U.S. patent application number 16/402485 was filed with the patent office on 2019-12-19 for containers with active surface and methods of forming such containers.
The applicant listed for this patent is Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC. Invention is credited to Eric J. Hukkanen, Gerhard Pohlers, Andrey Rudenko.
Application Number | 20190382161 16/402485 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 68839165 |
Filed Date | 2019-12-19 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190382161 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rudenko; Andrey ; et
al. |
December 19, 2019 |
CONTAINERS WITH ACTIVE SURFACE AND METHODS OF FORMING SUCH
CONTAINERS
Abstract
Provided are containers comprising: an enclosure member; and
optionally an article at least partially within the enclosure
member. The enclosure member and/or the article comprise an
activated polymeric surface, wherein the enclosure member and/or
the article comprise an activated polymeric surface, wherein the
activated polymeric surface is formed by a method comprising
treatment of a sulfonated polymeric surface with a composition
comprising a protic acid. Also provided are methods of forming
containers. The containers and their methods of formation find
particular use in the storage of high purity chemicals useful in
the electronics industry, and in the water, pharmaceutical and food
and beverage industries.
Inventors: |
Rudenko; Andrey; (Clinton,
MA) ; Hukkanen; Eric J.; (Andover, MA) ;
Pohlers; Gerhard; (Needham, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC |
Marlborough |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
68839165 |
Appl. No.: |
16/402485 |
Filed: |
May 3, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62686078 |
Jun 17, 2018 |
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D 1/0207 20130101;
B65D 1/0246 20130101; B65D 25/16 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B65D 25/16 20060101
B65D025/16; B65D 1/02 20060101 B65D001/02 |
Claims
1. A container, comprising: an enclosure member; and optionally an
article at least partially within the enclosure member; wherein the
enclosure member and/or the article comprise an activated polymeric
surface, wherein the activated polymeric surface is formed by a
method comprising treatment of a sulfonated polymeric surface with
a composition comprising a protic acid.
2. The container of claim 1, wherein the enclosure member comprises
an activated polymeric surface.
3. The container of claim 1, wherein the article comprises an
activated polymeric surface.
4. The container of claim 3, wherein the article is an enclosure
member liner.
5. The container of claim 3, wherein the article is a container
insert that is not an enclosure member liner.
6. The container of claim 1, wherein the container contains an
ultrapure chemical composition in contact with the activated
surface.
7. The active container of claim 1, wherein the container contains
water, a pharmaceutical, a food, a beverage, or an electronic
material, in contact with the activated surface.
8. A method of forming a container having an activated polymeric
surface, comprising providing an enclosure member or an enclosure
member liner comprising a sulfonated polymeric surface, and
treating the sulfonated polymeric surface with a composition
comprising a protic acid.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the protic acid is chosen from
one or more of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, or
acetic acid.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the composition comprising the
protic acid further comprises an oxidizing agent that is different
from the protic acid.
11. The method of claim 8, further comprising after treating the
sulfonated polymeric surface with a composition comprising a protic
acid, treating the polymeric surface with a base.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention related generally to containers for
high-purity materials. More specifically, the invention relates to
active containers for high-purity materials and to methods of
making such active containers. The invention finds particular
applicability in the packaging and storage of materials used in the
manufacture of electronic devices (electronic materials) and, in
particular, the semiconductor manufacturing industry, as well as in
the water, food and pharmaceuticals industries.
[0002] In the semiconductor manufacturing industry, process
chemicals comprising liquids are used throughout the manufacturing
process, for example, in lithography, coating, cleaning, stripping,
etching and chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes. Such
chemicals include, for example, acids, solvents, photoresists,
antireflective materials, developers, removers, slurries and
cleaning solutions. With continued reductions in critical
dimensions required for advanced semiconductor devices, it has
become increasingly important that the process chemicals be
provided in ultrapure form. However, process chemicals even in
purified form typically contain trace amounts of metals such as
iron, sodium, nickel, copper, calcium, magnesium and potassium,
among others. The presence of metals in the process chemicals can
be detrimental, resulting, for example, in patterning defects and
alteration of electrical properties of the formed devices, thereby
impacting device reliability and product yield. The source of such
metal impurities can be from raw materials used in the chemical
manufacturing process, or may otherwise be introduced during the
manufacturing and packaging processes.
[0003] The reduction of metals and other impurities from process
chemicals, raw materials and precursors has conventionally been
achieved through the use of ion-exchange and/or filtration
processes. Following such purification, the chemicals are typically
packaged in containers, for example, bottles or other vessels,
which are then shipped to and stored by the end user. In the
semiconductor manufacturing industry, the chemical containers are
often plumbed directly to the process tools used for wafer
processing to reduce the likelihood of contamination of the
chemicals. It has been found, however, that the chemical containers
themselves can be a source for impurities which may be generated
in-situ during storage and transportation. Movement of the
container such as during transport is believed to exacerbate this
problem. In an effort to reduce particle generation in process
chemicals, the use of bottles containing a fluorinated liner has
been proposed, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Pub. No.
