U.S. patent application number 16/559440 was filed with the patent office on 2020-02-27 for methods of administering three-hand pai gow poker.
The applicant listed for this patent is Bally Gaming, Inc.. Invention is credited to Matthew Tang.
Application Number | 20200061448 16/559440 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 41052804 |
Filed Date | 2020-02-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20200061448 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Tang; Matthew |
February 27, 2020 |
METHODS OF ADMINISTERING THREE-HAND PAI GOW POKER
Abstract
Methods of administering wagering games may involve accepting a
wager from a player. Seven cards may be dealt to the player and a
dealer. The player's card arrangement into a four-card high hand, a
two-card medium hand, and a one-card low hand may be accepted. The
dealer cards may be arranged into a four-card high hand, a two-card
medium hand, and a one-card low hand. The wager may be resolved by
comparing each player hand to each corresponding dealer hand. A
payout on the wager may be paid to the player when at least two of
the player hands outrank a corresponding number of the dealer
hands. The wager may be collected when at least two of the player
hands are outranked by a corresponding number of the dealer
hands.
Inventors: |
Tang; Matthew; (Egg Harbor
Township, NJ) |
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Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Bally Gaming, Inc. |
Las Vegas |
NV |
US |
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Family ID: |
41052804 |
Appl. No.: |
16/559440 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14644504 |
Mar 11, 2015 |
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16559440 |
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12469210 |
May 20, 2009 |
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14644504 |
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12061746 |
Apr 3, 2008 |
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12469210 |
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11202239 |
Aug 12, 2005 |
7455297 |
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12061746 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63F 2001/005 20130101;
A63F 1/00 20130101; A63F 3/00157 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A63F 1/00 20060101
A63F001/00; A63F 3/00 20060101 A63F003/00 |
Claims
1. A method of administering a wagering game, comprising: accepting
a wager from a player by receiving a wagering chip on a betting
area of a gaming table; dealing seven cards from a set of
randomized, physical cards comprising at least one deck of at least
52 standard playing cards to each of the player and a dealer;
accepting the player's arrangement of the cards dealt to the player
into a four-card high player hand, a two-card medium player hand,
and a one-card low player hand; arranging the cards dealt to the
dealer into a four-card high dealer hand, a two-card medium dealer
hand, and a one-card low dealer hand; resolving the wager by
comparing the high player hand to the high dealer hand, the medium
player hand to the medium dealer hand, and the low player hand to
the low dealer hand; paying a payout on the wager to the player
when at least two of the high player hand, medium player hand, and
low player hand outrank a corresponding number of the high dealer
hand, medium dealer hand, and low dealer hand, respectively, by
transferring at least one additional wagering chip to the player;
and collecting the wager when at least two of the high player hand,
medium player hand, and low player hand are outranked by a
corresponding number of the high dealer hand, medium dealer hand,
and low dealer hand, respectively, by retrieving each wagering chip
associated with the wager of the player from the betting area.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein resolving the wager comprises
adjudicating a dealer hand as outranking a corresponding player
hand when a rank of the dealer hand is equal to a rank of the
player hand.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising collecting the amount
of the wager when one of the high player hand, medium player hand,
and low player hand is outranked by a corresponding one of the high
dealer hand, medium dealer hand, and low dealer hand, respectively,
and another of the high player hand, medium player hand, and low
player hand is of equal rank to a corresponding other of the high
dealer hand, medium dealer hand, and low dealer hand,
respectively.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein dealing the seven cards from the
set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one deck
of at least 52 standard playing cards to each of the player and the
dealer comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of randomized,
physical cards lacking wild cards.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein dealing the seven cards from the
set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one deck
of at least 52 standard playing cards to each of the player and the
dealer comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of randomized,
physical cards comprising at least one wild card.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein dealing the seven cards from the
set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one wild
card comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of randomized,
physical cards comprising at least one joker, each joker being
designated as a wild card.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein dealing the seven cards from the
set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one deck
of at least 52 standard playing cards to each of the player and the
dealer comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of randomized,
physical cards comprising at least one semi-wild card, each
semi-wild card being usable as an ace or to complete a straight or
flush.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein dealing the seven cards from the
set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one
semi-wild card comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of
randomized, physical cards comprising at least one joker, each
joker being designated as a semi-wild card.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accepting the
player's arrangement of the cards dealt to the player into a
four-card high player hand, a two-card medium player hand, and a
one-card low player hand when the high player hand outranks the
medium player hand and the medium player hand outranks the low
player hand; and arranging the cards dealt to the dealer into a
four-card high dealer hand, a two-card medium dealer hand, and a
one-card low dealer hand such that the high dealer hand outranks
the medium dealer hand and the medium dealer hand outranks the low
dealer hand.
