101 C07D317/54 |
Goverment Interests
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
[0002] This invention was made with government support under Grant
numbers GM103636 and DK108887 awarded by the National Institutes of
Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Claims
1. A compound having a formula as represented by chemical structure
I: ##STR00004## wherein: R=H, Alkyl, or Phenyl; R.sub.1=H, Me, Cl,
F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; R.sub.2=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl;
R.sub.3=H, NH.sub.2, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; R.sub.4=H, Me,
Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; R.sub.5=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, or OH;
R.sub.6=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, or CF.sub.3; R.sub.7=H,
Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Piperonyl; R.sub.8=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH,
CCl.sub.3, CF.sub.3, or Piperonyl; R.sub.9=H, Me, Cl, F, or OMe;
R.sub.10=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, or CF.sub.3; and n=0, 1,
2, or 3.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5,
R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9, and R.sub.10=H, R.sub.2=OH,
R.sub.8=CF.sub.3, and n=1.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4,
R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9, and R.sub.10=H, R.sub.4=OH, and
R.sub.8=CF.sub.3, and n=1.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein n=1, R=H, R.sub.8=CF.sub.3, and
R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are selected from the group consisting of H and
OH, with the proviso that one of R.sub.2 and R.sub.4=H, and one of
R.sub.2 and R.sub.4=OH.
5. The compound of of claim 1 disposed in a
pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, diluent or vehicle, forming a
composition.
6. A conjugate, comprising the compound of claim 1 covalently
linked to a targeting molecule, wherein the targeting molecule is
able to bind to a target cell or a portion of a target cell.
7. The conjugate of claim 6, wherein the targeting molecule targets
a pancreatic .beta.-cell.
8. A method of treating a condition associated with abnormal cell
function related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, comprising:
administering to a subject in need of such therapy an effective
amount of a compound having a formula as represented by chemical
structure I: ##STR00005## wherein: R=H, Alkyl, or Phenyl;
R.sub.1=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; R.sub.2=H, Me, Cl, F,
OMe, OH, or Phenyl; R.sub.3=H, NH.sub.2, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or
Phenyl; R.sub.4=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; R.sub.5=H, Me,
Cl, F, OMe, or OH; R.sub.6=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, or
CF.sub.3; R.sub.7=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Piperonyl; R.sub.8=H,
Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, CF.sub.3, or Piperonyl; R.sub.9=H,
Me, Cl, F, or OMe; R.sub.10=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, or
CF.sub.3; and n=0, 1, 2, or 3.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein in chemical structure I: R,
R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9, and
R.sub.10=H, R.sub.2=OH, R.sub.8=CF.sub.3, and n=1.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein in chemical structure I: R,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.9, and
R.sub.10=H, R.sub.4=OH, R.sub.8=CF.sub.3, and n=1.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein in chemical structure I: n=1,
R=H, R.sub.8=CF.sub.3, and R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 are selected from
the group consisting of H and OH, with the proviso that one of
R.sub.2 and R.sub.4=H, and one of R.sub.2 and R.sub.4=OH.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is covalently
linked to a targeting molecule forming a conjugate, wherein the
targeting molecule is able to bind to a target cell or a portion of
a target cell.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein wherein the targeting molecule
of the conjugate targets a pancreatic .beta.-cell.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound is provided in a
composition comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier,
diluent or vehicle.
15. The method of claim 8, wherein the condition associated with
abnormal cell function is Type 1 diabetes or Type 2 diabetes.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn. 119(e) to U.S. Ser. No. 62/726,634, filed Sep. 4, 2018, the
entirety of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference
herein.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has key roles in synthesis,
folding and maturation of secreted transmembrane proteins. Upon
translation, secretory, luminal and membrane proteins are
translocated into the lumen of the ER where they are covalently
modified and attain their proper folding. A balance between the ER
protein loading and its folding capacity must be established to
maintain the proper function of the ER. However, pathophysiological
stimuli can disrupt this ER homeostasis, resulting in an
accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, a
condition known as ER stress. ER stress triggers an evolutionarily
conserved signaling cascade called the unfolded protein response
(UPR). This process is mediated by three ER membrane-spanning
proteins, inositol-requiring protein 1.alpha. (IRE1.alpha.),
PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6
(ATF6), which act as unfolded protein sensors. In unstressed cells,
these sensors are maintained in an inactive state through
interaction with the protein chaperone binding immunoglobulin
protein (BiP). Under ER stress, unfolded and misfolded proteins
accumulate in the ER and bind to and sequester BiP, thereby
releasing and activating the sensors. As an initial adaptive
response, IRE1.alpha., PERK, and ATF6 each activates a series of
events aimed at restoring ER homeostasis by altering the
translation, folding, and post-translational modification of
secreted and membrane proteins. Under chronic or severe ER stress,
however, the UPR often fails to adequately resolve ER stress and
instead activates the expression of ER stress-specific
pro-apoptotic genes such as the transcription factor
C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), eventually leading to cell
death.
[0004] Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a chronic condition of hyperglycemia,
is a pervasive threat to health and a burden on the healthcare
system in the United States. T2D usually develops in obese and
insulin-resistant subjects with the onset of insulin-producing
.beta. cell dysfunction and death. Increasing evidence indicates
that ER stress is a major mechanism underlying the progressive
decline in .beta. cell function and mass in T2D patients. ER stress
has also been implicated in T1D and monogenic diabetes. These
findings illustrate the therapeutic potential for novel drugs that
block ER stress-induced .beta. cell dysfunction and death for the
treatment of T1D and T2D.
[0005] Recent reports of chemical chaperones such as 4-phenyl
butyrate (PBA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) have been
shown to have an effect on ER stress modulation and antidiabetic
activity in T2D animal models. However, because of their low
efficacy, large doses are needed for any therapeutic treatment,
which makes it unlikely that these agents can be used for the
treatment for human patients due to the increased toxicity. Agents
which are effective in treating ER stress-related conditions at low
doses would be highly desirable. It is to this need that the
present disclosure is directed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] FIG. 1 shows the aqueous solubility of compounds 5a, 5f and
5l as compared to that of compound 1. Aqueous solubility was
assessed as the degree of turbidity of compound in aqueous
solutions, detected by absorbance at 620 nm. Higher turbidity
indicated lower solubility. The experiments were performed in
triplicate, with the results as the means.+-.SD of triplicate
wells.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0007] Pancreatic .beta.-cell dysfunction and death induced by
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays important roles in the
development of diabetes and other conditions such as chronic heart
disease, neurodegenerative diseases, retinal degeneration, and
other metabolic disorders. Disclosed herein are various
benzylamino-oxoethyl benzamide compounds that possess activity
against ER stress and can be used, for example, as agents for
protecting pancreatic .beta.-cells against ER stress for treatment
of Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). In other
embodiments, the agents can be used in treatments for chronic heart
disease, neurodegenerative diseases, retinal degeneration, and
other metabolic disorders associated with ER stress. In certain
non-limiting embodiments the analogs include
N-(2-(Benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide analogs.
[0008] Before further describing various embodiments of the present
disclosure in more detail by way of exemplary description,
examples, and results, it is to be understood that the compounds,
compositions, and methods of present disclosure are not limited in
application to the details of specific embodiments and examples as
set forth in the following description. The description provided
herein is intended for purposes of illustration only and is not
intended to be construed in a limiting sense. As such, the language
used herein is intended to be given the broadest possible scope and
meaning; and the embodiments and examples are meant to be
exemplary, not exhaustive. Also, it is to be understood that the
phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of
description and should not be regarded as limiting unless otherwise
indicated as so. Moreover, in the following detailed description,
numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more
thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will
be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art that the
present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details.
