U.S. patent application number 16/538387 was filed with the patent office on 2019-12-05 for zinc one piece link system.
This patent application is currently assigned to Hunting Titan, Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Isaiah Acevedo, William Richard Collins, Timothy G. Golian, Debra Christine McDonald, Shane Matthew Wilson. Invention is credited to Isaiah Acevedo, William Richard Collins, Timothy G. Golian, Debra Christine McDonald, Shane Matthew Wilson.
Application Number | 20190368319 16/538387 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55440420 |
Filed Date | 2019-12-05 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190368319 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Collins; William Richard ;
et al. |
December 5, 2019 |
Zinc One Piece Link System
Abstract
A link jet system using a combination of a one piece cast zinc
alloy case and interlocking linked shaped charges for minimizing
debris left in a downhole wellbore when fired, reducing components
in system, and providing an easy method for changing the shaped
charge phase.
Inventors: |
Collins; William Richard;
(Burleson, TX) ; McDonald; Debra Christine;
(Whitney, TX) ; Golian; Timothy G.; (San Antonio,
TX) ; Wilson; Shane Matthew; (Waxahachie, TX)
; Acevedo; Isaiah; (Chandler, AZ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Collins; William Richard
McDonald; Debra Christine
Golian; Timothy G.
Wilson; Shane Matthew
Acevedo; Isaiah |
Burleson
Whitney
San Antonio
Waxahachie
Chandler |
TX
TX
TX
TX
AZ |
US
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Hunting Titan, Inc.
Pampa
TX
|
Family ID: |
55440420 |
Appl. No.: |
16/538387 |
Filed: |
August 12, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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15508614 |
Mar 3, 2017 |
|
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PCT/US15/48667 |
Sep 4, 2015 |
|
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16538387 |
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62045684 |
Sep 4, 2014 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B 43/117 20130101;
E21B 43/119 20130101 |
International
Class: |
E21B 43/117 20060101
E21B043/117; E21B 43/119 20060101 E21B043/119 |
Claims
1. A perforating gun system comprising: a plurality of shaped
charges linked directly to each other in a series; each shaped
charge having a shaped charge case; each shaped charge case having
a first stem and a second stem, wherein the first stem and the
second stem are 180 degrees opposed to each other about the center
axis of the shaped charge case.
2. The perforating gun system of claim 1 wherein the first stem and
second stem are integral to its associated shaped charge case.
3. The perforating gun system of claim 1 wherein the first stem is
a key.
4. The perforating gun system of claim 1 wherein the second stem is
a cylindrical socket with a plurality of internal slots adapted to
accept a first stem from an adjacent shaped charge in a
corresponding plurality of orientations.
5. The perforating gun system of claim 4 wherein the socket of the
second stem is configured to allow the first stem of an adjacent
perforating shaped charge to interface with the second stem at a
plurality of phase angles.
6. The perforating gun system of claim 5 further comprising a
plurality of pins, wherein the socket and the first stem have
corresponding through holes that when lined up will accept one of
the plurality of pins to effectively lock at least two shaped
charges together.
7. The perforating gun system of claim 1 further comprising a cap
on each shaped charge adapted to seal the contents of the shaped
charge case from an outside environment.
8. The perforating gun system of claim 1 wherein the plurality of
shaped charge cases and each accompanying first stem and second
stem are composed of zinc alloy.
9. The perforating gun system of claim 1 further comprising an
extender located between two of the plurality of shaped charge
cases, wherein the extender contains a plurality of slots on a
first end and a key on the second end adapted to adjust the phase
angle and shot density of the perforating gun system.
10. The perforating gun system of claim 1 wherein each shaped
charge is individually sealed using a cap placed over the charge
case and using an O-ring to provide a water tight seal in a
wellbore environment.
11. The perforating gun system of claim 1 wherein the shaped
charges are individually sealed.