10. The method of claim 1, further comprising retaining a
commission from the payout on the wager.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein paying the payout on the wager
to the player comprises paying a 1:1 payout on the wager to the
player.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accepting an
optional bonus wager from the player by receiving another wagering
chip on the betting area of the gaming table; resolving the bonus
wager by comparing a best hand formable from the player's seven
cards to a set of predetermined winning hands; paying a payout on
the bonus wager to the player when the best hand formable from the
player's seven cards is one of the set of predetermined winning
hands by transferring at least another additional wagering chip to
the player; and collecting the bonus wager when the best hand
formable from the player's seven cards is not one of the set of
predetermined winning hands by retrieving each wagering chip
associated with the bonus wager of the player from the betting
area.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein resolving the bonus wager by
comparing the best hand formable from the player's seven cards to
the set of predetermined winning hands comprises comparing the best
five- or seven-card poker hand formable from the player's seven
cards to a set of predetermined winning poker hands.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein paying the payout on the bonus
wager to the player when the best hand formable from the player's
seven cards is one of the set of predetermined winning hands
comprises paying a fixed odds payout on the bonus wager to the
player, a multiplier for the fixed odds payout increasing as a rank
of the best hand formable from the player's seven cards
increases.
15. A method of administering a wagering game, comprising:
accepting a wager from a player by receiving a wagering chip on a
betting area of a gaming table; dealing seven cards from a set of
randomized, physical cards comprising at least one deck of at least
52 standard playing cards to each of the player and a dealer;
accepting the player's arrangement of the cards dealt to the player
into a four-card high player hand, a two-card medium player hand,
and a one-card low player hand; arranging the cards dealt to the
dealer into a four-card high dealer hand, a two-card medium dealer
hand, and a one-card low dealer hand; resolving the wager by
comparing the high player hand to the high dealer hand, the medium
player hand to the medium dealer hand, and the low player hand to
the low dealer hand, wherein a dealer hand is adjudicated as
outranking a corresponding player hand when a rank of the dealer
hand is equal to a rank of the player hand; paying a payout on the
wager to the player when at least two of the high player hand,
medium player hand, and low player hand outrank a corresponding
number of the high dealer hand, medium dealer hand, and low dealer
hand, respectively, by transferring at least one additional
wagering chip to the player; and collecting the wager when at least
two of the high player hand, medium player hand, and low player
hand are outranked by a corresponding number of the high dealer
hand, medium dealer hand, and low dealer hand, respectively, by
retrieving each wagering chip associated with the wager of the
player from the betting area.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein dealing the seven cards from
the set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one
deck of at least 52 standard playing cards to each of the player
and the dealer comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of
randomized, physical cards lacking wild cards.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein dealing the seven cards from
the set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one
deck of at least 52 standard playing cards to each of the player
and the dealer comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of
randomized, physical cards comprising at least one wild card.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein dealing the seven cards from
the set of randomized, physical cards comprising the at least one
deck of at least 52 standard playing cards to each of the player
and the dealer comprises dealing the seven cards from a set of
randomized, physical cards comprising at least one semi-wild card,
each semi-wild card being usable as an ace or to complete a
straight or flush.
