U.S. patent application number 16/448499 was filed with the patent office on 2020-02-20 for antimicrobial kinocidin compositions and methods of use.
This patent application is currently assigned to Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. The applicant listed for this patent is Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. Invention is credited to Michael R. Yeaman, Nannette Y. Yount.
Application Number | 20200055910 16/448499 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 38834133 |
Filed Date | 2020-02-20 |
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00001.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00002.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00003.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00004.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00005.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00006.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00007.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00008.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00009.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00010.png)
![](/patent/app/20200055910/US20200055910A1-20200220-D00011.png)
View All Diagrams
United States Patent
Application |
20200055910 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Yount; Nannette Y. ; et
al. |
February 20, 2020 |
ANTIMICROBIAL KINOCIDIN COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE
Abstract
The present invention provides novel kinocidin peptides
comprising a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin, wherein the
C-terminal portion encompasses an .alpha.-helical secondary
structure and further displays antimicrobial activity. The
kinocidin peptides of the invention are derived from and correspond
to a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin that includes a
.gamma..kappa.o core and that can be a CXC, CC, or C class
chemokine. Structural, physicochemical and functional properties of
this novel class of antimicrobial peptides and amino acid sequences
of particular kinocidin peptides are also disclosed. The invention
also provides related antimicrobial methods.
Inventors: |
Yount; Nannette Y.; (San
Juan Capistrano, CA) ; Yeaman; Michael R.; (Redondo
Beach, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical
Center |
Torrance |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Los Angeles Biomedical Research
Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Torrance
CA
|
Family ID: |
38834133 |
Appl. No.: |
16/448499 |
Filed: |
June 21, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
16121425 |
Sep 4, 2018 |
10329336 |
|
|
16448499 |
|
|
|
|
15226643 |
Aug 2, 2016 |
|
|
|
16121425 |
|
|
|
|
12947793 |
Nov 16, 2010 |
9428566 |
|
|
15226643 |
|
|
|
|
12438923 |
Oct 6, 2009 |
|
|
|
PCT/US2007/014499 |
Jun 20, 2007 |
|
|
|
12947793 |
|
|
|
|
60815491 |
Jun 20, 2006 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 50/481 20180101;
A61K 38/00 20130101; C07K 14/4723 20130101; Y02A 50/30 20180101;
Y02A 50/409 20180101; Y02A 50/475 20180101; A61P 31/00 20180101;
A61P 31/04 20180101; Y02A 50/478 20180101; C07K 14/521
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07K 14/52 20060101
C07K014/52; C07K 14/47 20060101 C07K014/47 |
Claims
1. A kinocidin peptide comprising a C-terminal portion amino acid
sequence of a kinocidin, wherein said C-terminal portion comprises
an .alpha.-helical secondary structure, wherein said C-terminal
portion further comprises antimicrobial activity, and wherein said
kinocidin comprises a .gamma..sub.KC core.
2. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein the kinocidin is a
CXC, CX.sub.3C, CC, or C class chemokine.
3. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid
sequence is KENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENS (SEQ ID NO: 1).
4. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid
sequence is QAPLYKKIIKKLLES (SEQ ID NO: 2).
5. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid
sequence is ASPIVKKIIEKMLNSDKSN (SEQ ID NO: 3).
6. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said amino acid
sequence is selected from the group depicted in FIG. 21.
7. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said alpha-helical
secondary structure comprises between 10 and 35 amino acids.
8. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said alpha-helical
secondary structure comprises a mass between 1100 Da and 3850
Da.
9. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said alpha-helical
secondary structure comprises a calculated charge between 0 and (+)
5 at pH 7.0.
10. The kinocidin peptide of 1, wherein said alpha-helical
secondary structure comprises an estimated isoelectric point
between 5 and 15.
11. The kinocidin peptide of claim 1, wherein said alpha-helical
secondary structure comprises a hydrophobic moment between 3 and
8.
12. A method for treating an infectious disease or condition in a
subject in need of such treatment comprising administering to the
subject an effective amount of a kinocidin peptide of claim 1.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/121,425,
filed Sep. 4, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,329,336, which is a
continuation of Ser. No. 15/226,643, filed Aug. 2, 2016, now
abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.
12/947,793, filed Nov. 16, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,428,566, which
is a divisional of Ser. No. 12/438,923, filed Oct. 6, 2009, now
abandoned, which is a U.S. national stage of International
Application No. PCT/US2007/014499, filed Jun. 20, 2007, which
claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) from U.S.
Application No. 60/815,491, filed Jun. 20, 2006. The contents of
the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference in
their entirety.
SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which
has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created
on Dec. 10, 2018, is named 244713_US2_SEQ_ST25.txt and is 126,599
bytes in size.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] This invention relates to peptides having antibacterial and
antifungal properties. The invention also concerns the preparation
of these peptides and compositions containing the same which may be
used in agriculture and for human or animal therapy.
[0004] Nature provides a context in which organisms across the
phylogenetic spectrum are confronted by potential microbial
pathogens. In turn, natural selection provides a corresponding
requirement for rapid and effective molecular stratagems of host
defense against unfavorable microbial infection. Antimicrobial
peptides represent a key result of this co-evolutionary
relationship. While higher organisms have evolved complex and
adaptive immune systems, virtually all organisms rely upon primary
innate immune mechanisms that are rapidly deployed to ward off
microbial invasion. Discoveries over the last decade indicate that
antimicrobial peptides elaborated by essentially all organisms play
integral roles in these innate mechanisms of antimicrobial host
defense.
[0005] Antimicrobial peptides may be generally categorized as those
with or without disulfide bridges. Those that contain disulfides
commonly adopt .beta.-sheet structures, while those lacking
cysteine crosslinkages often exhibit .alpha.-helical conformation.
Antimicrobial peptides from both classes have a number of conserved
features that likely contribute to their toxicity to
microorganisms, including: 1) small size, typically ranging from
12-50 amino acids; 2) cationicity, with net charges ranging from +2
to +7 at pH 7; and 3) amphipathic stereogeometry conferring
relatively polarized hydrophilic and hydrophobic facets (Yeaman and
Yount, Pharmacol. Rev. 55:27 (2003)). The limited size of these
polypeptides places restrictions on the structural repertoire
available to meet these requirements. Despite these limitations, as
a group antimicrobial peptides display a high degree of variability
at non-conserved sites, with amino acid substitution rates on the
order of those associated with positive selection (A. L. Hughes,
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 56:94 (1999)). These observations are
consistent with the hypothesis that co-evolutionary selective
pressures drive host-pathogen interactions (M. J. Blaser, N. Engl.
J. Med. 346:2083 (2002)).
[0006] Amino acid sequence motifs have previously been identified
within certain antimicrobial peptide subclasses (e.g., the cysteine
array in certain mammalian defensins; White et al., Curr. Opin.
Struct. Biol. 5:521 (1995)). Yet, comparatively little is known
about more comprehensive relationships uniting all antimicrobial
peptides. Conventional sequence analyses performed have yielded
limited sequence conservation, and no universal structural homology
has been identified amongst antimicrobial peptides. If present,
such a consensus motif across the diverse families of antimicrobial
peptides would provide insights into the mechanism of action of
these molecules, yield information on the evolutionary origin of
these sequences, and allow prediction of antimicrobial activity in
molecules recognized to have other functions.
[0007] The ability of certain bacteria such as M. tuberculosis and
S. aureus among others, to develop resistance to antibiotics
represents a major challenge in the treatment of infectious
disease. Unfortunately, relatively few new antibiotic drugs have
reached the market in recent years. Methods for administering new
classes of antibiotics might provide a new scientific weapon in the
war against bacterial infections.
[0008] There are only a handful of antifungal drugs known for the
treatment of mammals. In fact, there were only ten FDA approved
antifungal drugs available in 2000 for the treatment of systemic
fungal infections. There are three important classes of fungal
drugs for the treatment of systemic infections: polyenes,
pyrimidines, and azoles. The FDA has also approved certain drugs
belonging to other classes for topical treatment of fungal
infections. Certain traditional antifungal drugs may have a
significant toxicity, and certain antifungal drugs available for
use in treatment have a limited spectrum of activity. Still
further, certain antifungal drugs among the azoles can have
interactions with coadministered drugs, which can result in adverse
clinical consequences. As with the antibiotics, certain fungi have
developed resistance to specific antifungal drugs. Patients with
compromised immune systems (e.g., AIDS) patients have in some cases
had prolonged exposure to fluconazole for both prophylactic and
therapeutic purposes. In 2000, increased use of the drug
fluconazole correlated with the isolation of increasing numbers of
resistant infectious fungi among AIDS patients. Methods of using a
new class of antifungal drugs could make new treatments for fungal
infections possible.
[0009] Invasive mycoses are very serious infections caused by fungi
found in nature and which become pathogenic in immunocompromised
persons Immunosuppression may be the result of various causes:
corticotherapy, chemotherapy, transplants, HIV infection.
Opportunistic fungal infections currently account for a high
mortality rate in man. They may be caused by yeasts, mainly of
Candida type, or filamentous fungi, chiefly of Aspergillus type. In
immunosuppressed patients, failure of antifungal treatment is
frequently observed on account of its toxicity, for example,
treatment with Amphotericin B, or the onset of resistant fungi, for
example resistance of Candida albicans to nitrogen derivatives. It
is, therefore, vital to develop new antifungal medicinal products
derived from innovative molecules. In this context, antimicrobial
peptides offer an attractive alternative.
[0010] Antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous in nature and play an
important role in the innate immune system of many species.
Antimicrobial peptides are diverse in structure, function, and
specificity. A number of antimicrobial peptides occur naturally as
"host-defense" compounds in humans, other mammals, amphibians,
plants and insects, as well as in bacteria themselves. Synthetic
antimicrobial peptides have also been described, including highly
amphipathic peptides whose amino acid sequences are related to or
derived from the sequences of various viral membrane proteins.
[0011] The significant advantage of peptide antimicrobials resides
in the global mechanism of their anti-microbial action; because
peptides have an inherent capacity to bind and penetrate biological
membranes, these compounds act by physically disrupting cellular
membranes, usually causing membrane lysis and eventually cell
death. Organisms such as bacteria have little ability to combat
this physical mechanism and acquire resistance.
[0012] Thus, there exists a need for employing multidimensional
proteomic techniques to determine structural commonalities amongst
peptides elaborated in phylogenetically diverse
organisms--microbial to human--and explore the potential
convergence of structural paradigms in these molecules. The present
invention satisfies this need and provides related advantages as
well.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention provides novel kinocidin peptides
comprising a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin, wherein the
C-terminal portion encompasses an .alpha.-helical secondary
structure and further displays antimicrobial activity. The
kinocidin peptides of the invention are derived from and correspond
to a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin, wherein the kinocidin
includes a .gamma..sub.KC core and can be a CXC, CX.sub.3C, CC, or
C class chemokine. Structural, physicochemical and functional
properties of this novel class of antimicrobial peptides and amino
acid sequences of particular kinocidin peptides are also disclosed.
The invention also provides related antimicrobial methods.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 shows conventional antimicrobial peptide structure
classification and distribution. Relationship amongst structure and
predominance is summarized for the commonly recognized
antimicrobial peptide classes. Concatenation represents the
proportionate distribution of peptides encompassing a given
structural class, as calculated from the Antimicrobial Sequences
Database. Numbers of peptides classified in each group are
indicated in brackets for each class.
[0015] FIG. 2A shows multiple sequence alignment of antimicrobial
peptides examined. The MSA of the .beta.-sheet peptide study set
was generated using the Clustal W tool (Version 1.81; Higgins and
Sharp, Gene 73:237 (1988); Higgins and Sharp, Comput. Appl. Biosci.
5:151 (1989)), as visualized with Jalview (M. Clamp, Jalview--java
multiple alignment editor, version 1.7b (1998). Public domain
(www.ebi.ac.uk/jalview/)). The coloration scheme is formatted to
the Clustal degree of conservation. Individual peptides are
designated by the following information series: peptide name,
(source genus), and [Swiss Protein accession code]: protegrin 1,
(Sus), [3212589] (SEQ ID NO: 43); gomesin, (Acanthoscurria),
[20664097] (SEQ ID NO: 44); drosomycin, (Drosophila), [2780893]
(SEQ ID NO: 45); MGD-1, (Mytilus), [12084380] (SEQ ID NO: 46);
tachyplesin I, (Tachypleus), [84665] (SEQ ID NO: 47); mytilin A,
(Mytilus), [6225740] (SEQ ID NO: 48); sapecin, (Sarcophaga),
[20151208] (SEQ ID NO: 49); HNP-3, (Homo), [229858] (SEQ ID NO:
50); Ah-Amp1, (Aesculus), [6730111] (SEQ ID NO: 51); AFP-1,
(Aspergillus), [1421258] (SEQ ID NO: 52); mBD-8, (Mus), [15826276]
(SEQ ID NO: 53); thanatin, (Podisus), [6730068] (SEQ ID NO: 54);
and gaegurin-1, (Rana), [1169813] (SEQ ID NO: 55).
[0016] FIG. 2B shows convergence in the sequence patterns of
cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. The consensus primary
structural motifs were identified amongst the prototypical
disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptide study set. Sequence data
and disulfide arrays indicated were derived from the following
sources (in descending order): .alpha.-defensins (SEQ ID NO: 56)
(Yount et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:26249 (1999)); .beta.-defensins
(SEQ ID NO: 57) (Yount et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:26249 (1999));
insect defensins (SEQ ID NO: 58) (sapecin; Hanzawa et al., FEBS
Lett. 269:413 (1990)); insect CS-.alpha..beta. peptides (SEQ ID NO:
59) (drosomycin; Landon et al., Protein Sci. 6:1878 (1997)); plant
CS-.alpha..beta. peptides (SEQ ID NO: 60) (Ah-AMP-1; Fant et al.,
Proteins 37:388 (1999)); crustacea CS-.alpha..beta. peptides (SEQ
ID NO: 61) (MGD-1; Yang et al., Biochemistry 39:14436 (2000));
gaegurin (SEQ ID NO: 64) (gaegurin-1; Park et al., Biochem.
Biophys. Res. Commun. 205:948 (1994)); protegrin (SEQ ID NO: 62)
(protegrin-1; Fahrner et al., Chem. Biol. 3:543 (1996)); gomesin
(SEQ ID NO: 65) (Silva et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:33464 (2000);
Mandard et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 269:1190 (2002)); thanatin (SEQ ID
NO: 66) (Mandard et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 256:404 (1998));
tachyplesin (SEQ ID NO: 67) (tachyplesin I; Nakamura et al., J.
Biol. Chem. 263:16709 (1988)); mytilin (SEQ ID NO: 63) (mytilin
Charlet et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:21808 (1996)); AFP-1 (SEQ ID NO:
68) (Campos-Olivas et al., Biochemistry 34:3009 (1995)). The
primary sequences corresponding to the .gamma.-core motif are
outlined in red (see FIG. 4). Sequences are shown in their
conventional dextromeric orientations (N- to C-termini from left to
right) unless indicated to be projected in a levomeric orientation
(levo; C- to N-termini from left to right).
[0017] FIG. 3A-H shows conservation of 3-dimensional signatures
amongst antimicrobial peptides. Three-dimensional structural
alignments were carried out by the combinatorial extension method
(Shindyalov and. Bourne, Protein Eng. 11:739 (1998)), visualized
using Protein Explorer (Martz, Trends Biochem. Sci. 27:107 (2002)).
Comparisons are between (Ah-AMP-1 ([1BK8], Aesculus, horsechestnut
tree) and (peptide name, [PDB accession code], genus, common name;
RMSD): protegrin-1 ([1PG1], Sus, domestic pig; RMSD 1.2 .ANG.;
panels A and B); drosomycin ([1MYN], Drosophila, fruit fly; RMSD
1.4 .ANG.; panels C and D); HNP-3 ([1DFN]; Homo, human; RMSD 3.2
.ANG.; panels E and F); and magainin-2 ([2MAG]; Xenopus, frog;
Gesell et al., J. Biomol. NMR 9:127 (1997); RMSD 2.6 .ANG.; panels
G and H). Respective amino- and carboxy-termini are indicated in
panels A, C, E and G. Panels A, C, E, and G use the Clustal degree
of 2.degree. structure conservation coloration scheme. Panels B, D,
F, and H employ the DRuMS polarity-2 color scheme, in which
hydrophobic residues are colored gray, while hydrophilic residues
are colored purple. By convention, cysteine residues are indicated
as hydrophilic, although in these peptides, they are oxidized
(cystine) and colored gray indicating hydrophobicity Amino- (N-)
and carboxy- (C-) termini for comparative peptides are denoted as
N1 or N2 and C1 or C2, respective of peptides designated 1 or 2.
Relative positions of the disulfide bonds are indicated as dotted
yellow lines in panels A-H. See Table II for additional references.
Proteins were visualized using Protein Explorer as described by
Martz, Trends Biochem. Sci. 27, 107-109 (2002).
[0018] FIG. 3I-L demonstrates the absence of the .gamma.-core
signature in non-antimicrobial peptides. Three-dimensional
conformity between prototypic antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial
peptides was determined as described in FIG. 3 A-H. Representative
comparisons are between the antimicrobial peptide Ah-AMP1, and the
following non-antimicrobial peptides (identified as formatted in
FIG. 3 A-H): allergen-5 ([2BBG], Ambrosia, ragweed; RMSD 6.5 .ANG.;
panel I); metallothionein II ([1AOO], Saccharomyces, yeast; RMSD
5.3 .ANG.; panel J); TGF-.alpha. ([3TGF], Homo, human; RMSD 4.7
.ANG.; panel K); and ferredoxin ([2FDN], Clostridium, bacterium;
RMSD 7.4 .ANG.; panel L). Each non-antimicrobial comparator peptide
(blue) is shown in maximal alignment with Ah-AMP1 (gray) Amino- (N)
and carboxy- (C) termini are indicated as defined in FIG. 3 A-H.
See Table II for references.
[0019] FIG. 4 shows conservation of the .gamma.-core motif amongst
disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptides. The conserved
.gamma.-core motif (red) is indicated with corresponding sequences
(GXC or CXG-C motifs are denoted in red text). Examples are
organized into four structural groups relative to the .gamma.-core.
Group (.gamma.): protegrin-1, [1PG1] (SEQ ID NO: 69); gomesin
[1KFP] (SEQ ID NO: 70); tachyplesin-1 [1MA2] (SEQ ID NO: 71); RTD-1
[1HVZ] (SEQ ID NO: 72); thanatin [8TFV] (SEQ ID NO: 73); hepcidin
[1M4F]) (SEQ ID NO: 74); Group (.gamma.-.alpha.): sapecin [1LV4]
(SEQ ID NO: 75); insect defensin A [1ICA] (SEQ ID NO: 76);
heliomicin [1I2U] (SEQ ID NO: 77); drosomycin [1MYN] (SEQ ID NO:
78); MGD-1 [1FJN] (SEQ ID NO: 79); charybdotoxin [2CRD] (SEQ ID NO:
80); Group (.beta.-.gamma.): HNP-3 [1DFN] (SEQ ID NO: 81); RK-1
[1EWS] (SEQ ID NO: 82); BNBD-12 [1BNB] (SEQ ID NO: 83); HBD-1
[1E4S] (SEQ ID NO: 84); HBD-2 [1E4Q] (SEQ ID NO: 85); mBD-8 [1E4R]
(SEQ ID NO: 86)); and Group (.beta.-.gamma.-.alpha.): Ah-AMP-1
[1BK8] (SEQ ID NO: 87); Rs-AFP-1 [1AYJ] (SEQ ID NO: 88); Ps-Def-1
[1JKZ] (SEQ ID NO: 89); .gamma.-1-H-thionin [1GPT] (SEQ ID NO: 90);
.gamma.-1-P-thionin [1GPS] (SEQ ID NO: 91); and brazzein [1BRZ]
(SEQ ID NO: 92). Protegrin, gomesin, tachyplesin, RTD-1, and
thanatin .gamma.-core sequences (Group .gamma.) are depicted in
levomeric orientation. Other peptide data are formatted as in FIG.
3. See Table II for additional references.
[0020] FIG. 5A-C shows iterations of the 3-dimensional .gamma.-core
motif. Amino acid consensus patterns of the three .gamma.-core
sequence isoforms are shown. Coloration represents the most common
residue (>50% frequency) at a given position, as adapted from
the RASMOL schema: cysteine (C), yellow; glycine (G), orange;
lysine or arginine, royal blue; serine or threonine, peach;
leucine, isoleucine, alanine or valine, dark green; aromatic, aqua;
and variable positions (<50% consensus), gray.
[0021] FIG. 6A-I shows molecules exemplifying structure-based or
activity-based validation of the multidimensional signature model.
Representative molecules retrieved using the enantiomeric sequence
patterns were identified (Table III) and analyzed for presence or
absence of a .gamma.-core motif as described. Thus, appropriate
molecules were identified to challenge each of the respective
model-based predictions. Three-dimensional structures visualized
using Protein Explorer are indicated for: brazzein ([1BRZ],
Pentadiplandra, J'Oblie berry, panels A, D, and G; Caldwell et al.,
Nat. Struct. Biol. 5:427 (1998)); charybdotoxin ([2CRD], Leiurus,
scorpion, panels B, E, and H; Bontems et al., Biochemistry 31:7756
(1992)), tachyplesin I ([1MA2], Tachypleus, horseshoe crab, panels
C, F, and I); and metallothionein II (see FIG. 3). As in FIG. 3,
comparative panels A-C use the Clustal degree of 2.degree.
structure conservation coloration scheme. Panels D-F employ the
DRuMS polarity-2 color scheme, in which hydrophobic residues are
colored gray, and hydrophilic residues are colored purple. As in
FIG. 4, amino acids comprising the .gamma.-core motifs are
highlighted in red (panels G-I) within the 3-dimensional structures
of these representative peptides. Other data are formatted as in
FIG. 3.
[0022] FIG. 7A-H shows experimental validation of the predictive
accuracy of the multidimensional signature model. Standard radial
diffusion assays were conducted using 10 .mu.g of specified
peptide: defensin HNP-1 (HNP); brazzein (BRZ); charybdotoxin (CTX);
or metallothionein II (MTL). Recombinant brazzein reflecting the
published 3-dimensional structure (1BRZ) as determined by nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy was kindly provided by Drs. J. L.
Markley and F. M. Assadi-Porter, the University of Wisconsin 25.
Charybdotoxin, metallothionein II, and defensin HNP-1 were obtained
from commercial sources. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using
a well-established solid-phase diffusion method as described by
Tang et al., Infect. Immun. 70: 6524-6533 (2002). Assays included
well characterized organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 27217,
Gram-positive coccus); Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633, Gram-positive
bacillus); Escherichia coli (strain ML-35, Gram-negative bacillus);
and Candida albicans (ATCC 36082, fungus). In brief, organisms were
cultured to logarithmic phase and inoculated (10.sup.6 colony
forming units/ml) into buffered molecular-biology grade agarose at
the indicated pH. Peptides resuspended in sterile deionized water
were introduced into wells formed in the underlay, and incubated
for 3 h at 37.degree. C. Nutrient-containing overlay medium was
then applied, and assays incubated at 37.degree. C. or 30.degree.
C. for bacteria or fungi, respectively. After 24 h, zones of
complete or partial inhibition were measured. All assays were
repeated independently a minimum of two times at pH 5.5 (panels
A-D) or pH 7.5 (panels E-H) to assess the influences of pH on
peptide antimicrobial activities versus microorganisms. Histograms
express mean (.+-.standard deviation) zones of complete (blue) or
incomplete (yellow) inhibition of growth. These data establish the
direct antimicrobial activities of brazzein and charybdotoxin.
Metallothionein II lacked antimicrobial activity under any
condition assayed. Note differences in scale.
[0023] FIG. 8A shows phylogenetic relationship amongst structural
signatures in prototypical antimicrobial peptides. Relative
evolutionary distances are indicated at branch nodes in this
average distance dendrogram (Saito and Nei, Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:406
(1987)). Representative peptides for which structures have been
determined are (descending order): AFP (AFP-1; Aspergillus,
fungal); PRG1 (Protegrin-1; Sus, domestic pig); GOME (Gomesin;
Acanthoscurria, spider); THAN (Thanatin; Podisus, soldier bug);
HNP3 (Human neutrophil peptide-3; Homo, human); MGD1 (MGD-1;
Mytilus, mussel); SAPE (Sapecin; Sarcophaga, flesh fly); MBD8
(Murine .beta.-defensin-8; Mus, mouse); DMYN (Drosomycin;
Drosophila, fruit fly); Ah-AMP1 (AMP-1; Aesculus, horsechestnut
tree). Color schema are the Clustal degree of 2.degree. structure
conservation. These data illustrate the concept that the
.gamma.-core is the common structural element in these peptides,
suggesting it is an archetype motif of the antimicrobial peptide
signature (see FIG. 4).
[0024] FIG. 8B shows modular iterations of multidimensional
signatures in disulfide-stabilized antimicrobial peptides. Distinct
configurations integrating the .gamma.-core are found in naturally
occurring antimicrobial peptides from diverse organisms. Specific
examples are used to illustrate this theme (modular formulae are as
described in the text): [.gamma.], Protegrin-1;
[.gamma..alpha..sub.1], MGD-1; [.gamma..beta..sub.1], HNP-3; and
[.gamma..alpha..sub.1.beta..sub.1], Ah-AMP-1. Color schema and
peptide identification are as indicated in FIG. 3 (A, C, E, G).
[0025] FIG. 9 shows conservation of the multidimensional signature
in disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptides. This triple
alignment demonstrates the dramatic 3-dimensional conservation in
antimicrobial peptides from phylogenetically diverse species
spanning 2.6 billion years of evolution: fruit fly (Drosophila;
[1MYN]), mussel (Mytilus; [1FJN]) and horsechestnut tree (Aesculus;
1 BK81). The striking degree of 3-dimensional preservation reflects
a unifying structural code amongst these broad classes of disulfide
containing host defense effector molecules. Alignment was carried
out using the Vector Alignment Search Tool (VAST) available through
the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Secondary
structure is indicated by the CN3D coloration schema: sheet, gold;
helix, green; turn/extended, blue.
[0026] FIG. 10A-E, depict amino acid sequences of .gamma.-core
signature motifs amongst disulfide-containing antimicrobial
peptides. Nomenclature and coloration are as indicated in FIGS. 2
and 3 of the primary manuscript; standard abbreviations are used
for peptide names where appropriate. Lavender shading of molecule
identities in Groups IID and IIIB indicates peptides aligned in the
levomeric orientation. These sequences correspond to the
.gamma.-core pattern map as depicted in FIG. 3 of the primary
manuscript. FIG. 10A depicts amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:
93-132, in order from top to bottom. FIG. 10B depicts amino acid
sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 133-173, in order from top to bottom. FIG.
10C depicts amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 173-210, in order
from top to bottom. FIG. 10D depicts amino acid sequences of SEQ ID
NOS: 211-238, in order from top to bottom. FIG. 10E depicts amino
acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 239-255, in order from top to
bottom.