In other instances, features which are well known to persons of
ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail to
avoid unnecessary complication of the description. It is intended
that all alternatives, substitutions, modifications and equivalents
apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art are included
within the scope of the present disclosure. All of the compounds,
compositions, and methods and application and uses thereof
disclosed herein can be made and executed without undue
experimentation in light of the present disclosure. Thus, while the
compounds, compositions, and methods of the present disclosure have
been described in terms of particular embodiments, it will be
apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be
applied to the compounds, compositions, and methods and in the
steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein
without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the
inventive concepts.
[0009] All patents, published patent applications, and non-patent
publications including published articles mentioned in the
specification or referenced in any portion of this application, are
herein expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety to the
same extent as if each individual patent or publication was
specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by
reference.
[0010] The following terms and abbreviations may be used herein:
activating transcription factor 6--ATF6; binding immunoglobulin
protein--BiP;
1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium
3-oxide hexafluorophosphate--HATU; C/EBP-homologous protein--CHOP;
dichloromethane--DCM; dimethyl--diMe; dimethylformamide--DMF;
dimethyl suloxide--DMSO; endoplasmic reticulum--ER; ethanol--EtOH;
ethylene dichloride--EDC; fetal bovine serum--FBS; hydrochloric
acid=HCL; hydroxybenzotriazole--HOBt;
4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid--HEPES;
inositol-requiring protein 1.alpha.--IRE1.alpha.; insulin
secreting-1 cell line--INS-1; lithium hydroxide--LiOH;
megahertz--MHz; methyl--Me; methoxy--OMe;
N,N-diisopropylamine--DIPEA; nuclear magnetic resonance--NMR;
PKR-like ER kinase--PERK; 4-phenyl butyrate--PBA;
structure-activity relationship--SAR; tauroursodeoxycholic
acid--TUDCA; thin layer chromatography--TLC; tunicamycin--Tm; Type
1 diabetes--T1D; Type 2 diabetes--T2D; unfolded protein
response--UPR.
[0011] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" refers to compounds
and compositions which are suitable for administration to humans
and/or animals without undue adverse side effects such as toxicity,
irritation and/or allergic response commensurate with a reasonable
benefit/risk ratio. The compounds or conjugates of the present
disclosure may be combined with one or more
pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients, including carriers,
vehicles, diluents, and adjuvents which may improve solubility,
deliverability, dispersion, stability, and/or conformational
integrity of the compounds or conjugates thereof.
[0012] The term "active agent" or "analog" as used herein refers to
benzylamino-oxoethyl benzamide derivative compounds as described
herein or active conjugates thereof. A conjugate is a compound
comprising an active agent covalently linked, directly or
indirectly via a linker molecule, to a secondary compound, such as
an antibody or fragment thereof. The active agent may be associated
with a targeting moiety or molecule which is able to bind to a
target cell or a portion of a target cell. The targeting moiety may
be linked directly or indirectly to the active agent, or to the
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle, or diluent which
contains or is associated with the active agent. The targeting
moiety may be any molecule that can bind to another molecule. For
example, a targeting moiety may include an antibody or its
antigen-binding fragments, a receptor molecule, a chimeric antibody
molecule, or an affinity reagent. As used herein, the term
"targeting moiety" refers to a structure that binds or associates
with a biological moiety or fragment thereof. As noted, in some
embodiments, the targeting moiety may be an antibody. In some
embodiments, the targeting moiety may be a monoclonal antibody
(mAB). In some embodiments, the targeting moiety may be an antibody
fragment, surrogate, or variant. In some embodiments, the targeting
moiety may be a protein ligand. In some embodiments, the targeting
moiety may be a protein scaffold. In some embodiments, the
targeting moiety may be a peptide. In some embodiments, the
targeting moiety may be RNA or DNA. In some embodiments, the
targeting moiety may be a RNA or DNA fragment. In some embodiments,
the targeting moiety may be a small molecule ligand.
[0013] As used herein, "pure," or "substantially pure" means an
object species is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molar
basis it is more abundant than any other object species in the
composition thereof), and particularly a substantially purified
fraction is a composition wherein the object species comprises at
least about 50 percent (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular
species present. Generally, a substantially pure composition will
comprise more than about 80% of all macromolecular species present
in the composition, more particularly more than about 85%, more
than about 90%, more than about 95%, or more than about 99%. The
term "pure" or "substantially pure" also refers to preparations
where the object species is at least 60% (w/w) pure, or at least
70% (w/w) pure, or at least 75% (w/w) pure, or at least 80% (w/w)
pure, or at least 85% (w/w) pure, or at least 90% (w/w) pure, or at
least 92% (w/w) pure, or at least 95% (w/w) pure, or at least 96%
(w/w) pure, or at least 97% (w/w) pure, or at least 98% (w/w) pure,
or at least 99% (w/w) pure, or 100% (w/w) pure.
[0014] Non-limiting examples of animals within the scope and
meaning of this term include dogs, cats, rats, mice, guinea pigs,
chinchillas, horses, goats, cattle, sheep, zoo animals, Old and New
World monkeys, non-human primates, and humans.
[0015] "Treatment" refers to therapeutic treatments. "Prevention"
refers to prophylactic or preventative treatment measures or
reducing the onset of a condition or disease. The term "treating"
refers to administering the active agent to a subject for
therapeutic purposes and/or for prevention. Non-limiting examples
of modes of administration include oral, topical, retrobulbar,
subconjunctival, transdermal, parenteral, subcutaneous, intranasal,
intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravitreal, and intravenous
routes, including both local and systemic applications. In
addition, the active agent of the present disclosure may be
designed to provide delayed, controlled, extended, and/or sustained
release using formulation techniques which are well known in the
art.
[0016] The term "topical" is used herein to define a mode of
administration through an epithelial surface, such as but not
limited to, a material that is administered by being applied
externally to the eye. A non-limiting example of topical
administration is through the use of eyedrops.
[0017] The terms "therapeutic composition" and "pharmaceutical
composition" refer to an active agent-containing composition that
may be administered to a subject by any method known in the art or
otherwise contemplated herein, wherein administration of the
composition brings about a therapeutic effect as described
elsewhere herein. In addition, the compositions of the present
disclosure may be designed to provide delayed, controlled,
extended, and/or sustained release using formulation techniques
which are well known in the art.
[0018] The term "effective amount" refers to an amount of the
active agent which is sufficient to exhibit a detectable
therapeutic or treatment effect in a subject without excessive
adverse side effects (such as substantial toxicity, irritation and
allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk
ratio when used in the manner of the present disclosure. The
effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's type,
size and health, the nature and severity of the condition to be
treated, the method of administration, the duration of treatment,
the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), the specific
formulations employed, and the like. Thus, it is not possible to
specify an exact effective amount in advance. However, the
effective amount for a given situation can be determined by one of
ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation based on
the information provided herein.
[0019] The term "ameliorate" means a detectable or measurable
improvement in a subject's condition or or symptom thereof. A
detectable or measurable improvement includes a subjective or
objective decrease, reduction, inhibition, suppression, limit or
control in the occurrence, frequency, severity, progression, or
duration of the condition, or an improvement in a symptom or an
underlying cause or a consequence of the condition, or a reversal
of the condition. A successful treatment outcome can lead to a
"therapeutic effect," or "benefit" of ameliorating, decreasing,
reducing, inhibiting, suppressing, limiting, controlling or
preventing the occurrence, frequency, severity, progression, or
duration of a condition, or consequences of the condition in a
subject.
[0020] A decrease or reduction in worsening, such as stabilizing
the condition, is also a successful treatment outcome. A
therapeutic benefit therefore need not be complete ablation or
reversal of the condition, or any one, most or all adverse
symptoms, complications, consequences or underlying causes
associated with the condition. Thus, a satisfactory endpoint may be
achieved when there is an incremental improvement such as a partial
decrease, reduction, inhibition, suppression, limit, control or
prevention in the occurrence, frequency, severity, progression, or
duration, or inhibition or reversal of the condition (e.g.,
stabilizing), over a short or long duration of time (e.g., seconds,
minutes, hours).