19. The method of claim 15, further comprising: accepting the
player's arrangement of the cards dealt to the player into a
four-card high player hand, a two-card medium player hand, and a
one-card low player hand when the high player hand outranks the
medium player hand and the medium player hand outranks the low
player hand; and arranging the cards dealt to the dealer into a
four-card high dealer hand, a two-card medium dealer hand, and a
one-card low dealer hand such that the high dealer hand outranks
the medium dealer hand and the medium dealer hand outranks the low
dealer hand.
20. The method of claim 15, further comprising retaining a
commission from the payout on the wager.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/644,504, filed Mar. 11, 2015, pending,
which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
12/469,210, filed May 20, 2009, pending, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
12/061,746, filed Apr. 3, 2008, abandoned, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
11/202,239, filed Aug. 12, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,455,297,
issued Nov. 25, 2008, the disclosure of each of which is
incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.
FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure relates to the general field of games
of chance and, more particularly, to improvements in the game of
Asia Poker.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The game of Asia Poker, often referred to as "Pai Gow
Poker," is gaining increased acceptance by casinos and other major
gambling centers. In this game, a player is dealt seven cards which
are arranged by the player to make two hands, viz., a two-card hand
(low hand) and a five-card hand (high hand). The only requirement
in forming the hands is that the low hand must be of a lower rank
than the high hand. The ranking of the hands are the same as in
traditional poker with the exception that the joker can be used to
represent an ace or to represent one card of either a straight or a
flush. Because of the use of a joker, five aces is the highest
possible hand.
[0004] The game is started by each player placing a bet ("ante").
The dealer then deals seven cards to himself and each of six
players. Usually, the dealer is a casino employee and the players
compete against the casino by attempting to beat the dealer,
although the dealer can be a customer as discussed below.
[0005] In playing the game, when the player forms his low hand and
his high hand so that they are both respectively higher in rank
than the low hand and the high hand of the dealer, the player is
declared to be the winner and the dealer is a loser. Conversely,
when the player forms his low hand and his high hand so that they
are respectively lower in rank than the low hand and high hand of
the dealer, the player is the loser and the dealer is the winner.
The dealer wins all tied hands. Further, if the player wins one
hand and the dealer wins the other hand, a "push" is declared and
no one wins. If a player wins both hands, the bet made is matched,
i.e., an even money bet is paid, less a commission of typically
5%.
[0006] As will be evident from the foregoing, no money exchanges
hands, i.e., the bet is neither won or lost, when there is a push.
It has been estimated that approximately forty percent of the
outcomes in Pai Gow Poker are pushes. The occurrence of a push or
tie obviously diminishes the excitement of a hand, and because
there are so many pushes, Pai Gow Poker has limited appeal for
many. Moreover, casinos and other gambling establishments prefer a
game wherein there are more winning hands given that, in the long
run, the casino will come out ahead because tie hands go to the
casino, and the casino receives a commission in any event.
SUMMARY
[0007] Generally speaking, the standard game of Asia Poker is
modified by dividing the seven cards dealt to each participant into
three groups rather than two, with the three groups containing four
cards, two cards and one card, respectively, and separate wagering
by a player prior to the deal, is provided for with respect to
particular hands or a particular result. The modified game involves
up to six players and a dealer, wherein each player plays against
the dealer, and uses a deck of cards including at least the 52
cards of a standard deck. The steps of the modified game (i.e., the
method of playing the modified game of chance) include: placing an
"ante" wager by each of the up to six players; dealing, by the
dealer, a total of seven cards to the dealer and a total of seven
cards to each of the up to six players; arranging of the cards, by
the dealer and each player, into a low hand of one card, a medium
hand of two cards and a high hand of four cards, wherein the medium
hand must be higher in rank than the low hand and the high hand
must be higher in rank than the medium hand, individually comparing
each of the low, medium and high hands of each player with the low,
medium and high hands of the dealer; determining a winner for the
"ante" wager between each player and the dealer when at least two
out of the three hands of one is of higher rank than the
corresponding hands of the other; taking the "ante" wager of the
player by the dealer when the dealer is determined to be the
winner, and paying, by the dealer, the amount of the "ante" wager
by a player to a player determined to be the winner.