[0027] FIG. 11A-B show peptides with predicted antimicrobial
activity based on the multidimensional signature. Candidate
peptides were identified by VAST alignment, 3D-RMSD, and manual
comparisons; all RMSD scores compared with Ah-AMP-1 (1BK8;
Aesculus); threshold typically >4.5 excluded; each sequence is
identified by NCBI accession number. FIG. 11A depicts amino acid
sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 256-390, in order from top to bottom. FIG.
11B depicts amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 291-315, in order
from top to bottom.
[0028] FIG. 12 shows alignment of C, CC and CXC class human
chemokines (SEQ ID NOS: 316-351). The highlighted GX.sub.3C motif
[glycine (G), orange; cysteine (C), yellow; proline (P), aqua]
corresponds to the .gamma..sub.KC core signature (outlined in red).
Conserved cysteine residues beyond the .gamma..sub.KC core are
shaded gray. Gaps were introduced to achieve maximal alignment; *
indicates truncated sequence.
[0029] FIG. 13 demonstrates conservation of the .gamma.-core domain
within kinocidins (.gamma..sub.KC core). Recurring iterations of
the .gamma..sub.KC core motif (red) are indicated with
corresponding sequences (GX.sub.3C) denoted in red or gold text. A
comparator antimicrobial peptide (Ah-AMP-1) is also shown to
illustrate structural similarities between the .gamma..sub.KC motif
and that present in antimicrobial peptides (.gamma..sub.AP).
Proteins were visualized using protein explorer (Martz, E. (2002)
Trends Biochem Sci 27, 107-9). Amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:
352-358 are depicted.
[0030] FIG. 14 shows solid-phase antimicrobial activity of human
kinocidins and IL-8 subdomains IL-8.alpha. and IL-8.gamma..
Peptides (0.5 nmol) were introduced into wells in agarose plates
buffered with MES (2.0 mM, pH 5.5) or PIPES (10.0 mM, pH 7.5).
Antimicrobial activity was assessed as the zone of complete (blue)
or partial (red) inhibition around the well. Abbreviations are:
Native IL-8 (IL-8); IL-8.alpha., (.alpha.); IL-8.gamma., (.gamma.);
IL-8.alpha.+IL-8.gamma. (.alpha.+.gamma.); RANTES, (RAN);
GRO-.alpha., (GRO); MCP-1, (MCP); lymphotactin, (LYM); platelet
factor-4, (PF-4); and HNP-1, (HNP). Histograms are means.+-.SEM
(minimum n=2).
[0031] FIG. 15 shows solution-phase microbicidal activity of native
IL-8 and subdomains IL-8.alpha. and IL-8-.gamma.. One million CFU
of the indicated microorganism per milliliter were incubated with
peptide (0.00125-20.0 nmol/ml) in either MES (2.0 mM, pH 5.5) or
PIPES (10.0 mM, pH 7.5) for one hour at 37.degree. C. Surviving CFU
were enumerated and are described as change in the initial log 10
CFU. .smallcircle., S. aureus ATCC 27217; .circle-solid., S.
typhimurium strain 5990s; .quadrature., C. albicans ATCC 36082.
Data are means.+-.SD (minimum n=2).
[0032] FIG. 16A-B show spectroscopy for IL-8 structural domains.
Spectra were determined for the IL-8.gamma. and IL-8.alpha.
peptides (0.1 mM) in sodium phosphate (10.0 mM, pH 5.5) or PIPES
(10.0 mM, pH 7.5) buffer. [ . . . ], (IL-8.alpha.); [______],
(IL-8-.gamma..sub.KC).
[0033] FIG. 17A-B show computational modeling of IL-8 structural
domains. Three-dimensional models of IL-8.alpha. (A) and
IL-8.gamma. (B) peptides were created using homology and
energy-based methods. Model peptide alpha-carbon backbones were
visualized using PyMOL (version 0.97; 2004).
[0034] FIG. 18A-B show antimicrobial efficacy of IL-8.sub..alpha.
in human blood and blood-derived matrices as compared with
artificial media (MHB) at pH 5.5 and 7.2. Panel 18 (A) shows
co-incubation of IL-8.sub..alpha. and the organism simultaneously
added to the test biomatrix or medium; Panel 18 (B) shows
pre-incubation of IL-8.sub..alpha. in biomatrices or media for 2 h
at 37.degree. C. prior to introduction of the organism. The E. coli
inocula (INOC) were 10.sup.5 CFU/ml, and the threshold of
sensitivity was considered 0.3 log 10 CFU/ml.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] This application file contains drawings executed in color.
Copies of this patent or application publication with color
drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of
the necessary fee.
[0036] This invention provides antimicrobial kinocidin peptides and
related methods of use. The antimicrobial kinocidin peptides of the
invention encompass at least a portion of the C-terminal
.alpha.-helical region of a kinocidin, wherein the C-terminal
portion encompasses an .alpha.-helical secondary structure. The
kinocidin peptides of the invention are derived from and correspond
to a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin that includes a
.gamma..sub.KC core predictive of antimicrobial activity. A
kinocidin is a antimicrobial CXC, CX.sub.3C, CC, or C class
chemokine.
[0037] The kinocidin peptide can include up to the entire
C-terminal .alpha.-helix of the corresponding kinocidin from which
it is derived. A kinocidin peptide generally has physicochemical
properties within the ranges set forth in Table IV below and also
has antimicrobial activity
[0038] The term "kinocidin," as used herein refers to a chemokine
having microbicidal activity. As described herein, the ability of a
chemokine to exert antimicrobial activity can be predicted based on
the presence of the .gamma..sub.KC core consensus formula, and
specific physicochemical patterns of amphipathicity, charge
distribution, and proline positioning within the chemokine (see
FIG. 1). More than 40 human chemokines have been characterized and
are classified into four groups according to conserved N-terminal
cysteine motifs: CXC (.alpha.-chemokines), CC (.beta.-chemokines),
C, and CX.sub.3C (Hoffmann et al. (2002) J Leukoc Biol 72,
847-855).
[0039] As used herein, the term "kinocidin peptide" refers to a
peptide that has microbicidal activity and that contains all or a
portion of a C-terminal .alpha.-helix of a kinocidin. In structural
terms, a kinocidin peptide of the invention is characterized by
corresponding to a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin. As described
throughout this disclosure, a kinocidin can be selected based on
the presence of the .gamma..sub.KC core consensus formula, and
specific physicochemical patterns of amphipathicity, charge
distribution, and proline positioning within the chemokine (see
FIG. 12). In functional terms, a kinocidin peptide has
antimicrobial, for example, antimicrobial and/or antifungal
activity, which can be confirmed via routine methods described in
the art and exemplified herein. A kinocidin peptide of the
invention can have any length provided the requisite activity is
present, for example, can be between 50 or less, 45 or less, 40 or
less, 35 or less, 34 or less, 33 or less, 32 or less, 30 or less,
29 or less, 28 or less, 27 or less, 26 or less, 25 or less, 24 or
less. 23 or less, 22 or less, 21 or less, 20 or less, 19 or less,
18 or less, 17 or less, 16 or less, 15 or less, 14 or less, 13 or
less, 12 or less, 11 or less, 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7
or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, and preferably between 10 and 40,
more preferably between 12 and 38, more preferably between 14 and
32 amino acids in length. Also encompassed within the term are
dimers and other multimers, truncated molecules, and molecules that
contain repetitions of particular subsequences within the motif as
long as the peptide has microbicidal activity and that contains all
or a portion of a C-terminal .alpha.-helix of a kinocidin.
[0040] The invention provides particular kinocidin peptides, each
comprising a C-terminal portion of a kinocidin having an
.alpha.-helical secondary structure and antimicrobial activity, and
further having a .gamma..sub.KC core. As described herein, the
kinocidin can be a CXC, CC, or C class chemokine. In one
embodiment, the invention provides a kinocidin peptide that
corresponds to a CXC chemokine has the amino acid sequence
KENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENS (SEQ ID NO: 1). In another embodiment, the
invention provides a kinocidin peptide that corresponds to a CXC
chemokine has the amino acid sequence QAPLYKKIIKKLLES (SEQ ID NO:
2). In a further embodiment, the invention provides a kinocidin
peptide that corresponds to a CXC chemokine has the amino acid
sequence ASPIVKKIIEKMLNSDKSN (SEQ ID NO: 3). In a further
embodiment, the invention provides a kinocidin peptide that
corresponds to a CXC chemokine has the amino acid sequence
DAPRIKKIVQKKLAGDES (SEQ ID NO: 4). Additional kinocidin peptides of
the invention based on Human CXC, CC and C Chemokine C-terminal
.alpha.-Helical Domains are set forth in FIG. 18.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Antimicrobial peptides of the invention
based on Human CXC, CC and C Chemokine C-terminal .alpha.-Helical
Domains. Origin Name Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO:) Group 1 Based
on Human CXC Chemokine .alpha.-Helical Domains CXCL1/GRO-alpha
Aegicidin hGro-.alpha.-C1 ASPIVKKIIEKMLNSDKSN (3) CXCL2/MIP2-alpha
Aegicidin hMIP2-.alpha.-C1 ASPMVKKIIEKMLKNGKSN (5) CXCL3/GRO-beta
Aegicidin hGro-.beta.-C1 ASPMVQKIIEKILNKGSTN (6) CXCL4/PF-4
QAPLYKKIIKKLLES (2) CXCL5/ENA-78 Aegicidin hENA-78-C1
EAPFLKKVIQKILDGGNKEN (7) CXCL6/GCP-2 Aegicidin hGCP-2-C1
EAPFLKKVIQKILDSGNKKN (8) CXCL7/PBP, DAPRIKKIVQKKLAGDESAD (9) CTAP3,
NAP2 CXCL8/IL-8 Aegicidin hIL-8-C1 KENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENS (1)
CXCL9/MIG Aegicidin hMIG-C1 DSADVKELIKKWEKQVSQKKKQKNGKK (359)
CXCL10/IP-10 Aegicidin hIP-10-C1 ESKAIKNLLKAVSKERSKRSP (10)
CXCL11/I-TAC Aegicidin hI-TAC-C1 KSKQARLIIKKVERKNF (11)
CXCL12/SDF-1 Aegicidin hSDF-1-C1 KLKWIQEYLEKALNKRFKM (12)
CXCL13/BCA-1 Aegicidin hBCA-1-C1 QAEWIQRMMEVLRKRSSSTLPVPVFKRKIP*
(13) CXCL14/BRAK Aegicidin hBRAK-C1 KLQSTKRFIKWYNAWNEKRRVYEE (14)
Group 2 Based on Human CC Chemokine .alpha.-Helical Domains
CCL1/I-309 Aegicidin hI-309-C1 TVGWVQRHRKMLRHCPSKRK (15) CCL2/MCP-1
Aegicidin hMCP-1-C1 KQKWVQDSMDHLDKQTQTPKT (16) CCL3/MIP-1alpha
Aegicidin hMIP-1.alpha.-C1 SEEWVQKYVSDLELSA (17) CCL4/MIP-1beta
Aegicidin hMIP-1.beta.-C1 SESWVQEYVYDLELN (18) CCL5/RANTES
Aegicidin hRANTES-C1 EKKWVREYINSLEMS (19) CCL7/MCP-3 Yeaman &
Yount TQKWVQDFMKHLDKKTQTPKL (20) terminology: Aegicidin hMCP3-C1
CCL8/MCP-2 Aegicidin hMCP-2-C1 KERWVRDSMKHLDQIFQNLKP (21)
CCL11/EOTAXIN Aegicidin hEOTx-C1 KKKWVQDSMKYLDQKSPTPKP (22)
CCL13/MCP-4 Aegicidin hMCP-4-C1 KEKWVQNYMKHLGRKAHTLKT (23)
CCL14/HCC-1 Aegicidin hHCC-1-C1 SDKWVQDYIKDMKEN (24) CCL15/HCC-2
Aegicidin hHCC-2-C1 SGPGVQDCMKKLKPYSI (25) CCL16/HCC-4 Aegicidin
hHCC-4-C1 NDDWVQEYIKDPNLPLLPTRNLSTVKII (26) CCL17/TARC Aegicidin
hTARC-C1 NNKRVKNAVKYLQSLERS (27) CCL18/PARC Aegicidin hPARC-C1
NKKWVQKYISDLKLNA (28) CCL19/MIP-3beta Aegicidin hMIP-3.beta.-C1
DQPWVERIIQRLQRTSAKMKRRSS (29) CCL20/LARC Aegicidin hLARC-C1
KQTWVKYIVRLLSKKVKNM (30) CCL21/SLC Aegicidin hSLC-C1
KELWVQQLMQHLDKTPSPQKPAQG (31) CCL22/MDC Aegicidin hMDC-C1
RVPWVKMILNKLSQ (32) CCL23/MPIF-1 Aegicidin hMPIF-1-C1
SDKQVQVCVRMLKLDTRIKTRKN (33) CCL24/MPIF-2 Aegicidin hMPIF-2-C1
KQEWVQRYMKNLDAKQKKASPRAR (34) CCL25/TECK Aegicidin hTECK-C1
KSREVQRAMKLLDARNK* (35) CCL27/SKINKINE Aegicidin hSkine-C1
QNPSLSQWFEHQERKLHGTLPKLNFGMLRKMG (36) CCL28/CCK1 Aegicidin
hCCK-1-C1 HNHTVKQWMKVQAAKKNGKGN* (37) Group 3 Peptides Based on C
Chemokine .alpha.-Helical Domains CL1/Lymphotactin Aegicidin
hLym-C1 QATWVRDVVRSMDRKSNTRNN* (38)
[0041] Chemokines comprise a class of small secretory cytokines
that play important roles in potentiating leukocyte chemonavigation
and antimicrobial activity. More than 40 human chemokines have been
characterized and are classified into four groups according to
conserved N-terminal cysteine motifs: CXC (.alpha.-chemokines), CC
(.beta.-chemokines), C, and CX.sub.3C (J Leukoc Biol 70, 465-466
(2001)). Chemokines have been identified in vertebrates as distant
as teleost fish, and are expressed in a broad array of mammalian
cell types including those of myeloid, endothelial, epithelial and
fibroblast lineages (Hoffmann et al. (2002) J Leukoc Biol 72,
847-855). Of the chemokines, interleukin-8 (IL-8; or CXC-ligand 8
[CXCL8]) is perhaps the best characterized, having been first
identified as neutrophil-activating factor from human monocytes
more than 15 years ago (Walz et al. (1987) Biochem Biophys Res
Commun 149, 755-761; Yoshimura et al. (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
84, 9233-9237).
[0042] This invention further describes methods for identifying
multidimensional protein signatures that are useful as predictors
of protein activity. Prior to this invention it was unknown that
proteins can be classified based on common multidimensional
signatures that are predictive of activity. While exemplified
herein for a subclass of antimicrobial peptides, this discovery
allows for the invention methods of using experimental proteomics
techniques to identify multidimensional protein signatures that are
predictive of protein activity.
[0043] Based, in part, on the discovery of structural signatures in
antimicrobial peptides, the invention provides methods for
designing, creating or improving anti-infective agents and
anti-infective strategies that are refractory to microbial
resistance. The invention methods can improve the efficacy of a
drug or a drug candidate by altering the multidimensional
antimicrobial signature so as to approximate the multidimensional
signature model.
[0044] In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for
predicting antimicrobial activity of a candidate protein by
determining the presence a multidimensional antimicrobial signature
in a candidate protein, and comparing the multidimensional
antimicrobial signature to a multidimensional antimicrobial
signature model. As taught herein, the degree of similarity between
the multidimensional antimicrobial signature of the candidate
protein and the multidimensional antimicrobial signature model is
predictive of antimicrobial activity of the candidate protein.
[0045] In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for
identifying a protein having antimicrobial activity by screening a
library of candidate proteins to identify a multidimensional
antimicrobial signature in a candidate protein, and subsequently
comparing the multidimensional antimicrobial signature to a
multidimensional antimicrobial signature model. As taught herein,
the degree of similarity between the multidimensional antimicrobial
signature of the candidate protein and the multidimensional
antimicrobial signature model is predictive of antimicrobial
activity of the candidate protein.
[0046] In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for
improving the antimicrobial activity of a protein by altering the
multidimensional antimicrobial signature of the protein to increase
the degree of similarity between the multidimensional antimicrobial
signature of the protein and a multidimensional antimicrobial
signature model. The invention also provides a protein having
improved antimicrobial activity as a result of alteration of the
multidimensional antimicrobial signature of the protein to increase
the degree of similarity between the multidimensional antimicrobial
signature of the protein and a multidimensional antimicrobial
signature model.
[0047] In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method for
designing a protein having antimicrobial activity by incorporating
configurations that include iterations of a .gamma.-core signature
into a peptide structure that is designed. The invention also
provides a protein having antimicrobial activity designed by
incorporating configurations that include iterations of a
.gamma.-core signature into a peptide structure.
[0048] As used herein, the term "multidimensional protein
signature" is intended to refer to a set of essential
physicochemical components that make up a structural motif
characteristic of a class or subclass of proteins. A
multidimensional protein signature can incorporate any structural
information ascertainable, including, information regarding primary
structure, including amino acid sequence, composition, and
distribution patterns; secondary structure, stereospecific sequence
and 3-dimensional conformation. As used herein, the term
"multidimensional protein signature model" refers to a protein that
represents the essential structural components associated with a
particular multidimensional protein signature. Individual peptides
each contain an iteration of the multidimensional signature, and
the essential features of this signature are reflected in the
multidimensional signature model. CS-.alpha..beta. family
antimicrobial peptides also contain a .gamma..sub.AP core and
.alpha.-helix Kinocidins, including IL-8, share a common topology
comprised of a .gamma..sub.KC core and .alpha.-helix.
[0049] As used herein, the terms "gamma-core motif,"
".gamma.-core," ".gamma..sub.AP-core," ".gamma.-core signature" and
equivalents thereof refer to a multidimensional protein signature,
in particular a multidimensional antimicrobial signature, that is
characterized by two anti-parallel .beta.-sheets interposed by a
short turn region with a conserved GXC (dextromeric) or CXG
(levomeric) sequence pattern integrated into one .beta.-sheet.
Additional features that characterize the .gamma.-core motif
include a hydrophobic bias toward the C-terminal aspect and
cationic charge positioned at the inflection point and termini of
the .beta.-sheet domains, polarizing charge along the longitudinal
axis of the .gamma.-core.
[0050] The kinocidin .gamma.-core (.gamma..sub.KC core) signature
is an iteration of the antimicrobial peptide .gamma.-core
(.gamma..sub.AP), conforming to an anti-parallel .beta.-hairpin
comprised of a 13-17 amino acid pattern with a central hydrophobic
region typically flanked by basic residues. The .gamma..sub.KC core
motif can be characterized by the following consensus sequence
formula:
TABLE-US-00002 (SEQ ID NO: 39) NH.sub.2
[C]-[X.sub.10-13]-[GX.sub.2-3C]-[X.sub.2]-[P] COOH
[0051] Human IL-8, which contains the kinocidin .gamma.-core
(.gamma..sub.KC core) signature, has the sequence:
TABLE-US-00003 (SEQ ID NO: 40) NH.sub.2 CANTEIIVKLSDGRELCLDP
COOH
[0052] This fragment of the IL-8 sequence is consistent with the
consensus .gamma..sub.KC-core motif. Furthermore, many kinocidins
exhibit a recurring amino acid position pattern, consistent with
the consensus .gamma..sub.KC core formula:
TABLE-US-00004 (SEQ ID NO: 41) NH.sub.2
CX.sub.4Z.sub.3X.sub.0-2[K.sup.81]X.sub.1-3G[K.sup.72][B.sup.86][-
Z.sup.92]C[Z.sup.86][D.sup.86][P.sup.95] COOH R N
where Z represents the hydrophobic residues A, F, I, L, V, W, Y; B
represents the charged or polar residues D, E, H, K, N, R, Q; C, P,
or G correspond to cysteine, proline, or glycine, respectively, X
indicates variable amino acid position; and numeric superscripts of
bracketed positions indicate relative frequency in percent, with
common alternate residues listed beneath.
[0053] As used herein, the term "protein activity" is intended to
mean a functional activity or bioactivity of a protein.
[0054] Many disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptides have
multiple structural domains that encompass .beta.-sheet and/or
.alpha.-helical motifs connected through an interposing region. As
described herein, the invention methods provide a strategy
incorporating a synthesis of proteomic and experimental methods to
identify essential structural features integral to antimicrobial
bioactivity that are shared amongst broad classes of antimicrobial
peptides. Stereospecific sequence and 3-dimensional conformation
analyses of cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides with known
structures were integrated and reduced to identify essential
structural components. These approaches enabled the identification
of sequence patterns and a 3-dimensional conformation integral to a
multidimensional signature common to virtually all non-cyclic
antimicrobial peptides containing disulfide bridges. This
compelling signature transcends class-specific motifs identified
previously, and reflects a unifying structural code in
antimicrobial peptides from organisms separated by profound
evolutionary distances.
[0055] The .gamma.-core motif is a pivotal element in the
multidimensional signature of antimicrobial peptides. This motif
corresponds to a hydrophobic and structurally rigid region in these
molecules. Moreover, the .gamma.-core motif consists of hallmark
amino acid sequence, composition, and distribution patterns that
likely facilitate antimicrobial functions. For example, patterns
identified are congruent with segregation of the most polar or
charged residues to solvent-accessible facets, continuity of
hydrophilic or hydrophobic surfaces, and flexibility near
structural extremities of these peptides. Such physicochemical
properties appear to be integral to the antimicrobial mechanisms of
disulfide-containing peptides such as the CS-.alpha..beta. or
defensin families (Yeaman and Yount, Pharmacol. Rev. 55:27 (2003);
Hill et al., Science 251:1481 (1991)). Thus, the .gamma.-core motif
is more than simply a .beta.-hairpin fold. As described herein, the
.gamma.-core component of the antimicrobial peptide signature can
be derived from dextromeric or levomeric sequence patterns (FIG.
2B). The necessity for host defense against microbial pathogens has
favored conservation of an effective 3-dimensional determinant,
despite site- or orientation-specific variations in the primary
sequences that comprise this motif. Thus, the present invention
provides a method for stereospecific analysis of primary sequences
that can identify structural patterns or relationships in any
protein class selected by the user.
[0056] Conservation of the .gamma.-core motif across the
phylogenetic spectrum demonstrates it is an archetype of the
antimicrobial peptide signature (FIG. 8A). Yet, the .gamma.-core is
not necessarily an exclusive structural determinant of
antimicrobial activity. In some cases, the .gamma.-core alone is
sufficient for antimicrobial activity (eg., protegrins,
tachyplesins, RTD-1). However, the motif also can serve as a
scaffold, to which complementary antimicrobial determinants (eg.,
.alpha.-helices or .beta.-sheets) are added as adjacent
modules.
[0057] Thus, disulfide-stabilized antimicrobial peptides represent
structural modules coordinated in varying configurations relative
to the .gamma.-core (FIG. 8B). Examples of the invention discovery
are abundant in nature: Protegrin-1 illustrates the simplest
configuration, consisting solely of the .gamma.-core, represented
by the modular formula [.gamma.]; MGD-1 contains an .alpha.-helical
module linked to a .gamma.-core, collectively represented as
[.gamma.-.alpha.]; alternatively, HNP-3 exemplifies the addition of
a .beta.-sheet module to the .gamma.-core, represented as
[.beta.-.gamma.]; Ah-AMP-1 illustrates a more complex configuration
in which .beta.-sheet and .alpha.-helical modules are linked to the
.gamma.-core, represented by the formula [.beta.-.gamma.-.alpha.].
Permutations of these modular formulae are readily observed in
naturally-occurring antimicrobial peptides, encompassing diverse
antimicrobial peptide families, including .alpha.-defensins,
.beta.-defensins, .theta.-defensins, cathelicidins, protegrins, and
CS-.alpha..beta. peptides found in plants, invertebrates, insects,
and arthropods. Based on this discovery the present invention
provides methods of utilizing specific mosaic configurations of
such structural modules to optimize the function of a given
antimicrobial peptide against relevant pathogens in specific
physiologic contexts.
[0058] Thus, peptides with common evolutionary precursors may have
conserved structural elements independent of functional divergence.
As one verification of this discovery, AFP-1 and TGF-.alpha. were
intentionally included in the exemplified phylogenetic and
structural analyses as relative outliers in the comparative
antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial peptide groups. This level of
divergence is reflected in their significant phylogenetic distances
from other peptides in their respective subsets. Yet, as described
herein, despite equidistant divergence from Ah-AMP-1, AFP-1
exhibits the fundamental .gamma.-core signature of antimicrobial
peptides, while TGF-.alpha. does not (FIGS. 3 I-L and 8A). This
result reinforces the importance of the .gamma.-core motif as part
of a multidimensional signature for antimicrobial activity.
Moreover, structural divergence of AFP-1 from other antimicrobial
peptides lies predominantly in modules beyond the .gamma.-core.
Thus, as exemplified for AFP-1, the invention provides new insights
into eukaryotic evolution of the multidimensional signature of
antimicrobial peptides that confer survival advantages in
environments rich in microbial pathogens.
[0059] The discovery of a multidimensional signature as described
herein can be applied to a method of identifying peptides that
exert previously unrecognized antimicrobial activity. As described
herein, for example, the sweetener protein, brazzein, and the
scorpion neurotoxin, charybdotoxin, were found to have previously
unrecognized antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. The
present model also accurately predicted that the prototype
metallothionein II, which fulfilled the primary sequence pattern,
but lacked the 3-dimensional criteria of the antimicrobial
signature, was devoid of antimicrobial activity. As described
herein, the multidimensional signature model was further
substantiated by successful prediction of the .gamma.-core motif in
tachyplesins of unknown 3-dimensional structure, but which had
known antimicrobial activity, and fulfilled the primary structure
criteria of the model. Together, these findings validate the
predictive accuracy, utility and applicability of the
multidimensional antimicrobial peptide signature model to the
methods provided by the present invention.
[0060] As disclosed herein, the multidimensional signature is a
unifying structural code for broad classes of host defense
peptides. This discovery is supported, for example, in the
exemplification that a major class of peptides can be retrieved
from the protein database searches using the stereospecific
sequence formulae consisting of protease inhibitors and related
proteins derived from plants (FIG. 11B). The botanical and related
literature indicate that several such peptides have been shown to
be plant defensins (Sallenave, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 30:111 (2002);
Wijaya et al., Plant Sci 159:243 (2000)). Moreover, the plant
proteinase inhibitor superfamily includes thionin peptides
containing the antimicrobial .gamma.-core motif as disclosed herein
(Table I; Melo et al., Proteins 48:311 (2002)). In addition,
peptides originally identified as having cytokine bioactivities are
now known to have direct antimicrobial activity. Examples include
.gamma.-chemokines such as human platelet factor-4 and platelet
basic peptide (PF-4 and PBP; Tang et al., Infect. Immun 70:6524
(2002); Yeaman, Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:951 (1997)), monokine induced
by interferon-.gamma. (MIG/CXCL9; Cole et al., J. Immunol. 167:623
(2001)), interferon-.gamma. inducible protein-10 kDa (IP-10/CXCL10;
Cole et al., J. Immunol. 167:623 (2001)), interferon-inducible T
cell a chemoattractant (ITAC/CXCL11; Cole et al., J. Immunol.