[0021] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical
terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the
meanings that are commonly understood by those having ordinary
skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context,
singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall
include the singular. Where used herein, the specific term "single"
is limited to only "one". Where used herein, the pronoun "we" is
intended to refer to all persons involved in a particular aspect of
the investigation disclosed herein and as such may include
non-inventor laboratory assistants and collaborators working under
the supervision of the inventor.
[0022] As utilized in accordance with the methods, compounds, and
compositions of the present disclosure, the following terms, unless
otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the following
meanings:
[0023] The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction
with the term "comprising" in the claims and/or the specification
may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one
or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one." The use of
the term "or" in the claims is used to mean "and/or" unless
explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or when the
alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure
supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and
"and/or." The use of the term "at least one" will be understood to
include one as well as any quantity more than one, including but
not limited to, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50,
100, or any integer inclusive therein. The term "at least one" may
extend up to 100 or 1000 or more, depending on the term to which it
is attached; in addition, the quantities of 100/1000 are not to be
considered limiting, as higher limits may also produce satisfactory
results. In addition, the use of the term "at least one of X, Y and
Z" will be understood to include X alone, Y alone, and Z alone, as
well as any combination of X, Y and Z.
[0024] As used herein, all numerical values or ranges include
fractions of the values and integers within such ranges and
fractions of the integers within such ranges unless the context
clearly indicates otherwise. Thus, to illustrate, reference to a
numerical range, such as 1-10 includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, as well as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, etc., and so forth.
Reference to a range of 1-50 therefore includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, etc., up to
and including 50, as well as 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, etc., 2.1,
2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, etc., and so forth. Reference to a series of
ranges includes ranges which combine the values of the boundaries
of different ranges within the series. Thus, to illustrate
reference to a series of ranges, for example, of 1-10, 10-20,
20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60, 60-75, 75-100, 100-150, 150-200,
200-250, 250-300, 300-400, 400-500, 500-750, 750-1,000, includes
ranges of 1-20, 10-50, 50-100, 100-500, and 500-1,000, for example.
Reference to an integer with more (greater) or less than includes
any number greater or less than the reference number, respectively.
Thus, for example, reference to less than 100 includes 99, 98, 97,
etc., all the way down to the number one (1); and less than 10
includes 9, 8, 7, etc., all the way down to the number one (1).
[0025] As used in this specification and claims, the words
"comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and
"comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and
"has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes"
and "include") or "containing" (and any form of containing, such as
"contains" and "contain") are inclusive or open-ended and do not
exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
[0026] The term "or combinations thereof" as used herein refers to
all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the
term. For example, "A, B, C, or combinations thereof" is intended
to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if
order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA,
BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly
included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item
or term, such as BB, AAA, AAB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and
so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there
is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination,
unless otherwise apparent from the context.
[0027] Throughout this application, the terms "about" or
"approximately" are used to indicate that a value includes the
inherent variation of error for the composition, the method used to
administer the active agent or composition, or the variation that
exists among the study subjects. As used herein the qualifiers
"about" or "approximately" are intended to include not only the
exact value, amount, degree, orientation, or other qualified
characteristic or value, but are intended to include some slight
variations including but not limited to those due to tolerances,
measuring error, stress exerted on various parts or components,
observer error, wear and tear, and combinations thereof, for
example. The term "about" or "approximately", where used herein
when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal
duration, and the like, is meant to encompass, for example,
variations of .+-.15%, or .+-.14%, or .+-.13%, or .+-.12%, or
.+-.11%, or .+-.10%, or .+-.9%, or .+-.8%, or .+-.7%, or .+-.6%, or
.+-.5%, or .+-.4%, or .+-.3%, or .+-.2%, or .+-.1%, or .+-.0.5%, or
.+-.0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are
appropriate to perform the disclosed methods and as understood by
persons having ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term
"substantially" means that the subsequently described event or
circumstance completely occurs or that the subsequently described
event or circumstance occurs to a great extent or degree. For
example, the term "substantially" means that the subsequently
described event or circumstance occurs at least 75% of the time, at
least 80% of the time, at least 90% of the time, or at least 95% of
the time, or at least 98% of the time.
[0028] As used herein any reference to "one embodiment" or "an
embodiment" means that a particular element, feature, structure, or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment and may be included in other
embodiments. The appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in
various places in the specification are not necessarily all
referring to the same embodiment and are not necessarily limited to
a single or particular embodiment.
[0029] By "biologically active" is meant the ability of the active
agent to modify the physiological system of an organism without
reference to how the active agent has its physiological
effects.
[0030] Effectiveness of a method or use, such as a treatment that
provides a potential therapeutic benefit or improvement of a
condition or disease, can be ascertained by various methods and
testing assays.
[0031] The active agents disclosed herein can be used in the
treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and other diseases or
conditions involving ER stress, including neurodegenerative
diseases such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease, and
progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP). Other indications also
include metabolic syndrome including obesity, atherosclerosis,
chronic heart disease, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and
cancer.
[0032] The active agents of the present disclosure may be present
in the pharmaceutical compositions at any concentration that allows
the pharmaceutical composition to function in accordance with the
present disclosure; for example, but not by way of limitation, the
active agents may be present in the composition in a range having a
lower level selected from 0.0001%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.01%,
0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%,
1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9% and 2.0%; and
an upper level selected from 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%,
6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%,
16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%,
65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%. Non-limiting examples of
particular ranges include a range of from about 0.0001% to about
95%, a range of from about 0.001% to about 75%; a range of from
about 0.005% to about 50%; a range of from about 0.01% to about
40%; a range of from about 0.05% to about 35%; a range of from
about 0.1% to about 30%; a range of from about 0.1% to about 25%; a
range of from about 0.1% to about 20%; a range of from about 1% to
about 15%; a range of from about 2% to about 12%; a range of from
about 5% to about 10%; and the like. Any other range that includes
a lower level selected from the above-listed lower level
concentrations and an upper level selected from the above-listed
upper level concentrations also falls within the scope of the
present disclosure.
[0033] Suitable carriers, vehicles, and other components that may
be included in the formulation are described, for example, in
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21.sup.st Ed. and
22.sup.nd Ed. The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means that the
carrier is a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the
effectiveness of the biological activity of the active agent. The
characteristics of the carrier will depend on various factors,
including but not limited to, the route of administration.
[0034] For example, but not by way of limitation, the active agent
may be dissolved in a physiologically acceptable pharmaceutical
carrier or diluent and administered as either a solution or a
suspension. Non-limiting examples of suitable pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers include water, saline, dextrose solutions,
fructose solutions, ethanol, or oils of animal, vegetative, or
synthetic origin, or any combination thereof. A sterile diluent,
which may contain materials generally recognized for approximating
physiological conditions and/or as required by governmental
regulations, may be employed as the pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier. In this respect, the sterile diluent may contain a
buffering agent to obtain a physiologically acceptable pH, such as
(but not limited to) sodium chloride, saline, phosphate-buffered
saline, and/or other substances which are physiologically
acceptable and/or safe for use.
[0035] The pharmaceutical compositions may also contain one or more
additional components in addition to the active agent and
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier(s) (and other additional
therapeutically active agent(s), if present). Examples of
additional components that may be present include, but are not
limited to, diluents, fillers, salts, buffers, preservatives,
stabilizers, solubilizers, and other materials well known in the
art. Another particular non-limiting example of an additional
component that may be present in the pharmaceutical composition is
a delivery agent, as discussed in further detail herein below.