2013/0193164 A1. Avoidance of fluorine-containing materials,
however, would be desired for environmental reasons. Moreover, such
liners are passive materials and, at best, would not contribute to
the total metals in the formulation. It would be desirable to
provide a container which, beyond not contributing to total metals
in the container material, actively removes such impurities from
the contained chemicals. In addition to the electronics industry,
such a container would be desirable for use, for example, in the
water, food and pharmaceutical industries.
[0004] Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improved
containers and their methods of making and use, which address one
or more problems associated with the state of the art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, provided
are containers. The containers comprise: an enclosure member; and
optionally an article at least partially within the enclosure
member. The enclosure member and/or the article comprise an
activated polymeric surface, wherein the activated polymeric
surface is formed by a method comprising treatment of a sulfonated
polymeric surface with a composition comprising a protic acid.
[0006] In accordance with a further aspect of the invention,
methods of forming containers having an activated polymeric surface
are provided. The methods comprise providing an enclosure member or
an enclosure member liner comprising a sulfonated polymeric
surface, and treating the sulfonated polymeric surface with a
composition comprising a protic acid. The containers and their
methods of formation find particular use in the storage of
chemicals useful in the electronics industry in the manufacture of
electronic devices (i.e., electronic materials), particularly in
the semiconductor manufacturing industry, as well as in the water,
pharmaceutical and food industries. Electronic materials and other
materials which can be stored in the containers of the present
invention are typically high-purity materials, and preferably are
ultrapure materials.
[0007] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing
particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of
the invention. The singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended
to include singular and plural forms, unless the context indicates
otherwise.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] The present invention will be described with reference to
the following drawing, in which like reference numerals denote like
features, and in which:
[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates a container in accordance with the
invention which includes an activated enclosure member;
[0010] FIG. 2 illustrates a container in accordance with the
invention which includes an activated liner;
[0011] FIG. 3A-E illustrates a container in accordance with the
invention with various activated textured surface geometries;
and
[0012] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate containers in accordance with the
invention which include activated inserts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] The containers of the invention comprise an activated
polymeric surface effective for removing metal impurities from
chemical compositions contained within the containers. Suitable
containers include, for example, those used in the storage of high
purity chemicals useful in the electronics industry. Such chemicals
include, for example, acids, solvents, polymers, photoresists,
antireflective materials, developers, removers, slurries and
cleaning solutions. The containers find further use, for example,
in the water, pharmaceutical and food industries. The containers
can take various forms, for example, bottles, cans, boxes, drums
and tanks.
[0014] Methods of the invention for activating a polymeric surface
of a container will now be described. The component comprising the
polymeric surface can take various forms with the understanding
that at least a portion of the activated surface will be in contact
with a chemical composition stored in the container. The polymeric
surface to be activated can, for example, include an interior wall
of an enclosure member, an enclosure member liner, or an insert
that is to be disposed at least partially within the enclosure
member.
[0015] Suitable materials for the surface to be activated include
organic polymers which are capable of being sulfonated. Such
polymers have hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon groups which can be
replaced by sulfonic acid groups having the sulfur bonded directly
to the carbon atoms. The polymer materials are preferably
thermoplastic, non-aromatic, hydrocarbon polymers which have a
linear carbon-to-carbon backbone molecular structure with only
non-aromatic substituents and have a plurality of free hydrogen
atoms attached to the carbon atoms of the polymer chain. These
polymers are extruded or molded to form the enclosure members,
liners or inserts. Examples of these thermoplastic extrusion grade
or moldable grade non-aromatic hydrocarbon polymers are
homopolymers of ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, methyl-pentene-1,
butene-1, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitriles,
interpolymers of the foregoing monomers with each other,
chlorinated polyethylene and chlorinated polypropylene, and blends
of the foregoing monomers and copolymers. Of particular interest
are the high and low density polyethylene, polypropylene,
ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/butene-1 copolymers and
blends thereof.
[0016] The polymer composition can include one or more optional
additives chosen, for example, from antioxidants, pigments, dyes,
or extenders known in the art. Such optional additives if used are
typically present in the composition in minor amounts such as from
0.01 to 10 wt % based on total solids of the polymer
composition.
[0017] The polymeric surface is activated through a multi-step
process comprising sulfonation and treatment of the sulfonated
polymeric surface with a composition comprising a protic acid.
Activation of the polymeric surface allows for removal of metal
impurities from chemical compositions disposed within the
containers which contact the activated surface. Without wishing to
be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that metal
impurities are removed from the chemical compositions by ion
exchange and/or adsorption with the activated polymeric surface.