167:623 (2001)), and the .beta.-chemokine, RANTES (releasable upon
activation normal T cell expressed/secreted; Tang et al., Infect.
Immun 70:6524 (2002); Yeaman, Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:951 (1997)).
Importantly, each of these proteins contains an iteration of the
multidimensional antimicrobial signature as provided by the present
invention. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the link
between the multidimensional antimicrobial signature, and
functional correlates in multifunctional host defense peptides
(Yeaman, Clin. Infect. Dis. 25:951 (1997); Ganz, Science 298:977
(2002)). The skilled person will appreciate that the
multidimensional antimicrobial signature can be found in additional
peptides, and that the presence of this signature is associated
with antimicrobial activity.
[0061] Multidimensional signatures of antimicrobial peptides
exemplify how nature can diverge at the level of overall amino acid
sequence, yet preserve essential primary sequence patterns and
3-dimensional determinants effective in host defense. Thus,
critical structures of antimicrobial peptides from evolutionarily
distant organisms such as microbes and plants are recapitulated in
higher organisms, including humans. As disclosed herein, vertical
and horizontal acquisition of genes, along with their
recombination, yield mosaic iterations upon key structural
determinants, such as the .gamma.-core motif (Bevins et al.,
Genomics 31:95 (1996); Gudmundsson, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 92:7085 (1995)). Selective pressures favoring this remarkable
degree of structural conservation can include genetic selection
against structural variants, and convergent evolution of
independent ancestral templates. It follows that the .gamma.-core
signature is incorporated into a variety of structural mosaics
(eg., [.gamma..alpha..sub.1], [.gamma..beta..sub.1], or
[.gamma..sub.1.beta..sub.1]) readily observed amongst
disulfide-stabilized antimicrobial peptides along the phylogenetic
spectrum. While future studies will resolve their precise
phylogenetic lineage, the multidimensional signatures in
antimicrobial peptides likely reflect fundamental host-pathogen
interactions and their co-evolution.
[0062] The discovery and characterization of antimicrobial peptide
signatures can also provide insights for development of new
generation anti-infective agents. For example, most microbial
pathogens are unable to acquire rapid or high-level resistance to
antimicrobial peptides. Critical structure-activity relationships
in these molecules can circumvent microbial resistance mechanisms,
and interfere with essential microbial targets distinct from
classical antibiotics (Yeaman and Yount, Pharmacol. Rev. 55:27
(2003)). Such modes of action exploit pathogen-specific structures
intrinsically difficult to mutate, limiting the development of
resistance through target or pathway modification. Thus, structural
signatures in antimicrobial peptides can advance the discovery and
development of improved anti-infective agents and strategies that
are refractory to microbial resistance. Therefore, the invention
provides a method of improving the antimicrobial activity of a
protein by altering the multidimensional signature. Methods of
protein design are well known in the art as described, for example,
in Concepts in Protein Engineering and Design: An Introduction;
Wrede and Schneider (Eds.), Walter de Gruyter, Inc. (pub.), 1994);
Evolutionary Approaches to Protein Design, Vol. 55, Frances H.
Arnold (Ed.), Edward M. Scolnick (Ed.), Elsevier Science &
Technology Books, 2000; Molecular Design and Modeling: Concepts and
Applications, Part A: Proteins, Peptides, and Enzymes: Volume 202:
Molecular Design and Modelling Part A, John N. Abelson (Ed.), John
J. Langone (Ed.), Melvin I. Simon (Ed.), Elsevier Science &
Technology Books, 1991; and Protein Engineering and Design, Paul R.
Carey (Ed.), Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1996; all of
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0063] While chemokines have not traditionally been ascribed with
direct antimicrobial activities, evidence for such functions is
mounting. As described above, peptides originally identified as
having cytokine bioactivities, including chemokines platelet
factor-4 (PF-4) platelet basic peptide (PBP) and its derivative
CTAP-3 (Tang et al. (2002) Infect Immun 70, 6524-33; Yeaman et al.
(1997) Infect Immun 65, 1023-31; Yount et al. (2004) Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 48, 4395-404), as well as truncations thereof
(Krijgsveld et al. (2000) J Biol Chem 275, 20374-81), are now known
to have direct antimicrobial activity. Direct antimicrobial
activity was subsequently reported for other chemokines (Cole et
al. (2001) J Immunol 167, 623-7; Yang et al. (2003) J Leukoc Biol
74, 448-55). Hence, the term kinocidin (kino-action;
cidin-microbicidal) has been applied to chemokines that also exert
direct microbicidal activity (Yount & Yeaman (2004) Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 101, 7363-8; Yount et al. (2004) Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 48, 4395-404, Yeaman, M. R. & Yount, N. (2005) ASM
News 71, 21-27).
[0064] Despite immunological likeness with other kinocidins, prior
investigations have not detected direct antimicrobial activity of
IL-8. As described herein, primary sequence and conformation
analyses specified IL-8 and kinocidin iterations of the
.gamma.-core signature present in broad classes of antimicrobial
peptides (Yount & Yeaman (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101).
Based on these structural parallels, IL-8 was discovered to have
direct antimicrobial activity. Multiple lines of investigation
described herein confirmed that IL-8 exerts significant,
context-specific antimicrobial activity, with potent efficacy
against Candida albicans. Moreover, the invention provides a
synthetic congener corresponding to the .alpha.-helical domain of
IL-8 that exerts antimicrobial activity equivalent to or exceeding
that of native IL-8.
[0065] As disclosed herein, IL-8 and other kinocidins share key
properties with classical antimicrobial peptides. For example,
kinocidins exhibit global as well as local amphipathic domains, and
have pI values of 8.5 or greater, indicating net positive charge at
neutral pH (Table III). However, distribution of charge within
kinocidins is not uniform; typically, cationic charge is associated
with the C-terminal .alpha.-helix, and termini of the IL-8.gamma.
core. Molecular modeling has suggested these regions form
electropositive facets of varying size in distinct kinocidins (Yang
et al. (2003) J Leukoc Biol 74, 448-55). It is notable that, while
study kinocidins share such cationic properties, neither net charge
pI directly correlated with antimicrobial activity. For example,
although IL-8 was one of the least cationic kinocidins studied
(pI=9.0), it had greater efficacy than many of its more positively
charged counterparts.
[0066] Recognition that charge alone does not account for
antimicrobial activity emphasizes the importance of 3-D structure
for kinocidin function. Notably, the strongly anti-fungal kinocidin
IL-8 bears a striking structural resemblance to classical
antifungal CS-.alpha..beta. antimicrobial peptides of plants and
insects (FIG. 13; Yount & Yeaman (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
101). Kinocidins including IL-8 share a common topology comprised
of a .gamma..sub.KC core and .alpha.-helix. Likewise,
CS-.alpha..beta. family antimicrobial peptides also contain a
.gamma..sub.AP core and .alpha.-helix (Yang et al. (2003) J Leukoc
Biol 74, 448-55). However, as kinocidins are larger (8-14 kDa) than
many classical antimicrobial peptides (<5 kDa), it follows that
global physicochemical properties do not strictly correlate with
antimicrobial efficacy. Rather, it is more likely that discrete
domains likely confer microbicidal versus chemotactic activities
for kinocidins or chemotactic antimicrobial peptides (Yeaman &
Yount (2005) ASM News 71, 21-27).
[0067] The fact that the C-terminal IL-8.alpha. peptide
recapitulated the microbicidal efficacy and spectrum of native IL-8
substantiates the hypothesis that kinocidin antimicrobial effects
can be mediated by specific or even autonomous structural domains.
Inspection of the IL-8.alpha. domain revealed a highly structured
helix, with physiochemical features likely attributable to its
direct antimicrobial efficacy. Moreover, the current structure
analyses concur with independent NMR studies (Clore et al. (1990)
Biochemistry 29, 1689-96) of the IL-8 .alpha.-helix domain. In
addition, as its helical conformation is stable at pH 5.5 and 7.5,
pH-specific antimicrobial efficacy of IL-8.alpha. relies on
parameters other than conformation (FIG. 16). Superimposed upon the
19-residue IL-8.alpha. domain are cationic charge and
amphipathicity (FIG. 17). Its estimated pI of 10 and net charge of
+2 (at pH 7) indicate a degree of cationic potential greater than
that of corresponding domains in other study kinocidins except
lymphotactin. Furthermore, its amphipathicity (6.70; Table 3) is
also relatively high, as hydrophobic moments >3.0 are considered
significant in terms of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic amino acid
segregation. Such characteristics parallel those in
well-characterized helical antimicrobial peptides (Wieprecht et al.
(1997) Biochemistry 36, 6124-32; Uematsu & Matsuzaki. (2000)
Biophys J 79, 2075-83).
[0068] Analyses of the physicochemical properties reveal that
kinocidin molecules share key properties with classical
antimicrobial peptides. For example, kinocidins exhibit global as
well as local amphipathic domains, and have pI values of 8.5 or
greater, indicating net positive charge at neutral pH (Table III).
However, distribution of charge within kinocidins is not uniform;
typically, cationic charge is associated with the C-terminal
.alpha.-helix, and termini of the IL-8.gamma. core. Molecular
modeling has suggested these regions form electropositive facets of
varying size in distinct kinocidins (Yang et al. (2003) J Leukoc
Biol 74, 448-55).
[0069] The current results demonstrate direct antimicrobial
activities of these and other kinocidins against bacteria in
solid-phase and solution-phase assays, including striking
fungicidal activity versus C. albicans. The surprising discovery of
IL-8 antimicrobial efficacy may be due to a number of factors,
including organism and/or strain differences, as well as buffer
composition and pH. Prior studies using a radial diffusion assay
measured activity against different organisms (Escherichia coli,
Listeria monocytogenes), and did not assess activity at pH 5.5
(11). In the one prior study using a solution-phase assay, activity
of IL-8 was evaluated against E. coli and S. aureus using a
phosphate-based buffer system at pH 7.4 (Yang et al. (2003) J
Leukoc Biol 74, 448-55). Results from these latter experiments
corroborate the present finding that native IL-8 lacks activity
against S. typhimurium or S. aureus in solution phase at pH
7.5.
[0070] The current investigations demonstrated that IL-8 exerted
significant microbicidal efficacy at concentrations descending to
the high nM range. While such concentrations reflect relatively
strong microbicidal efficacy, it could be argued that even .mu.g/ml
levels of activity have limited physiologic relevance. However,
several considerations support the concept that the antimicrobial
effects of kinocidins including IL-8 observed in vitro are relevant
to host defense in vivo. In normal human plasma, IL-8 is present at
a very low baseline level in the range of picograms/ml (30).
However, in contexts of infection, circulating IL-8 levels rise
rapidly and dramatically as much as 1000-fold, yielding
concentrations of 30-50 ng/ml (Moller et al. (2005) J Infect Dis
191, 768-75). In the current report, IL-8 was active in the
5000-1000 ng/ml range, 100-fold greater than the highest measured
concentrations in plasma. Yet, the potential for IL-8 and other
kinocidins to reach efficacious concentrations in local contexts of
infection is supported by considerable evidence. For example,
recent studies by Qiu et al. show that the chemokine CCL22/MDC
reaches .mu.g/g levels in lung granulomae (Qiu et al. (2001) Am J
Pathol 158, 1503-15). Additionally, as kinocidins adhere readily to
pathogens, measurements of their free concentration diluted in
media or sera almost certainly underestimate their local
intensification (Mezzano et al. (1992) Nephron 61, 58-63). Also,
the systemic administration of .alpha.-helical antimicrobial
peptides do not preclude their concentration specifically at sites
of infection (Nibbering et al. (2004) J Nucl Med 45, 321-6),
perhaps by affinity of the cationic peptide for electronegative
bacterial cell membranes. Such events likely achieve local
concentrations of IL-8 and other kinocidins sufficient for
microbicidal potency and chemotactic navigation.
[0071] In many contexts of infection or inflammation, pH of
interstitial fluids, abscess exudates, and serum is significantly
lower than that of plasma. Furthermore, recurring host-defense
strategies include mild acidification of mucosal epithelia and the
neutrophil phagolysosome. Thus, assessment of IL-8 and subdomain
antimicrobial efficacy at pH 7.5 versus 5.5 was designed to reflect
such microenvironments. The fact that kinocidins, including IL-8
and the IL-8.alpha. antimicrobial domain, exert enhanced
antimicrobial efficacy at pH 5.5 is consistent with these concepts.
Thus, beyond providing a chemical barrier, such pH modulation may
contribute to mucosal surfaces that are inhospitable to microbial
colonization. A parallel line of reasoning also supports the
concept that kinocidins mutually potentiate the antimicrobial
mechanisms of leukocytes. Kinocidins are known to interact with
leukocytes via chemokine motifs, and with microorganisms via
charge-mediated properties (Yang et al. (2003) J Leukoc Biol 74,
448-55). Thus, pathogens pre-decorated with kinocidins or
antimicrobial domains thereof are believed to be more efficiently
killed when internalized into the acidic phagolysosome of
professional phagocytes (5). Additional support for this concept is
exemplified by studies demonstrating significant quantities of the
kinocidin PBP in the phagolysosomes of activated macrophages (34).
In these ways, kinocidins are likely evolved to function in
specific contexts to optimize antimicrobial defenses without
concomitant host toxicity.
[0072] Peptides useful as antifungal or antibacterial agents are
those which are at least 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or
more, 9 or more, 10 or more, 11 or more, 12 or more, 13 or more, 14
or more, 15 or more amino acids in length and which comprise at
least a portion of the alpha-helical structure sufficient for
antimicrobial activity, and substitutions thereof. An example of a
permissible substitutions is alanine for cysteine.
[0073] The peptides of the present invention can be chemically
synthesized. Thus polypeptides can be prepared by solid phase
peptide synthesis, for example as described by Merrifield. The
synthesis is typically carried out with amino acids that are
protected at the alpha-amino terminus. Trifunctional amino acids
with labile side-chains are also protected with suitable groups to
prevent undesired chemical reactions from occurring during the
assembly of the polypeptides. The alpha-amino protecting group is
selectively removed to allow subsequent reaction to take place at
the amino-terminus. The conditions for the removal of the
alpha-amino protecting group do not remove the side-chain
protecting groups.
[0074] The alpha-amino protecting groups are well known to those
skilled in the art and include acyl type protecting groups (e.g.,
formyl, trifluoroacetyl, acetyl), aryl type protecting groups
(e.g., biotinyl), aromatic urethane type protecting groups [e.g.,
benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), substituted benzyloxycarbonyl and
9-fluorenylmethyloxy-carbonyl (Fmoc)], aliphatic urethane
protecting groups [e.g., t-butyloxycarbonyl (tBoc),
isopropyloxycarbonyl, cyclohexloxycarbonyl] and alkyl type
protecting groups (e.g., benzyl, triphenylmethyl). The preferred
protecting groups are tBoc and Fmoc.
[0075] The side-chain protecting groups selected must remain intact
during coupling and not be removed during the deprotection of the
amino-terminus protecting group or during coupling conditions. The
side-chain protecting groups are also removable upon the completion
of synthesis using reaction conditions that will not alter the
finished polypeptide. In tBoc chemistry, the side-chain protecting
groups for trifunctional amino acids are mostly benzyl based. In
Fmoc chemistry, they are mostly tert-butyl or trityl based.
[0076] In addition, the peptides can also be prepared by
recombinant DNA technologies wherein host cells are transformed
with proper recombinant plasmids containing the nucleotide sequence
encoding the particular peptide. The peptides of the present
invention can be produced in genetically engineered host cells
according to conventional techniques. Suitable host cells are those
cell types that can be transformed or transfected with exogenous
DNA and grown in culture, and include bacteria, fungal cells, and
cultured higher eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, particularly
cultured cells of multicellular organisms, are preferred.
Techniques for manipulating cloned DNA molecules and introducing
exogenous DNA into a variety of host cells are well known in the
art and can be found in standard references as Sambrook et al.,
Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Third Ed., Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, New York (2001) and Ansubel et al., Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md.
(1999), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0077] In general, a DNA sequence encoding a peptide of the present
invention is operably linked to other genetic elements required for
its expression, generally including a transcription promoter and
terminator within an expression vector. The vector typically
contains one or more selectable markers and one or more origins of
replication, although those skilled in the art will recognize that
within certain systems selectable markers may be provided on
separate vectors, and replication of the exogenous DNA may be
provided by integration into the host cell genome. Selection of
promoters, terminators, selectable markers, vectors and other
elements is a matter of routine design within the level of ordinary
skill in the art. Many such elements are available through
commercial suppliers.
[0078] The peptides of the present invention can be formulated into
compositions in pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for
administration to individuals. For oral administration, the
peptides can be formulated into a solid preparation such as
tablets, pills, granules, powder, capsules and the like, or a
liquid preparation such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions and
the like. The pharmaceutical preparations for oral administration
comprising one or more peptides of the present invention may also
contain one or more of the following customary excipients: fillers
and extenders including starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose,
mannitol and silica; binders including carboxymethylcellulose,
alginates, gelatine and polyvinylpyrrolidone; humectants including
glycerine; disintegrating agents, including agar-agar, calcium
carbonate and sodium carbonate; solution retarders, including
paraffin; absorption accelerators including quaternary ammonium
compound; wetting agents including cetyl alcohol or glycerine
monostearate; adsorbents including kaolin and bentonite; lubricants
including talc, calcium stearate and magnesium stearate and solid
polyethylene glycols; colorants; flavorings; and sweeteners.
[0079] When the preparation is used for parental administration,
the preparation is made in an injection formula. For the
preparation of an injection formula, the solutions and emulsions
can be in a sterile form which is isotonic with blood. The
suspensions can contain in addition to the active peptide or
peptides, preservatives, stabilizers, solubilizers, wetting agents,
salts for changing the osmotic pressure or buffers.
[0080] The peptides of the present invention are useful as
antifungal or antibacterial agents.
[0081] The invention provides methods of using kinocidin peptide
constructs such as IL-8.alpha. for treating a subject suffering
from infection (including fungal, bacterial, or other microbial
infection), especially mammalian subjects such as humans, but also
including farm animals such as cows, sheep, pigs, horses, goats
and/or poultry (e.g., chickens, turkeys, ducks and/or geese),
companion animals such as dogs and/or cats, exotic and/or zoo
animals, and/or laboratory animals including mice, rats, rabbits,
guinea pigs, and/or hamsters. Immunocompromised or immunosuppressed
subjects, e.g., subjects suffering from cancer, subjects undergoing
radiation therapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy, subjects being
treated with immunosuppressive drugs, and/or subjects suffering
from natural or acquired immune deficiencies such as AIDS, may be
treated according to this aspect of the invention. Treatment of
infection of plants is also contemplated.
[0082] "Treatment" as used herein encompasses both prophylactic
and/or therapeutic treatment, and may be accompanied by concurrent
administration of other antimicrobial agents, including any of the
agents discussed herein.
[0083] Fungal infection that may be treated according to the
invention may be caused by a variety of fungal species including
Candida (including C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C.
stellatoidea, C. krusei, C. parakrusei, C. lusitanae, C.
pseudotropicalis, C. guilliermondi, C. dubliniensis, C. famata or
C. glabrata), Aspergillus (including A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A.
niger, A. nidulans, A. terreus, A. sydowii, A. flavatus, or A.
glaucus), Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Coccidioides,
Paracoccidioides, Blastomyces, Basidiobolus, Conidiobolus,
Rhizopus, Rhizomucor, Mucor, Absidia, Mortierella, Cunninghamella,
Saksenaea, Pseudallescheria, Paecilomyces, Fusarium, Trichophyton,
Trichosporon, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Scytalidium, Malassezia,
Actinomycetes, Sporothrix, Penicillium, Saccharomyces or
Pneumocystis.
[0084] Other infections that may be treated using a peptide
construct according to the invention may be caused by gram-negative
bacterial species that include Acidaminococcus, Acinetobacter,
Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Bacteroides, Bordetella, Branhamella,
Brucella, Burkholderia, Calymmatobacterium, Campylobacter,
Cardiobacterium, Chromobacterium, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella,
Enterobacter, Escherichia, Flavobacterium, Francisella,
Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Legionella, Moraxella,
Morganella, Neisseria, Pasturella, Plesiomonas, Porphyromonas,
Prevotella, Proteus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Salmonella,
Serratia, Shigella, Stentrophomonas, Streptobacillus, Treponema,
Veillonella, Vibrio, or Yersinia species; Chlamydia; or
gram-positive bacterial species that include Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus,
Enterococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Listeria,
Erysipelothrix, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium, Nocardia,
Actinomyces, or Corynebacterium species as well as Mycoplasma,
Ureaplasma, or Mycobacteria.
[0085] Other infections include infections by protozoa including
Plasmodia, Toxoplasma, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Giardia, Entamoeba,
Acanthamoeba, Nagleria, Hartmanella, Balantidium, Babesia,
Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Microsporidium, Trichomonas or
Pneumocystis species; or infections by other parasites include
helminths.
[0086] Other therapeutic uses of kinocidin peptide constructs such
as IL-8.alpha. according to the invention include methods of
treating conditions associated with endotoxin, such as exposure to
gram-negative bacterial endotoxin in circulation, endotoxemia,
bacterial and/or endotoxin-related shock and one or more conditions
associated therewith, including a systemic inflammatory response,
cytokine overstimulation, complement activation, disseminated
intravascular coagulation, increased vascular permeability, anemia,
thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pulmonary edema, adult respiratory
distress syndrome, renal insufficiency and failure, hypotension,
fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and metabolic acidosis. Thus, not
only gram-negative bacterial infection but also conditions which
are associated with exposure to gram-negative bacterial endotoxin
(infection-related conditions) may be ameliorated through
endotoxin-binding or endotoxin-neutralizing activities of kinocidin
peptide constructs such as IL-8.alpha..
[0087] Therapeutic compositions of the peptide construct may
include a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant, or
carrier. The peptide construct may be administered without or in
conjunction with known surfactants, other chemotherapeutic agents
or additional known antimicrobial agents.
[0088] Compositions, including therapeutic compositions, of the
peptide construct of the invention may be administered systemically
or topically. Systemic routes of administration include oral,
intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (including
into depots for long-term release), intraocular or retrobulbar,
intrathecal, intraperitoneal (e.g. by intraperitoneal lavage),
intrapulmonary (using powdered drug, or an aerosolized or nebulized
drug solution), or transdermal. Topical routes include
administration in the form of rinses, washes, salves, creams,
jellies, drops or ointments (including opthalmic and otic
preparations), suppositories, such as vaginal suppositories, or
irrigation fluids (for, e.g., irrigation of wounds).
[0089] Suitable dosages include doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 100
mg/kg per day and doses ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg per day.
When given parenterally, compositions are generally injected in one
or more doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg per day, preferably
at doses ranging from 0.1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg per day, and more
preferably at doses ranging from 1 to 20 mg/kg/day. As described
herein for compositions with IL-8.alpha., parenteral doses of 0.5
to 5 mg/kg/day are preferred according to the present invention.
The treatment may continue by continuous infusion or intermittent
injection or infusion, or a combination thereof, at the same,
reduced or increased dose per day for as long as determined by the
treating physician. An antimicrobial composition can be effective
at blood serum concentrations as low as 1 .mu.g/ml. When given
topically, compositions are generally applied in unit doses ranging
from 1 mg/mL to 1 gm/mL, and preferably in doses ranging from 1
mg/mL to 100 mg/mL. Decontaminating doses are applied including,
for example, for fluids or surfaces or to decontaminate or
sterilize surgical or other medical equipment or implantable
devices, including, for example prosthetic joints or in indwelling
invasive devices. Those skilled in the art can readily optimize
effective dosages and administration regimens for therapeutic,
including decontaminating, compositions as determined by good
medical practice and the clinical condition of the individual
subject.
[0090] "Concurrent administration," or "co-administration," as used
herein includes administration of one or more agents, in
conjunction or combination, together, or before or after each
other. The agents may be administered by the same or by different
routes. If administered via the same route, the agents may be given
simultaneously or sequentially, as long as they are given in a
manner sufficient to allow all agents to achieve effective
concentrations at the site of action. For example, a peptide
construct may be administered intravenously while the second
agent(s) is(are) administered intravenously, intramuscularly,
subcutaneously, orally or intraperitoneally. A peptide construct
and a second agent(s) may be given sequentially in the same
intravenous line or may be given in different intravenous lines.
Alternatively, a peptide construct may be administered in a special
form for gastric or aerosol delivery, while the second agent(s)
is(are) administered, e.g., orally.
[0091] Concurrent administration of the peptide construct of the
invention, such as IL-8.alpha., for adjunctive therapy with one or
more other antimicrobial agents (particularly antifungal agents) is
expected to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of the
antimicrobial agents. This may occur through reducing the
concentration of antimicrobial agent required to eradicate or
inhibit target cell growth, e.g., replication. Because the use of
some antimicrobial agents is limited by their systemic toxicity,
lowering the concentration of antimicrobial agent required for
therapeutic effectiveness reduces toxicity and allows wider use of
the agent. For example, concurrent administration of the peptide
construct, such as IL-8.alpha., and another antifungal agent may
produce a more rapid or complete fungicidal or fungistatic effect
than could be achieved with either agent alone. Administration of
the peptide construct, such as IL-8.alpha., may reverse the
resistance of fungi to antifungal agents or may convert a
fungistatic agent into a fungicidal agent. Similar results may be
observed upon concurrent administration of the peptide construct,
such as IL-8.alpha., with other antimicrobial agents, including
antibacterial and/or anti-endotoxin agents.
[0092] Therapeutic effectiveness in vivo is based on a successful
clinical outcome, and does not require that the antimicrobial agent
or agents kill 100% of the organisms involved in the infection.
Success depends on achieving a level of antimicrobial activity at
the site of infection that is sufficient to inhibit growth or
replication of the pathogenic organism in a manner that tips the
balance in favor of the host. When host defenses are maximally
effective, the antimicrobial effect required may be minimal.
Reducing organism load by even one log (a factor of 10) may permit
the host's own defenses to control the infection. In addition,
augmenting an early microbicidal/microbistatic effect can be more
important than a long-term effect. These early events are a
significant and critical part of therapeutic success, because they
allow time for host defense mechanisms to activate.
[0093] In addition, the invention provides a method of killing or
inhibiting growth of pathogenic organisms (particularly fungi)
comprising contacting the organism with the peptide construct, such
as IL-8.alpha., optionally in conjunction with other antimicrobial
agents. This method can be practiced in vivo, ex vivo, or in a
variety of in vitro uses such as to decontaminate fluids or
surfaces or to sterilize surgical or other medical equipment or
implantable devices, including prostheses orintrauterine devices.