[0036] Other embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions of the
present disclosure may include the incorporation or entrapment of
the active agent in various types of drug delivery systems that
function to provide targeted delivery, controlled release, and/or
increased half-life to the active agent. For example, but not by
way of limitation, it is possible to entrap the active agent in
microcapsules prepared by coacervation techniques or by interfacial
polymerization (for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or
gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules,
respectively). It is also possible to entrap the active agent in
macroemulsions or colloidal drug delivery systems (such as but not
limited to, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions,
nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and the like). Such techniques are
well known to persons having ordinary skill in the art, and thus no
further description thereof is deemed necessary.
[0037] In one particular, non-limiting example, the pharmaceutical
composition may include a liposome in which the active agent is
disposed. In addition to other pharmaceutically acceptable
carrier(s), the liposome may contain amphipathic agents such as
lipids which exist in an aggregated form as micelles, insoluble
monolayers, liquid crystals, or lamellar layers in aqueous
solution. Suitable lipids for liposomal formulation include, but
are not limited to, monoglycerides, diglycerides, sulfatides,
lysolecithin, phospholipids, saponin, bile acids, combinations
thereof, and the like. Preparation of such liposomal formulations
is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art, as
disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871; 4,501,728;
4,837,028; and 4,737,323; the entire contents of each of which are
incorporated herein by reference.
[0038] In other non-limiting examples, the active agent of the
present disclosure may be incorporated into particles of one or
more polymeric materials, as this type of incorporation can be
useful in controlling the duration of action of the active agent by
allowing for controlled release from the preparations, thus
increasing the half-life thereof. Non-limiting examples of
polymeric materials that may be utilized in this manner include
polyesters, polyamides, polyamino acids, hydrogels, poly(lactic
acid), ethylene vinylacetate copolymers, copolymer micelles of, for
example, PEG and poly(1-aspartamide), and combinations thereof.
[0039] The pharmaceutical compositions described or otherwise
contemplated herein may further comprise at least one delivery
agent, such as a targeting moiety, that assists in delivery of the
active agent to a desired site of delivery, such as a pancreatic
beta cell.
[0040] The compositions of the present disclosure may be formulated
for administration by any other method known or otherwise
contemplated in the art, as long as the route of administration
allows for delivery of the active agent so that the compounds can
function in accordance with the present disclosure, e.g., to reduce
ER stress. Examples of other routes of administration include, but
are not limited to, oral, topical, retrobulbar, subconjunctival,
transdermal, parenteral, subcutaneous, intranasal, intramuscular,
intraperitoneal, intravitreal, and intravenous routes, including
both local and systemic application routes.
[0041] Another non-limiting embodiment of the present disclosure is
directed to a kit that contain one or more of any of the
pharmaceutical compositions described or otherwise contemplated
herein. The kit may further contain a second agent as described
herein above for use concurrently with the pharmaceutical
composition(s). If the composition present in the kit is not
provided in the form in which it is to be delivered, the kit may
further contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle,
diluent, or other agent for mixing with the active agent for
preparation of the pharmaceutical composition. The kit including
the composition and/or other reagents may also be packaged with
instructions packaged for administration and/or dosing of the
compositions contained in the kit. The instructions may be fixed in
any tangible medium, such as printed paper, or a computer-readable
magnetic or optical medium, or instructions to reference a remote
computer data source such as a worldwide web page accessible via
the internet.
[0042] The kit may contain single or multiple doses of the
pharmaceutical composition which contains the active agent. When
multiple doses are present, the doses may be disposed in bulk
within a single container, or the multiple doses may be disposed
individually within the kit; that is, the pharmaceutical
compositions may be present in the kit in unit dosage forms to
facilitate accurate dosing. The term "unit dosage forms" as used
herein refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary
dosages for human subjects and other mammals; each unit contains a
predetermined quantity of the active agent calculated to produce
the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable
pharmaceutical excipient. Typical unit dosage forms of liquid
compositions include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes;
for solid compositions, typical unit dosage forms include pills,
tablets, capsules, or the like. In such compositions, the active
agent may sometimes be a minor component (from about 0.1 to about
50% by weight, such as but not limited to, from about 1 to about
40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or
carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing
form.
[0043] The active agent may be provided as a "pharmaceutically
acceptable salt," which refers to salts that retain the biological
effectiveness and properties of a compound and, which are not
biologically or otherwise undesirable for use in a pharmaceutical.
In many cases, the compounds disclosed herein are capable of
forming acid and/or base salts by virtue of the presence of amino
and/or carboxyl groups or groups similar thereto. Pharmaceutically
acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids
and organic acids. Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived
include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Organic acids
from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid,
propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic
acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid,
citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,
methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid,
salicylic acid, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable base
addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases.
Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for
example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium,
iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like; particularly
preferred are the ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium and
magnesium salts. Organic bases from which salts can be derived
include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines,
substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted
amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like,
specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine,
triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. Many such salts
are known in the art, as described in WO 87/05297 (incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety).
[0044] The amount of the active agent that is effective in the
treatment described herein can be determined by the attending
diagnostician, as one of ordinary skill in the art, by the use of
conventional techniques and by observing results obtained under
analogous circumstances. In determining the therapeutically
effective dose, a number of factors may be considered by the
attending diagnostician, including, but not limited to: the species
of the subject; its size, age, and general health; the specific
diseases or other conditions involved; the degree, involvement,
and/or severity of the diseases or conditions; the response of the
individual subject; the particular active agent administered; the
mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the
preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of
concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances. A
therapeutically effective amount of an active agent of the present
disclosure also refers to an amount of the active agent which is
effective in controlling, reducing, or ameliorating the condition
to be treated.
[0045] Practice of the method of the present disclosure may include
administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of
the pharmaceutical composition (containing the active agent in any
suitable systemic and/or local formulation, in an amount effective
to deliver the dosages listed above. The dosage can be
administered, for example, but not by way of limitation, on a
one-time basis, or administered at multiple times (for example, but
not by way of limitation, from one to five times per day, or once
or twice per week). The pharmaceutical composition may be
administered either alone or in combination with other therapies,
in accordance with the inventive concepts disclosed herein.
[0046] Compositions of the active agent can be administered in a
single dose treatment or in multiple dose treatments on a schedule
and over a time period appropriate to the age, weight and condition
of the subject, the particular composition used, and the route of
administration. In one embodiment, a single dose of the composition
according to the disclosure is administered. In other embodiments,
multiple doses are administered. The frequency of administration
can vary depending on any of a variety of factors, e.g., severity
of the symptoms, degree of immunoprotection desired, or whether the
composition is used for prophylactic or curative purposes. For
example, in certain embodiments, the composition is administered
once per month, twice per month, three times per month, every other
week, once per week, twice per week, three times per week, four
times per week, five times per week, six times per week, every
other day, daily, twice a day, or three times a day. The duration
of treatment, e.g., the period of time over which the composition
is administered, can vary, depending on any of a variety of
factors, e.g., subject response. For example, the composition can
be administered over a period of time ranging from about one day to
about one week, from about two weeks to about four weeks, from
about one month to about two months, from about two months to about
four months, from about four months to about six months, from about
six months to about eight months, from about eight months to about
1 year, from about 1 year to about 2 years, or from about 2 years
to about 4 years, or more.
[0047] The compositions can be combined with a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier (excipient) or vehicle to form a pharmacological
composition. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can contain a
physiologically acceptable compound that acts to, e.g., stabilize,
or increase or decrease the absorption or clearance rates of the
pharmaceutical compositions. Physiologically acceptable carriers
and vehicles can include, for example, carbohydrates, such as
glucose, sucrose, or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid
or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins,
detergents, liposomal carriers, or excipients or other stabilizers
and/or buffers. Other physiologically acceptable compounds,
carriers, and vehicles include wetting agents, emulsifying agents,
dispersing agents or preservatives.
[0048] When administered orally, the present compositions may be
protected from digestion. This can be accomplished either by
complexing the active agent with a composition to render it
resistant to acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis or by packaging active
agent in an appropriately resistant carrier such as a liposome,
e.g., such as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,377.