[0008] In some embodiments, in addition to an "ante" bet with
respect to the basic game, a separate bonus payout is made to any
player placing a bonus wager on a special "payout" hand (as defined
below) and then receiving that hand.
[0009] According to one aspect of the disclosure, the method
includes, in addition to the "ante" bet, the steps of: providing,
prior to the step of dealing the cards, an opportunity for each
player to place a bonus wager that the hand of the player will
include one of a plurality of payout hands, the plurality of payout
hands including at least a hand with a four of a kind and a three a
kind; and following the step of dealing the cards, paying,
according to predetermined odds, each player (i) who has placed a
bonus wager and (ii) who has a hand including one of the payout
hands.
[0010] In accordance with one implementation, the four of a kind is
four eights.
[0011] Additionally, the deck of cards may include at least one
joker, and the three of a kind may include two aces and one
joker.
[0012] Further, the predetermined odds for the hand with the four
eights and the three of a kind may be 5000 to 1.
[0013] There may be a $50,000 maximum bonus payout per hand.
[0014] In accordance with another implementation, the plurality of
payout hands for the bonus wager may additionally include a hand
with a nine, an eight, a seven, a four, a three, a two, and one of
a six and a five. Further, the predetermined odds for the hand with
a nine, an eight, a seven, a four, a three, a two, and one of a six
and a five may be 10 to 1.
[0015] Additionally, the plurality of payout hands for the bonus
wager may further include at least one of:
[0016] a hand with four aces and a joker ("5 Aces");
[0017] a hand with a royal flush (an ace, a king, a queen, a jack,
and a ten, all of the same suit);
[0018] a hand with a natural straight flush (five cards in
sequence, all of the same suit);
[0019] a hand with a straight flush with a joker (four cards in
sequence, all of the same suit, and a joker);
[0020] a hand with a four of a kind (four cards of the same
rank);
[0021] a hand with a full house (three matching cards of one rank
and two matching cards of another rank);
[0022] a hand with a flush (five cards of the same suit, not in
rank sequence);
[0023] a hand with a three of a kind (three cards of the same
rank); and
[0024] a hand with a straight (five cards of sequential rank, but
in more than one suit).
[0025] Further features and advantages of the present disclosure
will be set forth in, or apparent from, the detailed description of
embodiments thereof which follows.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0026] The single drawing FIGURE is a top plan view of a playing
table in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] As discussed above, the game of the present disclosure is
similar to the basic game of Asia Poker, but in accordance with a
feature thereof, instead of dividing the seven cards dealt to each
of the seven players (in a casino setting, a dealer deals to six
players) into two groups of five and two, the cards are divided
into three groups of four, two and one. The groups are designated
as low, medium and high hands and, in accordance with one
embodiment, when the cards dealt to a player are divided into the
three groups, the medium (two-card) hand must be higher than the
low (one-card) hand and high (four-card) hand must be higher than
the medium hand.
[0028] As indicated above, in order to beat the dealer, a player
must win on two out of three hands. Because there are three
possibilities of winning and winning two out of three beats the
dealer, there are substantially no "pushes," i.e., there are no
overall hands wherein the player ties with the dealer. This
substantially eliminates this unattractive feature of standard Asia
Poker wherein, as discussed above, there are only two groups and
thus may tie between a dealer and player.
[0029] In some embodiments, in accordance with the standard rules
of Asia Poker, all ties ("copy hands") go to the dealer, i.e., the
dealer wins all hands of the three hands, wherein the hands of the
dealer and player are of an equivalent value. In this embodiment,
all overall pushes are eliminated.
[0030] In one embodiment, a joker is not used as in conventional
Asia Poker so that a standard 52-card deck can be used, although,
of course, in other embodiments, one, or even more than one, joker
can be used, as desired.
[0031] The highest winning hand for the low hand (one card) is an
ace while a deuce is the lowest and the person having the highest
card wins.