These methods can also be used for in situ decontamination and/or
sterilization of indwelling invasive devices such as intravenous
lines and catheters, which are often foci of infection.
[0094] A further aspect of the invention involves use of the
peptide construct, such as IL-8.alpha., for the manufacture of a
medicament for treatment of microbial infection (e.g., fungal or
bacterial infection) or a medicament for concurrent administration
with another agent for treatment of microbial infection. The
medicament may optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable
diluent, adjuvant or carrier and also may include, in addition to
the kinocidin peptide construct, other chemotherapeutic agents.
[0095] Known antifungal agents which can be co-administered or
combined with the kinocidin peptide construct according to the
invention include polyene derivatives, such as amphotericin B
(including lipid or liposomal formulations thereof) or the
structurally related compounds nystatin or pimaricin; flucytosine
(5-fluorocytosine); azole derivatives (including ketoconazole,
clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole, butoconazole, oxiconazole,
sulconazole, tioconazole, terconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole,
voriconazole [Pfizer], posaconazole [SCH56592, Schering-Plough]) or
ravuconazole [Bristol-Myers Squibb]; allylamines-thiocarbamates
(including tolnaftate, naftifine or terbinafine); griseofulvin;
ciclopirox; haloprogin; echinocandins (including caspofungin
[MK-0991, Merck], FK463 [Fujisawa], cilofungin [Eli Lilly] or
VER-002 [Versicor]); nikkomycins; or sordarins.
[0096] The polyene derivatives, which include amphotericin B or the
structurally related compounds nystatin or pimaricin, are
broad-spectrum antifungals that bind to ergosterol, a component of
fungal cell membranes, and thereby disrupt the membranes.
Amphotericin B is usually effective for systemic mycoses, but its
administration is limited by toxic effects that include fever,
kidney damage, or other accompanying side effects such as anemia,
low blood pressure, headache, nausea, vomiting or phlebitis. The
unrelated antifungal agent flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine), an
orally absorbed drug, is frequently used as an adjunct to
amphotericin B treatment for some forms of candidiasis or
cryptococcal meningitis. Its adverse effects include bone marrow
depression, including with leukopenia or thrombocytopenia.
[0097] Known antibacterial agents which can be co-administered or
combined with the peptide construct according to the invention
include antibiotics, which are natural chemical substances of
relatively low molecular weight produced by various species of
microorganisms, such as bacteria (including Bacillus species),
actinomycetes (including Streptomyces) or fungi, that inhibit
growth of or destroy other microorganisms. Substances of similar
structure and mode of action may be synthesized chemically, or
natural compounds may be modified to produce semi-synthetic
antibiotics. These biosynthetic and semi-synthetic derivatives are
also effective as antibiotics. The major classes of antibiotics
include (1) the .beta.-lactams, including the penicillins,
cephalosporins or monobactams, including those with
.beta.-lactamase inhibitors; (2) the aminoglycosides, e.g.,
gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmycin, or amikacin; (3) the
tetracyclines; (4) the sulfonamides and/or trimethoprim; (5) the
quinolones or fluoroquinolones, e.g., ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin,
ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin
or gatifloxacin (6) vancomycin; (7) the macrolides, which include
for example, erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin; or (8)
other antibiotics, e.g., the polymyxins, chloramphenicol, rifampin,
the lincosamides, or the oxazolidinones.
[0098] Some drugs, for example, aminoglycosides, have a small
therapeutic window. For example, 2 to 4 .mu.g/ml of gentamicin or
tobramycin may be required for inhibition of bacterial growth, but
peak concentrations in plasma above 6 to 10 .mu.g/ml may result in
ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity. These agents are more difficult to
administer because the ratio of toxic to therapeutic concentrations
is very low. Antimicrobial agents that have toxic effects on the
kidneys and that are also eliminated primarily by the kidneys, such
as the aminoglycosides or vancomycin, require particular caution
because reduced elimination can lead to increased plasma
concentrations, which in turn may cause increased toxicity. Doses
of antimicrobial agents that are eliminated by the kidneys must be
reduced in patients with impaired renal function. Similarly,
dosages of drugs that are metabolized or excreted by the liver,
such as erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or clindamycin, must be
reduced in patients with decreased hepatic function. In situations
where an antimicrobial agent causes toxic effects, the kinocidin
peptide construct, such as IL-8.alpha., can act to reduce the
amount of this antimicrobial agent needed to provide the desired
clinical effect.
[0099] The susceptibility of a bacterial species to an antibiotic
is generally determined by any art recognized microbiological
method. A rapid but crude procedure uses commercially available
filter paper disks that have been impregnated with a specific
quantity of the antibiotic drug. These disks are placed on the
surface of agar plates that have been streaked with a culture of
the organism being tested, and the plates are observed for zones of
growth inhibition. A more accurate technique, the broth dilution
susceptibility test, involves preparing test tubes containing
serial dilutions of the drug in liquid culture media, then
inoculating the organism being tested into the tubes. The lowest
concentration of drug that inhibits growth of the bacteria after a
suitable period of incubation is reported as the minimum inhibitory
concentration.
[0100] The resistance or susceptibility of an organism to an
antibiotic is determined on the basis of clinical outcome, i.e.,
whether administration of that antibiotic to a subject infected by
that organism will successfully cure the subject. While an organism
may literally be susceptible to a high concentration of an
antibiotic in vitro, the organism may in fact be resistant to that
antibiotic at physiologically realistic concentrations. If the
concentration of drug required to inhibit growth of or kill the
organism is greater than the concentration that can safely be
achieved without toxicity to the subject, the microorganism is
considered to be resistant to the antibiotic. To facilitate the
identification of antibiotic resistance or susceptibility using in
vitro test results, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards (NCCLS) has formulated standards for antibiotic
susceptibility that correlate clinical outcome to in vitro
determinations of the minimum inhibitory concentration of
antibiotic.
[0101] Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will
be understood upon consideration of the following illustrative
examples.
[0102] It is understood that modifications which do not
substantially affect the activity of the various embodiments of
this invention are also included within the definition of the
invention provided herein. Accordingly, the following examples are
intended to illustrate but not limit the present invention.
Example I
Identification of Multidimensional Signatures of Antimicrobial
Peptides
[0103] This Example shows identification of a disulfide-stabilized
core motif that is integral to the 3-dimensional signature of
cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides.
[0104] The relatedness amongst primary structures was examined in
prototypic cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptide sequences
representing taxa spanning an evolutionary distance of 2.6 billion
years (BY; estimated date of phylogenetic divergence of fungi and
plants from higher organisms; Nei et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA. 98:2497 (2001)). A prototype from each class of non-cyclic,
disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptides was represented in
these analyses [Antimicrobial peptides were selected from the
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Protein
(www.ncbi.nlm nih.gov:80/entrez/) or Antimicrobial Sequences
(www.bbcm.univ.trieste.it/.about.tossi/) databases.]
[0105] The specific criteria for selection of peptides analyzed
included: 1) eukaryotic origin; 2) published antimicrobial
activity; 3) non-enzymatic mechanism(s) of action; 4) mature
protein sequence; and 5) less than 75 amino acids in length.
Peptides for which structures have been determined were used in
structural analyses. [Peptides were selected from the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) structure (www.ncbi.nlm
nih.gov:80/entrez/) and Protein Data Bank (PDB) (www.rcsb.org/pdb/)
resources.] The resulting study set included antimicrobial peptides
encompassing a broad distribution in source (i.e., biological
kingdoms ranging from microorganisms to man), amino acid sequence,
and conformation class (FIG. 1) Amino acid sequence data were used
for these analyses, as not all nucleotide sequences have been
characterized, and saturation of nucleotide sequence data occurs
within non-mitochondrial sequences over evolutionary
timescales.
[0106] FIG. 1 shows conventional antimicrobial peptide structure
classification and distribution. The relationship amongst structure
and predominance is summarized for the commonly recognized
antimicrobial peptide classes. Concatenation represents the
proportionate distribution of peptides encompassing a given
structural class, as calculated from the Antimicrobial Sequences
Database. Antimicrobial peptides were selected from the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez Protein
(www.ncbi.nlm nih.gov:80/entrez/) or Antimicrobial Sequences
(www.bbcm.univ.trieste.it/.about.tossi/) databases. The numbers of
peptides classified in each group are indicated in brackets for
each class. Of the more than 750 peptides present in the database
at the onset of the study, the balance of those not indicated are
comprised of peptides representing unusual or other
classifications, including macrocyclic, proline-rich,
tryptophan-rich or indolicidin-like peptides, and large
polypeptides greater than 75 amino acids in length.
[0107] Representatives included antimicrobial peptides from taxa
encompassing broad biological diversity spanning an evolutionary
distance of 2.6 billion years (estimated divergence of fungi and
plants from higher organisms; [Nei et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 98:2497 (2001).]). This dataset included prototypes of all
major classes of disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptides,
including distinct conformation groups such as defensin,
cysteine-stabilized .alpha..beta., ranabox and .beta.-hairpin.
[0108] Conventional MSA (N to C terminal; dextromeric) revealed no
clear consensus patterns amongst primary sequences of the
antimicrobial peptide study set. However, visual inspection
revealed an absolutely conserved GXC motif, oriented in reverse in
some peptides. We hypothesized that conventional MSA failed to
recognize this inverted consensus pattern. Therefore, peptides
containing inverted GXC motifs were aligned in their C to N
terminal (levomeric) orientation. This stereospecific MSA revealed
a novel and striking sequence pattern common to all
disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptide classes (FIG. 2B). The
consensus patterns, defined herein as the enantiomeric sequence
signature, adhere to the formulae:
TABLE-US-00005 (dextromeric isoform) (SEQ ID NO: 360)
NH.sub.2[X.sub.1-3]-[GXC]-[X.sub.3-9]-[C]COOH (levomeric isoform 1)
(SEQ ID NO: 361) NH.sub.2[C]-[X.sub.3-9]-[CXG]-[X.sub.1-3]COOH
(levomeric isoform 2) (SEQ ID NO: 362)
NH.sub.2[C]-[X.sub.3-9]-[GXC]-[X.sub.1-3]COOH
[0109] These consensus patterns transcend defensin-specific motifs
identified previously (White et al., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.
5:521 (1995); Yount et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:26249 (1999).
Specific characteristics of the enantiomeric sequence signatures
include: i) a length of 8-16 amino acid residues; and ii) conserved
GXC or CXG motifs within the sequence isoforms. Interestingly,
levomeric isoform 2 peptides retain a dextromeric GXC motif within
the levomeric sequence signature (FIG. 2B).
[0110] Identification of the conserved enantiomeric signature
suggested that a corresponding motif would also be present in the
3-dimensional structures of disulfide-stabilized antimicrobial
peptides. Conformation alignments revealed a core motif that was
absolutely conserved across all classes of disulfide-stabilized
antimicrobial peptides (FIG. 3A-H; Table 1). This 3-dimensional
archetype, termed herein as the .gamma.-core motif, is comprised of
two anti-parallel .beta.-sheets, interposed by a short turn region
(FIGS. 4 and 5). All three isoforms of the enantiomeric sequence
signature conform to the .gamma.-core motif, reflecting their
3-dimensional convergence (FIG. 5). Additional features that
characterize the .gamma.-core include: 1) net cationic charge (+0.5
to +7) with basic residues typically polarized along its axis; 2)
periodic charge and hydrophobicity yielding amphipathic
stereogeometry; and 3) participation in 1-4 disulfide bonds. This
motif may comprise the entire peptide, or link to adjacent
structural domains.
[0111] Relative to the .gamma.-core, disulfide-stabilized
antimicrobial peptides of evolutionarily distant organisms
exhibited a striking convergence in conformation, that was
essentially isomeric, or at a minimum, highly homologous (FIG. 3).
This 3-dimensional convergence encompassed overall conformations,
or localized to specific domains in comparative peptides. For
example, the structures of Ah-AMP-1 (horsechestnut tree, Aesculus)
and drosomycin (fruit fly, Drosophila) are essentially
superimposable over their entire backbone trajectories (FIG. 3C).
Alternatively, protegrin-1 (domestic pig, Sus) and Ah-AMP-1 share
conformational homology corresponding to their .gamma.-core motifs
(FIG. 3A). As anticipated, magainin aligned to the .alpha.-helical
motif in Ah-AMP-1 (FIG. 3G), verifying the specificity of
conformational alignments.
[0112] To confirm the significance of 3-dimensional convergence in
the antimicrobial peptide signature, comparisons between
representative cysteine-containing antimicrobial and
non-antimicrobial peptides of equivalent molecular weight were
performed and analyzed. Outcomes emphasize that non-antimicrobial
peptides fail to achieve the multidimensional signature of
antimicrobial peptides (FIG. 3I-L). Mean quantitative RMSD
confirmed the statistical significance of the differences between
antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial structures (Table II).
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE II Quantitative analysis of 3-dimensional
convergence amongst prototypic antimicrobial peptide structures.
AAs RMSD (.ANG.) Identity (%) Align/Gap Antimicrobial Peptides
Ah-AMP-1 (Aesculus; Tree; 1BK8; Wieprecht 50 0.0 100 50/0 et al.
(1997) Biochemistry 36, 6124-32) Sapecin (Sarcophaga, Fly; 1L4V;
Uematsu, N. 40 0.9 25.0 38/0 & Matsuzaki, K. (2000) Biophys J
79, 2075-83) Protegrin-1 (Sus; Pig; 1PG1; Fahrner et al., 19 1.2
18.8 16/0 Chem. Biol. 3: 543 (1996)) Drosomycin (Drosophila; Fruit
Fly; 1MYN; 44 1.4 29.3 41/6 Landon et al., Protein Sci. 6: 1878
(1997)) Defensin (Raphanus; Radish; 1AYJ; Fant et al., 51 1.3 47.6
49/0 J. Mol. Biol. 279: 257 (1998)) Thionin (Triticalis; Wheat;
1GPS; Bruix et al., 47 1.8 26.1 46/3 Biochemistry 32: 715 (1993))
MGD-1 (Mytilus; Mussel; 1FJN; Yang et al., 39 2.0 26.5 34/1
Biochemistry 39: 14436 (2000)) Thanatin (Podisus; Soldier Bug;
8TFV; 21 2.2 12.5 16/0 Mandard et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 256: 404
(1998)) HNP-3 (Homo; Human; 1DFN; Hill et al., 34 3.2 8.3 24/17
Science 251: 1481 (1991)) MBD-8 (Mus; Mouse; 1E4R; Bauer et al., 35
3.4 0.0 24/13 Protein Sci. 10: 2470 (2001)) AFP-1 (Aspergillus;
Fungus; 1AFP; Campos- 51 4.8 6.2 32/7 Olivas et al., Biochemistry
34: 3009 (1995)) Mean .+-. SD 2.2 .+-. 1.2* Non-Antimicrobial
Peptides TGF-.alpha. (Homo; Human; 3TGF; Harvey et al., 50 4.7 3.1
32/7 Eur. J. Biochem. 198: 555 (1991)) Metallothionein
(Saccharomyces; Yeast; 1AOO; 40 5.3 18.8 32/16 Peterson et al.,
FEBS Lett. 379: 85 (1996)) Allergen-5 (Ambrosia; Ragweed; 2BBG; 40
6.5 18.8 32/7 Metzler et al., Biochemistry 31: 5117 (1992))
Ferredoxin (Clostridium; Bacteria; 2FDN; 55 7.4 5.0 40/6 Dauter et
al., Biochemistry 36: 16065 (1997)) Mean .+-. SD 6.0 .+-. 1.2*
[0113] Briefly, three-dimensional alignments of representative
antimicrobial and control non-antimicrobial peptide structures were
analyzed by pairwise comparison with Ah-AMP-1 (Aesculus;
horsechestnut tree; 1BK8) using the combinatorial extension method
(Shindyalov and Bourne, Protein Eng. 11:739 (1998)). Control
peptides were selected from a cohort of 54 appropriate comparators
based on disulfide content, sequence length, and molecular weight
equivalence to Ah-AMP-1. Representative results are shown. The
comparative length of each mature peptide is indicated as the
number of amino acids (AAs). Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD)
values were determined for distances between .alpha.-carbon atoms
over the length of the alignment. Percent identity is the
percentage of sequence identity between the two peptides compared.
The align/gap value indicates the number of residues considered for
the alignment, and the number of gaps inserted. Relative gap
penalties were integrated into the analysis. Mean RMSD values from
antimicrobial versus non-antimicrobial peptides were significantly
different (*) as determined by two tailed T-test (P<0.01).
Information for each structure is formatted as follows: peptide
name, (source genus; common name; Protein Data Bank [PDB] accession
code; reference).
[0114] A highly conserved, disulfide-stabilized core motif was
discovered to be integral to the 3-dimensional signature of
cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides. This feature is termed
herein as the gamma-core motif (.gamma.-core; FIG. 5). This
structural motif is comprised of two anti-parallel .beta.-sheets
interposed by a short turn region. Notably, as shown in FIG. 4, the
sequence patterns corresponding to the .gamma.-core signature
extends across the entire range of antimicrobial peptide families.
Exemplary peptides incuded within the groups are: gomesin ([1KFP],
Acanthoscurria, spider, (.gamma.-Group); Mandard et al., Eur. J.
Biochem. 269:1190 (2002)); protegrin-1 ([1PG1], Sus, domestic pig,
(.gamma.-Group)); thanatin ([8TFV], Podisus, soldier bug,
(.gamma.-Group)); .alpha.-defensin (HNP-3, [1DFN]; Homo, human,
(.beta.-.gamma.-Group); .beta.-defensin (MBD-8, [1E4R], Mus, mouse,
(.beta.-.gamma.-Group)); fungal peptide (AFP-1, [1AFP],
Aspergillus, fungus, (.beta.-.gamma.-.alpha. Group);
insect-defensin (sapecin, [1L4V], Sarcophaga, flesh fly,
(.gamma.-.alpha.-Group)); crustacean
[0115] CS-.alpha..beta. peptide (MGD-1, [1FJN], Mytilus, mussel,
(.gamma.-.alpha.-Group)); insect CS-.alpha..beta. peptide
(drosomycin, [1MYN], Drosophila, fruit fly,
(.gamma.-.alpha.-Group)); and plant CS-.alpha..beta..quadrature.
peptide (Ah-AMP-1, [1BK8] Aesculus, horsechestnut tree,
(.beta.-.gamma.-.alpha. Group).quadrature.. Other peptide data are
formatted as in FIG. 3. See Table II for additional references. The
conserved GXC (dextromeric) or CXG (levomeric) sequence patterns
(FIG. 2B) are integrated into one (3-sheet in this motif,
reflecting conformational symmetry amongst antimicrobial peptides
containing this signature (FIG. 5, respectively). Additional
features that distinguish the .gamma.-core include: 1) hydrophobic
bias toward the C-terminal aspect; and 2) cationic charge
positioned at the inflection point and termini of the .beta.-sheet
domains, polarizing charge along the longitudinal axis of the
.gamma.-core.
Example II
Validation of the Multidimensional Antimicrobial Peptide Signature
Model
[0116] The multidimensional signature model for antimicrobial
peptides integrates a stereospecific (dextromeric or levomeric)
sequence pattern with the 3-dimensional gamma-core
(".gamma.-core"). Therefore, this model predicted that peptides
fulfilling these prerequisites would exert antimicrobial activity,
even though such activity may not yet have been determined.
Multiple and complementary approaches were used to test the model
in this regard: 1) prediction of antimicrobial activity in peptides
fulfilling the sequence and conformation criteria of the
multidimensional signature, but not yet recognized to have
antimicrobial activity; 2) predicted failure of antimicrobial
activity in peptides exhibiting primary sequence criteria, but
lacking the 3-dimensional.quadrature. .gamma.-core signature of the
model; and 3) prediction of a .gamma.-core motif in
disulfide-containing peptides with known antimicrobial activity,
and which fulfilled primary sequence criteria, but had unknown
structure.
[0117] To test the hypothesis that the primary sequence patterns of
the multidimensional signature are relevant to all classes of
disulfide-containing antimicrobial peptides, Swiss-Prot forward and
reverse databases (Gattiker et al., Appl. Bioinformatics 1:107
(2002)) were queried with the enantiomeric sequence formulae.
Representatives of all major disulfide-containing antimicrobial
peptide classes were retrieved (Table III). Searches also retrieved
members of other peptide subclasses: i) neurotoxins, particularly
charybdotoxin class of the family Buthidae (scorpion); ii) protease
inhibitor or related peptides (eg., brazzein) from plants; iii)
ferredoxins; and iv) metallothioneins. Prototypes with known
3-dimensional structures, but no known antimicrobial activity, were
analyzed for the presence of the .gamma.-core signature. Of these,
the peptides brazzein and charybdotoxin were selected to test for
antimicrobial activity based on two criteria: i) their quantitative
RMSD values reflected greatest homology to the comparator
.gamma.-core motif; and ii) they represented diverse non-mammalian
(plant or scorpion) host sources and distinct structure classes not
previously known to have antimicrobial activity. Thus, brazzein and
charybdotoxin exemplified peptides that fulfilled the enantiomeric
sequence and .gamma.-core criteria required for the
multidimensional signature. These peptides were predicted to have
direct antimicrobial activity. In contrast, prototype
metallothioneins and ferredoxins did not contain .gamma.-core
motifs (FIG. 3; Table II). Thus, metallothionein II was selected as
an example comparator predicted to lack antimicrobial activity.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE III Recognition of diverse classes of
antimicrobial peptides by the enantiomeric sequence formulae.
Forward or reverse Swiss-Prot Databases (release 42.4; Nov. 14,
2003; 138,347 entries) were probed with formulae containing the
dextromeric or levomeric motifs of the antimicrobial peptide
signature using PROSITE (Gattiker et al., Appl. Bioinformatics 1:
107 (2002)). Data indicate the proportionate distribution of a
non-redundant cohort of retrieval sets; in some cases, peptides
were retrieved by more than one formula isoform. Note that search
results include members of the lantibiotic superfamily of
antimicrobial peptides that lack conventional disulfide bridges,
but have alternate thioether stabilization. Sequence Isoform
Proportion Antimicrobial Peptide Class Phylogeny Dextro Levo - 1
Levo - 2 Total % Total .alpha.-defensin Chordata 24 42 6 72 15.3
.beta.-defensin Chordata 52 65 31 148 31.4 .theta.-defensin
Chordata 1 1 0 2 0.4 Insect defensin/CS-.alpha..beta. Insectae 21
23 12 56 11.9 Plant defensin/CS-.alpha..beta. Plantae 51 67 20 138
29.3 Invertebrate defensin/CS-.alpha..beta. Mollusca 3 4 4 11 2.3
Protegrins/Gomesins Chordata/Arthropoda 0 0 6 6 1.3
Tachyplesins/Polyphemusins Arthropoda 6 5 2 13 2.8 Thanatin
Arthropoda 0 1 0 1 0.2 Mytilins/Big-Defensin Mollusca 3 3 2 8 1.7
AFP-1 Ascomycota 1 0 0 1 0.2 Lantibiotics/Microcins Proteobacteria
3 3 9 15 3.2 165 214 92 471
[0118] These peptides were tested for antimicrobial activity
against a panel of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, and the
fungus Candida albicans, using a well-established and sensitive in
vitro assay [Antimicrobial activity was assessed using a
well-established solid-phase diffusion method. Assays included
well-characterized organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 27217,
Gram-positive); Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633, Gram-positive);
Escherichia coli (strain ML-35, Gram-negative); and Candida
albicans (ATCC 36082, fungus). In brief, organisms were cultured to
logarithmic phase and inoculated at a density of 10.sup.6 colony
forming units/ml in buffered molecular grade agarose at the
indicated pH. Five .mu.g of peptide resuspended in sterile
deionized water were introduced into wells formed in the underlay,
and incubated for 3 h at 37.degree. C. Nutrient-containing overlay
medium was then applied, and assays incubated at 37.degree. C. or
30.degree. C. for bacteria or fungi, respectively. Defensin HNP-1
was tested in parallel as a standard control. After 24 h, zones of
complete or partial inhibition were measured. All assays were
repeated independently a minimum of two times. Tang et al., Infect.
Immun 70:6524 (2002) for detailed methodology.].
[0119] As predicted by the signature model, brazzein and
charybdotoxin exerted direct antimicrobial activity against
bacteria and C. albicans (FIG. 7). Notably, these peptides
exhibited pH-specific antimicrobial activities, which in some
conditions exceeded that of HNP-1. These results demonstrate for
the first time to our knowledge the direct antimicrobial activities
of brazzein and charybdotoxin. In contrast, metallothionein II
failed to exert antimicrobial activity against any organism tested
under any condition, as predicted by the model.
[0120] An alternative approach was also used to validate the
multidimensional signature model. Tachyplesins are known
cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides from the horseshoe crab,
Tachypleus. Two tachyplesins were retrieved from protein database
searches employing the levomeric sequence formula (Table III). The
model predicted that, because they have known antimicrobial
activity, and fulfill the primary sequence criteria, tachyplesins
would contain a .gamma.-core motif. The 3-dimensional structure of
tachyplesin I became available subsequent to development of the
model (Laederach et al., Biochem. 41:12359 (2002)), and as
predicted, exhibits a .gamma.-core motif integral to the
multidimensional signature of disulfide-containing antimicrobial
peptides (FIG. 6). Confirmation of the 3-dimensional .gamma.-core
structure from antimicrobial activity and primary sequence pattern
offers a robust and complementary validation of the
multidimensional signature model.
[0121] The phylogenetic relationships among antimicrobial peptides
containing the multidimensional signature were also examined Study
peptides sorted in a continuum of increasing structural complexity
relative to the .gamma.-core motif, rather than evolutionary
relatedness of the source organisms (FIG. 8 A). This phylogenetic
pattern is consistent with conservation of the .gamma.-core motif
amongst cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides across
biological kingdoms.
Example III
Validation of the Multidimensional Antimicrobial Peptide Signature
Model
[0122] This example demonstrates the discovery of iterations of the
.gamma.-core motif in kinocidins and validation of the
antimicrobial signature model in human IL-8.
[0123] A bioinformatics approach was used to specify and compare
phylogeny and homology among kinocidin iterations of the
.gamma.-core motif previously identified in proteins with known or
predicted antimicrobial function (Yount, N. Y. & Yeaman, M. R.