[0049] For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants
appropriate to the barrier to be permeated can be used in the
formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and
include, e.g., for transmucosal administration, bile salts and
fusidic acid derivatives. In addition, detergents can be used to
facilitate permeation. Transmucosal administration can be through
nasal sprays or using suppositories. For topical, transdermal
administration, the agents are formulated into ointments, creams,
salves, powders and gels. Transdermal delivery systems can also
include, e.g., patches. The present compositions can also be
administered in sustained delivery or sustained release mechanisms.
For example, biodegradeable microspheres or capsules or other
biodegradeable polymer configurations capable of sustained delivery
of the active agent can be included herein.
[0050] For inhalation, the active agent can be delivered using any
system known in the art, including dry powder aerosols, liquids
delivery systems, air jet nebulizers, propellant systems, and the
like. For example, the pharmaceutical formulation can be
administered in the form of an aerosol or mist. For aerosol
administration, the formulation can be supplied in finely divided
form along with a surfactant and propellant. In another aspect, the
device for delivering the formulation to respiratory tissue is an
inhaler in which the formulation vaporizes. Other liquid delivery
systems include, e.g., air jet nebulizers.
[0051] The active agent can be delivered alone or as pharmaceutical
compositions by any means known in the art, e.g., systemically,
regionally, or locally; by intra-arterial, intrathecal (IT),
intravenous (IV), parenteral, intra-pleural cavity, topical, oral,
or local administration, as subcutaneous, intra-tracheal (e.g., by
aerosol) or transmucosal (e.g., buccal, bladder, vaginal, uterine,
rectal, nasal mucosa).
[0052] In one aspect, the pharmaceutical formulations comprising
the active agent are incorporated in lipid monolayers or bilayers,
e.g., liposomes, such as shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,110,490;
6,096,716; 5,283,185; and 5,279,833. Liposomes and liposomal
formulations can be prepared according to standard methods and are
also well known in the art, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871;
4,501,728 and 4,837,028.
[0053] In one aspect, the active agent is prepared with one or more
carriers that will protect the active agent against rapid
elimination from the body, such as a controlled release
formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery
systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as
ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid,
collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for
preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled
in the art.
[0054] The active agent in general may be formulated to obtain
compositions that include one or more pharmaceutically suitable
excipients, surfactants, polyols, buffers, salts, amino acids, or
additional ingredients, or some combination of these. This can be
accomplished by known methods to prepare pharmaceutically useful
dosages, whereby the active agent is combined in a mixture with one
or more pharmaceutically suitable excipients. Sterile
phosphate-buffered saline is one example of a pharmaceutically
suitable excipient.
[0055] Examples of routes of administration of the active agents
described herein include parenteral injection, e.g., by
subcutaneous, intramuscular or transdermal delivery. Other forms of
parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial,
intralymphatic, intrathecal, intraocular, intracerebral, or
intracavitary injection. In parenteral administration, the
compositions will be formulated in a unit dosage injectable form
such as a solution, suspension or emulsion, in association with a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Such excipients are
inherently nontoxic and nontherapeutic. Examples of such excipients
are saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution and Hanks'
solution. Nonaqueous excipients such as fixed oils and ethyl oleate
may also be used. An alternative excipient is 5% dextrose in
saline. The excipient may contain minor amounts of additives such
as substances that enhance isotonicity and chemical stability,
including buffers and preservatives.
[0056] Formulated compositions comprising the active agent can be
used for subcutaneous, intramuscular or transdermal administration.
Compositions can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in
ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative.
Compositions can also take such forms as suspensions, solutions or
emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory
agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
Alternatively, the compositions can be in powder form for
constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free
water, before use.
[0057] The active agents may be administered in solution. The
formulation thereof may be in a solution having a suitable
pharmaceutically acceptable buffer such as phosphate, Tris
(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane-HCl or citrate, and the like. Buffer
concentrations should be in the range of 1 to 100 mM. The
formulated solution may also contain a salt, such as sodium
chloride or potassium chloride in a concentration of 50 to 150 mM.
An effective amount of a stabilizing agent such as mannitol,
trehalose, sorbitol, glycerol, albumin, a globulin, a detergent, a
gelatin, a protamine or a salt of protamine may also be
included.
[0058] For example, but not by way of limitation, the
therapeutically effective amount of an active agent used in the
present disclosure will generally contain sufficient active agent
to deliver in a range of from about 0.01 .mu.g/kg to about 10 mg/kg
(weight of active agent/body weight of patient). For example, but
not by way of limitation, the composition will deliver about 0.1
.mu.g/kg to about 5 mg/kg, and more particularly about 1 .mu.g/kg
to about 1 mg/kg.
[0059] Exemplary, non-limiting ranges for a therapeutically or
prophylactically effective amount of the active agent include but
are not limited to 0.001 mg/kg of the subject's body weight to 100
mg/kg of the subject's body weight, more typically 0.01 mg/kg to
100 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg to
30 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, or 2 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg
to 20 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg to 12 mg/kg, or 2 mg/kg
to 10 mg/kg, or 3 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg
to 15 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg to 12 mg/kg, or 3 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, or 5 mg
to 1500 mg, as a fixed dosage.
[0060] The composition is formulated to contain an effective amount
of the active agent, wherein the amount depends on the animal to be
treated and the condition to be treated. In certain embodiments,
the active agent is administered at a dose ranging from about 0.001
mg to about 10 g, from about 0.01 mg to about 10 g, from about 0.1
mg to about 10 g, from about 1 mg to about 10 g, from about 1 mg to
about 9 g, from about 1 mg to about 8 g, from about 1 mg to about 7
g, from about 1 mg to about 6 g, from about 1 mg to about 5 g, from
about 10 mg to about 10 g, from about 50 mg to about 5 g, from
about 50 mg to about 5 g, from about 50 mg to about 2 g, from about
0.05 .mu.g to about 1.5 mg, from about 10 .mu.g to about 1 mg
protein, from about 30 .mu.g to about 500 .mu.g, from about 40 pg
to about 300 pg, from about 0.1 .mu.g to about 200 mg, from about
0.1 .mu.g to about 5 .mu.g, from about 5 .mu.g to about 10 .mu.g,
from about 10 .mu.g to about 25 .mu.g, from about 25 .mu.g to about
50 .mu.g, from about 50 .mu.g to about 100 .mu.g, from about 100
.mu.g to about 500 .mu.g, from about 500 .mu.g to about 1 mg, from
about 1 mg to about 2 mg. The specific dose level for any
particular subject depends upon a variety of factors including the
activity of the specific peptide, the age, body weight, general
health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration,
and rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the
particular disease undergoing therapy.
[0061] The dosage of an administered active agent for humans will
vary depending upon such factors as the patient's age, weight,
height, sex, general medical condition and previous medical
history. In certain non-limiting embodiments, the recipient is
provided with a dosage of the active agent that is in the range of
from about 1 mg to 1000 mg as a single infusion or single or
multiple injections, although a lower or higher dosage also may be
administered. The dosage may be in the range of from about 25 mg to
100 mg of the active agent per square meter (m.sup.2) of body
surface area for a typical adult, although a lower or higher dosage
also may be administered. Examples of dosages that may be
administered to a human subject further include, for example, 1 to
500 mg, 1 to 70 mg, or 1 to 20 mg, although higher or lower doses
may be used. Dosages may be repeated as needed, for example, once
per week for 4-10 weeks, or once per week for 8 weeks, or once per
week for 4 weeks. It may also be given less frequently, such as
every other week for several months, or more frequently, such as
twice weekly or by continuous infusion.