[0032] The highest winning hand for the medium hand is a pair of
aces. A pair beats a non-pair and if there are no pairs, the
highest card wins.
[0033] With respect to the high hand (four card) rankings, the
following rankings may be used:
[0034] 1. Four Aces;
[0035] 2. Royal Flush: A, K, Q, J of the same suit;
[0036] 3. Straight flush: four cards in consecutive rank of the
same suit. The highest ranking straight flush is A, 2, 3, 4 of the
same suit. The second highest is K, Q, J, 10 of the same suit;
[0037] 4. Four of a kind;
[0038] 5. Flush: four cards of the same suit, regardless of rank.
The highest ranking card will determine the highest flush;
[0039] 6. Straight: four cards in a consecutive run, regardless of
suit. The highest ranking card will determine the highest straight.
A, K, Q, J is the highest ranking straight. A, 2, 3, 4 is the
second highest straight. 5, 4, 3, 2 is the lowest straight;
[0040] 7. Three of a kind: three cards of the same rank, regardless
of suit. Three aces are the highest ranking three of a kind. Three
twos are the lowest ranking three of a kind;
[0041] 8. Two pairs: two pairs contained in the same hand. Two aces
and two kings is the highest ranking hand. Two threes and two twos
is the lowest ranking hand;
[0042] 9. One pair: two aces are the highest ranking pair. Two twos
are the lowest ranking pair; and
[0043] 10. No pair: when none of the poker hands listed above is
formed by any of the four card hands, the highest ranking single
card will determine the winner. Further, if no player even has a
pair, and when comparing the hands of a player and the dealer, if
the highest ranking card is identical of a player and the dealer,
the next highest ranking card will determine the winner. In one
embodiment, if every card in the hands being compared is identical,
these are all "copy" hands and the bank or dealer wins all copy
hands.
[0044] As will be apparent from the foregoing, the object of the
game is to beat at least two hands out of three hands (either high,
medium or low) held by the banker or dealer. It will be understood
that the banker or dealer can be, for example, a casino dealer or a
player/customer at the table, as discussed below. As indicated
above, in some embodiments, the game is played with a traditional
deck of 52 playing cards. Each player and the dealer receives seven
cards, together and face down. Each player will then form three
hands, face down. Conveniently, in playing the game, the three
hands are arranged in a column in front of the player, with the
single card hand at the front and the four card hand at the back.
As stated, one hand, the high hand or back hand, will have four
cards, a second, the medium or middle hand, will have two cards,
and the low hand or front hand will have one card. Once all of the
players have formed their three hands, face down, the dealer will
form his three hands, face up and proceed to "open" (turn over,
face up) the player hands, one player by one player, determining a
winner before moving to the next player. In some embodiments, the
house handles all bets and charges a 5% commission on all winning
wagers.
[0045] Hands are ranked as traditional poker hands with the
possible exceptions discussed above and a player wins when two
player hands are higher than those of the dealer. The player loses
when two player hands out of three are lower than those of the
dealer.
[0046] As indicated above, for medium (two-card) hands, the highest
hand is a pair of aces and the lowest hand is 2, 3 while for low
(one-card) hands, the highest hand is an ace and the lowest hand is
a two.
[0047] One of the interesting aspects of conventional Asia Poker is
the opportunity for a player/customer to bank the game. The dealer,
i.e., the dealer for the house, may offer the bank to a player only
after the dealer has acted as the banker to begin the round of
play. Each player at the table shall have the option to either be
the bank or pass the bank to the next player. The dealer shall,
starting with the player farthest to the right of the dealer, offer
the bank to each player in a counterclockwise rotation around the
table until a player accepts the bank. The dealer shall place a
token or the like in front of the player who accepts the bank. The
banking option shall rotate in a counterclockwise direction around
the table until it returns to the dealer. In conventional Asia
Poker, a player may never bank two consecutive rounds of play and
may only wager one position when banking the game.
