U.S. patent application number 16/421586 was filed with the patent office on 2020-02-13 for facilitation of user equipment specific compression of beamforming coefficients for fronthaul links for 5g or other next generat.
The applicant listed for this patent is AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P.. Invention is credited to Aditya Chopra, Arunabha Ghosh, Milap Majmundar, SaiRamesh Nammi.
Application Number | 20200052766 16/421586 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 67106558 |
Filed Date | 2020-02-13 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20200052766 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Nammi; SaiRamesh ; et
al. |
February 13, 2020 |
FACILITATION OF USER EQUIPMENT SPECIFIC COMPRESSION OF BEAMFORMING
COEFFICIENTS FOR FRONTHAUL LINKS FOR 5G OR OTHER NEXT GENERATION
NETWORK
Abstract
Precoding coefficients can be compressed based on user equipment
signal interference to noise ratio or path loss in front haul cloud
radio access network systems. For example, a baseband unit can
compute a precoder matrix from an estimated channel associated with
an uplink signal. Once the baseband unit computes the channel, it
can determine the coefficients for the linear combination of the
basis vectors, which are known at the baseband unit and the radio
unit as well. The baseband unit can estimate the path loss and the
signal interference to noise ratio and determine the basis vectors.
The baseband unit can then compress the coefficients and transmit
the coefficients to the radio unit. When the radio unit receives
the compressed coefficients, the radio unit can reconstruct the
precoder matrix and apply to reference signals and data traffic
channels.
Inventors: |
Nammi; SaiRamesh; (Austin,
TX) ; Ghosh; Arunabha; (Austin, TX) ;
Majmundar; Milap; (Austin, TX) ; Chopra; Aditya;
(Austin, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
AT&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. |
Atlanta |
GA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
67106558 |
Appl. No.: |
16/421586 |
Filed: |
May 24, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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16059680 |
Aug 9, 2018 |
10348386 |
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16421586 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 25/0391 20130101;
H04W 88/085 20130101; H04B 7/0478 20130101; H04L 25/0224 20130101;
H04W 52/242 20130101; H04W 72/0413 20130101; H04B 7/0456 20130101;
H04B 17/336 20150115; H04L 25/00 20130101; H04B 7/0658 20130101;
H04B 7/0626 20130101; H04B 7/0663 20130101; H04L 25/03343 20130101;
H04B 7/043 20130101; H04B 7/0857 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04B 7/06 20060101
H04B007/06; H04W 52/24 20060101 H04W052/24; H04B 7/0456 20060101
H04B007/0456; H04B 7/08 20060101 H04B007/08 |
Claims
1. A method, comprising: receiving, by a wireless network device
comprising a processor, an uplink reference signal associated with
a channel; based on a precoder matrix, determining, by the wireless
network device, a channel coefficient associated with a linear
combination; in response to the determining, mapping, by the
wireless network device, a port, associated with a channel state
data reference signal, to a co-polarized element of the precoder
matrix; and based on an estimated signal attribute associated with
the uplink reference signal, compressing, by the wireless network
device, the channel coefficient for a channel state data
transmission and a data traffic channel transmission.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the signal attribute is
representative of at least a signal interference-to-noise ratio
associated with a mobile device, and wherein the compressing is
based on the signal interference-to-noise ratio.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: based on a magnitude
of the signal interference-to-noise ratio, partitioning, by the
wireless network device, a value associated with the signal
interference-to-noise ratio into partitions.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on a
characteristic of the channel, generating, by the wireless network
device, the precoder matrix.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the precoder matrix is equal to a
unit vector associated with the wireless network device.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the signal attribute comprises a
path loss value representative of a path loss associated with a
mobile device, and wherein the compressing is based on the path
loss.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: based on the channel
coefficient and the mapping of the port, estimating, by the
wireless network device, a signal attribute associated with the
uplink reference signal, resulting in the estimated signal
attribute.
8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: based on the path
loss, assigning, by the wireless network device, a value to the
mobile device.
9. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memory that stores
executable instructions that, when executed by the processor,
facilitate performance of operations, comprising: receiving an
uplink reference signal associated with a channel utilized by a
mobile device; mapping a port for a channel state data reference
signal to a co-polarized element of a precoder matrix equal to a
unit vector; determining a channel coefficient associated with the
channel; in response to the determining the channel coefficient and
the mapping of the port, estimating a signal attribute associated
with the uplink reference signal; and based on a result of the
estimating, compressing the channel coefficient, resulting in a
compressed channel coefficient for a channel state data
transmission.
10. The system of claim 9, wherein the signal attribute is a signal
interference-to-noise ratio associated with the mobile device.
11. The system of claim 9, wherein the operations comprise: based
on the channel, generating the precoder matrix that is equal to the
unit vector.
12. The system of claim 9, wherein the compressing is based on a
path loss associated with the mobile device.
13. The system of claim 9, wherein the compressing is based on a
signal interference-to-noise ratio associated with the mobile
device.
14. The system of claim 9, wherein the signal attribute is a path
loss value associated with a path loss applicable to communication
with the mobile device.
15. A non-transitory machine-readable medium, comprising executable
instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate
performance of operations, comprising: generating a precoder matrix
that is equal to a unit vector; using the precoder matrix,
determining a channel coefficient associated with a linear
combination of a basis vector; in response to the determining,
mapping a port of a channel state data reference signal to a
co-polarized element of the precoder matrix; and based on an
estimated signal attribute associated with an uplink reference
signal, compressing the channel coefficient, resulting in a
compressed channel coefficient for a channel state data
transmission.
16. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 15, wherein
the generating the precoder matrix is based on the uplink reference
signal associated with the compressed channel coefficient.
17. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 15, wherein
the operations further comprise: in response to the compressing the
channel coefficient, transmitting the compressed channel
coefficient to a radio device.
18. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 15, wherein
the operations further comprise: facilitating a reconstruction of
the precoder matrix.
19. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 18, wherein
the facilitating the reconstruction of the precoder matrix is based
on the compressed channel coefficient.
20. The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 15, wherein
the operations further comprise: using the channel coefficient,
estimating a signal attribute associated with the uplink reference
signal, resulting in the estimated signal attribute.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] The subject patent application is a continuation of, and
claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/059,680,
filed Aug. 9, 2018, and entitled "FACILITATION OF USER EQUIPMENT
SPECIFIC COMPRESSION OF BEAMFORMING COEFFICIENTS FOR FRONTHAUL
LINKS FOR 5G OR OTHER NEXT GENERATION NETWORK," the entirety of
which application is hereby incorporated by reference herein.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates generally to facilitating user
equipment specific compression for beamforming coefficients. For
example, this disclosure relates to facilitating user equipment
specific compression for beamforming coefficients based on signal
interference to noise ratios and or path loss for a 5G, or other
next generation network, air interface.
BACKGROUND
[0003] 5th generation (5G) wireless systems represent a next major
phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current
telecommunications standards of 4.sup.th generation (4G). Rather
than faster peak Internet connection speeds, 5G planning aims at
higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher number of mobile
broadband users per area unit, and allowing consumption of higher
or unlimited data quantities. This would enable a large portion of
the population to stream high-definition media many hours per day
with their mobile devices, when out of reach of wireless fidelity
hotspots. 5G research and development also aims at improved support
of machine-to-machine communication, also known as the Internet of
things, aiming at lower cost, lower battery consumption, and lower
latency than 4G equipment.
[0004] The above-described background relating to facilitating user
equipment specific compression for beamforming coefficients is
merely intended to provide a contextual overview of some current
issues, and is not intended to be exhaustive. Other contextual
information may become further apparent upon review of the
following detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the subject
disclosure are described with reference to the following figures,
wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the
various views unless otherwise specified.
[0006] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communication system
in which a network node device (e.g., network node) and user
equipment (UE) can implement various aspects and embodiments of the
subject disclosure.
[0007] FIG. 2 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of a message sequence chart between a network node and user
equipment according to one or more embodiments.
[0008] FIG. 3 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of a passive antenna array according to one or more
embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 4 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of an active antenna array according to one or more
embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 5 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of an antenna array for hybrid beamforming according to one or more
embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 6 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of a cloud radio access network architecture according to one or
more embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 7 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of split options for fronthaul according to one or more
embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 8 illustrates an example spectral efficiency graph
according to one or more embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 9 illustrates an example schematic system block diagram
of multi-stage representation of massive multiple-in multiple-out
precoding according to one or more embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 10 illustrates an example flow diagram for a method for
facilitating user equipment specific compression of beamforming
coefficients for a 5G network according to one or more
embodiments.
[0016] FIG. 11 illustrates an example flow diagram for a system for
facilitating user equipment specific compression of beamforming
coefficients for a 5G network according to one or more
embodiments.
[0017] FIG. 12 illustrates an example flow diagram for a
computer-readable medium for facilitating user equipment specific
compression of beamforming coefficients for a 5G network according
to one or more embodiments.
[0018] FIG. 13 illustrates an example block diagram of an example
mobile handset operable to engage in a system architecture that
facilitates secure wireless communication according to one or more
embodiments described herein.
[0019] FIG. 14 illustrates an example block diagram of an example
computer operable to engage in a system architecture that
facilitates secure wireless communication according to one or more
embodiments described herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] In the following description, numerous specific details are
set forth to provide a thorough understanding of various
embodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize,
however, that the techniques described herein can be practiced
without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods,
components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known
structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in
detail to avoid obscuring certain aspects.