[0062] Where used herein alkyls, alkoxyls, haloalkyls, and
haloalkoxyls are generally intended to refer to molecules having
hydrocarbon chains that comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
or 12 carbons, unless otherwise designated. The hydrocarbon chains
may be straight or branched. Examples of alkyls include but are not
limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and butyl. Alkoxy
denotes an alkyl group which is linked to an oxygen atom. Examples
of alkoxyls include but are not limited to methoxyl, ethoxyl,
propoxyl, isopropoxyl, and butoxyl. Haloalkyls and haloalkoxyls are
alkyls and alkoxyls which comprise at least one halogen atom such
as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine.
[0063] In at least certain embodiments, the present disclosure
includes compounds and methods of treating disorders and conditions
related to ER stress, including, but not limited to type 1 diabetes
and type 2 diabetes (or others ER stress-related disorders or
conditions described elsewhere herein including neurodegenerative
diseases such as Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), Alzheimer' s disease (AD), Huntington's disease, and
progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP), metabolic syndrome including
obesity, atherosclerosis, chronic heart disease, stroke,
ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer). The compound may be an
benzylamino-oxoethyl benzamide derivative compound having the
chemical structure I:
##STR00001## [0064] wherein: [0065] R=H, Alkyl, or Phenyl; [0066]
R.sub.1=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; [0067] R.sub.2=H, Me, Cl,
F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl; [0068] R.sub.3=H, NH.sub.2, Me, Cl, F, OMe,
OH, or Phenyl; [0069] R.sub.4=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, or Phenyl;
[0070] R.sub.5=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, or OH; [0071] R.sub.6=H, Me, Cl,
F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, or CF.sub.3; [0072] R.sub.7=H, Me, Cl, F,
OMe, OH, or Piperonyl; [0073] R.sub.8=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH,
CCl.sub.3, CF.sub.3, or Piperonyl; [0074] R.sub.9=H, Me, Cl, F, or
OMe; [0075] R.sub.10=H, Me, Cl, F, OMe, OH, CCl.sub.3, or CF.sub.3;
and [0076] n=0, 1, 2, or 3.
EXAMPLES
[0077] Certain novel embodiments of the present disclosure, having
now been generally described, will be more readily understood by
reference to the following examples, which are included merely for
purposes of illustration of certain aspects and embodiments of the
present disclosure, and are not intended to be limiting. The
following detailed examples are to be construed, as noted above,
only as illustrative, and not as limiting of the present disclosure
in any way whatsoever. Those skilled in the art will promptly
recognize appropriate variations from the various compositions,
structures, components, procedures and methods.
[0078] Methods
[0079] Synthesis of Analogs
[0080] Synthesis of N-(2-(Benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide 5a-q
analogs is outlined in Scheme 1 and substituents of the various
analogs are listed in Table 1. Commercially available substituted
benzoic acids 2 were coupled with corresponding substituted ethyl
glycinates 3 in the presence of EDC/HOBt in dimethylformamide to
yield benzoylglycine ester, which was hydrolyzed with an aqueous
solution of LiOH in ethanol at 5-10.degree. C. afforded key
intermediate benzoylglycine 4. For preparation of 5a-q analogs,
benzoylglycines 4 were reacted with various substituted benzyl
amine in DCM using HATU at 0-rt yielded
N-(2-(Benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide 5 analogs in excellent
yields. The synthesized compounds are listed in Table 1 and
characterized by physical and spectral analysis data that confirmed
their assigned structures.
##STR00002##
[0081] All commercial chemicals were used as obtained and all
solvents were purified by the standard procedures prior to use.
Flash column chromatography was performed with E Merck silica gel
(230-400 mesh). NMR spectra were measured against the peak of
tetramethylsilane by Varain Unity Inova 400 NMR (400 MHz)
spectrometers.
[0082] General Procedure for the Synthesis of (4)
[0083] To a stirred solution of substituted benzoic acid (1
equivalent) in dimethylformamide was added EDC (1 equivalent), HOBt
(1 equivalent) cooled to 0-5.degree. C. and added DIPEA (2
equivalents) stirred for 10 min at same temperature. After 10 min,
appropriate amine (1 equivalent) was dropwise added and continued
stirring for overnight. After TLC confirmation, the reaction
mixture was evaporated and the residue was extracted with ethyl
acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate. Solvent was removed under vacuum to
provide crude residue which was purified by flash column
chromatography. For hydrolysis, the ester derivative residue was
dissolved in 10% aqueous ethanol. Two equivalents of LiOH dissolved
in water was added to the reaction mixture and vigorously stirred
for 5 h. After completion of the reaction, The reaction solvent was
evaporated and acidified with 1N HCl and filtered to collect the
desired compound (4) as a white solid (66%).
[0084] General Procedure for the Synthesis of (5):
[0085] To a mixture of the acid (1 equivalent) in DCM was added
DIPEA (3 equivalents) and HATU (1 equivalents). The mixture was
stirred for 5 min, and then the appropriate amine (1 equivalents)
was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. The
completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The solvent was
removed in vacuo to obtain the crude which was purified by flash
chromatography to provide product (78%).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Effects of compounds 5a-q on CHOP-Luc
reporter and .beta. cell viability against Tm. ##STR00003## Com-
Max pound Activity EC.sub.50 ID R.sub.1 R.sub.2 R.sub.3 (%).sup.a
(.mu.M).sup.b 5a 3-Cl,2-Me H 2,5-di Me 45 18 .+-. 4 5b 3-Cl,2-Me H
2-Pyridine 16 38 .+-. 9 5c 3-Cl,2-Me H Indazole Cyto- -- toxic 5d
3-Cl,2-Me H 4-OMe 55 32 .+-. 7 5e 3-Cl,2-Me H 4-SO.sub.2NH.sub.2 52
40 .+-. 12 5f 3-Cl,2-Me H Tyramine 41 34 .+-. 8 5g 3-Cl,2-Me H
4-CF.sub.3 88 13 .+-. 1 5h 3-Cl,2-Me H 3-OMe, 100 10 .+-. 2 4-OH 5i
3-Cl,2-Me H 3-CF.sub.3 46 32 .+-. 7 5j H H 4-CF.sub.3 35 43 .+-. 11
5k 4-Et H 4-CF.sub.3 42 45 .+-. 8 5l 4-F H 4-CF.sub.3 12 41 .+-. 6
5m 3-OH H 4-CF.sub.3 100 0.1 .+-. 0.01 5n 3-OH H 3-OMe, 30 65 .+-.
8 4-OH 5o 3-OMe, H 4-CF.sub.3 43 29 .+-. 6 4-OH 5p 3-Cl,2-Me Me
4-CF.sub.3 34 63 .+-. 4 5q 3-Cl,2-Me Tyrosine 4-CF.sub.3 Cyto- --
toxic .sup.aMaximum activity value is reported as % rescue from Tm
(0.15 .mu.g/mL) -induced reduction of cell viability, as measured
by intracellular ATP levels; the values for Tm treatment alone and
control (DMSO, without Tm) treatment are designated as 0% and 100%,
respectively. .sup.bEC.sub.50 values (the concentrations that reach
half-maximal activity) for INS-1 cell viability are calculated with
GraphPad Prism from the data of ten 2-fold serial titration points
in all tables. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
[0086] Cell Culture
[0087] INS-1 cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Corning)
supplemented with 10% FBS (Atlanta Biologicals), 10 mM HEPES
(Gibco-Life Technologies), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Corning), 50 .mu.M
2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich), and antibiotics (100 UI/mL
penicillin and 100 .mu.g/mL streptomycin; Corning) and maintained
in a humidified 5% CO.sub.2 atmosphere at 37.degree. C.
[0088] Cell Viability Assay
[0089] INS-1 cells were resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium containing
10% FBS and plated at 5.times.10.sup.3 cells/(40 .mu.L.well) into
white clear bottom 384-well plates (Greiner) using an automated
liquid handler (Biotek). After 24 h incubation at 37.degree. C.,
library compounds were added to the wells at the indicated
concentration using a pin-transfer robot (PerkinElmer). Tunicamycin
(Tm) in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS was then added at a
final concentration of 0.15 .mu.g/mL. After 72 h, the medium was
removed and 20 .mu.L of CellTiter-Glo reagent which measures
intracellular ATP levels as an indicator of viability (Promega) was
added. Luminescence was measured 10 min later using an Envision
plate reader (PerkinElmer).