The process chemicals described herein used to treat the polymeric
surface, for example, the sulfonation materials, protic
acid-containing composition and other materials which may be used
in the process such as rinsing agents, are preferably less than 100
ppb per metal, more preferably less than 50 ppb per metal and most
preferably less than 10 ppb per metal.
[0018] Sulfonation of the polymeric surface can be carried out by
techniques well-known in the art. It is to be understood that the
desired range of sulfonation to be used will be somewhat dependent
upon the material which is to be stored in the container and the
particular polymer being sulfonated. A degree of sulfonation that
is too low will result in inefficient removal of metal impurities
from the material to be disposed within the container, while an
excessive degree of sulfonation can result in significant loss in
tensile strength of the member being sulfonated, which may cause
decomposition of the polymer. Typically, the degree of sulfonation
is from 0.5 to 25 atomic %, preferably from 1 to 15 atomic %, and
more preferably from 3 to 10 atomic %, based on total carbon atoms
on the sulfonated polymer surface. Suitable sulfonation
temperatures will depend on the particular technique used, but for
any method should be less than the melting point of the treated
substrate and polymeric material. The pressure at which the
sulfonation is carried out similarly will depend on the particular
sulfonation method, and is typically atmospheric, but may be
sub-atmospheric (e.g., 10 to 750 Torr) or super-atmospheric (e.g.,
770 to 4000 Torr). The sulfonation reaction time can vary
significantly depending on method and other variables, with a time
of from two minutes to 24 hours being typical.
[0019] A typical method of sulfonating a substrate's polymeric
surface to be activated is to expose such surface to gaseous sulfur
trioxide, preferably diluted with a dry inert gas such as air,
argon, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and the
like. The concentration of sulfur trioxide in the gaseous
sulfonating agent can vary from 0.1 to 50 vol % based on total
gaseous sulfonating agent, preferably from 5 to 35 vol % of sulfur
trioxide. The sulfur trioxide can be generated in-situ by reacting
sulfur dioxide and air over a catalyst bed, such as vanadium oxide
(V.sub.2O.sub.5) or other catalyst beds known in the literature.
The time of sulfonation required to produce an acceptable degree of
sulfonation varies with the concentration of sulfur trioxide and
temperature. For example, degree of sulfonation increases with a
higher concentration of sulfur trioxide and higher temperature. It
may be desirable to exclude water vapor from the above gases by a
conventional drier tube since, in the presence of water in a liquid
or vapor form, the sulfur trioxide is converted to droplets of
sulfuric acid of varying concentration, and sulfonation of the
plastic can be inhibited or prevented. For removal of water, it may
further be desirable to purge the sulfonation chamber with a dry
inert gas such as air, argon, nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, or the like, prior to introduction of the
sulfonation reactants. The rate of addition of the gas(es) should
be controlled in order to maximize the rate of sulfonation while
minimizing any potential adverse effects, such as melting of the
polymer. The gas(es) may be added to the sulfonation chamber
containing the substrate continuously or in a non-continuous
manner, for example, in distinct pulses. The reaction chamber may
be at ambient pressure or a pressure less than or greater than
ambient pressure. The reaction temperature for the gas phase
sulfonation reaction is typically from 20 to 132.degree. C.
[0020] A further suitable method for sulfonating a polymeric
surface involves contacting the surface with a solution of SO.sub.3
in an inert liquid solvent, such as a liquid polychlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbon, for example, methylene chloride, carbon
tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, or
ethylene dichloride. Suitable concentrations include, for example,
from 1 to 25 wt % SO.sub.3 based on the total solution. The
reaction temperature is typically from 0 to 140.degree. C., with
the understanding that the temperature is to be less than the
melting point of the polymer being treated.
[0021] A further suitable sulfonation method involves contacting
the polymeric surface with a chlorosulfonic acid sulfonating agent.
The polymeric surface can be sulfonated, for example, with neat
chlorosulfonic acid. Optionally, chlorosulfonic acid can be used
with one or more additional solvent, for example, a liquid
polychlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon such as methylene chloride,
carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane,
or ethylene dichloride. A typical temperature for this sulfonation
method is from 25 to 75.degree. C.
[0022] A further suitable sulfonation method involves contacting
the polymeric surface with sulfuric acid. Suitable concentrations
are not particularly limited. The sulfuric acid can be, for
example, in concentrated or non-concentrated form. Suitable
concentrations including, for example, 10 wt % or greater, 20 wt %
or greater, 30 wt % or greater, 90 wt % or greater, 96 wt % or
greater, or 98 wt % or greater sulfuric acid. The concentration of
the sulfuric acid can alternatively be 96 wt % or less. The
reaction temperature for sulfonation with sulfuric acid is
typically from 0 to 140.degree. C., for example, from 30 to
120.degree. C.