[0021] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment,"
or "an embodiment," means that a particular feature, structure, or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the
phrase "in one embodiment," "in one aspect," or "in an embodiment,"
in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily
all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular
features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any
suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
[0022] As utilized herein, terms "component," "system,"
"interface," and the like are intended to refer to a
computer-related entity, hardware, software (e.g., in execution),
and/or firmware. For example, a component can be a processor, a
process running on a processor, an object, an executable, a
program, a storage device, and/or a computer. By way of
illustration, an application running on a server and the server can
be a component. One or more components can reside within a process,
and a component can be localized on one computer and/or distributed
between two or more computers.
[0023] Further, these components can execute from various
machine-readable media having various data structures stored
thereon. The components can communicate via local and/or remote
processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more
data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with
another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or
across a network, e.g., the Internet, a local area network, a wide
area network, etc. with other systems via the signal).
[0024] As another example, a component can be an apparatus with
specific functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by
electric or electronic circuitry; the electric or electronic
circuitry can be operated by a software application or a firmware
application executed by one or more processors; the one or more
processors can be internal or external to the apparatus and can
execute at least a part of the software or firmware application. As
yet another example, a component can be an apparatus that provides
specific functionality through electronic components without
mechanical parts; the electronic components can include one or more
processors therein to execute software and/or firmware that
confer(s), at least in part, the functionality of the electronic
components. In an aspect, a component can emulate an electronic
component via a virtual machine, e.g., within a cloud computing
system.
[0025] The words "exemplary" and/or "demonstrative" are used herein
to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. For the
avoidance of doubt, the subject matter disclosed herein is not
limited by such examples. In addition, any aspect or design
described herein as "exemplary" and/or "demonstrative" is not
necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other
aspects or designs, nor is it meant to preclude equivalent
exemplary structures and techniques known to those of ordinary
skill in the art. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms
"includes," "has," "contains," and other similar words are used in
either the detailed description or the claims, such terms are
intended to be inclusive--in a manner similar to the term
"comprising" as an open transition word--without precluding any
additional or other elements.
[0026] As used herein, the term "infer" or "inference" refers
generally to the process of reasoning about, or inferring states
of, the system, environment, user, and/or intent from a set of
observations as captured via events and/or data. Captured data and
events can include user data, device data, environment data, data
from sensors, sensor data, application data, implicit data,
explicit data, etc. Inference can be employed to identify a
specific context or action, or can generate a probability
distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of
data and events, for example.
[0027] Inference can also refer to techniques employed for
composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data.
Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions
from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether the
events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the
events and data come from one or several event and data sources.
Various classification schemes and/or systems (e.g., support vector
machines, neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief
networks, fuzzy logic, and data fusion engines) can be employed in
connection with performing automatic and/or inferred action in
connection with the disclosed subject matter.
[0028] In addition, the disclosed subject matter can be implemented
as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard
programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software,
firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a
computer to implement the disclosed subject matter. The term
"article of manufacture" as used herein is intended to encompass a
computer program accessible from any computer-readable device,
machine-readable device, computer-readable carrier,
computer-readable media, or machine-readable media. For example,
computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, a
magnetic storage device, e.g., hard disk; floppy disk; magnetic
strip(s); an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), a digital video
disc (DVD), a Blu-ray Disc.TM. (BD)); a smart card; a flash memory
device (e.g., card, stick, key drive); and/or a virtual device that
emulates a storage device and/or any of the above computer-readable
media.
[0029] As an overview, various embodiments are described herein to
facilitate user equipment specific compression for beamforming
coefficients for a 5G air interface or other next generation
networks. For simplicity of explanation, the methods (or
algorithms) are depicted and described as a series of acts. It is
to be understood and appreciated that the various embodiments are
not limited by the acts illustrated and/or by the order of acts.
For example, acts can occur in various orders and/or concurrently,
and with other acts not presented or described herein. Furthermore,
not all illustrated acts may be required to implement the methods.
In addition, the methods could alternatively be represented as a
series of interrelated states via a state diagram or events.
Additionally, the methods described hereafter are capable of being
stored on an article of manufacture (e.g., a machine-readable
storage medium) to facilitate transporting and transferring such
methodologies to computers. The term article of manufacture, as
used herein, is intended to encompass a computer program accessible
from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media, including a
non-transitory machine-readable storage medium.
[0030] It should be noted that although various aspects and
embodiments have been described herein in the context of 5G,
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and/or Long Term
Evolution (LTE), or other next generation networks, the disclosed
aspects are not limited to 5G, a UMTS implementation, and/or an LTE
implementation as the techniques can also be applied in 3G, 4G or
LTE systems. For example, aspects or features of the disclosed
embodiments can be exploited in substantially any wireless
communication technology. Such wireless communication technologies
can include UMTS, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wi-Fi,
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced GPRS, Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP), LTE, Third Generation Partnership
Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed Packet
Access (HSPA), Evolved High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+), High-Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA), Zigbee, or another IEEE 802.XX technology. Additionally,
substantially all aspects disclosed herein can be exploited in
legacy telecommunication technologies.
[0031] Described herein are systems, methods, articles of
manufacture, and other embodiments or implementations that can
facilitate user equipment specific compression for beamforming
coefficients for a 5G network. Facilitating user equipment specific
compression for a 5G network can be implemented in connection with
any type of device with a connection to the communications network
(e.g., a mobile handset, a computer, a handheld device, etc.) any
Internet of things (JOT) device (e.g., toaster, coffee maker,
blinds, music players, speakers, etc.), and/or any connected
vehicles (cars, airplanes, space rockets, and/or other at least
partially automated vehicles (e.g., drones)). In some embodiments
the non-limiting term user equipment (UE) is used. It can refer to
any type of wireless device that communicates with a radio network
node in a cellular or mobile communication system. Examples of UE
are target device, device to device (D2D) UE, machine type UE or UE
capable of machine to machine (M2M) communication, PDA, Tablet,
mobile terminals, smart phone, laptop embedded equipped (LEE),
laptop mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles etc. Note that the
terms element, elements and antenna ports can be interchangeably
used but carry the same meaning in this disclosure. The embodiments
are applicable to single carrier as well as to multicarrier (MC) or
carrier aggregation (CA) operation of the UE. The term carrier
aggregation (CA) is also called (e.g. interchangeably called)
"multi-carrier system", "multi-cell operation", "multi-carrier
operation", "multi-carrier" transmission and/or reception.
[0032] In some embodiments the non-limiting term radio network node
or simply network node is used. It can refer to any type of network
node that serves UE is connected to other network nodes or network
elements or any radio node from where UE receives a signal.
Examples of radio network nodes are Node B, base station (BS),
multi-standard radio (MSR) node such as MSR BS, eNode B, network
controller, radio network controller (RNC), base station controller
(BSC), relay, donor node controlling relay, base transceiver
station (BTS), access point (AP), transmission points, transmission
nodes, RRU, RRH, nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS) etc.
[0033] Cloud radio access networks (RAN) can enable the
implementation of concepts such as software-defined network (SDN)
and network function virtualization (NFV) in 5G networks. This
disclosure can facilitate a generic channel state information
framework design for a 5G network. Certain embodiments of this
disclosure can comprise an SDN controller that can control routing
of traffic within the network and between the network and traffic
destinations. The SDN controller can be merged with the 5G network
architecture to enable service deliveries via open application
programming interfaces ("APIs") and move the network core towards
an all internet protocol ("IP"), cloud based, and software driven
telecommunications network. The SDN controller can work with, or
take the place of policy and charging rules function ("PCRF")
network elements so that policies such as quality of service and
traffic management and routing can be synchronized and managed end
to end.
[0034] To meet the huge demand for data centric applications, 4G
standards can be applied 5G, also called new radio (NR) access. 5G
networks can comprise the following: data rates of several tens of
megabits per second supported for tens of thousands of users; 1
gigabit per second can be offered simultaneously to tens of workers
on the same office floor; several hundreds of thousands of
simultaneous connections can be supported for massive sensor
deployments; spectral efficiency can be enhanced compared to 4G;
improved coverage; enhanced signaling efficiency; and reduced
latency compared to LTE. In multicarrier system such as OFDM, each
subcarrier can occupy bandwidth (e.g., subcarrier spacing). If the
carriers use the same bandwidth spacing, then it can be considered
a single numerology. However, if the carriers occupy different
bandwidth and/or spacing, then it can be considered a multiple
numerology.
[0035] Downlink reference signals are predefined signals occupying
specific resource elements within a downlink time-frequency grid.
There are several types of downlink reference signals that can be
transmitted in different ways and used for different purposes by a
receiving terminal. Channel state information reference signals
(CSI-RS) can be used by terminals to acquire channel-state
information (CSI) and beam specific information (e.g., beam
reference signal received power). In 5G, CSI-RS can be user
equipment (UE) specific so it can have a significantly lower
time/frequency density. Demodulation reference signals (DM-RS),
also sometimes referred to as UE-specific reference signals, can be
used by terminals for channel estimation of data channels. The
label "UE-specific" relates to each demodulation reference signal
being intended for channel estimation by a single terminal. The
demodulation reference signal can then be transmitted within the
resource blocks assigned for data traffic channel transmission to
that terminal. Other than the aforementioned reference signals,
there are other reference signals, namely multi-cast broadcast
single frequency network (MBSFN) and positioning reference signals
that can be used for various purposes.
[0036] One of the challenges of cloud radio access network (C-RAN)
operations is the transmission burden over the fronthaul links. To
meet a low-latency requirement, optical fibers can be used as the
transmission media between a digital unit (DU) and a radio unit
(RU). Due to the increasing bandwidth and the application of
massive MIMO for 5G systems, the data rate on fronthaul links can
increase. For example, the case of a 400 MHz NR system with 8
CSI-RS ports can be up to 27.2 Gbps. In addition, the data rate can
expand to 100 s of Gbps with carrier aggregation, which means that
a large number of optical fibers can be needed for network
construction.