12. A shaped charge comprising: a shaped charge case having an
opening; a liner; an explosive material between the liner and the
shaped charge case; and the shaped charge case having a first stem
and a second stem, wherein the first stem and the second stem are
180 degrees opposed to each other.
13. The perforating gun system of claim 12 wherein the first stem
and second stem are integral to the shaped charge case.
14. The perforating gun system of claim 12 wherein the first stem
is a male key.
15. The perforating gun system of claim 12 wherein the second stem
is a cylindrical female socket.
16. The perforating gun system of claim 15 wherein the first stem
and second stem is integral to a retainer ring that snaps into
place over the shaped charge case.
17. The perforating gun system of claim 12 further comprising a cap
on the shaped charge adapted to seal the contents of the shaped
charge from an outside environment.
18. The perforating gun system of claim 17 further comprising an
O-ring seal between each shaped charge and its associated cap.
19. The perforating gun system of claim 12 further wherein the
shaped charge case, first stem, and second stem are all composed of
a zinc alloy.
20. The perforating gun system of claim 12 further comprising a cap
covering the opening of the shaped charge case, wherein the cap
provides a water tight seal.
21. The perforating gun system of claim 14 wherein the first stem
is a rectangular male key.
22. The perforating gun system of claim 15, the second stem further
comprising a plurality of slots adapted to accept a first stem at a
plurality of angles.
23. A perforating gun system comprising: a plurality of shaped
charge holder plates linked together in series, each holder plate
having a male end connector and a corresponding female end
connector.
24. The perforating gun system of claim 23 wherein the
corresponding female end connector is adapted to accept a male end
connector at a plurality of phase angles.
25. The perforating gun system of claim 23 further comprising a
through hole on each holder plate sized to fit a shaped charge at a
first orientation.
26. The perforating gun system of claim 25, wherein the shaped
charge is locked into place in the holder plate by rotating the
shaped charge to a second orientation.
27. The perforating gun system of claim 23 wherein the shaped
charge holder plates are composed of zinc alloy.
28. The perforating gun system of claim 23 wherein the linked
shaped charge holder plates are placed inside a perforating gun
body.
29. A perforating charge holder comprising: a first ring configured
to hold a perforating shaped charge at a preselected angle relative
to a base configured to interface with a loading strip.
30. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 wherein the first
ring snaps to a shaped charge case.
31. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 wherein the first
ring screws into a shaped charge case.
32. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 wherein the base
screws into the loading strip.
33. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 wherein the base
snaps into the loading strip.
34. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 further wherein the
perforating charge holder is composed of zinc alloy.
35. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 wherein the base is a
second ring.
36. The perforating charge holder of claim 29 further comprising a
first L-shaped member with a first top and first bottom, and a
second L-shaped member with a second top and a second bottom,
wherein the first bottom and second bottom are attached to the base
and the first top and second top are attached the ring such that
the first L-shaped member and second L-shaped member mirror each
other about a centerline of the base.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of U.S.
Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 15/508,614, filed Mar.
3, 2017 which is a 371 of International Application No.
PCT/US15/48667, filed Sep. 4, 2015 which claims priority to U.S.
Provisional Application No. 62/045,684, filed Sep. 4, 2014.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Generally, when completing a subterranean well for the
production of fluids, minerals, or gases from underground
reservoirs, several types of tubulars are placed downhole as part
of the drilling, exploration, and completions process. These
tubulars can include casing, tubing, pipes, liners, and devices
conveyed downhole by tubulars of various types. Each well is
unique, so combinations of different tubulars may be lowered into a
well for a multitude of purposes.
[0003] A subsurface or subterranean well transits one or more
formations. The formation is a body of rock or strata that contains
one or more compositions. The formation is treated as a continuous
body. Hydrocarbon deposits may exist within the formation.