[0023] A further suitable sulfonation method involves contacting
the polymeric surface with fuming sulfuric acid. As used herein,
fuming sulfuric acid (also referred to as "oleum") differs from
concentrated sulfuric acid, in that fuming sulfuric acid is 100%
sulfuric acid that contains dissolved SO.sub.3. The use of fuming
sulfuric acid can be advantageous as compared with concentrated
sulfuric acid as it is significantly more reactive and the
sulfonation reaction therefore occurs more quickly. Typically, the
concentration of the fuming sulfuric acid is described as the wt %
free SO.sub.3 in solution. Typical fuming sulfuric acids are 0.1 to
30 wt % SO.sub.3 in solution. The reaction temperature for oleum
sulfonation is typically from 0 to 140.degree. C., for example,
from 30 to 120.degree. C.
[0024] For the sulfonation methods described herein, it is
generally known in the art that variables for the sulfonation
process include, for example, temperature, reactant concentration,
pressure, sulfonation time and properties of the polymer such as
percent crystallinity, content of double bonds and porosity.
Determination of suitable conditions for the sulfonation methods
described above to achieve a desired degree of sulfonation is
within the level of one skilled in the art.
[0025] Typically, the sulfonated polymeric surface will be rinsed
with a rinsing agent, typically a water-miscible liquid, for
example, water, preferably deionized (DI) water, methanol, ethanol,
acetone or tetrahydrofuran, to remove residual sulfuric acid,
reaction by-products and other contaminants. The rinsing agent can
be a water-immiscible liquid, for example, toluene, dichloromethane
or an ether such as methyl tert-butyl ether, diethyl ether, diamyl
ether or other C2-C10 dialkylether. Such rinsing is useful to
remove residual unbound acid. Rinsing is typically conducted for a
period of time to reach neutrality, i.e., until the spent rinsing
material exhibits the same pH level as rinsing material that has
not contacted the sulfonated polymeric surface. The rinsing process
is typically conducted by filling the article being rinsed, for
example, in the case of an enclosure member or liner, emptying the
contents and repeating until reaching neutrality. The protic acid
solution can in another aspect be applied by immersing the article
in a tank containing the protic acid solution and allowing the
article to soak, preferably with agitation. The protic acid
solution can be applied to the tank in a continuous manner or, more
typically, is applied in a batch manner such as by serially filling
and draining the tank until reaching neutrality.
[0026] The sulfonation process typically results in discoloration
of the polymeric surface being treated, wherein a black or dark
brown layer is produced. Without wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, it is believed that the reaction is one of
simultaneous oxidation and sulfonation. The discoloration thus
appears to be the result of a complex oxidation of the polymer so
that it contains various chromophoric unsaturated polymeric groups
and oxidized groups such as hydroxy, keto or carboxylic acid
groups. It is further believed that these groups condense with one
another to form additional chromophoric groups responsible for the
dark color above noted.
[0027] It is typically desired to remove or reduce the
discoloration layer as it may leach into and contaminate a material
to be stored in the container. For this purpose, the discolored
surface can optionally be rinsed with a bleaching agent. Suitable
bleaching agents include, for example, aqueous solutions of sodium
hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium
percarbonate, potassium persulfate, potassium permanganate and
sodium di-chromate. Bleaching of the polymeric surface is typically
followed by rinsing with a water-miscible liquid such as described
above to remove residual bleaching agent, reaction by-products and
other contaminants.
[0028] The sulfonated polymeric surface is next treated with a
composition comprising a protic acid. By treatment with a protic
acid, contaminants and metals resulting from the sulfonation
process can be removed. Suitable protic acids include, for example,
nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, citric
acid, tartaric acid, iminodiacetic acid, phosphoric acid, boric
acid, or a combination thereof. Preferably, the polymeric surface
is contacted with a liquid solution of the protic acid. The
concentration of the protic acid solution is typically from 1 to 80
wt % acid, and preferably from 10-30 wt % acid. The protic acid
solution can be applied to the article, for example, by filling the
substrate such as for treatment of an interior polymeric surface of
an enclosure member or liner and allowing contact between the
protic acid and polymeric surface for a desired period of time,
preferably with agitation. The protic acid solution can
alternatively be applied by immersing the article in a tank
containing the protic acid solution and allowing the article to
soak, preferably with agitation. Rinse times of from one hour to 14
days, preferably from 5 to 10 days, are typical. The temperature of
the acid rinse is typically from 0 to 100.degree. C., preferably
from 20 to 50.degree. C.
[0029] The protic-acid treatment can alternatively be conducted in
a closed chamber using a protic acid in gas or vapor phase.