(2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 7363-8). The kinocidin
.gamma.-core (.gamma..sub.KC core) signature is an iteration of the
antimicrobial peptide .gamma.-core (.gamma..sub.AP), conforming to
an anti-parallel .beta.-hairpin comprised of a 13-17 amino acid
pattern with a central hydrophobic region typically flanked by
basic residues. The .gamma..sub.KC core motif can be characterized
by the following consensus sequence formula:
TABLE-US-00008 (SEQ ID NO: 363)
NH2...[X8-11]-[GX3C]-[X2]-[P]...COOH
[0124] Sequence and 3-D analyses of more than 30 human CXC and CC
kinocidins demonstrated that the .gamma..sub.KC core corresponds to
the most highly conserved domain within the mature portion of these
proteins (FIG. 12). Notably, the cysteine array and glycine
residues hallmark of the .gamma..sub.AP core are also conserved in
the .gamma..sub.KC motif. In kinocidins, the GXC consensus of the
.gamma..sub.AP core is adapted such that a GX.sub.3C pattern is
often observed. While the initial glycine of the GX3C pattern of
kinocidins is conserved (>60%), the requirement for a glycine in
this position is not absolute, with uncharged hydrophilic residues
(A or N) as most common substitutions. A proline residue at its
C-terminal aspect is another highly conserved feature (>95%) of
the .gamma..sub.KC motif. This residue is located immediately prior
to, and likely initiates the ensuing .alpha.-helical domain (FIG.
12).
[0125] Human IL-8 contains the sequence NH2 . . .
CANTEIIVKLSDGRELCLDP . . . COOH (SEQ ID NO: 40), representing the
.gamma..sub.KC core consensus formula, and shares specific
physicochemical patterns of amphipathicity, charge distribution,
and proline positioning with known kinocidins (FIG. 12). Based on
the extensive structural homologies to kinocidins, IL-8 was
predicted to have direct antimicrobial efficacy.
[0126] To confirm that IL-8 exerts direct antimicrobial efficacy,
antimicrobial assays using a panel of prototypic pathogens were
conducted as described in the following paragraphs.
[0127] Briefly, the antimicrobial assays were performed against a
panel of prototype human pathogens as previously detailed
(Yoshimura, T., Matsushima, K., Tanaka, S., Robinson, E. A.,
Appella, E., Oppenheim, J. J. & Leonard, E. J. (1987) Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 84, 9233-7): Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 27217;
Gram-positive bacterium); Salmonella typhimurium (5996s;
Gram-negative bacterium); and the fungus Candida albicans (ATCC
36082). Defensin HNP-1 was included in each assay as an internal
control, and all assays were conducted a minimum of two independent
times. Results of independent assays were analyzed using Wilcoxon
Rank Sum analysis with Bonferroni correction for multiple
comparisons.
[0128] For the Solid-Phase Assay, mid-logarithmic phase organisms
were prepared, introduced into buffered agarose (PIPES [10 mM, pH
7.5] or MES [2.0 mM, pH 5.5]) to achieve final inocula of 10.sup.6
CFU/ml, and poured into plates. Peptides (0.5 nmol/well [50
nmol/ml]) were added to wells in the seeded matrix, and incubated
for 3 h at 37.degree. C. Nutrient overlay medium was applied, and
assays incubated at 37.degree. C. or 30.degree. C. for bacteria or
fungi, respectively. After 24 h, zones of inhibition were measured,
and results recorded as zones of complete or partial inhibition.
This assay reflects microbiostatic (inhibition) and/or
microbiocidal (killing) activities, but does not distinguish these
effects.
[0129] As predicted by biophysical and structural congruence with
other kinocidins, IL-8 exerted antimicrobial activity against
bacteria and fungi in the solid-phase assay at pH 5.5 and 7.5. In
many cases, antimicrobial spectra and efficacy of IL-8 were greater
than other study kinocidins (FIG. 14). IL-8 was equivalent to
lymphotactin, but more efficacious than any other test kinocidin
against S. typhimurium. Against S. aureus, IL-8 (pH 5.5) had modest
activity, with RANTES (pH 7.5), and lymphotactin (pH 7.5) being
more efficacious. Significantly, IL-8 possessed striking antifungal
activity versus C. albicans, greater than any other kinocidin at pH
5.5, and the only kinocidin with anti-candidal activity at pH 7.5.
Excepting S. aureus, IL-8 displayed comparable antimicrobial
efficacy to the classical antimicrobial peptide HNP-1 under the
conditions tested. In addition to IL-8, the these results also
demonstrate a direct antimicrobial efficacy for the kinocidin
MCP-1. Interestingly, while MCP-1 exerted significant activity
against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, it had no measurable
antifungal activity (FIG. 14).
[0130] Recombinant human chemokines [IL-8, RANTES, GRO-.alpha.,
MCP-1, PF-4, and lymphotactin (Biosource International, Camarillo,
Calif.)] and human neutrophil defensin-1 [HNP-1 (Peptides
International, Louisville, Ky.)] were obtained commercially.
Structural domains of IL-8 were generated by F-moc solid-phase
synthesis: .gamma.-core (ANTEIIVKLSDGRELCLDP; IL-8.gamma. (SEQ ID
NO: 42)), and .alpha.-helix (KENWVQRVVEKFLKRAENS; IL-8.alpha. (SEQ
ID NO: 1)). Peptides were purified by RP-HPLC as previously
described ((Tang, Y. Q., Yeaman, M. R. & Selsted, M. E. (2002)
Infect Immun 70, 6524-33); >95% purity), and authenticated by
amino acid analysis (Molecular Structure Facility, University of
California, Davis) and MALDI-TOF spectrometry (UCLA Spectrometry
Facility). Experimentally determined masses were within standard
confidence intervals (<.+-.0.1% of calculated molecular
weight).
[0131] To characterize IL-8's antimicrobial activity in more
detail, a quantitative solution-phase assay was carried out at pH
5.5 and 7.5. Organisms were prepared and adjusted to 10.sup.6
CFU/ml in PIPES or MES buffer as above but lacking agarose, and
dispensed (5.times.10.sup.4 CFU per 50 .mu.l aliquot). Peptide
(concentration range, 20-0.00125 nmol/ml) was introduced into the
assay medium, and incubated for 1 hour at 37.degree. C. After
incubation, media were serially diluted and plated in triplicate
for enumeration. IL-8 was highly fungicidal for C. albicans,
achieving a five-log reduction in surviving CFU with 2.5 nmol/ml
(20 .mu.g/ml) peptide at pH 5.5 within 1 hour (FIG. 15). IL-8 was
also fungicidal for C. albicans at pH 7.5, with a 2-log reduction
in surviving CFU over 1 hour at a concentration of 2.5 nmol/ml.
Interestingly, IL-8 did not exert microbicidal activity against S.
typhimurium or S. aureus in this assay, indicating that its
efficacies versus these organisms in solid-phase assay were due to
bacteriostatic effects.
[0132] Synthetic IL-8.gamma. and IL-8.alpha. peptides were used to
probe for molecular determinants of IL-8 antimicrobial activity.
IL-8.alpha. displayed a spectrum of efficacy virtually
indistinguishable from that of the native molecule (FIG. 14).
IL-8.gamma. had no detectable antimicrobial efficacy at either pH
5.5 or 7.5. When assayed in combination, the pattern of
antimicrobial activity was identical to that of IL-8.alpha. alone,
indicating that IL-8.gamma. did not impede the antimicrobial
efficacy of IL-8.alpha..
[0133] In the solution-phase assay, as little as 0.125 nmol/ml (1.0
.mu.g/ml) of IL-8.alpha. achieved a five-log reduction in surviving
C. albicans at pH 5.5 in 1 hour exposure (FIG. 15). By mass, the
autonomous IL-8.alpha. domain conferred a 10-fold greater activity
than native IL-8 against this organism. The pH specific efficacy
patterns of IL-8.alpha. also mirrored those of full-length (FIG.
15). Consistent with results of the solid-phase assay, IL-8.gamma.
had no measurable activity in the solution-phase assay.
[0134] To assess the physiological relevance of the observed in
vitro (solid and solution-phase) antimicrobial activity for IL-8
and IL-8.alpha., we assessed the efficacy of IL-8.alpha. in the ex
vivo biomatrix assay. This assay has been developed to assess
antimicrobial polypeptide efficacy in complex human blood matrices.
Antimicrobial activity of IL-8.alpha. in human whole blood and
homologous plasma and serum fractions was assessed (Yeaman, M. R.,
Gank, K. D., Bayer, A. S., and Brass, E. P. (2002) Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 46, 3883-3891). For biomatrix studies, the
well-characterized Escherichia coli strain ML-35 was used as the
target organism (Lehrer, R. I., Barton, A., Daher, K. A., Harwig,
S. S., Ganz, T., and Selsted, M. E. (1989) J Clin Invest 84,
553-561). This strain is resistant to serum, ideal for use in
assessing peptide antimicrobial activity in blood and blood-derived
matrices (Yeaman, M. R., Gank, K. D., Bayer, A. S., and Brass, E.
P. (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, 3883-3891). Organisms
were cultured to mid-logarithmic phase in brain-heart infusion
broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) at 37.degree. C.,
washed, and resuspended in PBS (Irvine Scientific; pH 7.2). Inocula
were quantified spectrophotometrically and validated by
quantitative culture. Biomatrices were distributed in 85-.mu.l
aliquots into 96-well microtiter plates (Corning Glass Works,
Corning, N.Y.) Peptide (5 .mu.l; concentration range 1.0-50.0
.mu.g/ml) was added either simultaneously with the microorganism
(10 .mu.l; 10.sup.5 CFU/ml), or after a 120 min pre-incubation
period in the biomatrix. The mixtures were incubated with constant
agitation for 2 h at 37.degree. C. After incubation, aliquots were
diluted and quantitatively cultured in triplicate onto blood agar.
Surviving organisms were enumerated as CFU/ml. Experiments were
performed a minimum of two independent times on different days and
with different blood donor sources.
[0135] Importantly, IL-8.alpha. demonstrated significant efficacy
against E. coli, causing decreases of up to log 5 CFU/ml at 10
.mu.g/ml peptide. Greatest efficacy was seen in whole blood and
serum in co-incubation studies, with less activity in plasma
fractions or after 2 hour preincubation.
[0136] To gain insights into these antimicrobial profiles, the
structures of IL-8.gamma. and IL-8.alpha. were investigated using
biophysical and computational methods.
[0137] Secondary structures of IL-8 peptide domains were assessed
by circular dichroism (CD) as previously noted (Sheppard et al.
(2004) J Biol Chem 279, 30480-30489). Spectra were recorded with an
AVIV 62DS spectropolarimeter (Aviv Biomedical Inc.). In brief, the
purified peptides were solubilized (50 .mu.g/ml in 50 mM NH4HC03;
pH 5.5 or 7.5) and scanned using a 0.1-mm light path from 260 to
185 nm (rate, 10 nm/min; sample interval, 0.2 nm; 25.degree. C.). A
mean of 8 buffer-subtracted spectra were deconvoluted into helix,
.beta.-sheet, turn, and extended structures using Selcon (Sreerama
et al. (1999) Protein Sci 8, 370-380) and Dichroweb (Lobley et al.,
(2002) Bioinformatics 18, 211-212); cryst.bbk.ac.uk/cdweb) as
indicated (Sheppard et al. (2004) J Biol Chem 279, 30480-30489;
Surewicz and Mantsch (1988) Biochim Biophys Acta 952, 115-130;
Goormaghtigh et al. (1999) Biochim Biophys Acta 1422, 105-185).
[0138] Protein structure data were obtained from the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; PubMed Database), and
visualized using Protein Explorer (Martz, E. (2002) Trends Biochem
Sci 27, 107-109). Structural alignments were carried out using
combinatorial extension, and significance of homology assessed by
root mean square deviation analysis, as previously described (Yount
and Yeaman (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101, 7363-7368; Shindyalov
and Bourne (1998) Protein Eng 11, 739-747). 3CD spectrometry
indicated that IL-8.gamma. and IL-8.alpha. recapitulated structures
of corresponding regions in full-length IL-8 (FIG. 16). IL-8.gamma.
exhibited spectra consistent with a .beta.-sheet structure,
suggesting it spontaneously adopts a fold similar to that in native
IL-8. Likewise, IL-8.alpha. displayed classic double dichroic
minima at 208 and 218 nm, hallmark of .alpha.-helices, and
concordant with the corresponding region in IL-8. These data
suggest the forces responsible for secondary structures of these
domains function independently from cysteine-stabilization or other
constraints acting within the native molecule. Moreover, each
structure was stable at pH 5.5 and pH 7.2 (FIG. 16).
[0139] To complement spectrometric studies, 3-D models of
IL-8.gamma. and IL-8.alpha. were created using homology and
energy-based methods. Three-dimensional models of IL-8 domains were
created using complementary methods (Yount et al. (2004) Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 48, 4395-404). Homology (SWISSMODEL, BLAST2P;
(Godzik et al. (1992) J Mol Biol 227, 227-38; Jaroszewski et al.
(1998) Protein Sci 7, 1431-40], dynamic alignment (SIM) (Huang, X.,
and Miller, W. (1991) Adv. Appl. Math. 12, 337-367) and refined
match (ProModIII) algorithms were used to identify modeling
templates. In a parallel strategy, IL-8 amino acid sequences were
converted to putative solution conformations by threading methods
(Matchmaker [Godzik et al. (1992) J Mol Biol 227, 227-238];
Gene-Fold [Jaroszewski et al. (1998) Protein Sci 7, 1431-1440])
implemented with SYBYL software (Tripos Associates, St. Louis,
Mo.). Target conformers were refined using AMBER95 force field and
molecular dynamics (Cornell et al. (1995) J Am Chem Soc 117,
5179-5197). In alternative approaches, molecular dynamics were
executed without 0.4 kJ constraint penalties for canonical
Ramachandran .phi. and .psi. angles.
[0140] The template utilized for target peptide modeling was human
IL-8 (PDB code, 1IL8). As expected, each peptide retained secondary
structure corresponding to homologous domains within the native
molecule (FIG. 17). The IL-8.gamma. core motif displayed an
anti-parallel .beta.-sheet motif, while the preferential
conformation for IL-8.alpha. was a highly stable .alpha.-helical
motif comprised of four turns. These structure assignments are
strongly supported by favorable empirical energy functions,
equivalent to those of the IL-8 template.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE III Comparative physicochemical properties of
human kinocidins and .alpha.-helical domains thereof.
Classification Schema Native Molecule .alpha.-Helical Domain Class
Ligand ID Name AA M Q pI AA.sub..alpha. Q.sub..alpha. M.sub..alpha.
pI.sub..alpha. H.sub..alpha. CXC CXCL8 IL-8 71 8299 +4 9.0 17 +2
2103 10.0 6.70 CXC CXCL4 PF-4 70 7769 +3 8.8 13 +3 1573 9.8 6.12
CXC CXCL1 GRO-.alpha. 72 7751 +6 9.5 16 +2 1843 9.6 4.71 CC CCL2
MCP-1 76 8685 +6 9.4 19 0 2287 6.8 5.35 CC CCL5 RANTES 68 7851 +5
9.2 13 0 1655 6.1 6.71 C CL1 Lymphotactin 92 10173 +9 10.6 14 +2
1735 10.7 3.73 Physicochemical parameters are abbreviated for the
native or .alpha.-helical domain (.alpha.),: AA--amino acids;
M--average mass (Da); Q--calculated charge at pH 7.0; pI--estimated
isoelectric point (Bjellqvist et al., (1994) Electrophoresis 15,
529-39); H--hydrophobic moment (Zidovetzki et al. (2003) Biophys
Chem 100, 555-75).
[0141] Throughout this application various publications have been
referenced within parentheses. The disclosures of these
publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by
reference in this application in order to more fully describe the
state of the art to which this invention pertains.
[0142] Although the invention has been described with reference to
the disclosed embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily
appreciate that the specific examples and studies detailed above
are only illustrative of the invention. It should be understood
that various modifications can be made without departing from the
spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only
by the following claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
363119PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 1Lys Glu Asn Trp Val Gln Arg Val Val Glu Lys Phe
Leu Lys Arg Ala1 5 10 15Glu Asn Ser215PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 2Gln
Ala Pro Leu Tyr Lys Lys Ile Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Glu Ser1 5 10
15319PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 3Ala Ser Pro Ile Val Lys Lys Ile Ile Glu Lys Met
Leu Asn Ser Asp1 5 10 15Lys Ser Asn418PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 4Asp
Ala Pro Arg Ile Lys Lys Ile Val Gln Lys Lys Leu Ala Gly Asp1 5 10
15Glu Ser519PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 5Ala Ser Pro Met Val Lys Lys Ile Ile Glu
Lys Met Leu Lys Asn Gly1 5 10 15Lys Ser Asn619PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 6Ala
Ser Pro Met Val Gln Lys Ile Ile Glu Lys Ile Leu Asn Lys Gly1 5 10
15Ser Thr Asn720PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial
Sequence Synthetic peptide 7Glu Ala Pro Phe Leu Lys Lys Val Ile Gln
Lys Ile Leu Asp Gly Gly1 5 10 15Asn Lys Glu Asn 20820PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 8Glu
Ala Pro Phe Leu Lys Lys Val Ile Gln Lys Ile Leu Asp Ser Gly1 5 10
15Asn Lys Lys Asn 20920PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 9Asp Ala Pro Arg Ile Lys Lys
Ile Val Gln Lys Lys Leu Ala Gly Asp1 5 10 15Glu Ser Ala Asp
201021PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 10Glu Ser Lys Ala Ile Lys Asn Leu Leu Lys Ala Val
Ser Lys Glu Arg1 5 10 15Ser Lys Arg Ser Pro 201117PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 11Lys
Ser Lys Gln Ala Arg Leu Ile Ile Lys Lys Val Glu Arg Lys Asn1 5 10
15Phe1219PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 12Lys Leu Lys Trp Ile Gln Glu Tyr Leu Glu Lys Ala
Leu Asn Lys Arg1 5 10 15Phe Lys Met1330PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 13Gln
Ala Glu Trp Ile Gln Arg Met Met Glu Val Leu Arg Lys Arg Ser1 5 10
15Ser Ser Thr Leu Pro Val Pro Val Phe Lys Arg Lys Ile Pro 20 25
301424PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 14Lys Leu Gln Ser Thr Lys Arg Phe Ile Lys Trp Tyr
Asn Ala Trp Asn1 5 10 15Glu Lys Arg Arg Val Tyr Glu Glu
201520PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 15Thr Val Gly Trp Val Gln Arg His Arg Lys Met Leu
Arg His Cys Pro1 5 10 15Ser Lys Arg Lys 201621PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 16Lys
Gln Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Ser Met Asp His Leu Asp Lys Gln Thr1 5 10
15Gln Thr Pro Lys Thr 201716PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 17Ser Glu Glu Trp Val Gln Lys
Tyr Val Ser Asp Leu Glu Leu Ser Ala1 5 10 151815PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 18Ser
Glu Ser Trp Val Gln Glu Tyr Val Tyr Asp Leu Glu Leu Asn1 5 10
151915PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 19Glu Lys Lys Trp Val Arg Glu Tyr Ile Asn Ser Leu
Glu Met Ser1 5 10 152021PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 20Thr Gln Lys Trp Val Gln Asp
Phe Met Lys His Leu Asp Lys Lys Thr1 5 10 15Gln Thr Pro Lys Leu
202121PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 21Lys Glu Arg Trp Val Arg Asp Ser Met Lys His Leu
Asp Gln Ile Phe1 5 10 15Gln Asn Leu Lys Pro 202221PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 22Lys
Lys Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Ser Met Lys Tyr Leu Asp Gln Lys Ser1 5 10
15Pro Thr Pro Lys Pro 202321PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 23Lys Glu Lys Trp Val Gln Asn
Tyr Met Lys His Leu Gly Arg Lys Ala1 5 10 15His Thr Leu Lys Thr
202415PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 24Ser Asp Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Tyr Ile Lys Asp Met
Lys Glu Asn1 5 10 152517PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 25Ser Gly Pro Gly Val Gln Asp
Cys Met Lys Lys Leu Lys Pro Tyr Ser1 5 10 15Ile2628PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 26Asn
Asp Asp Trp Val Gln Glu Tyr Ile Lys Asp Pro Asn Leu Pro Leu1 5 10
15Leu Pro Thr Arg Asn Leu Ser Thr Val Lys Ile Ile 20
252718PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 27Asn Asn Lys Arg Val Lys Asn Ala Val Lys Tyr Leu
Gln Ser Leu Glu1 5 10 15Arg Ser2816PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 28Asn
Lys Lys Trp Val Gln Lys Tyr Ile Ser Asp Leu Lys Leu Asn Ala1 5 10
152924PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 29Asp Gln Pro Trp Val Glu Arg Ile Ile Gln Arg Leu
Gln Arg Thr Ser1 5 10 15Ala Lys Met Lys Arg Arg Ser Ser
203019PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 30Lys Gln Thr Trp Val Lys Tyr Ile Val Arg Leu Leu
Ser Lys Lys Val1 5 10 15Lys Asn Met3124PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 31Lys
Glu Leu Trp Val Gln Gln Leu Met Gln His Leu Asp Lys Thr Pro1 5 10
15Ser Pro Gln Lys Pro Ala Gln Gly 203214PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 32Arg
Val Pro Trp Val Lys Met Ile Leu Asn Lys Leu Ser Gln1 5
103323PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 33Ser Asp Lys Gln Val Gln Val Cys Val Arg Met Leu
Lys Leu Asp Thr1 5 10 15Arg Ile Lys Thr Arg Lys Asn
203424PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 34Lys Gln Glu Trp Val Gln Arg Tyr Met Lys Asn Leu
Asp Ala Lys Gln1 5 10 15Lys Lys Ala Ser Pro Arg Ala Arg
203517PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 35Lys Ser Arg Glu Val Gln Arg Ala Met Lys Leu Leu
Asp Ala Arg Asn1 5 10 15Lys3632PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 36Gln Asn Pro Ser Leu Ser Gln
Trp Phe Glu His Gln Glu Arg Lys Leu1 5 10 15His Gly Thr Leu Pro Lys
Leu Asn Phe Gly Met Leu Arg Lys Met Gly 20 25 303721PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 37His
Asn His Thr Val Lys Gln Trp Met Lys Val Gln Ala Ala Lys Lys1 5 10
15Asn Gly Lys Gly Asn 203821PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 38Gln Ala Thr Trp Val Arg Asp
Val Val Arg Ser Met Asp Arg Lys Ser1 5 10 15Asn Thr Arg Asn Asn
203922PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptideMOD_RES(2)..(14)region may encompass between 10
and 13 variable amino acidsMOD_RES(16)..(18)region may encompass
between 2 and 3 variable amino acidsMOD_RES(20)..(21)variable amino
acid 39Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly
Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Pro 204020PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide 40Cys
Ala Asn Thr Glu Ile Ile Val Lys Leu Ser Asp Gly Arg Glu Leu1 5 10
15Cys Leu Asp Pro 204122PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptideMOD_RES(2)..(5)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(6)..(8)variable hydrophobic amino acid
residueMOD_RES(9)..(10)region may encompass between 0 and 2
variable amino acidsMOD_RES(12)..(14)region may encompass between 1
and 3 variable amino acidsMOD_RES(16)..(16)Lys or
ArgMOD_RES(17)..(17)variable charged or polar amino acid
residueMOD_RES(18)..(18)variable hydrophobic amino acid
residueMOD_RES(20)..(20)variable hydrophobic amino acid
residueMOD_RES(21)..(21)Asp or Asn 41Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Lys Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Pro
204219PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic peptide 42Ala Asn Thr Glu Ile Ile Val Lys Leu Ser Asp Gly
Arg Glu Leu Cys1 5 10 15Leu Asp Pro4319PRTSus
sp.MOD_RES(19)..(19)variable amino acid 43Arg Gly Gly Arg Leu Cys
Tyr Cys Arg Arg Arg Phe Cys Val Cys Val1 5 10 15Gly Arg
Xaa4419PRTAcanthoscurria sp.MOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(19)..(19)variable amino acid 44Xaa Cys Arg Arg Leu Cys
Tyr Lys Gln Arg Cys Val Thr Tyr Cys Arg1 5 10 15Gly Arg
Xaa4544PRTDrosophila sp. 45Asp Cys Leu Ser Gly Arg Tyr Lys Gly Pro
Cys Ala Val Trp Asp Asn1 5 10 15Glu Thr Cys Arg Arg Val Cys Lys Glu
Glu Gly Arg Ser Ser Gly His 20 25 30Cys Ser Pro Ser Leu Lys Cys Trp
Cys Glu Gly Cys 35 404639PRTMytilus sp. 46Gly Phe Gly Cys Pro Asn
Asn Tyr Gln Cys His Arg His Cys Lys Ser1 5 10 15Ile Pro Gly Arg Cys
Gly Gly Tyr Cys Gly Gly Trp His Arg Leu Arg 20 25 30Cys Thr Cys Tyr
Arg Cys Gly 354717PRTTachypleus sp. 47Lys Trp Cys Phe Arg Val Cys
Tyr Arg Gly Ile Cys Tyr Arg Arg Cys1 5 10 15Arg4834PRTMytilus sp.
48Gly Cys Ala Ser Arg Cys Lys Ala Lys Cys Ala Gly Arg Arg Cys Lys1
5 10 15Gly Trp Ala Ser Ala Ser Phe Arg Gly Arg Cys Tyr Cys Lys Cys
Phe 20 25 30Arg Cys4940PRTProtophormia sp. 49Ala Thr Cys Asp Leu
Leu Ser Gly Thr Gly Ile Asn His Ser Ala Cys1 5 10 15Ala Ala His Cys
Leu Leu Arg Gly Asn Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Gly 20 25 30Lys Ala Val
Cys Val Cys Arg Asn 35 405030PRTHomo sapiens 50Asp Cys Tyr Cys Arg
Ile Pro Ala Cys Ile Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr1 5 10 15Gly Thr Cys Ile
Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25 305150PRTAesculus sp.