[0037] However, the precoding or beamforming can be performed at
the RU and the precoder coefficients can be dictated by DU. Since
the precoding operation can be performed at the resource block (RB)
level/resource element (RE) level, the number of coefficients sent
over the fiber link can increase with bandwidth. This, in turn, can
increase the overhead of the fiber link in addition to the
data.
[0038] Compression techniques can be used to reduce the overhead in
the fronthaul link at the DU. However, the UE can report the
channel state information based on the reference signals
transmitted from the RU. The UE can report the CSI based on the
CSI-RS transmitted from the RU, which is based on the compressed
precoding. While the data transmission can be based on the DM-RS
based on the precoding at the DU, there can be a mismatch between
the CSI reported by the UE and the channel quality during the data
transmission. This can reduce the throughput of the C-RAN systems.
Hence, an efficient solution can minimize the loss due to the
channel mismatch between and during the channel sounding and data
transmission.
[0039] The precoding matrix can be transmitted in the front haul
C-RAN systems from DU to RU during the channel state information
reference signal transmission and during data transmission. The DU
can compute the precoder matrix from the estimated channel from the
uplink. Once it computes the channel it can determine the
coefficients for the linear combination, the basis vectors which
are known at the DU, as well as at RU for the CSI-RS transmission.
However, it can utilize a different number of coefficients for data
traffic transmission. Once it computes the coefficients it can
transmit the coefficients using compression techniques. Once the RU
receives the compressed coefficients, it can reconstruct the
precoder matrix and apply the reconstructed precoder matrix to the
CSI-RS and data traffic. For example, the DU can compute the
precoder matrix from the estimated channel matrix, compress the
information related to precoder coefficients for the CSI-RS
transmission, and compress the information related to precoder
coefficients for the data traffic channel transmission. The RU can
then reconstruct the precoder matrix from the information received
from the DU for CSI-RS transmission and for data traffic channels.
The generalized system equation is given by:
Y=HP3P2P1x+n Equation (1):
[0040] Assuming that the complete channel knowledge is available at
the transmitter, this can be done using a sounding reference signal
or other means. For the ideal performance, a generalized system
equation is given by equation (2):
Y=UDV'Px+n, Equation (2)
[0041] Where H is represented as the SVD and P is the combination
of P3P2P1. The capacity can be achieved if the precoder matrix P is
equal to V. For simplicity, assume P1 and P3 is a unit vector.
[0042] Even though the SVD representation is optimal, the
representation of P2 can be minimized based on port mapping. For
example, if each CSI-RS port is mapped only on all the co-polarized
elements of a column, P2 can be written as:
P 2 = [ P 2 1 .PHI. .PHI. .PHI. P 2 2 .PHI. .PHI. .PHI. P 2 8 ] ,
Equation ( 3 ) ##EQU00001##
[0043] where .quadrature..quadrature. is given a zero vector of
size (8.times.1) and P2.sub.k is a (8.times.1) vector containing
the mapping of the kth CSI0RS port on the 8 TxRU the kth port is
mapped on to.
[0044] Thus, the channel matrix can be written as:
H=[h.sub.1h.sub.2 . . . h.sub.8], Equation (4)
where the h.sub.k is an n.times.8 MIMO channel across the TxRUs of
the kth CSI-RS port. Now we create a partial covariance matrix of
the MIMO channel H as:
.PSI. partial = [ .PSI. 1 .PHI. .PHI. .PHI. .PSI. 2 .PHI. .PHI.
.PHI. .PSI. 8 ] = [ h 1 H h 1 .PHI. .PHI. .PHI. h 2 H h 2 .PHI.
.PHI. .PHI. h 8 H h 8 ] , Equation ( 5 ) ##EQU00002##
where .quadrature..quadrature. now represents an 8.times.8 zero
matrix.
[0045] From Equation (5) one can deduce that the channel covariance
within the TxRU of a given CSI-RS port k is given by .psi..sub.k.
Therefore, the optimum precoder P2.sub.k for the kth CSI-RS port
can be given by the dominant Eigen vector of .psi..sub.k as shown
in Equation (6).
.psi..sub.K=Q.sub.k.LAMBDA..sub.kQ.sub.k.sup.-1
P2.sub.k=Q.sub.k(1) Equation (6)
[0046] Hence, the main principle is to compute the SVD for each
column and formulate the beamforming matrix. This can facilitate
the beam space representation and compression such that the
representation can reduce the signaling overhead from DU to RU.
[0047] The basis vectors can be defined as DFT vectors which are
known to the DU and RU. In one embodiment, the DU and RU know the
basis vectors a priori. In another embodiment, the DU can
periodically or for the first time transmit the basis vectors to
RU.
[0048] Thus, the basis vectors as DFT vectors can be defined
as:
U = [ u 1 u 2 u 8 ] u k = [ 1 e 2 .pi. j k - 1 8 e 2 .pi. j 7 ( k -
1 ) 8 ] T Equation ( 7 ) ##EQU00003##
[0049] The basis vectors u.sub.k for a set of ortho-normal vectors.
Since they are essentially DFT vectors, this can also be seen as a
basis vectors of the beam-space. In this beam space each P2.sub.k
can be written as:
P2 k = l = 1 8 .alpha. k , l u l .alpha. k , l = u l H P 2 k
Equation ( 8 ) ##EQU00004##
[0050] Since there are a total of 8 basis vectors, each P2k can be
expressed as a linear combination of the 8 basis vectors. Hence, if
the DU can compress the coefficients .alpha..sub.k,l for each
P2.sub.k. In addition, the signaling can be further compressed
between the DU and RU by choosing only `M` values of
.alpha..sub.k,l for each P2.sub.k.
[0051] Precoding coefficients can be compressed based on UE signal
interference to noise ratio (SINR) or path loss in front haul C-RAN
systems. The DU can generate the best precoder matrix from the
estimated channel from an uplink signal. Once it generates the
channel, the DU can find the coefficients for the linear
combination of the basis vectors, which are known at the DU and at
the RU. The DU can then estimate the path loss and the SINR and
decide the number of basis vectors to use. The DU can then compress
the coefficients and transmit the coefficients to the RU. Once the
RU receives the compressed coefficients, the RU can reconstruct the
precoder matrix and apply for reference signals and data traffic
channels. Thus, the DU can generate the precoder matrix from an
estimated channel matrix, and compress the information related to
the precoder coefficients based on the SINR and/or the path loss of
the UE. The RU can reconstruct the precoder matrix from the
information received from the DU.
[0052] In one embodiment, described herein is a method comprising
receiving an uplink reference signal associated with a channel.
Based on a characteristic of the channel, the method can comprise
generating a precoder matrix, and based on the precoder matrix, the
method can comprise determining a channel coefficient associated
with a linear combination of a basis vector associated with the
wireless network. Based on the channel coefficient, the method can
comprise estimating, a signal attribute associated with the uplink
reference signal, resulting in an estimated signal attribute.
Furthermore, based on the estimated signal attribute, the method
can comprise compressing the channel coefficient.
[0053] According to another embodiment, a system can facilitate,
receiving an uplink reference signal associated with a channel
utilized by a mobile device. Based on the channel, the system can
generate a precoder matrix. In response to the generating the
precoder matrix, the system can determine a channel coefficient
associated with the channel. Additionally, in response to the
determining the channel coefficient, the system can estimate a
signal attribute associated with the uplink reference signal.
Furthermore, based on a result of the estimating, the system can
compress the channel coefficient, resulting in a compressed channel
coefficient
[0054] According to yet another embodiment, described herein is a
machine-readable storage medium that can perform the operations
comprising generating a precoder matrix based on an uplink
reference signal associated with a channel. The machine-readable
storage medium can use the precoder matrix to determine a channel
coefficient associated with a linear combination of a basis vector.
The machine-readable storage medium can use the channel coefficient
to estimate a signal attribute associated with the uplink reference
signal, resulting in an estimated signal attribute. Additionally,
based on the estimated signal attribute, the machine-readable
storage medium can compress the channel coefficient, resulting in a
compressed channel coefficient.
[0055] These and other embodiments or implementations are described
in more detail below with reference to the drawings.
[0056] Referring now to FIG. 1, illustrated is an example wireless
communication system 100 in accordance with various aspects and
embodiments of the subject disclosure. In one or more embodiments,
system 100 can comprise one or more user equipment UEs 102. The
non-limiting term user equipment can refer to any type of device
that can communicate with a network node in a cellular or mobile
communication system. A UE can have one or more antenna panels
having vertical and horizontal elements. Examples of a UE comprise
a target device, device to device (D2D) UE, machine type UE or UE
capable of machine to machine (M2M) communications, personal
digital assistant (PDA), tablet, mobile terminals, smart phone,
laptop mounted equipment (LME), universal serial bus (USB) dongles
enabled for mobile communications, a computer having mobile
capabilities, a mobile device such as cellular phone, a laptop
having laptop embedded equipment (LEE, such as a mobile broadband
adapter), a tablet computer having a mobile broadband adapter, a
wearable device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a heads-up display
(HUD) device, a smart car, a machine-type communication (MTC)
device, and the like. User equipment UE 102 can also comprise IOT
devices that communicate wirelessly.
[0057] In various embodiments, system 100 is or comprises a
wireless communication network serviced by one or more wireless
communication network providers. In example embodiments, a UE 102
can be communicatively coupled to the wireless communication
network via a network node 104. The network node (e.g., network
node device) can communicate with user equipment (UE), thus
providing connectivity between the UE and the wider cellular
network. The UE 102 can send transmission type recommendation data
to the network node 104. The transmission type recommendation data
can comprise a recommendation to transmit data via a closed loop
MIMO mode and/or a rank-1 precoder mode.