Suitable protic acids in gas form include, for example, hydrogen
chloride and hydrogen fluoride. Suitable protic acids for use in
vapor form include those described above with respect to the protic
acid solutions. Vapor generation can be accomplished using methods
known in the art, for example, bubbling an insert carrier gas, such
as air, argon, nitrogen, or helium, into the protic acid solution,
and optionally heating the acid. Treatment times of from one hour
to 14 days, preferably from 5 to 10 days, are typical. Typically,
these treatments can be conducted at atmospheric pressure or super
atmospheric pressure. Prior to protic acid treatment of the
sulfonated article in this method, the polymeric surface should be
treated with an aqueous rinsing agent, typically deionized water,
to allow for solubilization and removal of metal contaminants from
the polymeric surface during contact with the protic acid. The
rinsing treatment can be conducted prior to introduction into the
closed chamber such as by filling the article with, or immersing
the article in, the rinsing agent. The rinsing time is not critical
and the treatment should be sufficient to create a film of water on
the polymeric surface to be treated with the protic acid.
[0030] If bleaching of the polymeric surface is desired, it can be
conducted simultaneously with the protic acid treatment in place of
or in addition to a separate bleaching process as described above.
For bleaching during protic acid treatment, certain protic acids
themselves, for example, nitric acid, can function as a bleaching
agent. Optionally, a bleaching agent that is different from the
protic acid can be used in combination with the protic acid to
treat the polymeric surface. Suitable protic acid/bleaching agent
combinations include, for example, any combination of the
above-mentioned protic acids and bleaching agents. Particularly
suitable combinations include, for example, hydrogen
peroxide/sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide/hydrochloric acid,
hydrogen peroxide/nitric acid and sodium dichromate/sulfuric
acid.
[0031] The protic acid-treated polymeric surface is typically
rinsed with an aqueous-miscible rinsing agent as described above
with reference to the post-sulfonic acid treatment rinse. Rinsing
is typically conducted for a period of time to reach
neutrality.
[0032] Optionally, the protic acid-treated polymeric surface can be
treated with an agent which neutralizes the sulfonic acid groups on
the polymer. This may be desired, for example, to prevent reaction
where the material to be stored in the container is not compatible
with acid groups. In this case, neutralization of the acid groups
can compatibilize the container with the material to be stored. The
neutralization agent can be, for example, in liquid or vapor phase.
Suitable liquid phase neutralization agents include, for example:
primary, secondary or tertiary amines; ammonium hydroxide including
quaternary ammonium hydroxide solutions such as tetramethyl
ammonium hydroxide; primary, secondary, or tertiary imines; or
mixtures thereof. Suitable amines which can be used include
primary, secondary or tertiary saturated aliphatic amines of 2-5
carbon atoms which are water soluble and are normally liquids at
room temperature, for example, amylamine, dipropylamine,
triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, diethylmethylamine,
ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and thioethanolamine.
Suitable imines which can be used include primary, secondary or
tertiary aromatic and aliphatic imines which are water soluble and
are normally liquids at room temperature, for example, pyridine,
pyrimidine and pyrazine.
[0033] The sulfonated plastic surfaces can be dipped into the
aqueous solutions or suspensions or can be sprayed with the
solutions, washed with water and dried. Typically, the neutralizing
agent is added to water in an amount such that the resulting
solution contains from 1-20 wt % of the neutralizing agent. The
contact time is not critical and a mere dipping or spraying can be
sufficient. The temperature at which neutralization is carried out
is not critical, and is typically from -20 to 60.degree. C.,
preferably from 20 to 40.degree. C.
[0034] Suitable vapor phase neutralization agents include, for
example, gaseous ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine,
trimethylamine and pyridine. For those materials in liquid form at
standard conditions, for example, pyridine, the material can be
heated to a temperature allowing for vaporization. The contact time
between the vapor phase neutralization agent and sulfonated
polymeric surface is typically from 1 minute to 24 hours, and more
typically from 15 minutes to four hours. The temperature at which
vapor phase neutralization is carried out is typically from 0 to
100.degree. C., preferably from 20 to 80.degree. C. In the event of
an optional neutralization treatment, the polymeric surface is
typically then rinsed with an aqueous-miscible rinsing agent such
as described above with reference to the post-sulfonic acid
treatment rinse.
[0035] Exemplary containers in accordance with the invention will
now be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 illustrates
a first exemplary container 1 in accordance with the invention. The
container 1 includes a polymeric enclosure member 2 having an
active interior surface 3 effective for removing metal impurities
from a composition to be stored in the container. The polymeric
enclosure member can be made by processes well-known in the art,
for example, extrusion blow molding. The enclosure member is formed
from a polymer as described above that is conducive to sulfonation.
The interior surface of the enclosure member is activated through a
method as described above. The container 1 further includes a
closure 4 for capping the enclosure member. Suitable closures are
known in the art and include, for example, screw caps, press-fit
caps, dispense connectors (e.g., ErgoNOW.TM. connectors from
Entegris, Inc.) and closures with septum. To accommodate the
closure, the bottle may include a mating feature for securing the
cap, such as screw threads.