51Leu Cys Asn Glu Arg Pro Ser Gln Thr Trp Ser Gly Asn Cys Gly Asn1
5 10 15Thr Ala His Cys Asp Lys Gln Cys Gln Asp Trp Glu Lys Ala Ser
His 20 25 30Gly Ala Cys His Lys Arg Glu Asn His Trp Lys Cys Phe Cys
Tyr Phe 35 40 45Asn Cys 505250PRTAspergillus sp. 52Thr Tyr Asn Gly
Lys Cys Tyr Lys Lys Asp Asn Ile Cys Lys Tyr Lys1 5 10 15Ala Gln Ser
Gly Lys Thr Ala Ile Cys Lys Cys Tyr Val Lys Lys Cys 20 25 30Pro Arg
Asp Gly Ala Lys Cys Glu Phe Asp Ser Tyr Lys Gly Lys Cys 35 40 45Tyr
Cys 505335PRTMus sp.MOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 53Xaa Glu
Pro Val Ser Cys Ile Arg Asn Gly Gly Ile Cys Gln Tyr Arg1 5 10 15Cys
Ile Gly Leu Arg His Lys Ile Gly Thr Cys Gly Ser Pro Phe Lys 20 25
30Cys Cys Lys 355421PRTPodisus sp. 54Gly Ser Lys Lys Pro Val Pro
Ile Ile Tyr Cys Asn Arg Arg Thr Gly1 5 10 15Lys Cys Gln Arg Met
205533PRTRana sp. 55Ser Leu Phe Ser Leu Ile Lys Ala Gly Ala Lys Phe
Leu Gly Lys Asn1 5 10 15Leu Leu Lys Gln Gly Ala Cys Tyr Ala Ala Cys
Lys Ala Ser Lys Gln 20 25 30Cys5630PRTHomo sapiens 56Asp Cys Tyr
Cys Arg Ile Pro Ala Cys Ile Ala Gly Glu Arg Arg Tyr1 5 10 15Gly Thr
Cys Ile Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys 20 25 305734PRTMus
sp. 57Glu Pro Val Ser Cys Ile Arg Asn Gly Gly Ile Cys Gln Tyr Arg
Cys1 5 10 15Ile Gly Leu Arg His Lys Ile Gly Thr Cys Gly Ser Pro Phe
Lys Cys 20 25 30Cys Lys5840PRTProtophormia sp. 58Ala Thr Cys Asp
Leu Leu Ser Gly Thr Gly Ile Asn His Ser Ala Cys1 5 10 15Ala Ala His
Cys Leu Leu Arg Gly Asn Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Gly 20 25 30Lys Gly
Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn 35 405944PRTDrosophila sp. 59Asp Cys Leu
Ser Gly Arg Tyr Lys Gly Pro Cys Ala Val Trp Asp Asn1 5 10 15Glu Thr
Cys Arg Arg Val Cys Lys Glu Glu Gly Arg Ser Ser Gly His 20 25 30Cys
Ser Pro Ser Leu Lys Cys Trp Cys Glu Gly Cys 35 406049PRTAesculus
sp. 60Cys Asn Glu Arg Pro Ser Gln Thr Trp Ser Gly Asn Cys Gly Asn
Thr1 5 10 15Ala His Cys Asp Lys Gln Cys Gln Asp Trp Glu Lys Ala Ser
His Gly 20 25 30Ala Cys His Lys Arg Glu Asn His Trp Lys Cys Phe Cys
Tyr Phe Asn 35 40 45Cys6139PRTMytilus sp. 61Gly Phe Gly Cys Pro Asn
Asn Tyr Gln Cys His Arg His Cys Lys Ser1 5 10 15Ile Pro Gly Arg Cys
Gly Gly Tyr Cys Gly Gly Trp His Arg Leu Arg 20 25 30Cys Thr Cys Tyr
Arg Cys Gly 356218PRTSus sp. 62Arg Gly Val Cys Val Cys Phe Arg Arg
Arg Cys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Gly1 5 10 15Gly Arg6334PRTMytilus sp. 63Cys
Arg Phe Cys Lys Cys Tyr Cys Arg Gly Arg Phe Ser Ala Ser Ala1 5 10
15Trp Gly Lys Cys Arg Arg Gly Ala Cys Lys Ala Lys Cys Arg Ser Ala
20 25 30Cys Gly6433PRTRana sp. 64Ser Leu Phe Ser Leu Ile Lys Ala
Gly Ala Lys Phe Leu Gly Lys Asn1 5 10 15Leu Leu Lys Gln Gly Ala Cys
Tyr Ala Ala Cys Lys Ala Ser Lys Gln 20 25
30Cys6517PRTAcanthoscurria sp. 65Arg Gly Arg Cys Tyr Thr Val Cys
Arg Gln Lys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Arg1 5 10 15Cys6621PRTPodisus sp. 66Met
Arg Gln Cys Lys Gly Thr Arg Arg Asn Cys Tyr Ile Ile Pro Val1 5 10
15Pro Lys Lys Ser Gly 206717PRTTachypleus sp. 67Arg Cys Arg Arg Tyr
Cys Ile Gly Arg Tyr Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp1 5 10
15Lys6825PRTAspergillus sp. 68Cys Tyr Cys Lys Gly Lys Tyr Ser Asp
Phe Glu Cys Lys Ala Gly Asp1 5 10 15Arg Pro Cys Lys Lys Val Tyr Cys
Lys 20 256918PRTSus sp. 69Arg Gly Val Cys Val Cys Phe Arg Arg Arg
Cys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Gly1 5 10 15Gly Arg7017PRTAcanthoscurria sp.
70Arg Gly Arg Cys Tyr Thr Val Cys Arg Gln Lys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Arg1
5 10 15Cys7117PRTTachypleus sp. 71Arg Cys Arg Arg Tyr Cys Ile Gly
Arg Tyr Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp1 5 10 15Lys7214PRTMacaca sp. 72Cys
Ile Cys Arg Cys Val Gly Arg Arg Cys Leu Cys Arg Cys1 5
107312PRTPodisus sp. 73Arg Gln Cys Lys Gly Thr Arg Arg Asn Cys Tyr
Ile1 5 107417PRTHomo sapiens 74Cys Ile Phe Cys Cys Gly Cys Cys His
Arg Ser Lys Cys Gly Met Cys1 5 10
15Cys7515PRTSarcophaga sp. 75Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Gly Lys Ala
Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1 5 10 157615PRTProtophormia sp. 76Arg Gly
Gly Tyr Cys Asn Gly Lys Gly Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1 5 10
157717PRTHeliothis sp. 77Lys Gly Gly His Cys Gly Ser Phe Ala Asn
Val Asn Cys Trp Cys Glu1 5 10 15Thr7816PRTDrosophila sp. 78Ser Ser
Gly His Cys Ser Pro Ser Leu Lys Cys Trp Cys Glu Gly Cys1 5 10
157920PRTMytilus sp. 79Arg Cys Gly Gly Tyr Cys Gly Gly Trp His Arg
Leu Arg Cys Thr Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Arg Cys Gly 208014PRTLeiurus sp.
80Ser Arg Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Lys Lys Cys Arg Cys Tyr Ser1 5
108116PRTHomo sapiens 81Arg Tyr Gly Thr Cys Ile Tyr Gln Gly Arg Leu
Trp Ala Phe Cys Cys1 5 10 158220PRTOryctolagus sp. 82Glu Val Ile
Asp Gly Ser Cys Gly Leu Phe Asn Ser Lys Tyr Ile Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg
Glu Lys 208318PRTBos sp. 83Met Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Arg
Pro Val Lys Cys Cys Arg1 5 10 15Ser Trp8415PRTHomo sapiens 84Lys
Ile Gln Gly Thr Cys Tyr Arg Gly Lys Ala Lys Cys Cys Lys1 5 10
158519PRTHomo sapiens 85Arg Tyr Lys Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Gly Leu Pro
Gly Thr Lys Cys Cys1 5 10 15Lys Lys Pro8614PRTMus sp. 86His Lys Ile
Gly Thr Cys Gly Ser Pro Phe Lys Cys Cys Lys1 5 108720PRTAesculus
sp. 87Ser His Gly Ala Cys His Lys Arg Glu Asn His Trp Lys Cys Phe
Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Phe Asn Cys 208820PRTRaphanus sp. 88Arg His Gly Ser
Cys Asn Tyr Val Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Phe Pro
Cys 208916PRTPisum sp. 89Ile Ser Gly Thr Cys His Asn Trp Lys Cys
Phe Cys Thr Gln Asn Cys1 5 10 159018PRTHordeum sp. 90Gly Gly Gly
Asn Cys Asp Gly Pro Leu Arg Arg Cys Lys Cys Met Arg1 5 10 15Arg
Cys9118PRTTriticum sp. 91Gly Gly Gly Asn Cys Asp Gly Pro Phe Arg
Arg Cys Lys Cys Ile Arg1 5 10 15Gln Cys9219PRTPentadiplandra sp.
92Arg Ser Gly Glu Cys Phe Tyr Asp Glu Lys Arg Asn Leu Gln Cys Ile1
5 10 15Cys Asp Tyr9323PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of
Artificial Sequence Synthetic consensus
peptideMOD_RES(1)..(3)variable amino acidMOD_RES(5)..(5)variable
amino acidMOD_RES(7)..(15)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(18)..(23)variable amino acid 93Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys1 5 10 15Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa 209418PRTRattus sp. 94Arg Leu Ser Gly Ala Cys Gly Tyr Arg
Gly Arg Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg9518PRTRattus sp. 95Arg
Leu Ser Gly Ala Cys Gly Tyr Arg Gly Arg Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10
15Cys Arg9617PRTRattus sp. 96Arg Leu Ser Gly Ala Cys Arg Leu Asn
Gly Arg Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys9717PRTRattus sp. 97Arg Leu
Ser Gly Ala Cys Arg Leu Asn Gly Arg Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10
15Cys9818PRTRattus sp. 98Arg Leu Thr Gly Ala Cys Gly Leu Asn Gly
Arg Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg9918PRTHomo sapiens 99Ser
Leu Ser Gly Val Cys Glu Ile Ser Gly Arg Leu Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10
15Cys Arg10019PRTOryctolagus sp. 100Arg Arg Ala Gly Phe Cys Arg Ile
Arg Gly Arg Ile His Pro Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg
Arg10119PRTOryctolagus sp. 101Arg Arg Ala Gly Phe Cys Arg Ile Arg
Gly Arg Ile His Pro Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg Arg10220PRTOryctolagus
sp. 102Arg Phe Ser Gly Tyr Cys Arg Val Asn Gly Ala Arg Tyr Val Arg
Cys1 5 10 15Cys Ser Arg Arg 2010320PRTOryctolagus sp. 103Gln Phe
Ser Gly Tyr Cys Arg Val Asn Gly Ala Arg Tyr Val Arg Cys1 5 10 15Cys
Ser Arg Arg 2010419PRTOryctolagus sp. 104Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Cys
Thr Val Asn Gly Val Arg His Thr Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg
Arg10519PRTOryctolagus sp. 105Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Cys Thr Ile Asn
Gly Val Arg His Thr Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg Arg10617PRTCavia sp.
106Arg Arg Leu Gly Thr Cys Ile Phe Gln Asn Arg Val Tyr Thr Phe Cys1
5 10 15Cys10717PRTCavia sp. 107Arg Arg Leu Gly Thr Cys Ile Phe Gln
Asn Arg Val Tyr Thr Phe Cys1 5 10 15Cys10817PRTMacaca sp. 108Arg
Arg Tyr Gly Thr Cys Phe Tyr Met Gly Arg Val Trp Ala Phe Cys1 5 10
15Cys10917PRTHomo sapiens 109Arg Arg Tyr Gly Thr Cys Ile Tyr Gln
Gly Arg Leu Trp Ala Phe Cys1 5 10 15Cys11021PRTHomo sapiens 110Leu
Arg Val Gly Asn Cys Leu Ile Gly Gly Val Ser Phe Thr Tyr Cys1 5 10
15Cys Thr Arg Val Asp 2011119PRTMesocricetus auratus 111Arg His Ile
Gly Tyr Cys Arg Phe Gly Asn Thr Ile Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg
Arg11219PRTMesocricetus auratus 112Arg Leu Ile Gly Tyr Cys Arg Phe
Gly Asn Thr Ile Tyr Gly Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg
Arg11319PRTMesocricetus auratus 113Thr Gln Ile Gly Tyr Cys Arg Leu
Gly Asn Thr Phe Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg
Gln11419PRTMesocricetus auratus 114Thr Gln Ile Gly Tyr Cys Arg Leu
Gly Asn Thr Phe Tyr Arg Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg Gln11518PRTMus sp.
115Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Thr Leu Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg11618PRTMus sp. 116Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Met Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg11718PRTMus sp.
117Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys Gly His Leu Met Tyr Thr Leu Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg11818PRTMus sp. 118Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Met Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg11918PRTMus sp.
119Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Thr Met Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg12018PRTMus sp. 120Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Met Tyr Thr Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg12118PRTMus sp.
121Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys Gly His Leu Met His Thr Leu Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg12218PRTMus sp. 122His Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Met Tyr Thr Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg12318PRTMus sp.
123His Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Arg Gly His Leu Met Tyr Thr Leu Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg12418PRTMus sp. 124His Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Met Tyr Thr Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg12518PRTMus sp.
125Arg Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys Gly His Leu Met Tyr Thr Leu Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg12618PRTMus sp. 126His Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Met Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg12718PRTMus sp.
127His Ile Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Met Leu Cys1
5 10 15Cys Arg12818PRTMus sp. 128His Met Asn Gly Thr Cys Arg Lys
Gly His Leu Leu Tyr Thr Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg12917PRTMus sp.
129Arg Val Arg Gly Thr Cys Gly Ile Arg Phe Leu Tyr Cys Cys Pro Arg1
5 10 15Arg13020PRTMus sp. 130Arg Val Phe Gly Thr Cys Arg Asn Leu
Phe Leu Thr Phe Val Phe Cys1 5 10 15Cys Ser Arg Arg
2013118PRTRattus sp. 131Gly Ile Met Gly Ile Cys Lys Lys Arg Tyr Gly
Ser Pro Ile Leu Cys1 5 10 15Cys Arg13214PRTMus sp. 132His Lys Ile
Gly Thr Cys Gly Ser Pro Phe Lys Cys Cys Arg1 5 1013317PRTBos sp.
133Ile Gln Ile Gly Ile Cys Phe Arg Pro Arg Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1
5 10 15Trp13415PRTBos sp. 134Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Leu Ala Pro
Arg Val Lys Cys Cys Arg1 5 10 1513517PRTCapra hircus 135Arg Gln Ile
Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Pro Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Lys1 5 10
15Lys13617PRTOvis sp. 136Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Pro
Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Leu1 5 10 15Lys13717PRTBos sp. 137Arg Gln Ile
Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Arg Pro Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10
15Trp13817PRTBos sp. 138Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Arg Pro Val
Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10 15Trp13917PRTBos sp. 139Arg Gln Ile Gly
Thr Cys Phe Gly Arg Pro Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10
15Trp14017PRTBos sp. 140Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Arg Pro Val
Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10 15Trp14117PRTOvis sp. 141Arg Gln Ile Gly
Thr Cys Arg Gly Pro Pro Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Lys1 5 10
15Lys14217PRTBos sp. 142Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Arg Ile
Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10 15Trp14317PRTBos sp. 143Arg Gln Ile Gly
Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Arg Ile Lys Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10
15Trp14417PRTBos sp. 144Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Arg Pro Val
Lys Cys Cys Arg Arg1 5 10 15Trp14515PRTBos sp. 145Arg Gln Ile Gly
Thr Cys Leu Gly Pro Gln Ile Lys Cys Cys Arg1 5 10 1514615PRTBos sp.
146Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Leu Ala Pro Gln Ile Lys Cys Cys Arg1 5
10 1514715PRTBos sp. 147Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Leu Gly Pro Arg Ile
Lys Cys Cys Arg1 5 10 1514817PRTBos sp. 148Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys
Leu Gly Ala Gln Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Arg1 5 10 15Lys14917PRTBos sp.
149Lys Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Val Gly Arg Ala Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Lys1
5 10 15Lys15017PRTBos sp. 150Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Thr Pro
Ser Val Lys Cys Cys Arg Trp1 5 10 15Arg15116PRTBos sp. 151Arg Gln
Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Arg Val Pro Cys Cys Arg Arg1 5 10
1515217PRTBos sp. 152Arg Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Phe Gly Pro Arg Val
Pro Cys Cys Arg Arg1 5 10 15Trp15317PRTSus sp. 153Lys Gln Ile Gly
Thr Cys Gly Met Pro Gln Val Lys Cys Cys Lys Arg1 5 10
15Lys15417PRTHomo sapiens 154Lys Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Gly Leu Pro
Gly Thr Lys Cys Cys Lys Lys1 5 10 15Pro15517PRTRattus sp. 155Arg
Gln Ile Gly Thr Cys Gly Leu Pro Arg Val Arg Cys Cys Lys Lys1 5 10
15Lys15617PRTMus sp. 156Arg Gln Ile Gly Asn Cys Gly His Phe Lys Val
Arg Cys Cys Lys Ile1 5 10 15Arg15717PRTMus sp. 157Arg Gln Ile Gly
Ser Cys Gly Val Phe Pro Leu Lys Cys Cys Lys Arg1 5 10
15Lys15815PRTHomo sapiens 158Lys Ile Gln Gly Thr Cys Tyr Arg Gly
Lys Ala Lys Cys Cys Lys1 5 10 1515915PRTMacaca mulatta 159Arg Ile
Gln Gly Thr Cys Tyr His Gly Lys Ala Lys Cys Cys Lys1 5 10
1516016PRTMus sp. 160Lys Leu Gln Gly Thr Cys Lys Pro Asp Lys Pro
Asn Cys Cys Lys Ser1 5 10 1516116PRTRattus sp. 161Lys Leu Gln Gly
Thr Cys Lys Pro Asp Lys Pro Asn Cys Cys Arg Ser1 5 10 1516218PRTMus
sp. 162Arg Arg Pro Gly Ser Cys Phe Pro Glu Lys Asn Pro Cys Cys Lys
Tyr1 5 10 15Met Lys16318PRTHomo sapiens 163Glu Gln Ile Gly Lys Cys
Ser Thr Arg Gly Arg Lys Cys Cys Arg Arg1 5 10 15Lys
Lys16417PRTGallus sp. 164Leu Ile Ser Gly Lys Cys Ser Arg Phe Tyr
Leu Cys Cys Lys Arg Ile1 5 10 15Arg16517PRTGallus sp. 165Leu Ile
Ser Gly Lys Cys Ser Arg Phe Tyr Leu Cys Cys Arg Ile Trp1 5 10
15Gly16617PRTGallus sp. 166Leu Ile Ser Gly Lys Cys Ser Arg Phe His
Leu Cys Cys Lys Arg Ile1 5 10 15Trp16718PRTMeleagris gallopavo
167Val Ile Ser Gly Thr Cys Ser Arg Phe Gln Val Cys Cys Lys Thr Leu1
5 10 15Leu Gly16819PRTMeleagris gallopavo 168Ile Lys Val Gly Ser
Cys Phe Gly Phe Arg Ser Cys Cys Lys Trp Pro1 5 10 15Trp Asp
Ala16919PRTGallus sp. 169Ile Lys Val Gly Ser Cys Phe Gly Phe Arg
Ser Cys Cys Lys Trp Pro1 5 10 15Trp Asn Ala17019PRTOryctolagus sp.
170Val Ile Asp Gly Ser Cys Gly Leu Phe Asn Ser Lys Tyr Ile Cys Cys1
5 10 15Arg Glu Lys17117PRTHomo sapiens 171Ile His Val Gly Arg Cys
Leu Asn Ser Gln Pro Cys Cys Leu Pro Leu1 5 10 15Gly17218PRTHomo
sapiens 172Tyr Ser Tyr Gly Thr Cys Thr Val Met Gly Ile Asn His Arg
Phe Cys1 5 10 15Cys Leu17317PRTHomo sapiens 173Tyr Arg Ile Gly Arg
Cys Pro Asn Thr Tyr Ala Cys Cys Leu Arg Lys1 5 10
15Trp17422PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic consensus peptideMOD_RES(1)..(3)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(5)..(5)variable amino acidMOD_RES(7)..(14)variable
amino acidMOD_RES(16)..(16)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(18)..(22)variable amino acid 174Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa 2017521PRTArabidopsis thaliana 175Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn
Tyr Val Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2017621PRTBrassica napus 176Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val Phe
Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2017721PRTSinapis alba 177Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val Phe
Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2017821PRTRaphanus sativus 178Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val
Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2017921PRTRaphanus sativus 179Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val
Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018021PRTSinapis alba 180Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val Phe
Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018121PRTArabidopsis thaliana 181Ala Lys His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr
Val Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018221PRTArabidopsis thaliana 182Ala Lys His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr
Val Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Val Pro Cys
2018321PRTArabidopsis thaliana 183Ala Lys His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr
Val Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Val Pro Cys
2018421PRTBrassica napus 184Ala Gln His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val Phe
Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018521PRTRaphanus sativus 185Ala Gln His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val
Phe Pro Ala His Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018621PRTRaphanus sativus 186Ala Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Tyr Val
Phe Pro Tyr His Arg Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018721PRTSinapis alba 187Ser Arg His Gly Ser Cys Asn Ile Pro Phe
Pro Ser Asn Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Pro Cys
2018821PRTAesculus hippocastanum 188Ala Ser His Gly Ala Cys His Lys
Arg Glu Asn His Trp Lys Cys Phe1 5 10 15Cys Tyr Phe Asn Cys
2018919PRTNicotiana paniculata 189Phe Thr Asp Gly Lys Cys Ser Lys
Ile Leu Arg Arg Cys Ile Cys Tyr1 5 10 15Lys Pro
Cys19019PRTNicotiana tabacum 190Phe Thr Asp Gly His Cys Ser Lys Leu
Leu Arg Arg Cys Ile Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys Pro Cys19118PRTBeta
vulgaris 191Trp Pro Gly Gly Val Cys Val Pro Phe Leu Arg Cys Glu Cys
Gln Arg1 5 10 15Ser Cys19218PRTBeta vulgaris 192Trp Pro Asn Gly Lys
Cys Leu Val Gly Phe Lys Cys Glu Cys Gln Arg1 5 10 15Pro