[0058] A network node can have a cabinet and other protected
enclosures, an antenna mast, and multiple antennas for performing
various transmission operations (e.g., MIMO operations). Network
nodes can serve several cells, also called sectors, depending on
the configuration and type of antenna. In example embodiments, the
UE 102 can send and/or receive communication data via a wireless
link to the network node 104. The dashed arrow lines from the
network node 104 to the UE 102 represent downlink (DL)
communications and the solid arrow lines from the UE 102 to the
network nodes 104 represents an uplink (UL) communication.
[0059] System 100 can further include one or more communication
service provider networks that facilitate providing wireless
communication services to various UEs, including UE 102, via the
network node 104 and/or various additional network devices (not
shown) included in the one or more communication service provider
networks. The one or more communication service provider networks
can include various types of disparate networks, including but not
limited to: cellular networks, femto networks, picocell networks,
microcell networks, internet protocol (IP) networks Wi-Fi service
networks, broadband service network, enterprise networks, cloud
based networks, and the like. For example, in at least one
implementation, system 100 can be or include a large scale wireless
communication network that spans various geographic areas.
According to this implementation, the one or more communication
service provider networks can be or include the wireless
communication network and/or various additional devices and
components of the wireless communication network (e.g., additional
network devices and cell, additional UEs, network server devices,
etc.). The network node 104 can be connected to the one or more
communication service provider networks via one or more backhaul
links 108. For example, the one or more backhaul links 108 can
comprise wired link components, such as a T1/E1 phone line, a
digital subscriber line (DSL) (e.g., either synchronous or
asynchronous), an asymmetric DSL (ADSL), an optical fiber backbone,
a coaxial cable, and the like. The one or more backhaul links 108
can also include wireless link components, such as but not limited
to, line-of-sight (LOS) or non-LOS links which can include
terrestrial air-interfaces or deep space links (e.g., satellite
communication links for navigation).
[0060] Wireless communication system 100 can employ various
cellular systems, technologies, and modulation modes to facilitate
wireless radio communications between devices (e.g., the UE 102 and
the network node 104). While example embodiments might be described
for 5G new radio (NR) systems, the embodiments can be applicable to
any radio access technology (RAT) or multi-RAT system where the UE
operates using multiple carriers e.g. LTE FDD/TDD, GSM/GERAN,
CDMA2000 etc.
[0061] For example, system 100 can operate in accordance with
global system for mobile communications (GSM), universal mobile
telecommunications service (UMTS), long term evolution (LTE), LTE
frequency division duplexing (LTE FDD, LTE time division duplexing
(TDD), high speed packet access (HSPA), code division multiple
access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCMDA), CDMA2000, time division
multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA),
multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA),
single-carrier code division multiple access (SC-CDMA),
single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM), discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM
(DFT-spread OFDM) single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Filter bank based
multi-carrier (FBMC), zero tail DFT-spread-OFDM (ZT DFT-s-OFDM),
generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), fixed mobile
convergence (FMC), universal fixed mobile convergence (UFMC),
unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), unique word DFT-spread OFDM (UW
DFT-Spread-OFDM), cyclic prefix OFDM CP-OFDM,
resource-block-filtered OFDM, Wi Fi, WLAN, WiMax, and the like.
However, various features and functionalities of system 100 are
particularly described wherein the devices (e.g., the UEs 102 and
the network device 104) of system 100 are configured to communicate
wireless signals using one or more multi carrier modulation
schemes, wherein data symbols can be transmitted simultaneously
over multiple frequency subcarriers (e.g., OFDM, CP-OFDM,
DFT-spread OFMD, UFMC, FMBC, etc.). The embodiments are applicable
to single carrier as well as to multicarrier (MC) or carrier
aggregation (CA) operation of the UE. The term carrier aggregation
(CA) is also called (e.g. interchangeably called) "multi-carrier
system", "multi-cell operation", "multi-carrier operation",
"multi-carrier" transmission and/or reception. Note that some
embodiments are also applicable for Multi RAB (radio bearers) on
some carriers (that is data plus speech is simultaneously
scheduled).
[0062] In various embodiments, system 100 can be configured to
provide and employ 5G wireless networking features and
functionalities. 5G wireless communication networks are expected to
fulfill the demand of exponentially increasing data traffic and to
allow people and machines to enjoy gigabit data rates with
virtually zero latency. Compared to 4G, 5G supports more diverse
traffic scenarios. For example, in addition to the various types of
data communication between conventional UEs (e.g., phones,
smartphones, tablets, PCs, televisions, Internet enabled
televisions, etc.) supported by 4G networks, 5G networks can be
employed to support data communication between smart cars in
association with driverless car environments, as well as machine
type communications (MTCs). Considering the drastic different
communication needs of these different traffic scenarios, the
ability to dynamically configure waveform parameters based on
traffic scenarios while retaining the benefits of multi carrier
modulation schemes (e.g., OFDM and related schemes) can provide a
significant contribution to the high speed/capacity and low latency
demands of 5G networks. With waveforms that split the bandwidth
into several sub-bands, different types of services can be
accommodated in different sub-bands with the most suitable waveform
and numerology, leading to an improved spectrum utilization for 5G
networks.
[0063] To meet the demand for data centric applications, features
of proposed 5G networks may comprise: increased peak bit rate
(e.g., 20 Gbps), larger data volume per unit area (e.g., high
system spectral efficiency--for example about 3.5 times that of
spectral efficiency of long term evolution (LTE) systems), high
capacity that allows more device connectivity both concurrently and
instantaneously, lower battery/power consumption (which reduces
energy and consumption costs), better connectivity regardless of
the geographic region in which a user is located, a larger numbers
of devices, lower infrastructural development costs, and higher
reliability of the communications. Thus, 5G networks may allow for:
data rates of several tens of megabits per second should be
supported for tens of thousands of users, 1 gigabit per second to
be offered simultaneously to tens of workers on the same office
floor, for example; several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous
connections to be supported for massive sensor deployments;
improved coverage, enhanced signaling efficiency; reduced latency
compared to LTE.
[0064] The upcoming 5G access network may utilize higher
frequencies (e.g., >6 GHz) to aid in increasing capacity.
Currently, much of the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum, the band
of spectrum between 30 gigahertz (Ghz) and 300 Ghz is
underutilized. The millimeter waves have shorter wavelengths that
range from 10 millimeters to 1 millimeter, and these mmWave signals
experience severe path loss, penetration loss, and fading. However,
the shorter wavelength at mmWave frequencies also allows more
antennas to be packed in the same physical dimension, which allows
for large-scale spatial multiplexing and highly directional
beamforming.
[0065] Performance can be improved if both the transmitter and the
receiver are equipped with multiple antennas. Multi-antenna
techniques can significantly increase the data rates and
reliability of a wireless communication system. The use of multiple
input multiple output (MIMO) techniques, which was introduced in
the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) and has been in use
(including with LTE), is a multi-antenna technique that can improve
the spectral efficiency of transmissions, thereby significantly
boosting the overall data carrying capacity of wireless systems.
The use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques can
improve mmWave communications, and has been widely recognized a
potentially important component for access networks operating in
higher frequencies. MIMO can be used for achieving diversity gain,
spatial multiplexing gain and beamforming gain. For these reasons,
MIMO systems are an important part of the 3rd and 4th generation
wireless systems, and are planned for use in 5G systems.
[0066] FIG. 2 depicts a message sequence chart for downlink data
transfer in 5G systems 200. The network node 106 can transmit
reference signals to a user equipment (UE) 102. The reference
signals can be cell specific and/or user equipment 102 specific in
relation to a profile of the user equipment 102 or some type of
mobile identifier. From the reference signals, the user equipment
102 can compute channel state information (CSI) and compute
parameters needed for a CSI report at block 202. The CSI report can
comprise: a channel quality indicator (CQI), a pre-coding matrix
index (PMI), rank information (RI), a CSI-resource indicator (e.g.,
CRI the same as beam indicator), etc.
[0067] The user equipment 102 can then transmit the CSI report to
the network node 106 via a feedback channel either on request from
the network node 106, a-periodically, and/or periodically. A
network scheduler can leverage the CSI report to determine downlink
transmission scheduling parameters at 204, which are particular to
the user equipment 102. The scheduling parameters 204 can comprise
modulation and coding schemes (MCS), power, physical resource
blocks (PRBs), etc. FIG. 2 depicts the physical layer signaling
where the density change can be reported for the physical layer
signaling or as a part of the radio resource control (RRC)
signaling. In the physical layer, the density can be adjusted by
the network node 106 and then sent over to the user equipment 102
as a part of the downlink control channel data. The network node
106 can transmit the scheduling parameters, comprising the adjusted
densities, to the user equipment 102 via the downlink control
channel. Thereafter and/or simultaneously, data can be transferred,
via a data traffic channel, from the network node 106 to the user
equipment 102.
[0068] Referring now to FIG. 3, illustrated is an example schematic
system block diagram of a passive antenna array according to one or
more embodiments. FIG. 3 depicts an example of a passive antenna
array system (AAS) 300 where baseband signals from a baseband
device 302 can be boosted by a power amplifier 304 and connected to
antennas 308 by longer feedback cables 306 that can comprise a
power combiner, a power divider and/or a phase shifter.
Consequently, in passive AAS, the baseband device 302 cannot
control all of the radio components. However, active AASs, as
depicted in FIG. 4, can reduce cable losses and energy consumption,
increase performance, simplify installation and reduce equipment
space.
[0069] Referring now to FIG. 4, illustrated is an example schematic
system block diagram of an active antenna array according to one or
more embodiments. FIG. 4 depicts an active array antenna system
(AAS) 400, where radio frequency (RF) components such as power
amplifiers 404 and transceivers can be integrated with an array of
antennas 406. Active AASs 400 offer several benefits compared to
traditional deployments with passive antennas connected to
transceivers through feeder cables. Thus, the baseband device 402
can control all of the RF components.