Typically a wellbore is drilled from a surface location, placing a
hole into a formation of interest. Completion equipment is placed
downhole after drilling, including casing, tubing, and other
downhole equipment as needed. Perforating the casing and the
formation with a perforating gun is a well known method in the art
for accessing hydrocarbon deposits within a formation from a
wellbore.
[0004] Explosively perforating the formation using a shaped charge
is a widely known method for completing an oil well. A shaped
charge is a term of art for a device that when detonated generates
a focused explosive output. This is achieved in part by the
geometry of the explosive in conjunction with an adjacent liner.
Generally, a shaped charge includes a metal case that contains an
explosive material with a shape and has a thin metal liner on the
inner surface of the explosive material. Many materials are used
for the liner including brass, copper, tungsten, and lead. When the
explosive detonates the liner metal is compressed into a
super-heated, super pressurized jet that can penetrate metal,
concrete, and rock.
[0005] A perforating gun typically has a gun body. The gun body
typically is composed of metal and is cylindrical in shape. Within
a typical gun tube is a charge holder or carrier tube, which is a
tube that is designed to hold the actual shaped charges. The charge
holder contains cutouts called charge holes where the shaped
charges are placed.
[0006] A shaped charge is typically detonated by a booster or
igniter. Shaped charges may be detonated by electrical igniters,
pressure activated igniters, or detonating cord. One way to ignite
several shaped charges is to connect a common detonating cord that
is placed proximate to the igniter of each shaped charge. The
detonating cord is comprised of material that explodes upon
ignition. The energy of the exploding detonating cord can ignite
shaped charges that are properly placed proximate to the detonating
cord. Often a series of shaped charges may be daisy chained
together using detonating cord.
[0007] An alternative to using a perforating gun with a gun body is
a strip system where the perforating charges are exposed to the
downhole environment. The strip system may be conveyed downhole
using coiled tubing. A strip system is smaller in diameter and
allows for the perforation of casing where size is an issue. The
strip system typically may include a series of shaped charges
strung together along a loading strip. These shaped charges
typically are individually sealed against the downhole environment.
When the perforating charges are fired the system may break up,
leaving debris inside the wellbore. The remains of the loading
strip and anything attached is then removed from the wellbore.
SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION
[0008] An example of the invention may include a linked perforating
gun system comprising a plurality of shaped charges linked directly
to each other in a series, with each shaped charge having a shaped
charge case and each shaped charge case having a first stem and a
second stem, wherein the first stem and the second stem are 180
degrees opposed to each other about the center axis of the shaped
charge case. A variation of the example may include the first stem
and second stem being integral to its associated shaped charge
case. The first stem may also be a key. The second stem may be a
cylindrical socket with a plurality of internal slots adapted to
accept a first stem from an adjacent shaped chare in a
corresponding plurality of orientations. The second stem is may be
a socket. The socket of the second stem may be configured to allow
the first stem of an adjacent perforating shaped charge to
interface with the second stem at a plurality of phase angles. The
example may further comprise a cap on each shaped charge adapted to
seal the contents of the shaped charge from an outside environment.
The cap may include an O-ring seal between each shaped charge and
its associated cap. The plurality of shaped charge cases and each
accompanying first stem and second stem may be composed of zinc
alloy. The example may further comprise an extender located between
two of the plurality of shaped charge cases, wherein the extender
is adapted to adjust the phase angle and shot density of the
perforating gun system. The example may include a plurality of pins
wherein the socket and the first stem have corresponding through
holes that when lined up will accept one of the plurality of pins
to effectively lock at least two shaped charges together. The
extender may contain a plurality of slots on a first end and key on
the second end. The perforating shaped charge may each be
individually sealed using a cap placed over the charge case and
using an O-ring to provide a water tight seal in a wellbore
environment.