[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates a second exemplary container 1 in
accordance with the invention, which includes a polymeric liner 6
having an active interior surface 7 for removing metal impurities
from a composition stored in the container. The liner can be made
by processes well-known in the art, for example, extrusion blow
molding. The liner is formed from a polymer as described above that
is conducive to sulfonation. The interior surface of the liner is
activated through a method as described above. For containers
comprising a polymeric liner 6, the enclosure member can be
constructed of a material other than a polymer as described herein.
The enclosure member can, for example, be made of glass, stainless
steel, or other inert, clean material that is not subject to
contamination.
[0037] To increase interaction between the activated polymeric
surface and a chemical composition to be stored in the container,
it may be desired to provide an activated polymeric surface with
increased surface area for greater contact with the chemical
composition. It is believed that such increased activated polymeric
surface area can provide further reductions in metal contaminants.
Increased surface area can be achieved, for example, through
surface texturing of the polymeric surface. Suitable textures
include raised or indented structures of various geometries, for
example, dimples, domes, ridges, grooves, pyramids, rectangular
cuboids, cylinders, and combinations thereof. Surface texturing can
be accomplished during manufacture of the bottle (or other
enclosure member or article). FIG. 3A illustrates a container 1
with an enclosure member 2 having a textured activated surface 8A.
FIGS. 3B-3E illustrate various forms of textured surfaces including
pyramid (FIG. 3B), rectangular cuboid (FIG. 3C), dome (FIG. 3D) and
dimple (FIG. 3E) texturing.
[0038] In the above-described exemplary containers, the enclosure
member or liner includes an active interior polymeric surface.
Additionally or alternatively, the container can include an insert
disposed at least partially within the enclosure member that
includes an activated polymeric surface for metals removal. For
purposes of increasing the activated surface area of an insert, it
may be desired to include surface texturing such as described with
respect to FIG. 3A-E on the inserts.
[0039] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary container 1 that includes an
activated polymeric closed-bottom cylindrical insert 10 disposed
within the enclosure member 2. Activation of the polymeric insert
is conducted through methods as described herein. For purposes of
maximizing surface area of the active polymeric surface, it is
preferred that each of the exposed surfaces of the cylindrical
assembly are activated. The cylindrical assembly can be
manufactured by methods known in the art, for example, extrusion
blow molding.
[0040] FIG. 5 illustrates a further exemplary container 1 that
includes an activated insert in the form of an activated elongated
polymeric member 12. The polymeric member 12 can, for example, be
hollow or solid in form and can be of various elongated shapes,
such as cylindrical or prismatic, with a cylindrical shape being
typical. The member 12 can be manufactured by methods known in the
art, for example, extrusion blow molding, followed by activation
through methods as described herein. The polymeric member 12 can be
integral with the closure 4 as illustrated, or can be provided as a
separate component from the closure.
[0041] The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the
invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0042] 15 ml LDPE white translucent bottles (2.4 cm diameter, 5.8
cm height) were subjected to gas-phase sulfonation. The
pre-sulfonated bottles exhibited no measurable elemental sulfur,
and the sulfonated bottles exhibited an elemental sulfur content at
the surface of 6.9 atomic percent as determined by x-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The sulfonated bottles were
visually observed to have become discolored black inside and out.
The bottles were rinsed with deionized (DI) water (18 Megaohm). A
sulfonated bottle was filled with 20 wt % Optima.TM. nitric acid
(Fisher Scientific) and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The
nitric acid turned yellow in color and the discoloration on the
inner walls of the bottle was substantially removed, indicating
removal of sulfonation by-products. The bottle was then rinsed with
DI water (18 Megaohm), and the sulfur content at the surface as
measured by XPS was 3.4 atomic percent. 10 ml OC.TM.3050 Immersion
Topcoat Material (Dow Electronic Materials, Marlborough, Mass.),
which includes a mixture of acrylic resins and organic solvents,
was added to the bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and
metals analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system.