[0070] Additionally, there are many applications of active AASs
including, but not limited to: cell specific beamforming, user
specific beamforming, vertical sectorization, massive MIMO,
elevation beamforming, hybrid beamforming, etc. AASs can also be an
enabler for further-advanced antenna concepts such as deploying
several MIMO antenna elements at the gNB. For example, the gNB can
be deployed with 32/64/128/256 antenna elements. When massive MIMO
are deployed at the network side, to achieve
beamforming/multiplexing gains, each RF component can be equal to
that of antenna element. However, the cost for deploying RF
circuitry for each antenna element can be reduced by using the
concept of hybrid beamforming.
[0071] Referring now to FIG. 5 illustrates an example schematic
system block diagram of an antenna array for hybrid beamforming
according to one or more embodiments. FIG. 5 depicts an example of
hybrid beamforming using an active AAS 400. The system 500 can
comprise a baseband device 402, and an array of antennas 406
comprising antenna elements 506. In hybrid forming, if the number
of antenna elements 506 is equal to N, and the network uses Np
ports (Np=2 or 4 or 8 or 16), then the signals transmitted from N
elements can be virtualized from the Np antenna ports. Thus, the
received signals for the i.sup.th subcarrier can be written as,
Y=HFWx+n, Equation (10)
where H is the channel matrix between the transmitter antenna
elements of dimensions (N.sub.r.times.N), F is the analog
beamforming matrix of dimensions (N.times.N.sub.p), W is the
digital precoding matrix of dimensions (N.sub.p.times.R), x is the
transmitted signal vector of size (R.times.1), and R is the
transmission rank of the system.
[0072] Referring now to FIG. 6, illustrated is an example schematic
system block diagram of a cloud radio access network architecture
600 according to one or more embodiments. The cloud radio access
networks (C-RAN) also called centralized RAN is a cellular
architecture where the baseband digital units (DU) 604 can be
centralized as a virtual resource pool and the remote radio units
(RU) 606 can be located at places which are up to several miles
away from DU and or centralized unite (CU) 602. FIG. 6 depicts the
block diagram of the C-RAN. The link between DU and the RU is
called a front haul.
[0073] In an embodiment, there can be a CU 602 that performs upper
level Medium Access Control (MAC), a DU 604 that performs lower
level MAC and physical layer functionality, and an RU 606 that can
transmit and receive RF signals and convert analog signals to
digital signals and vice versa. Each of the CU 602, DU 204, and RU
606 can be linked via a fiber optical network or other high
bandwidth front haul network. To reduce complexity and bandwidth,
the transmissions sent between the CU 602, DU 604, and RU 606 can
be digital, so the RU 606 can receive analog signals and convert
the analog RF signals to digital before transmitting to the DU 604.
Similarly, the RU 606 can receive a digital transmission comprising
the IQ data and beamforming coefficients and perform the digital
beamforming, and digital to analog conversion at the RU 606.
[0074] The network node 104 can employ beamforming when
transmitting to the UE 102. Beamforming is a signal processing
technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission
or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna
array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience
constructive interference while others experience destructive
interference.
[0075] Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and
receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity. The
improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is
known as the directivity of the array. In the wireless
communications context, a traffic-signaling system for cellular
base stations that identifies the most efficient data-delivery
route to a particular user, and it reduces interference for nearby
users in the process. Depending on the situation and the
technology, there are several ways to implement it in 5G
networks.
[0076] Beamforming can help massive MIMO arrays, which are base
stations arrayed with dozens or hundreds of individual antennas, to
make more efficient use of the spectrum around them. The primary
challenge for massive MIMO is to reduce interference while
transmitting more information from many more antennas at once. At
massive MIMO base stations, signal-processing algorithms plot the
best transmission route through the air to each user. Then they can
send individual data packets in many different directions, bouncing
them off buildings and other objects in a precisely coordinated
pattern. By choreographing the packets' movements and arrival time,
beamforming allows many users and antennas on a massive MIMO array
to exchange much more information at once. During beamforming, a
data stream can be used to generate multiple data streams, each
corresponding to an antenna port, and the data streams can each be
modified based on a beamforming vector.
[0077] Frequency modulated IQ data can have "L" CSI-RS ports, where
L is the number of layers associated with the data, and F tones
before beamforming A=L.times.F matrix). After beamforming, the IQ
data has P ports (each antenna) and F tones (B=P.times.F matrix).
In digital beamforming, P2 is a P.times.L matrix where the rows of
the matrix correspond to the number of ports, and columns
correspond to the number of layers. This means that B=P2.times.A.
In an embodiment of the disclosure then, the beamforming
coefficients are compressed by adaptively quantizing each column of
the beamforming matrix P2. Each column of P2 is quantized by
Q.sub.1 bits. Q.sub.1 can be communicated to the RU at the same
time.
[0078] Referring now to FIG. 7, illustrated is an example schematic
system block diagram of split options for fronthaul 700 according
to one or more embodiments. FIG. 7 depicts the precoding operation
being performed at RU. However, the scheduler in the DU can control
the precoder/beamforming weights at RU.
[0079] In an embodiment, various functionalities can be performed
on data channel and control channels (e.g., PBCH) at the baseband
unit device such as coding 702, rate matching 704, scrambling 706,
and modulation 708, layer mapping 712 and precoding 716. The
precoding 716 can be based on precoding matrix information as
received from the user equipment device. Similarly, other
functionalities related to cell specific signals (e.g., SS, CSI-RS,
and UE specific signaling (e.g., demodulation reference signal
(DMRS)) can be performed at the baseband unit as well, such as
signal generation 710, layer mapping 714, and precoding 718. At
720, remapping, the baseband unit can calculate beamforming
coefficients that can be used by the remote radio unit to perform
beam weighting on the IQ data.
[0080] Demarcation line 730 can indicate the activities which above
the line 730 are performed at the baseband unit 604, while the
activities below the line 730 are performed at the remote radio
unit 606.
[0081] Once the baseband unit 604 sends the beamforming
coefficients to the remote radio unit 606, the remote radio unit
604 can perform digital beamforming 322, IFFT/CP addition 624,
Digital to analog conversion 626, and then perform analog
beamforming 628 before transmitting the data to the UE.
[0082] Referring now to FIG. 8, illustrated is a spectral
efficiency graph according to one or more embodiments. FIG. 8
depicts the spectral efficiency with different values M (M=number
of basis vectors) with quantization of 3 bits for each part of
.alpha..sub.k,l (e.g., the real part and the imaginary part). It
can be observed that when the value of M is increased, the system
performance is better. The overhead is increased as more
coefficients are sent for a higher value of M. However, if the
value of M is decreased, the performance is impacted significantly
albeit with a reduced overhead.
[0083] At a low SINR, the performance with M=8, 4, 2, is almost
same, while at higher SINR the performance is same. This is because
at low SINR, the precoding has no impact as the system is more
limited by the thermal noise. At a high SINR, there is no
difference between different values of M, as the performance is
saturated by a modulation and coding scheme. Hence at a medium
SINR, the performance is impacted by a different value of M. The DU
604 can obtain the SINR of the UE 102 and divide SINR into various
regions such as low SINR, medium SINR, and/or high SINR. For
example, if it is less than 10 dB then it can be a low SINR and if
the SINR is greater than 25 dB, then it can be a high SINR. The
other SINRs can be considered as medium SINRs. When the system
divides the UEs according to various SINRs, the system can assign
different values of M for each UE based on the SINR. Thus, for low
and high SINR UEs, the system can use a small value of M for
reducing the overhead, while for medium SINR UEs the system an
assign a higher value of M. Thus, the performance is not impacted
without increasing the overhead. In another embodiment, the DU 604
can compute the path loss of each UE and assigns the different
values of M based on the path loss. The path loss can be inversely
proportional to the long term SINR.
[0084] Referring now to FIG. 9, illustrates an example schematic
system block diagram of multi-stage representation of massive
multiple-in multiple-out precoding according to one or more
embodiments. In flowchart 900, remultiplexing 902 and 904 can be
performed on data streams corresponding to "M" MIMO layers, which
can then go through precoding at 906. The output of the precoding
906 can be more remultiplexing 908 and 910 corresponding to L
different CSI-RS ports (or layers). These L streams can then be
digitally beamformed at 914 and split into data streams relating to
P antenna ports. P can be much larger then L, so to reduce the
overhead signaling, the digital beamforming 914 is performed at the
remote radio unit, while other functionalities above the
demarcation line 912 are performed at the baseband unit. IFFT/CP
blocks 916 and 918 are applied to the P data streams, then analog
to digital conversations 920 and 922 are applied before analog
beamforming is performed to the P data streams at 924 and 926 and
then the P data streams are transmitted via P antenna ports 928 and
930.
[0085] To perform the digital beamforming 914 at the remote radio
unit, the remote radio unit receives the IQ data (frequency
modulated data) along with the beamforming coefficients. The
digital beamforming block uses the beamforming coefficients along
with a basis vector matrix to perform the beamforming on each
k.sub.th data stream corresponding to P antenna ports. Matrix
inherently have low rank. A known codeword is sent between the DU
and RU and send indices in the codebook to determine which column
to look at and a multiplier for each column.
[0086] As described above, frequency modulated IQ data can have "L"
CSI-RS ports, where L is the number of layers associated with the
data, and F tones before beamforming A=L.times.F matrix). After
beamforming, the IQ data has P ports (each antenna) and F tones
(B=P.times.F matrix). In digital beamforming, P2 is a P.times.L
matrix where the rows of the matrix correspond to the number of
ports, and columns correspond to the number of layers. This means
that B=P2.times.A. In an embodiment of the disclosure then, the
beamforming coefficients are compressed by adaptively quantizing
each column of the beamforming matrix P2. Each column of P2 is
quantized by Q.sub.1 bits. Q.sub.1 is communicated to the RU at the
same time.