[0090] Solubility Assay
[0091] Each compound was prepared at concentrations from 40 mM to
0.1 mM in DMSO in a serial-dilution manner. 2 .mu.L of each of the
above compound solutions was then dispensed directly to .about.198
.mu.L of pure H.sub.2O in a 96-well white clear bottom microplate.
Resulting solutions were shaken at 37.degree. C. temperature 1-2 h
on a rotary shaker at varying shaking rates to reach equilibrium
solubility. The turbidity of the solution was measured using
UV-visible spectrophotometry at 620 nm. The solubility data are
presented in FIG. 1.
[0092] Results
[0093] The compound
1-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-N-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-tria-
zole-4-carboxamide (1) was previously shown to have protective
activity for pancreatic .beta.-cells against ER stress. However, 1
showed less-desired potency within a narrow range of doses, and
sub-optimal aqueous solubility (see FIG. 1). We designed and
synthesized novel benzylamino-oxoethyl benzamide analogs (5a-q,
Table 1) and studied their effects on .beta.-cell protection
against ER stress. The analogs were tested for the viability of rat
INS-1 .beta.-cells in the presence of Tm, a potent ER stress
inducer that inhibits N-linked glycosylation of proteins. The
maximum activities and the concentrations that reach half-maximal
activity (EC.sub.50) of the compounds were evaluated by the degree
of increase in viability of INS-1 cells co-treated with the
compounds in the presence of Tm compared with Tm treatment
alone.
[0094] Compound 5a exhibited moderate activity (maximum
activity=45%, EC.sub.50=18.6.+-.4 .mu.M). With this encouraging
result, we explored the effect of substituents on the moieties on
.beta.-cell protection. We started investigating the effect of
modifying the right ring (R.sub.3) on the 5a scaffold. We found
that the glycine derivatives with modifications as 2-pyridine (5b)
or indazole (5c) are not or minimally active (maximal activity at
16% and 0%, respectively), while derivatives with modifications as
4-OMe (5d), 4-SO.sub.2NH.sub.2 (5e), or tyramine (5f) are
moderately active with maximal activity from 41 to 55%, suggesting
that the introduction of new hydrogen bonding groups and the
extension of length in-between amide and B-ring may are not
beneficial for the activity. However, excitingly, substitutions
with 4-CF.sub.3 (5g) or 4-OH, 3-OMe (5h) yielded very active
compounds with maximal activity at 88% and 100%, respectively,
although the EC.sub.50s of both derivatives are still less desired
(13.+-.1 and 10.+-.2 .mu.M, respectively). Next, as 5g showed
significant .beta.-cell protective activity (see Table 1), to
establish the suitable position of the --CF.sub.3 group in the
phenyl ring (benzylamino) of 5g, we synthesized 5i with the
--CF.sub.3 group at position 3 and observed that 5i (with
3-CF.sub.3) was less potent than 5g (with 4-CF.sub.3) (5i with
maximum activity=46%, EC.sub.50=32.+-.7 .mu.M vs. 5g with maximum
activity=88%, EC.sub.50=13.+-.1 .mu.M). These results indicate that
the CF.sub.3 substitution at position 4 on phenyl ring (5g) is more
favorable than at position 3 (5i) for .beta.-cell protective
activity. We therefore kept the 4-CF.sub.3 substitution on the
right ring for further structure-activity relationship (SAR)
studies.
[0095] We next sought to determine the suitable substituents on the
left (benzamide) ring (R.sub.1) on .beta.-cell protection against
ER stress. The compounds synthesized with various substituents at
the left ring (5j-n) are listed in Table 1. While substituting the
3-C1,2-Me (5g) on the phenyl ring R.sub.1 with hydrogen (5j),
4-ethyl (5k), or 4-F (5l) substantially reduced their respective
activities (maximal activity: 88% (5g) vs. 35% (5j), 42% (5k), or
12% (5l), and EC.sub.50 (.mu.M): 13.+-.1 (5a) vs. 43.+-.11 (5j),
45.+-.8 (5k), or 41.+-.6 (5l)), substitution with 3-hydroxy group
(5m) remarkably enhanced the activity with the maximum activity at
100% and EC.sub.50=0.1.+-.0.01 .mu.M. These results suggest that
the electron donating group at meta position of R.sub.1 is
important for the .beta.-cell protective activity. As we have shown
that compound 5h with the 3-OMe,4-OH substituent at R.sub.3 in a
scaffold containing a 3-C1,2-Me moieties at R.sub.1 exhibited the
excellent .beta.-cell protective activity, and that the 3-OH
substituent (5m) at R.sub.1 yielded an activity superior to that of
3-C1,2-Me moieties (5g) in a scaffold with 4-CF.sub.3 at R.sub.3,
we wondered whether an analog containing 3-OH at R.sub.1 and
3-OMe,4-OH at R.sub.3 (5n) and a second analog containing
3-OMe,4-OH at R.sub.1 with 4-CF.sub.3 at R.sub.3 (5o) are equally
active. However, as shown in Table 1, these analogs exhibited a
significantly compromised activity. To further explore the SAR, we
studied the effect of substituent at R.sub.2 position, compounds 5p
(R.sub.2=Me) and 5q (R.sub.2=tyrosine) are significantly less or
not active. These results indicated that the bulkier substitution
at R.sub.2 position is not well tolerated.
[0096] A major drawback to the therapeutic use of compound 1 is its
poor water solubility. We investigated whether the compounds of the
present disclosure have improved aqueous solubility. Using a
thermodynamic turbidimetric assay we evaluated the aqueous
solubility of several of the newly synthesized compounds. As shown
in FIG. 1, several compounds including 5g, 5h, and 5m exhibited
improved water solubility in comparison to 1.
[0097] General Procedure and Characterization of Compounds
5a-5q:
3-Chloro-N-(2-((2,5-dimethylbenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-methylbenzamide
(5a)
[0098] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: off-white powder. 1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta.: 7.50 (d,
J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (m, 3H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7
Hz, 1H), 6.97 (bs, 1H), 6.76 (bs, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.17
(d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.29 (s, 6H). .sup.13C NMR (100
MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 171.0, 167.9, 156.5, 148.1, 139.6, 136.8,
132.5, 132.1, 127.2, 125.5, 128.5, 127.2, 125.4, 124.1, 120.9,
48.3, 43.3, 21.6, 18.9, 17.2.
3-Chloro-2-methyl-N-(2-oxo-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide
(5b)
[0099] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a brown solid. 1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.54 (d,
J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (m, 3H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7
Hz, 1H), 6.97 (bs, 1H), 6.76 (bs, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.17
(d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl.sub.3)
.delta.: 171.0, 167.9, 156.5, 148.1, 139.6, 136.8, 132.5, 132.1,
127.2, 125.5, 128.5, 127.2, 125.4, 124.1, 120.9, 48.3, 43.3,
17.2.
N-(2-((1H-benzo[d]imidazol-6-yl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-3-chloro-2-methylbenzam-
ide (5c)
[0100] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 12.89
(s, 1H), 10.19 (s, 1H), 8.90 (t, J=5.7 Hz 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.90
(m, 3H), 7.67 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J=8.5 Hz 2H), 7.12 (d,
J=8.6 Hz 1H), 4.10 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR
(100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 168.5, 167.1, 142.0, 138.6, 136.8,
136.7, 135.2, 134.4, 134.4, 132.7, 127.2, 123.7, 115.8, 109.5,
43.8, 17.1.