[0048] Before a player/customer may be permitted to bank a round of
play, the dealer shall first determine that: the player placed a
wager against the dealer, when the dealer was the bank; and the
player has sufficient gaming chips on the table to cover all of the
wagers placed by the other players at the table for that round of
play. If the player does not have chips enough, cash shall be
changed at that time and the chips placed in front of the banking
player, but not on the betting area.
[0049] As indicated above, one aspect of the disclosure concerns
the provision of separate bonus wagering or betting on the hand
being played. This feature enhances interest and excitement by,
inter alia, giving the player additional betting opportunities and
enables the player to potentially receive a large payout on a
single hand at odds much higher than the fixed 1-to-1 payout of the
base game. The bonus wager gives the game more "depth of play" and
"completes" the game as it offers player the full gaming experience
and a bonus wager where players can wager a small amount of money,
without much risk, and have a chance at winning higher amounts of
money. In one embodiment, each player has the option of placing an
additional bonus wager. As indicated above, the additional bonus
wager is independent of, i.e., separate from, the basic wager on
the base game. In this regard, a wager must always be placed on the
base game. The wager on the base game is referred herein to as the
"ante" wager. The "ante" wager must always be at or above a minimum
wager for the table (the "table minimum"). One, both or no bonus
wagers can be made in addition to the "ante" wager. A bonus wagers
can be made in varying denominations. In no event, however, can the
sum of all wagers (i.e., ante and bonus) be above a maximum wager
for the table (the "table maximum").
[0050] The single drawing FIGURE shows an illustrative bonus Asia
Poker table 10 having a dealer position 12 and six player positions
14a-14f. "Ante" wager betting areas 16a-16f are marked at each of
the player positions 14a-14f. Bonus wager betting areas 18a-18f are
marked immediately above and to the right of the "ante" wager
betting areas 16a-16f, as viewed by each player.
[0051] The bonus wager is based on the player's seven cards as
measured against a posted payout table. In other words, the bonus
wager wins if cards of the player's seven card hand include one of
the posted payout hands. A winning hand will be paid based on the
odds listed with the posted payout hands.
[0052] An illustrative payout table is shown below as Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Hand Type A B C D 8888 + Any 3 of a Kind
5000 5000 5000 5000 5 Aces 800 800 800 800 Royal Flush 200 200 200
150 Natural Straight Flush 80 50 50 50 Straight Flush with Joker 40
40 40 40 Four of a Kind 30 30 25 25 Full House 5 5 5 5 Flush 4 4 4
4 Three of a Kind 3 3 3 3 Straight 2 2 2 2 9-High 10 10 10 10
[0053] The columns A-D of Table 1 show different "odds" that
provide differing "house edge" percentages. All payouts are "to
1."
[0054] Although the hands are believed to be largely
self-explanatory, it is noted that in the first payout, the cards
are arranged in groups of a single card, a pair of the same card as
the single card, and four eights. Although eights may be
designated, it is, of course, possible to designate another card,
e.g., king, as the card of the four card group. Additionally, in
the illustrative embodiment, the "8888+Any 3 of a Kind" hand
includes two aces plus a joker, but a joker may only be used as an
ace for this bonus hand. The "9-High" bonus hand rewards players at
the game for having two of the lowest hands possible (i.e., 9876432
or 9875432), which adds a unique twist to a normally instant losing
hand. The Royal Flush, Natural Straight Flush, Straight Flush with
Joker, Full House, Flush, and Straight of the illustrative payout
table are five-card hands for the purposes of the bonus wager.
[0055] In some embodiments, the bonus wager offers all of the
payout hands listed in Table 1, but it is, of course, possible to
offer less than all of the listed payout hands. Also, in some
embodiments, there is a $50,000 maximum bonus payout per hand.
[0056] According to some embodiments, after settling a player's
"ante" wager, the dealer shall settle any bonus wager made by each
player. A winning bonus wager shall be paid without regard to the
outcome of the "ante" wager made by the player.
[0057] Although the disclosure has been described above in relation
to certain embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those
skilled in the art that variations and modifications can be
effected in these embodiments without departing from the scope and
spirit of the disclosure.
* * * * *