[0087] Each column of P2 can be decomposed into a linear
combination of certain basis vectors. The basis vectors can be the
columns of a P.times.P orthonormal matrix. As an example, the size
P Fourier matrix can be used. Each column of P2 denoted as P2.sub.1
for 1 going from 1 to L can be denoted as
P 2 k = k = 1 P .alpha. k e - i .theta. k V k : Equation 11
##EQU00005##
[0088] Where the set {v.sub.k: k.di-elect cons.[1, 2, . . . P]} is
the set of basis vectors that is known to both the baseband unit
and the remote radio unit. The baseband unit then decides to send a
subset S of the basis coefficients and the basis vector index. In
effect the baseband unit quantizes and sends {k,:k.di-elect
cons.S}. For example, S can be {1, 2, 5} or any subset of the set
{1, 2, . . . L}. The hat operator can denote quantization. The
remote radio unit can then reconstruct the beamforming matrix using
the following:
= k .di-elect cons. S V k : Equation 12 ##EQU00006##
[0089] The selection of the set S and the quantization can be
decided by the baseband unit. In the least compressed version, the
set S is the full set {1, 2, . . . L} and in that scenario the
beamforming matrix is transmitted practically without any
compression.
[0090] In Equation 1, the .alpha. and .theta. elements can be the
beamforming coefficients, or the modifiers that weight the already
known V, which is the basis vector/matrix that is known to both the
DU 604 and the RU 606. V.sub.k is the k.sup.th column of the basis
matrix. So, for each antenna port P there is a set of beamforming
coefficients .alpha. and .theta. that are used, in conjunction with
the corresponding basis vector, to digitally beamform the data
stream that corresponds to the port. These beamforming
coefficients, a set of .alpha. and .theta. for each kth value, are
sent along with the data to the remote radio unit.
[0091] Referring now to FIG. 10, illustrated is an example flow
diagram for a method for facilitating user equipment specific
compression of beamforming coefficients for a 5G network according
to one or more embodiments. At element 1000, the DU 604 can receive
an uplink reference signal associated with a channel. Based on a
characteristic of the channel, at element 1002, the DU 604 can
generate a precoder matrix, and based on the precoder matrix, the
DU 604 can determine a channel coefficient associated with a linear
combination of a basis vector associated with a wireless network at
element 1004. Based on the channel coefficient, the DU 604 can
estimate a signal attribute associated with the uplink reference
signal, resulting in an estimated signal attribute at element 1006.
Furthermore, based on the estimated signal attribute, the DU 604
can compress the channel coefficient at element 1008.
[0092] Referring now to FIG. 11, illustrated is an example flow
diagram for a system for facilitating user equipment specific
compression of beamforming coefficients for a 5G network according
to one or more embodiments. At element 1100, a system can
facilitate, receiving (e.g., via the DU 604) an uplink reference
signal associated with a channel utilized by a mobile device (e.g.,
UE 102). Based on the channel, the system can generate (e.g., via
the DU 604) a precoder matrix at element 1102. In response to the
generating the precoder matrix, at element 1104, the system can
determine (e.g., via the DU 604) a channel coefficient associated
with the channel. Additionally, in response to the determining the
channel coefficient, the system can comprise estimating (e.g., via
the DU 604) a signal attribute associated with the uplink reference
signal at element 1106. Furthermore, based on a result of the
estimating, at element 1108, the system can compress (e.g., via the
DU 604) the channel coefficient, resulting in a compressed channel
coefficient.
[0093] Referring now to FIG. 12, illustrated is an example flow
diagram for a machine-readable medium for facilitating user
equipment specific compression of beamforming coefficients for a 5G
network according to one or more embodiments. At element 1200, a
precoder matrix can be generated (e.g., via the DU 604) based on an
uplink reference signal associated with a channel. The
machine-readable storage medium can use the precoder matrix, to
determine (e.g., via the DU 604) a channel coefficient associated
with a linear combination of a basis vector at element 1202. At
element 1204, the machine-readable storage medium operations can
comprise using the channel coefficient to estimate (e.g., via the
DU 604) a signal attribute associated with the uplink reference
signal, resulting in an estimated signal attribute. Additionally,
based on the estimated signal attribute, the machine-readable
storage medium operations can comprise compressing (e.g., via the
DU 604) the channel coefficient, resulting in a compressed channel
coefficient at element 1206.
[0094] Referring now to FIG. 13, illustrated is an example block
diagram of an example mobile handset 1300 operable to engage in a
system architecture that facilitates wireless communications
according to one or more embodiments described herein. Although a
mobile handset is illustrated herein, it will be understood that
other devices can be a mobile device, and that the mobile handset
is merely illustrated to provide context for the embodiments of the
various embodiments described herein. The following discussion is
intended to provide a brief, general description of an example of a
suitable environment in which the various embodiments can be
implemented. While the description includes a general context of
computer-executable instructions embodied on a machine-readable
storage medium, those skilled in the art will recognize that the
innovation also can be implemented in combination with other
program modules and/or as a combination of hardware and
software.
[0095] Generally, applications (e.g., program modules) can include
routines, programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform
particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.
Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the methods
described herein can be practiced with other system configurations,
including single-processor or multiprocessor systems,
minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers,
hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable
consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can be
operatively coupled to one or more associated devices
[0096] A computing device can typically include a variety of
machine-readable media. Machine-readable media can be any available
media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both
volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.
By way of example and not limitation, computer-readable media can
comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer
storage media can include volatile and/or non-volatile media,
removable and/or non-removable media implemented in any method or
technology for storage of information, such as computer-readable
instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data.
Computer storage media can include, but is not limited to, RAM,
ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, solid state
drive (SSD) or other solid-state storage technology, Compact Disk
Read Only Memory (CD ROM), digital video disk (DVD), Blu-ray disk,
or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,
magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any
other medium which can be used to store the desired information and
which can be accessed by the computer. In this regard, the terms
"tangible" or "non-transitory" herein as applied to storage, memory
or computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude only
propagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not
relinquish rights to all standard storage, memory or
computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory
signals per se.
[0097] Communication media typically embodies computer-readable
instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a
modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport
mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term
"modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its
characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode
information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation,
communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or
direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF,
infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the
above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable
media
[0098] The handset includes a processor 1302 for controlling and
processing all onboard operations and functions. A memory 1304
interfaces to the processor 1302 for storage of data and one or
more applications 1306 (e.g., a video player software, user
feedback component software, etc.). Other applications can include
voice recognition of predetermined voice commands that facilitate
initiation of the user feedback signals. The applications 1306 can
be stored in the memory 1304 and/or in a firmware 1308, and
executed by the processor 1302 from either or both the memory 1304
or/and the firmware 1308. The firmware 1308 can also store startup
code for execution in initializing the handset 1300. A
communications component 1310 interfaces to the processor 1302 to
facilitate wired/wireless communication with external systems,
e.g., cellular networks, VoIP networks, and so on. Here, the
communications component 1310 can also include a suitable cellular
transceiver 1311 (e.g., a GSM transceiver) and/or an unlicensed
transceiver 1313 (e.g., Wi-Fi, WiMax) for corresponding signal
communications. The handset 1300 can be a device such as a cellular
telephone, a PDA with mobile communications capabilities, and
messaging-centric devices. The communications component 1310 also
facilitates communications reception from terrestrial radio
networks (e.g., broadcast), digital satellite radio networks, and
Internet-based radio services networks
[0099] The handset 1300 includes a display 1312 for displaying
text, images, video, telephony functions (e.g., a Caller ID
function), setup functions, and for user input. For example, the
display 1312 can also be referred to as a "screen" that can
accommodate the presentation of multimedia content (e.g., music
metadata, messages, wallpaper, graphics, etc.). The display 1312
can also display videos and can facilitate the generation, editing
and sharing of video quotes. A serial I/O interface 1314 is
provided in communication with the processor 1302 to facilitate
wired and/or wireless serial communications (e.g., USB, and/or IEEE
1394) through a hardwire connection, and other serial input devices
(e.g., a keyboard, keypad, and mouse). This supports updating and
troubleshooting the handset 1300, for example. Audio capabilities
are provided with an audio I/O component 1316, which can include a
speaker for the output of audio signals related to, for example,
indication that the user pressed the proper key or key combination
to initiate the user feedback signal. The audio I/O component 1316
also facilitates the input of audio signals through a microphone to
record data and/or telephony voice data, and for inputting voice
signals for telephone conversations.
[0100] The handset 1300 can include a slot interface 1318 for
accommodating a SIC (Subscriber Identity Component) in the form
factor of a card Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) or universal SIM
1320, and interfacing the SIM card 1320 with the processor 1302.
However, it is to be appreciated that the SIM card 1320 can be
manufactured into the handset 1300, and updated by downloading data
and software.
[0101] The handset 1300 can process IP data traffic through the
communications component 1310 to accommodate IP traffic from an IP
network such as, for example, the Internet, a corporate intranet, a
home network, a person area network, etc., through an ISP or
broadband cable provider. Thus, VoIP traffic can be utilized by the
handset 1300 and IP-based multimedia content can be received in
either an encoded or a decoded format.
[0102] A video processing component 1322 (e.g., a camera) can be
provided for decoding encoded multimedia content. The video
processing component 1322 can aid in facilitating the generation,
editing, and sharing of video quotes. The handset 1300 also
includes a power source 1324 in the form of batteries and/or an AC
power subsystem, which power source 1324 can interface to an
external power system or charging equipment (not shown) by a power
I/O component 1326.