3-Chloro-N-(2-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-methylbenzamide
(5d)
[0101] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.86
(bs, 1H), 8.19 (bs, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz,
1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=7.8
Hz, 2H), 4.23 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s,
3H), 2.33 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.:
169.3, 168.2, 158.8, 137.3, 136.8, 134.4, 132.7, 132.1, 130.8,
130.2, 128.8, 127.2, 125.7, 124.4, 123.6, 123.1, 55.8, 43.9, 43.6,
17.2.
3-Chloro-2-methyl-N-(2-oxo-2-((4-sulfamoylbenzyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide
(5e)
[0102] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.80
(bs, 1H), 8.56 (bs, 1H), 7.64 (m, 3H), 7.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.48
(d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H),
4.33 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H).
.sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 171.0, 167.9, 156.5,
148.1, 139.6, 136.8, 132.5, 132.1, 127.2, 125.5, 128.5, 127.2,
125.4, 124.1, 120.9, 48.3, 43.3, 17.2.
3-Chloro-N-(2-((4-hydroxyphenethyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-methylbenzamide
(5f)
[0103] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 9.63 (s,
1H), 8.59 (bs, 1H), 8.55 (bs, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d,
J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.19
(d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 3.67 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 2H),
2.94 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 167.1, 163.0, 155.0, 136.8, 134.4, 134.4,
132.1, 130.2, 127.2, 125.4, 115.8, 43.8, 40.4, 35.1, 17.1.
3-Chloro-2-methyl-N-(2-oxo-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)benza-
mide (5g)
[0104] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) .delta.: 7.56 (d,
J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22
(s, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (bs, 1H), 6.76 (bs, 1H), 4.51
(d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H). .sup.13C
NMR (100 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.: 171.0, 167.9, 141.1, 136.8,
134.6, 132.5, 132.1, 130.5, 129.0, 128.5, 127.2, 125.4, 124.9,
43.9, 17.2.
3-Chloro-N-(2-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-methylbenza-
mide (5h)
[0105] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.82 (s,
1H), 8.59 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H) 7.49 (d, J=7.7
Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H) 7.26 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H) 6.85 (s,
1H), 6.68 (m, 2H), 4.20 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H) 3.86 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H),
3.74 (s, 3H), 2.35 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6)
.delta.: 169.1, 168.9, 147.9, 145.8, 139.8, 134.6, 133.5, 130.5,
130.2, 127.5, 126.4, 120.16, 115.6, 112.1, 56.0, 42.8, 42.4,
17.1.
3-Chloro-2-methyl-N-(2-oxo-2-((3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)benza-
mide (5i)
[0106] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.86
(bs, 1H), 8.19 (bs, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz,
1H), 7.47 (m, 4H), 4.23 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),
2.33 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 170.1,
167.6, 137.3, 136.8, 134.4, 132.7, 132.1, 130.8, 130.2, 128.8,
127.2, 125.7, 124.4, 123.6, 123.1, 43.9, 43.6, 17.2.
N-(2-Oxo-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide
(5j)
[0107] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.59
(bs, 1H), 8.30 (bs, 1H) 7.49 (m, 5H), 7.34 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H) 7.26
(d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H) 4.21 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H) 3.85 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H);
.sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 170.1, 167.8, 147.9,
145.8, 139.8, 134.6, 133.5, 130.5, 130.2, 127.5, 126.4, 120.16,
115.6, 112.1, 56.0, 43.9, 43.3
4-Ethyl-N-(2-oxo-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide
(5k)
[0108] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white Solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.57 (t,
J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0
Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H) 3.56 (d,
J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.73 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.29 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).
.sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 169.0, 167.1, 147.7,
145.8, 139.8, 134.6, 133.5, 130.5, 130.2, 127.5, 126.4, 120.16,
115.6, 112.1, 56.0, 43.9, 43.3, 28.2, 14.5.
4-fluoro-N-(2-oxo-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide
(5l)
[0109] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
A: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.88 (s,
1H), 8.12 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.9 Hz 2H),
7.37 (m, 4H), 4.19 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H),
.sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 170.5, 167.1, 166.3,
141.2, 129.8, 129.1, 129.0, 128.5, 124.9, 115.8, 43.8, 43.3
3-Hydroxy-N-(2-oxo-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)benzamide
(5m)
[0110] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 9.65 (s,
1H), 8.80 (s, 1H), 8.64 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H)
7.27 (m, 3H), 6.91 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.67 (m, 2H)
4.18 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H) 3.85 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), .sup.13C NMR (100
MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 169.3, 166.9, 157.7, 147.8, 145.7,
135.9, 130.6, 129.6, 129.0, 120.0, 118.6, 118.3, 115.5, 114.8,
112.0, 43.3, 42.0.
3-Hydroxy-N-(2-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)benzamide
(5n)
[0111] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: a white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 9.86 (s,
1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.63 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H)
7.27 (m, 3H), 6.91 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.67 (m, 2H)
4.18 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H) 3.85 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H),
.sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 169.3, 166.9, 157.7,
147.8, 145.7, 135.9, 130.6, 129.6, 120.0, 118.6, 118.3, 115.5,
114.8, 112.1, 55.9, 43.6, 42.2.
4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-N-(2-oxo-2-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)ethyl)ben-
zamide (5o)
[0112] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: White Solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 9.89 (s,
1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d,
J=7.4 Hz, 1H) 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.26 (m, 3H) 4.22 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 2H),
4.09 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H). .sup.13C NMR (100 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 170.1, 167.9, 152.2, 151.0, 139.8, 129.0,
128.5, 126.4, 120.1, 117.6, 115.1, 56.1, 43.9, 43.3.
3-Chloro-2-methyl-N-(1-oxo-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)propan-2-yl-
)benzamide (5p)
[0113] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: off-white powder. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 8.51
(m, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.49 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 3H) 7.28 (m,
2H), 4.41 (m, 3H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.32 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). .sup.13C
NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 171.0, 167.9, 141.2, 136.8,
134.4, 132.9, 132.1, 129.0, 128.5, 127.2, 124.9, 124.1, 54.9, 43.6,
17.9, 17.2.
3-Chloro-N-(3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-1-((4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)amino)-
propan-2-yl)-2-methylbenzamide (5q)
[0114] The title compound was prepared following general procedures
B: white solid. 1H NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6, 400 MHz) .delta.: 7.57 (d,
J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.42 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.15
(m, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.72 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H) 4.77 (t,
J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (q, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H).
.sup.13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 172.1, 167.5, 155.2,
141.2, 136.8, 134.4, 132.9, 132.1, 129.2, 129.0, 128.5, 127.2,
125.5, 124.9, 124.1, 115.8, 57.8, 43.6, 37.5, 17.2.
[0115] It will be understood from the foregoing description that
various modifications and changes may be made in the various
embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from their
true spirit. The description provided herein is intended for
purposes of illustration only and is not intended to be construed
in a limiting sense, except where specifically indicated. Thus,
while the present disclosure has been described herein in
connection with certain embodiments so that aspects thereof may be
more fully understood and appreciated, it is not intended that the
present disclosure be limited to these particular embodiments. On
the contrary, it is intended that all alternatives, modifications
and equivalents are included within the scope of the present
disclosure as defined herein. Thus the examples described above,
which include particular embodiments, will serve to illustrate the
practice of the present disclosure, it being understood that the
particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of
illustrative discussion of particular embodiments only and are
presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be a useful
and readily understood description of procedures as well as of the
principles and conceptual aspects of the inventive concepts.
Changes may be made in the formulation of the various compounds and
compositions described herein, the methods described herein or in
the steps or the sequence of steps of the methods described herein
without departing from the spirit and scope of the present
disclosure. All patents, published patent applications, and
non-patent publications referenced in any portion of this
application are herein expressly incorporated by reference in their
entirety to the same extent as if each individual patent or
publication was specifically and individually indicated to be
incorporated by reference.
* * * * *