ICP metals analysis included analysis of two samples from bottle
for all examples. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 1
[0043] A 15 ml LDPE white translucent bottle (2.4 cm diameter, 5.8
cm height) was filled with 20 wt % Optima.TM. nitric acid (Fisher
Scientific) and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The bottle
was then rinsed with DI water (18 Megaohm). 10 ml OC.TM.3050
Immersion Topcoat Material (Dow Electronic Materials) was added to
the bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and metals
analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The
results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 2
[0044] A sulfonated/DI water-rinsed bottle was prepared as
described in Example 1. 10 ml OC.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat Material
(Dow Electronic Materials) was added to the bottle. The bottle was
shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an
Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 2
[0045] A nitric acid-treated/DI water-rinsed sulfonated bottle was
prepared as described in Example 1. 10 ml TraceSELECT Ultra TMAH
solution (25 wt % in water) (Fluka) was added to the bottle and
shaken for one week. The TMAH solution gained a dark brown color
and was removed from the bottle. The bottle was rinsed with 18 MOhm
DI water, and 10 ml of OC.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat Material (Dow
Electronic Materials) was added to the bottle. The bottle was
shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an
Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 3
[0046] A nitric acid-treated/DI water-rinsed sulfonated bottle was
prepared as described in Example 1. 10 ml Optima ammonium hydroxide
solution (20 wt %) (Fisher Scientific) was added to the bottle and
shaken for one week. The TMAH solution gained a dark brown color
and was removed from the bottle. The bottle was rinsed with 18 MOhm
DI water, and 10 ml of 0C.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat Material (Dow
Electronic Materials) was added to the bottle. The bottle was
shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an
Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 4
[0047] To study suitability for reuse of containers of the
invention, a bottle prepared as in Example 1, which was sulfonated,
nitric acid-washed and contained OC.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat
Material (Dow Electronic Materials), was rinsed with distilled
ethyl lactate. The bottle was then rinsed with 18 MOhm DI water and
treated with 20 wt % Optima nitric acid (Fisher Scientific) for
seven days. The resulting nitric acid remained clear. The bottle
was rinsed with 18 MOhm DI water, and 10 ml of OC.TM.3050 Immersion
Topcoat Material (Dow Electronic Materials) was added to the
bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and metals analysis
was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are
shown in Table 1.
Example 5
[0048] A sulfonated/DI water-rinsed bottle was prepared as
described in Example 1. The bottle was filled with 98 wt % Optima
sulfuric acid (Fisher Scientific) for seven days. The resulting
sulfuric acid remained clear, and the inside of the bottle walls
remained black. The bottle was rinsed with 18 MOhm DI water, and 10
ml of OC.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat Material (Dow Electronic
Materials) was added to the bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven
days and metals analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS
system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 6
[0049] A sulfonated/DI water-rinsed bottle was prepared as
described in Example 1. The bottle was filled with a 1:4 mixture
(by volume) of 30 wt % Optima hydrogen peroxide (Fisher
Scientific): 98 wt % Optima sulfuric acid (Fisher Scientific), and
the bottle was shaken for seven days. The resulting sulfuric acid
remained clear, and the color of the interior bottle walls
lightened from black to brown. The bottle was rinsed with 18 MOhm
DI water, and 10 ml of OC.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat Material (Dow
Electronic Materials) was added to the bottle. The bottle was
shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an
Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 7
[0050] A sulfonated/DI water-rinsed bottle was prepared as
described in Example 1. The bottle was filled with TraceSelect
acetic acid (Fluka), and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The
resulting acetic acid remained clear, and the inside of the bottle
walls turned slightly brownish. The bottle was rinsed with 18 MOhm
DI water, and 10 ml of OC.TM.3050 Immersion Topcoat Material (Dow
Electronic Materials) was added to the bottle. The bottle was
shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an
Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 3
[0051] A 15 ml LDPE white translucent bottle (2.4 cm diameter, 5.8
cm height) was filled with 20 wt % Optima.TM. nitric acid (Fisher
Scientific) and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The bottle
was then rinsed with DI water (18 Megaohm). 10 ml isoamyl ether
(Toyo Gosei) was added to the bottle. The bottle was shaken for
seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800
ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 8
[0052] A nitric acid-treated/DI water-rinsed sulfonated bottle was
prepared as described in Example 1. 10 ml isoamyl ether (Toyo
Gosei) was added to the bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven
days and metals analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS
system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 4
[0053] A 15 ml LDPE white translucent bottle (2.4 cm diameter, 5.8
cm height) was filled with 20 wt % Optima.TM. nitric acid (Fisher
Scientific) and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The bottle
was then rinsed with DI water (18 Megaohm). 10 ml ethyl lactate was
added to the bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and
metals analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system.
The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 9
[0054] A nitric acid-treated/DI water-rinsed sulfonated bottle was
prepared as described in Example 1. 10 ml ethyl lactate was added
to the bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and metals
analysis was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The
results are shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 6
[0055] A 15 ml LDPE white translucent bottle (2.4 cm diameter, 5.8
cm height) was filled with 20 wt % Optima.TM. nitric acid (Fisher
Scientific) and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The bottle
was then rinsed with DI water (18 Megaohm). 10 ml hydroxybutyric
acid methyl ester (HBM) was added to the bottle. The bottle was
shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted with an
Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table 1.
Example 10
[0056] A nitric acid-treated/DI water-rinsed sulfonated bottle was
prepared as described in Example 1. 10 ml HBM was added to the
bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and metals analysis
was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are
shown in Table 1.
Comparative Example 7
[0057] A 15 ml LDPE white translucent bottle (2.4 cm diameter, 5.8
cm height) was filled with 20 wt % Optima.TM. nitric acid (Fisher
Scientific) and the bottle was shaken for seven days. The bottle
was then rinsed with DI water (18 Megaohm). 10 ml Propylene glycol
monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) was added to the bottle. The
bottle was shaken for seven days and metals analysis was conducted
with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are shown in Table
1.