[0103] The handset 1300 can also include a video component 1330 for
processing video content received and, for recording and
transmitting video content. For example, the video component 1330
can facilitate the generation, editing and sharing of video quotes.
A location tracking component 1332 facilitates geographically
locating the handset 1300. As described hereinabove, this can occur
when the user initiates the feedback signal automatically or
manually. A user input component 1334 facilitates the user
initiating the quality feedback signal. The user input component
1334 can also facilitate the generation, editing and sharing of
video quotes. The user input component 1334 can include such
conventional input device technologies such as a keypad, keyboard,
mouse, stylus pen, and/or touch screen, for example.
[0104] Referring again to the applications 1306, a hysteresis
component 1336 facilitates the analysis and processing of
hysteresis data, which is utilized to determine when to associate
with the access point. A software trigger component 1338 can be
provided that facilitates triggering of the hysteresis component
1336 when the Wi-Fi transceiver 1313 detects the beacon of the
access point. A SIP client 1340 enables the handset 1300 to support
SIP protocols and register the subscriber with the SIP registrar
server. The applications 1306 can also include a client 1342 that
provides at least the capability of discovery, play and store of
multimedia content, for example, music.
[0105] The handset 1300, as indicated above related to the
communications component 1310, includes an indoor network radio
transceiver 1313 (e.g., Wi-Fi transceiver). This function supports
the indoor radio link, such as IEEE 802.11, for the dual-mode GSM
handset 1300. The handset 1300 can accommodate at least satellite
radio services through a handset that can combine wireless voice
and digital radio chipsets into a single handheld device.
[0106] Referring now to FIG. 14, illustrated is an example block
diagram of an example computer 1400 operable to engage in a system
architecture that facilitates wireless communications according to
one or more embodiments described herein. The computer 1400 can
provide networking and communication capabilities between a wired
or wireless communication network and a server (e.g., Microsoft
server) and/or communication device. In order to provide additional
context for various aspects thereof, FIG. 14 and the following
discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of
a suitable computing environment in which the various aspects of
the innovation can be implemented to facilitate the establishment
of a transaction between an entity and a third party. While the
description above is in the general context of computer-executable
instructions that can run on one or more computers, those skilled
in the art will recognize that the innovation also can be
implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as a
combination of hardware and software.
[0107] Generally, program modules include routines, programs,
components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or
implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled
in the art will appreciate that the inventive methods can be
practiced with other computer system configurations, including
single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, minicomputers,
mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-held
computing devices, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer
electronics, and the like, each of which can be operatively coupled
to one or more associated devices.
[0108] The illustrated aspects of the innovation can also be
practiced in distributed computing environments where certain tasks
are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through
a communications network. In a distributed computing environment,
program modules can be located in both local and remote memory
storage devices.
[0109] Computing devices typically include a variety of media,
which can include computer-readable storage media or communications
media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another
as follows.
[0110] Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage
media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both
volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media.
By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage
media can be implemented in connection with any method or
technology for storage of information such as computer-readable
instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured
data. Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not
limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory
technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical
disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk
storage or other magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or
non-transitory media which can be used to store desired
information. Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one
or more local or remote computing devices, e.g., via access
requests, queries or other data retrieval protocols, for a variety
of operations with respect to the information stored by the
medium.
[0111] Communications media can embody computer-readable
instructions, data structures, program modules, or other structured
or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data
signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and
includes any information delivery or transport media. The term
"modulated data signal" or signals refers to a signal that has one
or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as
to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example,
and not limitation, communication media include wired media, such
as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media
such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.
[0112] The techniques described herein can be applied to any device
or set of devices (machines) capable of running programs and
processes. It can be understood, therefore, that servers including
physical and/or virtual machines, personal computers, laptops,
handheld, portable and other computing devices and computing
objects of all kinds including cell phones, tablet/slate computers,
gaming/entertainment consoles and the like are contemplated for use
in connection with various implementations including those
exemplified herein. Accordingly, the general purpose computing
mechanism described below with reference to FIG. 14 is but one
example of a computing device.
[0113] In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the
disclosed subject matter, FIG. 14 and the following discussion, are
intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable
environment in which the various aspects of the disclosed subject
matter can be implemented. While the subject matter has been
described above in the general context of computer-executable
instructions of a computer program that runs on a computer and/or
computers, those skilled in the art will recognize that the
disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination
with other program modules. Generally, program modules include
routines, programs, components, data structures, etc. that perform
particular tasks and/or implement particular abstract data
types.
[0114] In the subject specification, terms such as "store,"
"storage," "data store," data storage," "database," and
substantially any other information storage component relevant to
operation and functionality of a component, refer to "memory
components," or entities embodied in a "memory" or components
comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory
components described herein can be either volatile memory or
nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile
memory, by way of illustration, and not limitation, volatile memory
1420 (see below), non-volatile memory 1422 (see below), disk
storage 1424 (see below), and memory storage 1446 (see below).
Further, nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory
(ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM
(EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory.
Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts
as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not
limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM
(SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data
rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM
(SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Additionally, the
disclosed memory components of systems or methods herein are
intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising, these
and any other suitable types of memory.
[0115] Moreover, it will be noted that the disclosed subject matter
can be practiced with other computer system configurations,
including single-processor or multiprocessor computer systems,
mini-computing devices, mainframe computers, as well as personal
computers, hand-held computing devices (e.g., PDA, phone, watch,
tablet computers, netbook computers, . . . ), microprocessor-based
or programmable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like.
The illustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed
computing environments where tasks are performed by remote
processing devices that are linked through a communications
network; however, some if not all aspects of the subject disclosure
can be practiced on stand-alone computers. In a distributed
computing environment, program modules can be located in both local
and remote memory storage devices.
[0116] FIG. 14 illustrates a block diagram of a computing system
1400 operable to execute the disclosed systems and methods in
accordance with an embodiment. Computer 1412, which can be, for
example, part of the hardware of system 1420, includes a processing
unit 1414, a system memory 1416, and a system bus 1418. System bus
1418 couples system components including, but not limited to,
system memory 1416 to processing unit 1414. Processing unit 1414
can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors
and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as
processing unit 1414.
[0117] System bus 1418 can be any of several types of bus
structure(s) including a memory bus or a memory controller, a
peripheral bus or an external bus, and/or a local bus using any
variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited
to, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel
Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive
Electronics, VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI), Card Bus, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced
Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association bus (PCMCIA), Firewire (IEEE 1494), and Small Computer
Systems Interface (SCSI).
[0118] System memory 1416 can include volatile memory 1420 and
nonvolatile memory 1422. A basic input/output system (BIOS),
containing routines to transfer information between elements within
computer 1412, such as during start-up, can be stored in
nonvolatile memory 1422. By way of illustration, and not
limitation, nonvolatile memory 1422 can include ROM, PROM, EPROM,
EEPROM, or flash memory. Volatile memory 1420 includes RAM, which
acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not
limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as SRAM, dynamic
RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR
SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), Rambus
direct RAM (RDRAM), direct Rambus dynamic RAM (DRDRAM), and Rambus
dynamic RAM (RDRAM).
[0119] Computer 1412 can also include removable/non-removable,
volatile/non-volatile computer storage media. FIG. 14 illustrates,
for example, disk storage 1424. Disk storage 1424 includes, but is
not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk
drive, tape drive, flash memory card, or memory stick. In addition,
disk storage 1424 can include storage media separately or in
combination with other storage media including, but not limited to,
an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM),
CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive)
or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM). To facilitate
connection of the disk storage devices 1424 to system bus 1418, a
removable or non-removable interface is typically used, such as
interface 1426.
[0120] Computing devices typically include a variety of media,
which can include computer-readable storage media or communications
media, which two terms are used herein differently from one another
as follows.
[0121] Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage
media that can be accessed by the computer and includes both
volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media.
By way of example, and not limitation, computer-readable storage
media can be implemented in connection with any method or
technology for storage of information such as computer-readable
instructions, program modules, structured data, or unstructured
data. Computer-readable storage media can include, but are not
limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM),
electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash
memory or other memory technology, solid state drive (SSD) or other
solid-state storage technology, compact disk read only memory (CD
ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), Blu-ray disc or other optical
disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk
storage or other magnetic storage devices or other tangible and/or
non-transitory media which can be used to store desired
information. In this regard, the terms "tangible" or
"non-transitory" herein as applied to storage, memory or
computer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude only
propagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not
relinquish rights to all standard storage, memory or
computer-readable media that are not only propagating transitory
signals per se. In an aspect, tangible media can include
non-transitory media wherein the term "non-transitory" herein as
may be applied to storage, memory or computer-readable media, is to
be understood to exclude only propagating transitory signals per se
as a modifier and does not relinquish coverage of all standard
storage, memory or computer-readable media that are not only
propagating transitory signals per se. For the avoidance of doubt,
the term "computer-readable storage device" is used and defined
herein to exclude transitory media. Computer-readable storage media
can be accessed by one or more local or remote computing devices,
e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrieval
protocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the
information stored by the medium.
[0122] Communications media typically embody computer-readable
instructions, data structures, program modules or other structured
or unstructured data in a data signal such as a modulated data
signal, e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and
includes any information delivery or transport media. The term
"modulated data signal" or signals refers to a signal that has one
or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as
to encode information in one or more signals. By way of example,
and not limitation, communication media include wired media, such
as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media
such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.
[0123] It can be noted that FIG. 14 describes software that acts as
an intermediary between users and computer resources described in
suitable operating environment 1400. Such software includes an
operating system 1428. Operating system 1428, which can be stored
on disk storage 1424, acts to control and allocate resources of
computer system 1412. System applications 1430 take advantage of
the management of resources by operating system 1428 through
program modules 1432 and program data 1434 stored either in system
memory 1416 or on disk storage 1424. It is to be noted that the
disclosed subject matter can be implemented with various operating
systems or combinations of operating systems.