Cys19318PRTPisum sp. 193Ala Ile Ser Gly Arg Cys Arg Asp Asp Phe Arg
Cys Trp Cys Thr Lys1 5 10 15Asn Cys19418PRTPisum sp. 194Leu Leu Ser
Gly Arg Cys Arg Asp Asp Phe Arg Cys Trp Cys Thr Asn1 5 10 15Arg
Cys19516PRTDrosophila melanogaster 195Arg Ser Ser Gly His Cys Ser
Pro Ser Leu Lys Cys Trp Cys Glu Gly1 5 10 1519619PRTCapsicum annuum
196Phe Asn Gly Gly His Cys Arg Gly Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys Phe Cys Thr1
5 10 15Arg His Cys19719PRTPetunia integrifolia 197Phe Ile Gly Gly
Asn Cys Arg Ala Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys Phe Cys Thr1 5 10 15Arg Asn
Cys19819PRTArabidopsis thaliana 198Phe Val Gly Gly Asn Cys Arg Gly
Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys Phe Cys Thr1 5 10 15Arg His
Cys19919PRTArabidopsis thaliana 199Phe Pro Gly Gly Asp Cys Arg Gly
Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys Phe Cys Thr1 5 10 15Arg Asn
Cys20019PRTArabidopsis thaliana 200Phe Gly Gly Gly Lys Cys Arg Gly
Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys Tyr Cys Thr1 5 10 15Arg His
Cys20119PRTHelianthus annuus 201Phe Ser Gly Gly Lys Cys Arg Gly Phe
Arg Arg Arg Cys Phe Cys Thr1 5 10 15Thr His Cys20219PRTVigna
unguiculata 202Phe Ser Gly Gly Asn Cys Arg Gly Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys
Phe Cys Thr1 5 10 15Leu Lys Cys20320PRTCapsicum annuum 203Phe Thr
Asp Gly Ser Cys Ile Gly Phe Arg Leu Gln Cys Phe Cys Thr1 5 10 15Lys
Pro Cys Ala 2020417PRTVicia faba 204Tyr Lys Gly Gly Asp Cys His Gly
Leu Arg Arg Arg Cys Met Cys Leu1 5 10 15Cys20517PRTVicia faba
205Tyr Lys Gly Gly Asp Cys His Gly Leu Arg Arg Arg Cys Met Cys Leu1
5 10 15Cys20619PRTSpinacia oleracea 206Tyr Pro Ala Gly Asp Cys Lys
Gly Ile Arg Arg Arg Cys Met Cys Ser1 5 10 15Lys Pro
Cys20719PRTTriticum aestivum 207Trp Gly Gly Gly Asn Cys Asp Gly Pro
Phe Arg Arg Cys Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Arg Gln Cys20819PRTTriticum
aestivum 208Trp Gly Gly Gly Asn Cys Asp Gly Pro Phe Arg Arg Cys Lys
Cys Ile1 5 10 15Arg Gln Cys20919PRTHordeum vulgare 209Trp Gly Gly
Gly Asn Cys Asp Gly Pro Phe Arg Arg Cys Lys Cys Met1 5 10 15Arg Arg
Cys21019PRTZea mays 210Tyr Gly Gly Gly Asn Cys Asp Gly Ile Met Arg
Gln Cys Lys Cys Ile1 5 10 15Arg Gln Cys21116PRTProtophormia
terraenovae 211Asn Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Gly Lys Gly Val Cys Val
Cys Arg Asn1 5 10 1521216PRTSarcophaga peregrina 212Asn Arg Gly Gly
Tyr Cys Asn Gly Lys Ala Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1 5 10
1521315PRTTenebrio molitor 213Arg Ser Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Gly Lys
Arg Val Cys Val Cys Arg1 5 10 1521416PRTSarcophaga peregrina 214Asn
Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Thr Gly Asn Gly Ile Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1 5 10
1521516PRTStomoxys calcitrans 215Asp Val Gly Gly Tyr Cys Thr Lys
Glu Gly Leu Cys Val Cys Lys Glu1 5 10 1521616PRTAedes aegypti
216Asn Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Ala Lys Lys Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1
5 10 1521716PRTAnopheles gambiae 217Tyr Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Ser
Lys Ala Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1 5 10 1521816PRTAedes aegypti
218Asn Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Ser Gln Lys Val Cys Val Cys Arg Asn1
5 10 1521916PRTPhlebotomus duboscqi 219Tyr Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn
Ser Lys Ala Val Cys Thr Cys Arg Arg1 5 10 1522016PRTDrosophila
melanogaster 220Phe Lys Gly Gly Tyr Cys Asn Asp Lys Ala Val Cys Val
Cys Arg Asn1 5 10 1522114PRTZophobas atratus 221Arg Lys Gly Gly Tyr
Cys Asn Ser Lys Ser Val Cys Val Cys1 5 1022216PRTStomoxys
calcitrans 222Lys Ser Gly Gly Arg Cys Asn Asp Asp Ala Val Cys Val
Cys Arg Lys1 5 10 1522318PRTAndroctonus australis 223Arg Arg Gly
Gly Tyr Cys Ala Gly Leu Phe Lys Gln Thr Cys Thr Cys1 5 10 15Tyr
Arg22419PRTLeiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus 224Arg Arg Gly Gly Tyr
Cys Ala Gly Phe Phe Lys Gln Thr Cys Thr Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Arg
Asn22518PRTAeshna cyanea 225Arg Ser Gly Gly Tyr Cys Ser Gly Pro Leu
Lys Leu Thr Cys Thr Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Arg22615PRTMytilus edulis
226Arg Tyr Gly Gly Tyr Cys Gly Gly His Arg Leu Arg Cys Thr Cys1 5
10 1522720PRTMytilus galloprovincialis 227Arg Cys Gly Gly Tyr Cys
Gly Gly Trp His Arg Leu Arg Cys Thr Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Arg Cys Gly
2022816PRTMytilus edulis 228Arg Gly Gly Tyr Cys Gly Gly His Arg Leu
Arg Cys Thr Cys Tyr Arg1 5 10 1522918PRTHeliothis virescens 229Tyr
Lys Gly Gly His Cys Gly Ser Phe Ala Asn Val Asn Cys Trp Cys1 5 10
15Glu Gly23018PRTBrassica napus 230Gly Thr Val Gly Ser Cys Ala Glu
Glu Lys Gly Phe Cys Asn Cys Ala1 5 10 15Cys Lys23116PRTBombyx mori
231Ala Ala Ser Gly Gln Cys Asn Pro Val Cys Val Glu Gly Cys Ala Cys1
5 10 1523218PRTSus sp. 232Arg Gly Val Cys Val Cys Phe Arg Arg Arg
Cys Tyr Cys Leu Gly Gly1 5 10 15Gly Arg23318PRTSus sp. 233Arg Gly
Val Cys Val Cys Phe Arg Pro Arg Cys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Gly1 5 10 15Gly
Arg23418PRTSus sp. 234Arg Gly Val Cys Phe Cys Ile Trp Gly Arg Cys
Tyr Cys Leu Arg Gly1 5 10 15Gly Arg23517PRTSus sp. 235Gly Val Cys
Ile Cys Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Gly Gly1 5 10
15Arg23618PRTSus sp. 236Arg Gly Val Cys Val Cys Phe Arg Arg Arg Cys
Tyr Cys Leu Arg Gly1 5 10 15Gly Arg23718PRTAcanthoscurria gomesiana
237Arg Gly Arg Cys Tyr Thr Val Cys Arg Gln Lys Tyr Cys Leu Arg Arg1
5 10 15Cys Gln23815PRTRana sp. 238Lys Gln Gly Ala Cys Tyr Ala Ala
Cys Lys Ala Ser Lys Gln Cys1 5 10 1523922PRTArtificial
SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence Synthetic consensus
peptideMOD_RES(1)..(3)variable amino acidMOD_RES(5)..(5)variable
amino acidMOD_RES(7)..(14)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(16)..(22)variable amino acid 239Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Cys
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa 2024013PRTAndroctonus australis 240Arg Arg Arg Gly Gly Cys Tyr
Tyr Arg Cys Thr Asn Arg1 5 1024110PRTLeuconostoc
gelidumMOD_RES(2)..(2)variable amino acid 241Gly Xaa Cys Thr Lys
Ser Gly Cys Ser Val1 5 1024214PRTPseudacanthotermes spiniger 242Arg
Arg Ala Phe Cys Asp Arg Ser Gln Cys Lys Cys Val Phe1 5
1024322PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Sequence
Synthetic consensus peptideMOD_RES(1)..(3)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(5)..(5)variable amino acidMOD_RES(7)..(14)variable
amino acidMOD_RES(16)..(22)variable amino acid 243Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys
Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa 2024421PRTMytilus edulis 244Arg Arg Cys Lys Gly Trp Ala
Ser Ala Ser Phe Arg Gly Arg Cys Tyr1 5 10 15Cys Lys Cys Phe Arg
2024517PRTTachypleus tridentatus 245Arg Gln Cys Arg Gly Tyr Thr Ser
Gly Pro Phe Tyr Ser Arg Cys Thr1 5 10 15Leu24617PRTPhytolacca
americana 246Arg Asn Lys Cys Val Gly Tyr Ser Gln Gly Ala Ile Gln
Phe Cys Tyr1 5 10 15Ser24712PRTAspergillus giganteus 247Cys Tyr Cys
Lys Gly Lys Tyr Ser Asp Phe Glu Cys1 5 1024813PRTPodisus
maculiventris 248Met Arg Gln Cys Lys Gly Thr Arg Arg Asn Cys Tyr
Ile1 5 1024913PRTMacaca mulatta 249Ile Cys Arg Cys Val Gly Arg Arg
Cys Leu Cys Arg Cys1 5 1025010PRTAmaranthus caudatus 250Gly Cys Tyr
Gly Phe Gln Ser Cys Cys Met1 5 1025115PRTTachypleus tridentatus
251Arg Arg Tyr Cys Ile Gly Arg Tyr Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp Lys1 5
10 1525215PRTTachypleus tridentatus 252Arg Arg Tyr Cys Ile Gly Arg
Tyr Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp Lys1 5 10 1525315PRTTachypleus gigas
253Arg Arg Tyr Cys Ile Gly Arg Tyr Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp Lys1 5
10 1525416PRTLimulus polyphemus 254Arg Arg Tyr Cys Phe Gly Arg Tyr
Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp Lys Lys1 5 10 1525516PRTLimulus polyphemus
255Arg Arg Tyr Cys Phe Gly Arg Tyr Cys Val Arg Phe Cys Trp Lys Lys1
5 10 1525665PRTCentruroides exilicauda 256Lys Glu Gly Tyr Leu Val
Lys Lys Ser Asp Gly Cys Lys Tyr Gly Cys1 5 10 15Leu Lys Leu Gly Glu
Asn Glu Gly Cys Asp Thr Glu Cys Lys Ala Lys 20 25 30Asn Gln Gly Gly
Ser Tyr Gly Tyr Cys Tyr Ala Phe Ala Cys Trp Cys 35 40 45Glu Gly Leu
Pro Glu Ser Thr Pro Thr Tyr Pro Leu Pro Asn Lys Ser 50 55
60Cys6525777PRTHottentotta judaicus 257Met Lys Lys Asn Gly Tyr Pro
Leu Asp Arg Asn Gly Lys Thr Thr Glu1 5 10 15Cys Ser Gly Val Asn Ala
Ile Ala Pro His Tyr Cys Asn Ser Glu Cys 20 25 30Thr Lys Val Tyr Tyr
Ala Glu Ser Gly Tyr Cys Cys Trp Gly Ala Cys 35 40 45Tyr Cys Phe Gly
Leu Glu Asp Asp Lys Pro Ile Gly Pro Met Lys Asp 50 55 60Ile Thr Lys
Lys Tyr Cys Asp Val Gln Ile Ile Pro Ser65 70 7525864PRTMesobuthus
martensii 258Val Arg Asp Ala Tyr Ile Ala Lys Pro Glu Asn Cys Val
Tyr His Cys1 5 10 15Ala Gly Asn Glu Gly Cys Asn Lys Leu Cys Thr Asp
Asn Gly Ala Glu 20 25 30Ser Gly Tyr Cys Gln Trp Gly Gly Arg Tyr Gly
Asn Ala Cys Trp Cys 35 40 45Ile Lys Leu Pro Asp Asp Val Pro Ile Arg
Val Pro Gly Lys Cys His 50 55 6025934PRTHeterometrus spinifer
259Ala Ser Cys Arg Thr Pro Lys Asp Cys Ala Asp Pro Cys Arg Lys Glu1
5 10 15Thr Gly Cys Pro Tyr Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Arg Lys Cys Lys Cys
Asn 20 25 30Arg Cys26063PRTCentruroides exilicauda 260Lys Lys Asp
Gly Tyr Pro Val Asp Ser Gly Asn Cys Lys Tyr Glu Cys1 5 10 15Leu Lys
Asp Asp Tyr Cys Asn Asp Leu Cys Leu Glu Arg Lys Ala Asp 20 25 30Lys
Gly Tyr Cys Tyr Trp Gly Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Cys Tyr Gly Leu 35 40
45Pro Asp Asn Ser Pro Thr Lys Thr Ser Gly Lys Cys Asn Pro Ala 50 55
6026184PRTMesobuthus martensii 261Met Asn Tyr Leu Val Met Ile Ser
Phe Ala Leu Leu Leu Met Thr Gly1 5 10 15Val Glu Ser Val Arg Asp Ala
Tyr Ile Ala Lys Pro His Asn Cys Val 20 25 30Tyr Glu Cys Ala Arg Asn
Glu Tyr Cys Asn Asp Leu Cys Thr Lys Asn 35 40 45Gly Ala Lys Ser Gly
Tyr Cys Gln Trp Val Gly Lys Tyr Gly Asn Gly 50 55 60Cys Trp Cys Ile
Glu Leu Pro Asp Asn Val Pro Ile Arg Val Pro Gly65 70 75 80Lys Cys
His Arg26237PRTTityus serrulatus 262Val Phe Ile Asn Ala Lys Cys Arg
Gly Ser Pro Glu Cys Leu Pro Lys1 5 10 15Cys Lys Glu Ala Ile Gly Lys
Ala Ala Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Gly Lys 20 25 30Cys Lys Cys Tyr Pro
3526337PRTLeiurus quinquestriatus hebraeusMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable
amino acid 263Xaa Phe Thr Gln Glu Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser Asn Gln Cys
Trp Ser Ile1 5 10 15Cys Lys Arg Leu His Asn Thr Asn Arg Gly Lys Cys
Met Asn Lys Lys 20 25 30Cys Arg Cys Tyr Ser 3526468PRTLeiurus
quinquestriatus hebraeusMOD_RES(68)..(68)variable amino acid 264Val
Arg Asp Gly Tyr Ile Ala Gln Pro Glu Asn Cys Val Tyr His Cys1 5 10
15Phe Pro Gly Ser Ser Gly Cys Asp Thr Leu Cys Lys Glu Lys Gly Gly
20 25 30Thr Ser Gly His Cys Gly Phe Lys Val Gly His Gly Leu Ala Cys
Trp 35 40 45Cys Asn Ala Leu Pro Asp Asn Val Gly Ile Ile Val Glu Gly
Glu Lys 50 55 60Cys His Ser Xaa6526538PRTAndroctonus mauretanicus
mauretanicus 265Gly Val Glu Ile Asn Val Lys Cys Ser Gly Ser Pro Gln
Cys Leu Lys1 5 10 15Pro Cys Lys Asp Ala Gly Met Arg Phe Gly Lys Cys
Met Asn Arg Lys 20 25 30Cys His Cys Thr Pro Lys
3526637PRTMesobuthus martensiiMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid
266Xaa Phe Thr Asn Val Ser Cys Ser Ala Ser Ser Gln Cys Trp Pro Val1
5 10 15Cys Lys Lys Leu Phe Gly Thr Tyr Arg Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Ser
Lys 20 25 30Cys Arg Cys Tyr Ser 3526735PRTTityus serrulatus 267Val
Val Ile Gly Gln Arg Cys Tyr Arg Ser Pro Asp Cys Tyr Ser Ala1 5 10
15Cys Lys Lys Leu Val Gly Lys Ala Thr Gly Lys Cys Thr Asn Gly Arg
20 25 30Cys Asp Cys 3526837PRTLeiurus quinquestriatus
hebraeusMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 268Xaa Phe Thr Asn Val
Ser Cys Thr Thr Ser Lys Glu Cys Trp Ser Val1 5 10 15Cys Gln Arg Leu
His Asn Thr Ser Arg Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Lys Lys 20 25 30Cys Arg Cys
Tyr Ser 3526967PRTLeiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus 269Val Arg Asp
Gly Tyr Ile Ala Gln Pro Glu Asn Cys Val Tyr His Cys1 5 10 15Phe Pro
Gly Ser Ser Gly Cys Asp Thr Leu Cys Lys Glu Lys Gly Gly 20 25 30Thr
Ser Gly His Cys Gly Phe Lys Val Gly His Gly Leu Ala Cys Trp 35 40
45Cys Asn Ala Leu Pro Asp Asn Val Gly Ile Ile Val Glu Gly Glu Lys
50 55 60Cys His Ser6527064PRTAndroctonus australis 270Val Lys Asp
Gly Tyr Ile Val Asp Asp Val Asn Cys Thr Tyr Phe Cys1 5 10 15Gly Arg
Asn Ala Tyr Cys Asn Glu Glu Cys Thr Lys Leu Lys Gly Glu 20 25 30Ser
Gly Tyr Cys Gln Trp Ala Ser Pro Tyr Gly Asn Ala Cys Tyr Cys 35 40
45Tyr Lys Leu Pro Asp His Val Arg Thr Lys Gly Pro Gly Arg Cys His
50 55 6027138PRTLeiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus 271Gly Val Pro Ile
Asn Val Ser Cys Thr Gly Ser Pro Gln Cys Ile Lys1 5 10 15Pro Cys Lys
Asp Ala Gly Met Arg Phe Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Arg Lys 20 25 30Cys His
Cys Thr Pro Lys 3527264PRTMesobuthus martensii 272Gly Arg Asp Ala
Tyr Ile Ala Asp Ser Glu Asn Cys Thr Tyr Phe Cys1 5 10 15Gly Ser Asn
Pro Tyr Cys Asn Asp Val Cys Thr Glu Asn Gly Ala Lys 20 25 30Ser Gly
Tyr Cys Gln Trp Ala Gly Arg Tyr Gly Asn Ala Cys Tyr Cys 35 40 45Ile
Asp Leu Pro Ala Ser Glu Arg Ile Lys Glu Gly Gly Arg Cys Gly 50 55
6027357PRTMesobuthus eupeus 273Met Lys Ile Ser Phe Val Leu Leu Leu
Thr Leu Phe Ile Cys Ser Ile1 5 10 15Gly Trp Ser Glu Ala Arg Pro Thr
Asp Ile Lys Cys Ser Glu Ser Tyr 20 25 30Gln Cys Phe Pro Val Cys Lys
Ser Arg Phe Gly Lys Thr Asn Gly Arg 35
40 45Cys Val Asn Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Phe 50 5527435PRTPandinus
imperator 274Thr Ile Ser Cys Thr Asn Pro Lys Gln Cys Tyr Pro His
Cys Lys Lys1 5 10 15Glu Thr Gly Tyr Pro Asn Ala Lys Cys Met Asn Arg
Lys Cys Lys Cys 20 25 30Phe Gly Arg 3527559PRTCentruroides
sculpturatus 275Lys Asp Gly Tyr Pro Val Asp Ser Lys Gly Cys Lys Leu
Ser Cys Val1 5 10 15Ala Asn Asn Tyr Cys Asp Asn Gln Cys Lys Met Lys
Lys Ala Ser Gly 20 25 30Gly His Cys Tyr Ala Met Ser Cys Tyr Cys Glu
Gly Leu Pro Glu Asn 35 40 45Ala Lys Val Ser Asp Ser Ala Thr Asn Ile
Cys 50 5527686PRTCentruroides sculpturatus 276Met Asn Ser Leu Leu
Met Ile Thr Ala Cys Leu Val Leu Ile Gly Thr1 5 10 15Val Trp Ala Lys
Asp Gly Tyr Leu Val Glu Lys Thr Gly Cys Lys Lys 20 25 30Thr Cys Tyr
Lys Leu Gly Glu Asn Asp Phe Cys Asn Arg Glu Cys Lys 35 40 45Trp Lys
His Ile Gly Gly Ser Tyr Gly Tyr Cys Tyr Gly Phe Gly Cys 50 55 60Tyr
Cys Glu Gly Leu Pro Asp Ser Thr Gln Thr Trp Pro Leu Pro Asn65 70 75
80Lys Thr Cys Gly Lys Lys 8527778PRTConus textile 277Met Lys Leu
Thr Cys Met Met Ile Val Ala Val Leu Phe Leu Thr Ala1 5 10 15Trp Thr
Phe Ala Thr Ala Asp Asp Pro Arg Asn Gly Leu Gly Asn Leu 20 25 30Phe
Ser Asn Ala His His Glu Met Lys Asn Pro Glu Ala Ser Lys Leu 35 40
45Asn Lys Arg Trp Cys Lys Gln Ser Gly Glu Met Cys Asn Leu Leu Asp
50 55 60Gln Asn Cys Cys Asp Gly Tyr Cys Ile Val Leu Val Cys Thr65
70 7527849PRTAnthopleura xanthogrammica 278Gly Val Pro Cys Leu Cys
Asp Ser Asp Gly Pro Arg Pro Arg Gly Asn1 5 10 15Thr Leu Ser Gly Ile
Leu Trp Phe Tyr Pro Ser Gly Cys Pro Ser Gly 20 25 30Trp His Asn Cys
Lys Ala His Gly Pro Asn Ile Gly Trp Cys Cys Lys 35 40
45Lys27984PRTTityus serrulatus 279Met Lys Gly Met Ile Leu Phe Ile
Ser Cys Leu Leu Leu Ile Gly Ile1 5 10 15Val Val Glu Cys Lys Glu Gly
Tyr Leu Met Asp His Glu Gly Cys Lys 20 25 30Leu Ser Cys Phe Ile Arg
Pro Ser Gly Tyr Cys Gly Arg Glu Cys Gly 35 40 45Ile Lys Lys Gly Ser
Ser Gly Tyr Cys Ala Trp Pro Ala Cys Tyr Cys 50 55 60Tyr Gly Leu Pro
Asn Trp Val Lys Val Trp Asp Arg Ala Thr Asn Lys65 70 75 80Cys Gly
Lys Lys28038PRTHadronyche infensa 280Lys Cys Leu Ala Glu Ala Ala
Asp Cys Ser Pro Trp Ser Gly Asp Ser1 5 10 15Cys Cys Lys Pro Tyr Leu
Cys Ser Cys Ile Phe Phe Tyr Pro Cys Ser 20 25 30Cys Arg Pro Lys Gly
Trp 3528135PRTOrnithoctonus huwena 281Glu Cys Leu Glu Ile Phe Lys
Ala Cys Asn Pro Ser Asn Asp Gln Cys1 5 10 15Cys Lys Ser Ser Lys Leu
Val Cys Ser Arg Lys Thr Arg Trp Cys Lys 20 25 30Tyr Gln Ile
3528266PRTMesobuthus martensii 282Val Arg Asp Gly Tyr Ile Ala Leu
Pro His Asn Cys Ala Tyr Gly Cys1 5 10 15Leu Asn Asn Glu Tyr Cys Asn
Asn Leu Cys Thr Lys Asp Gly Ala Lys 20 25 30Ile Gly Tyr Cys Asn Ile
Val Gly Lys Tyr Gly Asn Ala Cys Trp Cys 35 40 45Ile Gln Leu Pro Asp
Asn Val Pro Ile Arg Val Pro Gly Arg Cys His 50 55 60Pro
Ala6528338PRTMesobuthus martensii 283Ile Glu Ala Ile Arg Cys Gly
Gly Ser Arg Asp Cys Tyr Arg Pro Cys1 5 10 15Gln Lys Arg Thr Gly Cys
Pro Asn Ala Lys Cys Ile Asn Lys Thr Cys 20 25 30Lys Cys Tyr Gly Cys
Ser 3528442PRTCentruroides noxius 284Asp Arg Asp Ser Cys Val Asp
Lys Ser Arg Cys Ala Lys Tyr Gly Tyr1 5 10 15Tyr Gln Glu Cys Gln Asp
Cys Cys Lys Asn Ala Gly His Asn Gly Gly 20 25 30Thr Cys Met Phe Phe
Lys Cys Lys Cys Ala 35 4028536PRTGrammostola rosea 285Asp Cys Val
Arg Phe Trp Gly Lys Cys Ser Gln Thr Ser Asp Cys Cys1 5 10 15Pro His
Leu Ala Cys Lys Ser Lys Trp Pro Arg Asn Ile Cys Val Trp 20 25 30Asp
Gly Ser Val 3528640PRTTityus serrulatus 286Trp Cys Ser Thr Cys Leu
Asp Leu Ala Cys Gly Ala Ser Arg Glu Cys1 5 10 15Tyr Asp Pro Cys Phe
Lys Ala Phe Gly Arg Ala His Gly Lys Cys Met 20 25 30Asn Asn Lys Cys
Arg Cys Tyr Thr 35 4028735PRTPandinus imperator 287Thr Ile Ser Cys
Thr Asn Pro Lys Gln Cys Tyr Pro His Cys Lys Lys1 5 10 15Glu Thr Gly
Tyr Pro Asn Ala Lys Cys Met Asn Arg Lys Cys Lys Cys 20 25 30Phe Gly
Arg 3528839PRTCentruroides limbatus 288Thr Val Ile Asp Val Lys Cys
Thr Ser Pro Lys Gln Cys Leu Pro Pro1 5 10 15Cys Lys Ala Gln Phe Gly
Ile Arg Ala Gly Ala Lys Cys Met Asn Gly 20 25 30Lys Cys Lys Cys Tyr
Pro His 3528931PRTMesobuthus martensii 289Ala Ala Cys Tyr Ser Ser
Asp Cys Arg Val Lys Cys Val Ala Met Gly1 5 10 15Phe Ser Ser Gly Lys
Cys Ile Asn Ser Lys Cys Lys Cys Tyr Lys 20 25 3029037PRTMesobuthus
martensiiMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 290Xaa Phe Thr Asp Val
Lys Cys Thr Gly Ser Lys Gln Cys Trp Pro Val1 5 10 15Cys Lys Gln Met
Phe Gly Lys Pro Asn Gly Lys Cys Met Asn Gly Lys 20 25 30Cys Arg Cys
Tyr Ser 3529168PRTArabidopsis thalianaMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino
acid 291Xaa Pro Glu Ile Glu Ala Gln Gly Asn Glu Cys Leu Lys Glu Tyr
Gly1 5 10 15Gly Asp Val Gly Phe Gly Phe Cys Ala Pro Arg Ile Phe Pro
Thr Ile 20 25 30Cys Tyr Thr Arg Cys Arg Glu Asn Lys Gly Ala Lys Gly
Gly Arg Cys 35 40 45Arg Trp Gly Gln Gly Ser Asn Val Lys Cys Leu Cys
Asp Phe Cys Gly 50 55 60Asp Thr Pro Gln6529229PRTCucurbita maxima
292Arg Val Cys Pro Arg Ile Leu Leu Glu Cys Lys Lys Asp Ser Asp Cys1
5 10 15Leu Ala Glu Cys Val Cys Leu Glu His Gly Tyr Cys Gly 20
2529355PRTHalocynthia roretzi 293Ala His Met Asp Cys Thr Glu Phe
Asn Pro Leu Cys Arg Cys Asn Lys1 5 10 15Met Leu Gly Asp Leu Ile Cys
Ala Val Ile Gly Asp Ala Lys Glu Glu 20 25 30His Arg Asn Met Cys Ala
Leu Cys Cys Glu His Pro Gly Gly Phe Glu 35 40 45Tyr Ser Asn Gly Pro
Cys Glu 50 5529432PRTAmaranthus hypochondriacus 294Cys Ile Pro Lys
Trp Asn Arg Cys Gly Pro Lys Met Asp Gly Val Pro1 5 10 15Cys Cys Glu
Pro Tyr Thr Cys Thr Ser Asp Tyr Tyr Gly Asn Cys Ser 20 25
3029528PRTEcballium elaterium 295Gly Cys Pro Arg Ile Leu Met Arg
Cys Lys Gln Asp Ser Asp Cys Leu1 5 10 15Ala Gly Cys Val Cys Gly Pro
Asn Gly Phe Cys Gly 20 2529629PRTCucurbita maxima 296Arg Val Cys
Pro Arg Ile Leu Met Glu Cys Lys Lys Asp Ser Asp Cys1 5 10 15Leu Ala