Example 11
[0058] A nitric acid-treated/DI water-rinsed sulfonated bottle was
prepared as described in Example 1. 10 ml PGMEA was added to the
bottle. The bottle was shaken for seven days and metals analysis
was conducted with an Agilent 8800 ICP-MS system. The results are
shown in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example Comp. 1 Comp. 2 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3
Ex. 4* Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7 Comp. Ex. 8 Comp. 4 Ex. 9 Comp. 5 Ex. 10
Comp. 6 Ex. 11 Process Sulfonation -- Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -- Y -- Y --
Y -- Y Acid HNO.sub.3 -- HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3
H.sub.2SO.sub.4 H.sub.2SO.sub.4/H.sub.2O.sub.2 Acetic Acid
HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3
HNO.sub.3 HNO.sub.3 Base -- -- -- TMAH NH.sub.4OH -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- Analyte TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC TC IE IE EL EL
HBM HBM PGMEA PGMEA Metal Content (ppb)/(.sigma.) Li 0.01 nd nd nd
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.26 (0) (0) Na 1.32 0.58 0.22
0.23 0.2 0.21 0.21 nd 0.16 0.49 0.35 4.91 1.14 5.61 1.81 1.98 0.02
(0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0) (0.01)
(0.01) (0.01) (0.16) (0) Mr 0.36 0.05 nd 0.05 0.34 nd 0.36 0.15
0.44 0.02 0.05 0.53 nd 1.03 0.33 0.1 nd (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0)
(0.01) (0.02) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) Al 0.08 nd nd
nd nd nd 0.23 nd nd nd nd 0.25 0.02 0.04 nd nd 0.06 (0.01) (0.01)
(0) (0) (0.01) (0) K 0.2 0.21 0.04 0.16 nd 0.09 0.07 0.21 nd 0.13
0.09 1.16 0.47 1.16 0.29 0.29 0.07 (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0)
(0.03) (0.01) (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.17) (0) Ca 1.6
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.06 nd 7.98 1.26 3.36 1.97 0.46 nd (0.01)
(0) (0.01) (0.02) (0.04) (0.04) (0.04) V 0.03 0.04 nd nd 0.11 0.03
nd nd 0.12 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01)
Cr 0.24 0.06 0.09 0.05 nd 0.06 nd nd nd nd nd 0.68 0.02 nd 0.02
0.11 nd (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0) (0.01) Mn 0.03 nd
nd nd 0.05 nd 0.13 0.05 0.11 nd nd 0.05 nd 0.05 0.05 nd 0.19 (0)
(0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.04) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0) Fe 0.6 0.02
0.04 nd nd 0.02 nd nd nd nd nd 2.22 1.03 0.15 2.32 0.21 nd (0.03)
(0) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.04) (0.01) (0) (0.02) Co 0.02 nd nd nd nd
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.04 0.03 nd nd (0) (0.01) (0.01) Ni 0.03
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 1.1 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.04 (0.01)
(0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) Cu 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.52
0.01 0.54 0.49 0.49 nd 0.02 0.23 0.01 0.14 0.03 0.04 nd (0.01) (0)
(0) (0) (0.01) (0) (0.02) (0.06) (0.01) (0) (0.03) (0) (0.01) (0)
(0.01) Ti 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11 nd 0.1 0.02 0.05 0.02 nd nd 0.02 0.06
nd 0.03 nd 0.03 (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
(0.01) (0) Zn 0.69 0.06 nd nd nd 0.05 0.11 0.2 nd nd nd 5.68 0.81
0.64 0.23 0.68 nd (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.04) (0)
(0.01) (0) (0.07) As nd nd nd nd 0.11 nd 0.05 0.14 0.03 nd nd nd nd
nd nd nd nd (0.02) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) ar nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.04
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd (0) Cd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd Sn 0.38 0.02 nd nd 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.17 0.19 nd
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd (0.07) (0) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0) (0.04) Ba
nd nd nd nd 0.08 nd 0.16 0.23 0.2 nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd (0.04)
(0.02) (0.12) (0.06) W nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd
nd nd Au nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd Pb nd
nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd nd 0.05 nd nd nd nd nd (0) Total 5.73
1.15 0.48 0.60 1.45 0.58 1.98 1.67 1.73 0.70 0.50 24.83 4.83 12.23
7.15 3.87 0.67 Metal content in pans per billion (ppb) is average
of two samples front bottle: .sigma. = standard deviation for two
samples from bottle; "Y" = sulfonation perforated; "TC" = Immersion
topcoat material; "IE" = Isoamyl ether, "EL" = ethyl lactate; "HBM"
= hydroxybulyric acid methyl ester, "PGMEA" = propylene glycol
monomethyl ether acetate; "nd" = not detected: *Bottle reuse
study.
* * * * *