[0124] A user can enter commands or information into computer 1412
through input device(s) 1436. As an example, a mobile device and/or
portable device can include a user interface embodied in a touch
sensitive display panel allowing a user to interact with computer
1412. Input devices 1436 include, but are not limited to, a
pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad,
keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner,
TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera,
cell phone, smartphone, tablet computer, etc. These and other input
devices connect to processing unit 1414 through system bus 1418 by
way of interface port(s) 1438. Interface port(s) 1438 include, for
example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, a universal
serial bus (USB), an infrared port, a Bluetooth port, an IP port,
or a logical port associated with a wireless service, etc. Output
device(s) 1440 and a move use some of the same type of ports as
input device(s) 1436.
[0125] Thus, for example, a USB port can be used to provide input
to computer 1412 and to output information from computer 1412 to an
output device 1440. Output adapter 1442 is provided to illustrate
that there are some output devices 1440 like monitors, speakers,
and printers, among other output devices 1440, which use special
adapters. Output adapters 1442 include, by way of illustration and
not limitation, video and sound cards that provide means of
connection between output device 1440 and system bus 1418. It
should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices
provide both input and output capabilities such as remote
computer(s) 1444.
[0126] Computer 1412 can operate in a networked environment using
logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote
computer(s) 1444. Remote computer(s) 1444 can be a personal
computer, a server, a router, a network PC, cloud storage, cloud
service, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer
device, or other common network node and the like, and typically
includes many or all of the elements described relative to computer
1412.
[0127] For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 1446
is illustrated with remote computer(s) 1444. Remote computer(s)
1444 is logically connected to computer 1412 through a network
interface 1448 and then physically connected by way of
communication connection 1450. Network interface 1448 encompasses
wire and/or wireless communication networks such as local-area
networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). LAN technologies
include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed
Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet, Token Ring and the like. WAN
technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links,
circuit-switching networks like Integrated Services Digital
Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks,
and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). As noted below, wireless
technologies may be used in addition to or in place of the
foregoing.
[0128] Communication connection(s) 1450 refer(s) to
hardware/software employed to connect network interface 1448 to bus
1418. While communication connection 1450 is shown for illustrative
clarity inside computer 1412, it can also be external to computer
1412. The hardware/software for connection to network interface
1448 can include, for example, internal and external technologies
such as modems, including regular telephone grade modems, cable
modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.
[0129] The above description of illustrated embodiments of the
subject disclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is
not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments
to the precise forms disclosed. While specific embodiments and
examples are described herein for illustrative purposes, various
modifications are possible that are considered within the scope of
such embodiments and examples, as those skilled in the relevant art
can recognize.
[0130] In this regard, while the disclosed subject matter has been
described in connection with various embodiments and corresponding
Figures, where applicable, it is to be understood that other
similar embodiments can be used or modifications and additions can
be made to the described embodiments for performing the same,
similar, alternative, or substitute function of the disclosed
subject matter without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the
disclosed subject matter should not be limited to any single
embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed in
breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims below.
[0131] As it employed in the subject specification, the term
"processor" can refer to substantially any computing processing
unit or device comprising, but not limited to comprising,
single-core processors; single-processors with software multithread
execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-core processors
with software multithread execution capability; multi-core
processors with hardware multithread technology; parallel
platforms; and parallel platforms with distributed shared memory.
Additionally, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit, an
application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal
processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a
programmable logic controller (PLC), a complex programmable logic
device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete
hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform
the functions described herein. Processors can exploit nano-scale
architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular and
quantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to
optimize space usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A
processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing
processing units.
[0132] In the subject specification, terms such as "store,"
"storage," "data store," data storage," "database," and
substantially any other information storage component relevant to
operation and functionality of a component, refer to "memory
components," or entities embodied in a "memory" or components
comprising the memory. It will be appreciated that the memory
components described herein can be either volatile memory or
nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile
memory.
[0133] As used in this application, the terms "component,"
"system," "platform," "layer," "selector," "interface," and the
like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity or an
entity related to an operational apparatus with one or more
specific functionalities, wherein the entity can be either
hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or
software in execution. As an example, a component may be, but is
not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a
processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a
program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration and not
limitation, both an application running on a server and the server
can be a component. One or more components may reside within a
process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized
on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
In addition, these components can execute from various computer
readable media, device readable storage devices, or machine
readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The
components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such
as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets
(e.g., data from one component interacting with another component
in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such
as the Internet with other systems via the signal). As another
example, a component can be an apparatus with specific
functionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric or
electronic circuitry, which is operated by a software or firmware
application executed by a processor, wherein the processor can be
internal or external to the apparatus and executes at least a part
of the software or firmware application. As yet another example, a
component can be an apparatus that provides specific functionality
through electronic components without mechanical parts, the
electronic components can include a processor therein to execute
software or firmware that confers at least in part the
functionality of the electronic components.
[0134] In addition, the term "or" is intended to mean an inclusive
"or" rather than an exclusive "or." That is, unless specified
otherwise, or clear from context, "X employs A or B" is intended to
mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X
employs A; X employs B; or X employs both A and B, then "X employs
A or B" is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances.
Moreover, articles "a" and "an" as used in the subject
specification and annexed drawings should generally be construed to
mean "one or more" unless specified otherwise or clear from context
to be directed to a singular form.
[0135] Moreover, terms like "user equipment (UE)," "mobile
station," "mobile," subscriber station," "subscriber equipment,"
"access terminal," "terminal," "handset," and similar terminology,
refer to a wireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a
wireless communication service to receive or convey data, control,
voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any data-stream or
signaling-stream. The foregoing terms are utilized interchangeably
in the subject specification and related drawings. Likewise, the
terms "access point (AP)," "base station," "NodeB," "evolved Node B
(eNodeB)," "home Node B (HNB)," "home access point (HAP)," "cell
device," "sector," "cell," and the like, are utilized
interchangeably in the subject application, and refer to a wireless
network component or appliance that serves and receives data,
control, voice, video, sound, gaming, or substantially any
data-stream or signaling-stream to and from a set of subscriber
stations or provider enabled devices. Data and signaling streams
can include packetized or frame-based flows.
[0136] Additionally, the terms "core-network", "core", "core
carrier network", "carrier-side", or similar terms can refer to
components of a telecommunications network that typically provides
some or all of aggregation, authentication, call control and
switching, charging, service invocation, or gateways. Aggregation
can refer to the highest level of aggregation in a service provider
network wherein the next level in the hierarchy under the core
nodes is the distribution networks and then the edge networks. UEs
do not normally connect directly to the core networks of a large
service provider but can be routed to the core by way of a switch
or radio area network. Authentication can refer to determinations
regarding whether the user requesting a service from the telecom
network is authorized to do so within this network or not. Call
control and switching can refer determinations related to the
future course of a call stream across carrier equipment based on
the call signal processing. Charging can be related to the
collation and processing of charging data generated by various
network nodes. Two common types of charging mechanisms found in
present day networks can be prepaid charging and postpaid charging.
Service invocation can occur based on some explicit action (e.g.
call transfer) or implicitly (e.g., call waiting). It is to be
noted that service "execution" may or may not be a core network
functionality as third party network/nodes may take part in actual
service execution. A gateway can be present in the core network to
access other networks. Gateway functionality can be dependent on
the type of the interface with another network.
[0137] Furthermore, the terms "user," "subscriber," "customer,"
"consumer," "prosumer," "agent," and the like are employed
interchangeably throughout the subject specification, unless
context warrants particular distinction(s) among the terms. It
should be appreciated that such terms can refer to human entities
or automated components (e.g., supported through artificial
intelligence, as through a capacity to make inferences based on
complex mathematical formalisms), that can provide simulated
vision, sound recognition and so forth.
[0138] Aspects, features, or advantages of the subject matter can
be exploited in substantially any, or any, wired, broadcast,
wireless telecommunication, radio technology or network, or
combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of such technologies or
networks include Geocast technology; broadcast technologies (e.g.,
sub-Hz, ELF, VLF, LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, THz broadcasts, etc.);
Ethernet; X.25; powerline-type networking (e.g., PowerLine AV
Ethernet, etc.); femto-cell technology; Wi-Fi; Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX); Enhanced General
Packet Radio Service (Enhanced GPRS); Third Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP or 3G) Long Term Evolution (LTE); 3GPP Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or 3GPP UMTS; Third
Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) Ultra Mobile Broadband
(UMB); High Speed Packet Access (HSPA); High Speed Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA); High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA); GSM
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network
(RAN) or GERAN; UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN); or
LTE Advanced.
[0139] What has been described above includes examples of systems
and methods illustrative of the disclosed subject matter. It is, of
course, not possible to describe every combination of components or
methods herein. One of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that
many further combinations and permutations of the disclosure are
possible. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "includes,"
"has," "possesses," and the like are used in the detailed
description, claims, appendices and drawings such terms are
intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term
"comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a
transitional word in a claim.
[0140] While the various embodiments are susceptible to various
modifications and alternative constructions, certain illustrated
implementations thereof are shown in the drawings and have been
described above in detail. It should be understood, however, that
there is no intention to limit the various embodiments to the
specific forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to
cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents
falling within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments.
[0141] In addition to the various implementations described herein,
it is to be understood that other similar implementations can be
used or modifications and additions can be made to the described
implementation(s) for performing the same or equivalent function of
the corresponding implementation(s) without deviating therefrom.
Still further, multiple processing chips or multiple devices can
share the performance of one or more functions described herein,
and similarly, storage can be effected across a plurality of
devices. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited to any
single implementation, but rather is to be construed in breadth,
spirit and scope in accordance with the appended claims.
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