[0009] Another example of the invention may include a shaped charge
comprising a shaped charge case, an explosive material located
within the case, a liner located such that the explosive material
is between the liner and the charge case, with the shaped charge
case having a first stem and a second stem, wherein the first stem
and the second stem are 180 degrees opposed to each other. A
variation of the example may include the first stem and second stem
being integral to the shaped charge case. The first stem may be a
male key. The second stem may be a cylindrical female socket. The
first stem and second stem may be integral to a retainer ring that
snaps into place over the shaped charge case. The example may
further comprise a cap on the shaped charge adapted to seal the
contents of the shaped charge from an outside environment. The
example may further comprise an O-ring seal between each shaped
charge and its associated cap. The shaped charge case, first stem,
and second stem may all be composed of a zinc alloy. The example
may include each shaped charge having a cap covering the opening of
the shaped charge such that a water tight seal exist. The first
stem may be a rectangular male key. The second stem may comprise a
plurality of slots adapted to accept a first stem at a plurality of
angles.
[0010] An example of the invention may include a method for
perforating a wellbore comprising connecting a plurality of shaped
charges directly together in a series, threading a detonating cord
through each shaped charge, lowering the plurality of shaped
charges into a wellbore, and firing the plurality of shaped charges
at a predetermined locating within the wellbore. A variation of the
invention may include having each shaped charges interface with at
last one other shaped charge. The example may further comprise
phasing each shaped charge a predetermined number of degrees with
respect to each other. It may further comprise adjusting the shot
density of the plurality of shaped charges. It may further comprise
placing the plurality of shaped charges into a perforating gun
tube.
[0011] Another example of the invention may include a linked
perforating gun system comprising a plurality of shaped charge
holder plates linked together in series, each holder plate having a
male end connector and a female end connector. The example of the
invention may have the female end connector adapted to accept a
male end connector at a plurality of phase angles. The example may
further comprise a through hole on each holder plate sized to fit a
shaped charge at a first orientation. The example may have the
shaped charge locked into place in the holder plate by rotating the
shaped charge to a second orientation. The example may further
comprise a retainer adaptor to lock over a mated female and male
connector. The retainer may lock by snapping two halves of the
retainer together over the mated female and male connectors. The
retainer may lock by screwing two halves of the retainer together
over the mated female and male connectors. The shaped charge holder
plates may be composed of zinc alloy. The linked shaped charge
holder plates may be placed inside a perforating gun body. The
female end connector may be a cylindrical disk attached
perpendicular to the shaped charge holder plate and further
comprising a plurality of slots arrayed such that each slot may
accept a male end connector.
[0012] Another example of the claimed invention may include a
perforating charge holder comprising a first adaptor configured to
hold a perforating shaped charge at a preselected phase angle and a
second adaptor configured to interface with a loading strip. The
first adaptor may snap to a shaped charge case. The first adaptor
may screw into a shaped charge case. The second adaptor may screw
into the loading strip. The second adaptor may snap into the
loading strip. The perforating charge holder may be composed of
zinc alloy. The first adaptor may be a ring. The second adaptor may
be a ring like base. The example may further include a first and
second L-shaped member, each connected to the base and the ring
such that the two L-shaped members are mirrors of each other about
a centerline of the circular base.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] For a thorough understanding of the present invention,
reference is made to the following detailed description of the
preferred embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings in which reference numbers designate like or similar
elements throughout the several figures. Briefly:
[0014] FIG. 1 is a shaped charge link system.
[0015] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C are different views of a single link
system shaped charge.
[0016] FIG. 3 is an extender.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a connectable gun assembly.
[0018] FIG. 5 is an exploded view of a connectable gun
assembly.
[0019] FIGS. 6A and 6C show an example of complete linked gun.
[0020] FIGS. 6B and 6D show an example retainer clip for the shaped
charges.
[0021] FIG. 7 shows an example of a thin connectable gun
assembly.
[0022] FIG. 8 shows an example of a single link for a thin
connectable gun.
[0023] FIG. 9 shows an example of a twisted strip system.
[0024] FIG. 10 shows an example of a twisted loading strip.