Glu Cys Val Cys Leu Glu His Gly Tyr Cys Gly 20 2529734PRTMomordica
cochinchinensisMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 297Xaa Gly Ser
Asp Gly Gly Val Cys Pro Lys Ile Leu Lys Lys Cys Arg1 5 10 15Arg Asp
Ser Asp Cys Pro Gly Ala Cys Ile Cys Arg Gly Asn Gly Tyr 20 25 30Cys
Gly29850PRTBrassica rapa 298Asn Leu Met Lys Arg Cys Thr Arg Gly Phe
Arg Lys Leu Gly Lys Cys1 5 10 15Thr Thr Leu Glu Glu Glu Lys Cys Lys
Thr Leu Tyr Pro Arg Gly Gln 20 25 30Cys Thr Cys Ser Asp Ser Lys Met
Asn Thr His Ser Cys Asp Cys Lys 35 40 45Ser Cys 5029937PRTGlycine
max 299Ala Asp Cys Asn Gly Ala Cys Ser Pro Phe Glu Val Pro Pro Cys
Arg1 5 10 15Ser Arg Asp Cys Arg Cys Val Pro Ile Gly Leu Phe Val Gly
Phe Cys 20 25 30Ile His Pro Thr Gly 3530046PRTHelleborus
purpurascens 300Lys Ser Cys Cys Arg Asn Thr Leu Ala Arg Asn Cys Tyr
Asn Ala Cys1 5 10 15Arg Phe Thr Gly Gly Ser Gln Pro Thr Cys Gly Ile
Leu Cys Asp Cys 20 25 30Ile His Val Thr Thr Thr Thr Cys Pro Ser Ser
His Pro Ser 35 40 4530141PRTMacrovipera lebetina
obtusaMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 301Xaa Thr Thr Gly Pro Cys
Cys Arg Gln Cys Lys Leu Lys Pro Ala Gly1 5 10 15Thr Thr Cys Trp Lys
Thr Ser Leu Thr Ser His Tyr Cys Thr Gly Lys 20 25 30Ser Cys Asp Cys
Pro Leu Tyr Pro Gly 35 4030250PRTHomo sapiens 302Arg Lys Gly His
Phe Ser Arg Cys Pro Lys Gln Tyr Lys His Tyr Cys1 5 10 15Ile Lys Gly
Arg Cys Arg Phe Val Val Ala Glu Gln Thr Pro Ser Cys 20 25 30Val Cys
Asp Glu Gly Tyr Ile Gly Ala Arg Cys Glu Arg Val Asp Leu 35 40 45Phe
Tyr 5030329PRTOldenlandia affinisMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid
303Xaa Gly Leu Pro Val Cys Gly Glu Thr Cys Val Gly Gly Thr Cys Asn1
5 10 15Thr Pro Gly Cys Thr Cys Ser Trp Pro Val Cys Thr Arg 20
2530423PRTPseudoplusia includensMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid
304Xaa Asn Phe Asn Gly Gly Cys Leu Ala Gly Tyr Met Arg Thr Ala Asp1
5 10 15Gly Arg Cys Lys Pro Thr Phe 2030525PRTApanteles kariyai
305Glu Asn Phe Ser Gly Gly Cys Val Ala Gly Tyr Met Arg Thr Pro Asp1
5 10 15Gly Arg Cys Lys Pro Thr Phe Tyr Gln 20
2530658PRTDesulfovibrio gigas 306Pro Ile Glu Val Asn Asp Asp Cys
Met Ala Cys Glu Ala Cys Val Glu1 5 10 15Ile Cys Pro Asp Val Phe Glu
Met Asn Glu Glu Gly Asp Lys Ala Val 20 25 30Val Ile Asn Pro Asp Ser
Asp Leu Asp Cys Val Glu Glu Ala Ile Asp 35 40 45Ser Cys Pro Ala Glu
Ala Ile Val Arg Ser 50 5530732PRTOrnithoctonus
huwenaMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 307Xaa Cys Leu Gly Asp Lys
Cys Asp Tyr Asn Asn Gly Cys Cys Ser Gly1 5 10 15Tyr Val Cys Ser Arg
Thr Trp Lys Trp Cys Val Leu Ala Gly Pro Trp 20 25 3030855PRTHirudo
medicinalis 308Thr Gln Gly Asn Thr Cys Gly Gly Glu Thr Cys Ser Ala
Ala Gln Val1 5 10 15Cys Leu Lys Gly Lys Cys Val Cys Asn Glu Val His
Cys Arg Ile Arg 20 25 30Cys Lys Tyr Gly Leu Lys Lys Asp Glu Asn Gly
Cys Glu Tyr Pro Cys 35 40 45Ser Cys Ala Lys Ala Ser Gln 50
5530954PRTPentadiplandra brazzeanaMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino
acid 309Xaa Asp Lys Cys Lys Lys Val Tyr Glu Asn Tyr Pro Val Ser Lys
Cys1 5 10 15Gln Leu Ala Asn Gln Cys Asn Tyr Asp Cys Lys Leu Asp Lys
His Ala 20 25 30Arg Ser Gly Glu Cys Phe Tyr Asp Glu Lys Arg Asn Leu
Gln Cys Ile 35 40 45Cys Asp Tyr Cys Glu Tyr 5031046PRTCrambe
hispanica 310Thr Thr Cys Cys Pro Ser Ile Val Ala Arg Ser Asn Phe
Asn Val Cys1 5 10 15Arg Leu Pro Gly Thr Ser Glu Ala Ile Cys Ala Thr
Tyr Thr Gly Cys 20 25 30Ile Ile Ile Pro Gly Ala Thr Cys Pro Gly Asp
Tyr Ala Asn 35 40 4531151PRTHirudo
medicinalisMOD_RES(1)..(1)variable amino acid 311Xaa Val Tyr Thr
Asp Cys Thr Glu Ser Gly Gln Asn Leu Cys Leu Cys1 5 10 15Glu Gly Ser
Asn Val Cys Gly Gln Gly Asn Lys Cys Ile Leu Gly Ser 20 25 30Asp Gly
Glu Lys Asn Gln Cys Val Thr Gly Glu Gly Thr Pro Lys Pro 35 40 45Gln
Ser His 5031213PRTHomo sapiens 312Thr Cys Glu Ile Cys Ala Tyr Ala
Ala Cys Thr Gly Cys1 5 1031353PRTMus musculus 313Asn Ser Tyr Pro
Gly Cys Pro Ser Ser Tyr Asp Gly Tyr Cys Leu Asn1 5 10 15Gly Gly Val
Cys Met His Ile Glu Ser Leu Asp Ser Tyr Thr Cys Asn 20 25 30Cys Val
Ile Gly Tyr Ser Gly Asp Arg Cys Gln Thr Arg Asp Leu Arg 35 40 45Trp
Trp Glu Leu Arg 5031416PRTHomo sapiens 314Asn Asp Asp Cys Glu Leu
Cys Val Asn Val Ala Cys Thr Gly Cys Leu1 5 10 1531543PRTHevea
brasiliensis 315Glu Gln Cys Gly Arg Gln Ala Gly Gly Lys Leu Cys Pro
Asn Asn Leu1 5 10 15Cys Cys Ser Gln Trp Gly Trp Cys Gly Ser Thr Asp
Glu Tyr Cys Ser 20 25 30Pro Asp His Asn Cys Gln Ser Asn Cys Lys Asp
35 4031670PRTHomo sapiens 316Gly Ser Glu Val Ser Asp Lys Arg Thr
Cys Val Ser Leu Thr Thr Gln1 5 10 15Arg Leu Pro Val Ser Arg Ile Lys
Thr Tyr Thr Ile Thr Glu Gly Ser 20 25 30Leu Arg Ala Val Ile Phe Ile
Thr Lys Arg Gly Leu Lys Val Cys Ala 35 40 45Asp Pro Gln Ala Thr Trp
Val Arg Asp Val Val Arg Ser Met Asp Arg 50 55 60Lys Ser Asn Thr Arg
Asn65 7031772PRTHomo sapiens 317Ala Ser Val Ala Thr Glu Leu Arg Cys
Gln Cys Leu Gln Thr Leu Gln1 5 10 15Gly Ile His Pro Lys Asn Ile Gln
Ser Val Asn Val Lys Ser Pro Gly 20 25 30Pro His Cys Ala Gln Thr Glu
Val Ile Ala Thr Leu Lys Asn Gly Arg 35 40 45Lys Ala Cys Leu Asn Pro
Ala Ser Pro Ile Val Lys Lys Ile Ile Glu 50 55 60Lys Met Leu Asn Ser
Asp Lys Ser65 7031871PRTHomo sapiens 318Leu Ala Thr Glu Leu Arg Cys
Gln Cys Leu Gln Thr Leu Gln Gly Ile1 5 10 15His Leu Lys Asn Ile Gln
Ser Val Lys Val Lys Ser Pro Gly Pro His 20 25 30Cys Ala Gln Thr Glu
Val Ile Ala Thr Leu Lys Asn Gly Gln Lys Ala 35 40 45Cys Leu Asn Pro
Ala Ser Pro Met Val Lys Lys Ile Ile Glu Lys Met 50 55 60Leu Lys Asn
Gly Lys Ser Asn65 7031970PRTHomo sapiens 319Glu Ala Glu Glu Asp Gly
Asp Leu Gln Cys Leu Cys Val Lys Thr Thr1 5 10 15Ser Gln Val Arg Pro
Arg His Ile Thr Ser Leu Glu Val Ile Lys Ala 20 25 30Gly Pro His Cys
Pro Thr Ala Gln Leu Ile Ala Thr Leu Lys Asn Gly 35 40 45Arg Lys Ile
Cys Leu Asp Leu Gln Ala Pro Leu Tyr Lys Lys Ile Ile 50 55 60Lys Lys
Leu Leu Glu Ser65 7032073PRTHomo sapiens 320Ala Val Leu Arg Glu Leu
Arg Cys Val Cys Leu Gln Thr Thr Gln Gly1 5 10 15Val His Pro Lys Met
Ile Ser Asn Leu Gln Val Phe Ala Ile Gly Pro 20 25 30Gln Cys Ser Lys
Val Glu Val Val Ala Ser Leu Lys Asn Gly Lys Glu 35 40 45Ile Cys Leu
Asp Pro Glu Ala Pro Phe Leu Lys Lys Val Ile Gln Lys 50 55 60Ile Leu
Asp Gly Gly Asn Lys Glu Asn65 7032173PRTHomo sapiens 321Ala Val Leu
Thr Glu Leu Arg Cys Thr Cys Leu Arg Val Thr Leu Arg1 5 10 15Val Asn
Pro Lys Thr Ile Gly Lys Leu Gln Val Phe Pro Ala Gly Pro 20 25 30Gln
Cys Ser Lys Val Glu Val Val Ala Ser Leu Lys Asn Gly Lys Gln 35 40
45Val Cys Leu Asp Pro Glu Ala Pro Phe Leu Lys Lys Val Ile Gln Lys
50 55 60Ile Leu Asp Ser Gly Asn Lys Lys Asn65 7032273PRTHomo
sapiens 322Asp Leu Tyr Ala Glu Leu Arg Cys Met Cys Ile Lys Thr Thr
Ser Gly1 5 10 15Ile His Pro Lys Asn Ile Gln Ser Leu Glu Val Ile Gly
Lys Gly Thr 20 25 30His Cys Asn Gln Val Glu Val Ile Ala Thr Leu Lys
Asp Gly Arg Lys 35 40 45Ile Cys Leu Asp Pro Asp Ala Pro Arg Ile Lys
Lys Ile Val Gln Lys 50 55 60Lys Leu Ala Gly Asp Glu Ser Ala Asp65
7032372PRTHomo sapiens 323Ser Ala Lys Glu Leu Arg Cys Gln Cys Ile
Lys Thr Tyr Ser Lys Pro1 5 10 15Phe His Pro Lys Phe Ile Lys Glu Leu
Arg Val Ile Glu Ser Gly Pro 20 25 30His Cys Ala Asn Thr Glu Ile Ile
Val Lys Leu Ser Asp Gly Arg Glu 35 40 45Leu Cys Leu Asp Pro Lys Glu
Asn Trp Val Gln Arg Val Val Glu Lys 50 55 60Phe Leu Lys Arg Ala Glu
Asn Ser65 7032472PRTHomo sapiens 324Gly Arg Cys Ser Cys Ile Ser Thr
Asn Gln Gly Thr Ile His Leu Gln1 5 10 15Ser Leu Lys Asp Leu Lys Gln
Phe Ala Pro Ser Pro Ser Cys Glu Lys 20 25 30Ile Glu Ile Ile Ala Thr
Leu Lys Asn Gly Val Gln Thr Cys Leu Asn 35 40 45Pro Asp Ser Ala Asp
Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Lys Lys Trp Glu Lys Gln 50 55 60Val Ser Gln Lys
Lys Lys Gln Lys65 7032571PRTHomo sapiens 325Val Arg Cys Thr Cys Ile
Ser Ile Ser Asn Gln Pro Val Asn Pro Arg1 5 10 15Ser Leu Glu Lys Leu
Glu Ile Ile Pro Ala Ser Gln Phe Cys Pro Arg 20 25 30Val Glu Ile Ile
Ala Thr Met Lys Lys Lys Gly Glu Lys Arg Cys Leu 35 40 45Asn Pro Glu
Ser Lys Ala Ile Lys Asn Leu Leu Lys Ala Val Ser Lys 50 55 60Glu Arg
Ser Lys Arg Ser Pro65 7032667PRTHomo sapiens 326Gly Arg Cys Leu Cys
Ile Gly Pro Gly Val Lys Ala Val Lys Val Ala1 5 10 15Asp Ile Glu Lys
Ala Ser Ile Met Tyr Pro Ser Asn Asn Cys Asp Lys 20 25 30Ile Glu Val
Ile Ile Thr Leu Lys Glu Asn Lys Gly Gln Arg Cys Leu 35 40 45Asn Pro
Lys Ser Lys Gln Ala Arg Leu Ile Ile Lys Lys Val Glu Arg 50 55 60Lys
Asn Phe6532766PRTHomo sapiens 327Tyr Arg Cys Pro Cys Arg Phe Phe
Glu Ser His Val Ala Arg Ala Asn1 5 10 15Val Lys His Leu Lys Ile Leu
Asn Thr Pro Asn Cys Ala Leu Gln Ile 20 25 30Val Ala Arg Leu Lys Asn
Asn Asn Arg Gln Val Cys Ile Asp Pro Lys 35 40 45Leu Lys Trp Ile Gln
Glu Tyr Leu Glu Lys Ala Leu Asn Lys Arg Phe 50 55 60Lys
Met6532872PRTHomo sapiens 328Leu Arg Cys Arg Cys Val Gln Glu Ser
Ser Val Phe Ile Pro Arg Arg1 5 10 15Phe Ile Asp Arg Ile Gln Ile Leu
Pro Arg Gly Asn Gly Cys Pro Arg 20 25 30Lys Glu Ile Ile Val Trp Lys
Lys Asn Lys Ser Ile Val Cys Val Asp 35 40 45Pro Gln Ala Glu Trp Ile
Gln Arg Met Met Glu Val Leu Arg Lys Arg 50 55 60Ser Ser Ser Thr Leu
Pro Val Pro65 7032967PRTHomo sapiens 329Phe Ser Arg Cys Cys Phe Ser
Phe Ala Glu Gln Glu Ile Pro Leu Arg1 5 10 15Ala Ile Leu Cys Tyr Arg
Asn Thr Ser Ser Ile Cys Ser Asn Glu Gly 20 25 30Leu Ile Phe Lys Leu
Lys Arg Gly Lys Glu Ala Cys Ala Leu Asp Thr 35 40 45Val Gly Trp Val
Gln Arg His Arg Lys Met Leu Arg His Cys Pro Ser 50 55 60Lys Arg
Lys6533069PRTHomo sapiens 330Pro Ile Thr Cys Cys Phe Asn Val Ile
Asn Arg Lys Ile Pro Ile Gln1 5 10 15Arg Leu Glu Ser Tyr Thr Arg Ile
Thr Asn Ile Gln Cys Pro Lys Glu 20 25 30Ala Val Ile Phe Lys Thr Lys
Arg Gly Lys Glu Val Cys Ala Asp Pro 35 40 45Lys Glu Arg Trp Val Arg
Asp Ser Met Lys His Leu Asp Gln Ile Phe 50 55 60Gln Asn Leu Lys
Pro6533168PRTHomo sapiens 331Pro Ser Thr Cys Cys Phe Thr Phe Ser
Ser Lys Lys Ile Ser Leu Gln1 5 10 15Arg Leu Lys Ser Tyr Val Ile Thr
Thr Ser Arg Cys Pro Gln Lys Ala 20 25 30Val Ile Phe Arg Thr Lys Leu
Gly Lys Glu Ile Cys Ala Asp Pro Lys 35 40 45Glu Lys Trp Val Gln Asn
Tyr Met Lys His Leu Gly Arg Lys Ala His 50 55 60Thr Leu Lys
Thr6533261PRTHomo sapiens 332Ser Glu Cys Cys Phe Thr Tyr Thr Thr
Tyr Lys Ile Pro Arg Gln Arg1 5 10 15Ile Met Asp Tyr Tyr Glu Thr Asn
Ser Gln Cys Ser Lys Pro Gly Ile 20 25 30Val Phe Ile Thr Lys Arg Gly
His Ser Val Cys Thr Asn Arg Ser Asp 35 40 45Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Tyr
Ile Lys Asp Met Lys Glu Asn 50 55 6033367PRTHomo sapiens 333Phe His
Phe Ala Ala Asp Cys Cys Thr Ser Tyr Ile Ser Gln Ser Ile1 5 10 15Pro
Cys Ser Leu Met Lys Ser Tyr Phe Glu Thr Ser Ser Glu Cys Ser 20 25
30Lys Pro Gly Val Ile Phe Leu Thr Lys Lys Gly Arg Gln Val Cys Ala
35 40 45Lys Pro Ser Gly Pro Gly Val Gln Asp Cys Met Lys Lys Leu Lys
Pro 50 55 60Tyr Ser Ile6533464PRTHomo sapiens 334Arg Glu Cys Cys
Leu Glu Tyr Phe Lys Gly Ala Ile Pro Leu Arg Lys1 5 10 15Leu Lys Thr
Trp Tyr Gln Thr Ser Glu Asp Cys Ser Arg Asp Ala Ile 20 25 30Val Phe
Val Thr Val Gln Gly Arg Ala Ile Cys Ser Asp Pro Asn Asn 35 40 45Lys
Arg Val Lys Asn Ala Val Lys Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu Glu Arg Ser 50 55
6033562PRTHomo sapiens 335Glu Leu Cys Cys Leu Val Tyr Thr Ser Trp
Gln Ile Pro Gln Lys Phe1 5 10 15Ile Val Asp Tyr Ser Glu Thr Ser Pro
Gln Cys Pro Lys Pro Gly Val 20 25 30Ile Leu Leu Thr Lys Arg Gly Arg
Gln Ile Cys Ala Asp Pro Asn Lys 35 40 45Lys Trp Val Gln Lys Tyr Ile
Ser Asp Leu Lys Leu Asn Ala 50 55 6033672PRTHomo sapiens 336Glu Asp
Cys Cys Leu Ser Val Thr Gln Lys Pro Ile Pro Gly Tyr Ile1 5 10 15Val
Arg Asn Phe His Tyr Leu Leu Ile Lys Asp Gly Cys Arg Val Pro 20 25
30Ala Val Val Phe Thr Thr Leu Arg Gly Arg Gln Leu Cys Ala Pro Pro
35 40 45Asp Gln Pro Trp Val Glu Arg Ile Ile Gln Arg Leu Gln Arg Thr
Ser 50 55 60Ala Lys Met Lys Arg Arg Ser Ser65 7033774PRTHomo
sapiens 337Phe His Ala Thr Ser Ala Asp Cys Cys Ile Ser Tyr Thr Pro
Arg Ser1 5 10 15Ile Pro Cys Ser Leu Leu Glu Ser Tyr Phe Glu Thr Asn
Ser Glu Cys 20 25 30Ser Lys Pro Gly Val Ile Phe Leu Thr Lys Lys Gly
Arg Arg Phe Cys 35 40 45Ala Asn Pro Ser Asp Lys Gln Val Gln Val Cys
Val Arg Met Leu Lys 50 55 60Leu Asp Thr Arg Ile Lys Thr Arg Lys
Asn65 7033870PRTHomo sapiens 338Ser Pro Cys Cys Met Phe Phe Val Ser
Lys Arg Ile Pro Glu Asn Arg1 5 10 15Val Val Ser Tyr Gln Leu Ser Ser
Arg Ser Thr Cys Leu Lys Ala Gly 20 25 30Val Ile Phe Thr Thr Lys Lys
Gly Gln Gln Phe Cys Gly Asp Pro Lys 35 40 45Gln Glu Trp Val Gln Arg
Tyr Met Lys Asn Leu Asp Ala Lys Gln Lys 50 55 60Lys Ala Ser Pro Arg
Ala65 7033976PRTHomo sapiens 339Gln Pro Asp Ala Ile Asn Ala Pro Val
Thr Cys Cys Tyr Asn Phe Thr1 5 10 15Asn Arg Lys Ile Ser Val Gln Arg
Leu Ala Ser Tyr Arg Arg Ile Thr 20 25 30Ser Ser Lys Cys Pro Lys Glu
Ala Val Ile Phe Lys Thr Ile Val Ala 35 40 45Lys Glu Ile Cys Ala Asp
Pro Lys Gln Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Ser Met 50 55 60Asp His Leu Asp Lys
Gln Thr Gln Thr Pro Lys Thr65 70 7534062PRTHomo sapiens 340Thr Ala
Cys Cys Phe Ser Tyr Thr Ser Arg Gln Ile Pro Gln Asn Phe1 5 10 15Ile
Ala Asp Tyr Phe Glu Thr Ser Ser Gln Cys Ser Lys Pro Gly Val 20 25
30Ile Phe Leu Thr Lys Arg Ser Arg Gln Val Cys Ala Asp Pro Ser Glu
35 40 45Glu Trp Val Gln Lys Tyr Val Ser Asp Leu Glu Leu Ser Ala 50
55 6034161PRTHomo sapiens 341Thr Ala Cys Cys Phe Ser Tyr Thr Ala
Arg Lys Leu Pro Arg Asn Phe1 5 10 15Val Val Asp Tyr Tyr Glu Thr Ser
Ser Leu Cys Ser Gln Pro Ala Val 20 25 30Val Phe Gln Thr Lys Arg Ser
Lys Gln Val Cys Ala Asp Pro Ser Glu 35 40 45Ser Trp Val Gln Glu Tyr
Val Tyr Asp Leu Glu Leu Asn 50 55 6034268PRTHomo sapiens 342Ser Pro
Tyr Ser Ser Asp Thr Thr Pro Cys Cys Phe Ala Tyr Ile Ala1 5 10 15Arg
Pro Leu Pro Arg Ala His Ile Lys Glu Tyr Phe Tyr Thr Ser Gly 20 25
30Lys Cys Ser Asn Pro Ala Val Val Phe Val Thr Arg Lys Asn Arg Gln
35 40 45Val Cys Ala Asn Pro Glu Lys Lys Trp Val Arg Glu Tyr Ile Asn
Ser 50 55 60Leu Glu Met Ser6534369PRTHomo sapiens 343Ser Thr Thr
Cys Cys Tyr Arg Phe Ile Asn Lys Lys Ile Pro Lys Gln1 5 10 15Arg Leu
Glu Ser Tyr Arg Arg Thr Thr Ser Ser His Cys Pro Arg Glu 20 25 30Ala
Val Ile Phe Lys Thr Lys Leu Asp Lys Glu Ile Cys Ala Asp Pro 35 40
45Thr Gln Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Phe Met Lys His Leu Asp Lys Lys Thr
50 55 60Gln Thr Pro Lys Leu6534469PRTHomo sapiens 344Pro Thr Thr
Cys Cys Phe Asn Leu Ala Asn Arg Lys Ile Pro Leu Gln1 5 10 15Arg Leu
Glu Ser Tyr Arg Arg Ile Thr Ser Gly Lys Cys Pro Gln Lys 20 25 30Ala
Val Ile Phe Lys Thr Lys Leu Ala Lys Asp Ile Cys Ala Asp Pro 35 40
45Lys Lys Lys Trp Val Gln Asp Ser Met Lys Tyr Leu Asp Gln Lys Ser
50 55 60Pro Thr Pro Lys Pro6534568PRTHomo sapiens 345Ser Thr Cys
Cys Leu Lys Tyr Tyr Glu Lys Val Leu Pro Arg Arg Leu1 5 10 15Val Val
Gly Tyr Arg Lys Ala Leu Asn Cys His Leu Pro Ala Ile Ile 20 25 30Phe
Val Thr Lys Arg Asn Arg Glu Val Cys Thr Asn Pro Asn Asp Asp 35 40
45Trp Val Gln Glu Tyr Ile Lys Asp Pro Asn Leu Pro Leu Leu Pro Thr
50 55 60Arg Asn Leu Ser6534667PRTHomo sapiens 346Phe Asp Cys Cys
Leu Gly Tyr Thr Asp Arg Ile Leu His Pro Lys Phe1 5 10 15Ile Val Gly
Phe Thr Arg Gln Leu Ala Asn Glu Gly Cys Asp Ile Asn 20 25 30Ala Ile
Ile Phe His Thr Lys Lys Lys Leu Ser Val Cys Ala Asn Pro 35 40 45Lys
Gln Thr Trp Val Lys Tyr Ile Val Arg Leu Leu Ser Lys Lys Val 50 55
60Lys Asn Met6534773PRTHomo sapiens 347Gln Asp Cys Cys Leu Lys Tyr
Ser Gln Arg Lys Ile Pro Ala Lys Val1 5 10 15Val Arg Ser Tyr Arg Lys
Gln Glu Pro Ser Leu Gly Cys Ser Ile Pro 20 25 30Ala Ile Leu Phe Leu
Pro Arg Lys Arg Ser Gln Ala Glu Leu Cys Ala 35 40 45Asp Pro Lys Glu
Leu Trp Val Gln Gln Leu Met Gln His Leu Asp Lys 50 55 60Thr Pro Ser
Pro Gln Lys Pro Ala Gln65 7034860PRTHomo sapiens 348Ser Val Cys Cys
Arg Asp Tyr Val Arg Tyr Arg Leu Pro Leu Arg Val1 5 10 15Val Lys His
Phe Tyr Trp Thr Ser Asp Ser Cys Pro Arg Pro Gly Val 20 25 30Val Leu
Leu Thr Phe Arg Asp Lys Glu Ile Cys Ala Asp Pro Arg Val 35 40 45Pro
Trp Val Lys Met Ile Leu Asn Lys Leu Ser Gln 50 55 6034975PRTHomo
sapiens 349Phe Glu Asp Cys Cys Leu Ala Tyr His Tyr Pro Ile Gly Trp
Ala Val1 5 10 15Leu Arg Arg Ala Trp Thr Tyr Arg Ile Gln Glu Val Ser
Gly Ser Cys 20 25 30Asn Leu Pro Ala Ala Ile Phe Tyr Leu Pro Lys Arg
His Arg Lys Val 35 40 45Cys Gly Asn Pro Lys Ser Arg Glu Val Gln Arg
Ala Met Lys Leu Leu 50 55 60Asp Ala Arg Asn Lys Val Phe Ala Lys Leu
His65 70 7535073PRTHomo sapiens 350Thr Ala Cys Cys Thr Gln Leu Tyr
Arg Lys Pro Leu Ser Asp Lys Leu1 5 10 15Leu Arg Lys Val Ile Gln Val
Glu Leu Gln Glu Ala Asp Gly Asp Cys 20 25 30His Leu Gln Ala Phe Val
Leu His Leu Ala Gln Arg Ser Ile Cys Ile 35 40 45His Pro Gln Asn Pro
Ser Leu Ser Gln Trp Phe Glu His Gln Glu Arg 50 55 60Lys Leu His Gly
Thr Leu Pro Lys Leu65 7035172PRTHomo sapiens 351Ser Ser Cys Cys Thr
Glu Val Ser His His Ile Ser Arg Arg Leu Leu1 5 10 15Glu Arg Val Asn
Met Cys Arg Ile Gln Arg Ala Asp Gly Asp Cys Asp 20 25 30Leu Ala Ala
Val Ile Leu His Val Lys Arg Arg Arg Ile Cys Val Ser 35 40 45Pro His
Asn His Thr Val Lys Gln Trp Met Lys Val Gln Ala Ala Lys 50 55 60Lys
Asn Gly Lys Gly Asn Val Cys65 7035219PRTAesculus hippocastanum
352His Gly Ala Cys His Lys Arg Glu Asn His Trp Lys Cys Phe Cys Tyr1
5 10 15Phe Asn Cys35320PRTHomo sapiens 353Cys Ala Asn Thr Glu Ile
Ile Val Lys Leu Ser Asp Gly Arg Glu Leu1 5 10 15Cys Leu Asp Pro
2035423PRTHomo sapiens 354Cys Pro Thr Ala Gln Leu Ile Ala Thr Leu
Lys Asn Gly Arg Lys Ile1 5 10 15Cys Leu Asp Leu Gln Ala Pro
2035523PRTHomo sapiens 355Cys Ala Gln Thr Glu Val Ile Ala Thr Leu
Lys Asn Gly Arg Lys Ala1 5 10 15Cys Leu Asn Pro Ala Ser Pro
2035617PRTHomo sapiens 356Arg Ala Val Ile Phe Ile Thr Lys Arg Gly
Leu Lys Val Cys Ala Asp1 5 10 15Pro35720PRTHomo sapiens 357Cys Pro
Lys Glu Ala Val Ile Phe Lys Thr Ile Val Ala Lys Glu Ile1 5 10 15Cys
Ala Asp Pro 2035820PRTHomo sapiens 358Cys Ser Asn Pro Ala Val Val
Phe Val Thr Arg Lys Asn Arg Gln Val1 5 10 15Cys Ala Asn Pro
2035927PRTArtificial SequenceDescription of Artificial Seqeunce
Synthetic peptide 359Asp Ser Ala Asp Val Lys Glu Leu Ile Lys Lys
Trp Glu Lys Gln Val1 5 10 15Ser Gln Lys Lys Lys Gln Lys Asn Gly Lys
Lys 20 2536018PRTArtficial SequenceMOD_RES(1)..(3)Variable amino
acid and this region may encompass 1 to 3
residuesMOD_RES(5)..(5)Variable amino acidMOD_RES(7)..(15)Variable
amino acid and this region may encompass 2 to 9
residuesMOD_RES(17)..(17)Variable amino acid that may or may not be
present 360Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Cys1 5 10 15Xaa Cys36116PRTArtficial
SequenceMOD_RES(2)..(10)Variable amino acid and this region may
encompass 3 to 9 residuesMOD_RES(12)..(12)Variable amino
acidMOD_RES(14)..(16)Variable amino acid and this region may
encompass 1 to 3 residues 361Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Cys Xaa Gly Xaa Xaa Xaa1 5 10 1536216PRTArtficial
SequenceMOD_RES(2)..(10)Variable amino acid and this region may
encompass 3 to 9 residuesMOD_RES(12)..(12)Variable amino
acidMOD_RES(14)..(16)Variable amino acid and this region may
encompass 1 to 3 residues 362Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Gly Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa1 5 10 1536322PRTArtficial
SequenceMOD_RES(2)..(14)region may encompass between
10 and 13 variable amino acidsMOD_RES(16)..(18)variable amino
acidMOD_RES(20)..(21)variable amino acid 363Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa
Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Xaa1 5 10 15Xaa Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa
Pro 20
* * * * *