[0025] FIG. 11 shows an example of a shape charge for use in a
linked system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION
[0026] In the following description, certain terms have been used
for brevity, clarity, and examples. No unnecessary limitations are
implied and such terms are used for descriptive purposes only and
are intended to be broadly construed. The different apparatus and
method steps described herein may be used alone or in combination
with other systems and method steps. It is to be expected that
various equivalents, alternatives, and modifications are possible
within the scope of the appended claims.
[0027] In deep wells or long horizontal wells there is a need for
small diameter perforation capabilities. Traditionally this was
done using a metal loading strip attached to coiled tubing that had
a series of shaped charges screwed into place. The shaped charges
may have a cap that seals the shaped charge from the downhole
environment. This cap can be constructed out of steel or zinc
alloy. The loading strip is put into place and the shaped charges
fired. Afterwards the loading strip is removed from the well.
Problems with prior designs include the fact that the debris from
the perforating charges and the loading strip may remain in the
well. A potential solution includes the current design which uses
frangible materials such as zinc alloys. Using zinc alloy for the
shaped charge cases, loading strip, and cap reduces the amount of
large debris left in the wellbore. The shaped charge firing
pulverizes the zinc alloy into a powder.
[0028] Referring to an example shown in FIG. 1, a linked system 10
is shown using shaped charge cases 11 connected together through a
series of interlocking stems 12 and 80. Each shaped charge case 11
has an integral stem 12 that is adapted to fit within integral stem
80. Integral stem 12 has a through hole 13. Integral stem 80 has a
through hole 81. When integral stem 12 is inserted into integral
stem 80 a pin 14 may be used to secure the integral stems together.
The charge case 11, integral stems 12 and 80, and the pins 14 may
all be made out of zinc alloy. This allows for the entire linked
system 10 to be largely destroyed during the firing process. The
zinc alloy is frangible and will shatter when the shaped charges
fire. Zinc alloy also breaks apart into smaller pieces than a steel
alloy design. Therefore, an advantage offered by this configuration
is that the linked system leaves very little large scale debris in
the wellbore after firing and is completely expendable. The linked
system 10 may also be used within a gun body. The interlocking
stems 12 and 80 would replace the charge holder. After firing, the
gun body is removed from the wellbore with most of the debris
contained therein. Each shaped charge case 11 has a center line
along which the explosive output of a shaped charge will likely
follow.
[0029] An example of one a shaped charge case 11 is shown in FIGS.
2A, 2B, and 2C. In FIG. 2A a cross section of shaped charge case 11
shows that in greater detail the difference between integral stem
12 and integral stem 80. Integral stem 12 is a rectangular shaped
key as further illustrated in FIG. 2C. Integral stem 80 has a
variety of keyways 82 as further illustrated in FIG. 2B. The
keyways 82 in this example are arranged to provide 60 degrees of
phase between each keyway. The shaped charge case 11 when fully
assembled into a shaped charge may also include a cap as shown in
FIG. 11. The cap ensures the explosive material and the liner is
sealed off from the borehole environment. The cap may be made out
of alloy steel or zinc alloy. The shaped charge case 11 also has a
small amount of material 16 that seals the explosive material off
from the borehole. An explosive device, such as a detonating cord,
is placed in retainer 17. When the detonating cord fires it will
penetrate the material 16 and detonate the explosive material
inside shaped charge case 11.
[0030] An extension 21 as shown on FIG. 3 may be used to adjust the
shot density and the phase angle. Adaptor 24 may interface with
integral stem 12. Adaptor 25 may interface with the keyways 82 of
integral stem 80. The extension 21 has two holes, 22 and 23, for
pins 14 to secure the extension 21 to the integral stems 24 and 25.
The extension 21 allows the distance between each shot to increase.
Also, the phase angle in this example is adjustable using the
extension 21.
[0031] Another example of the invention may include a rotated strip
variant 30 as shown in FIG. 4. In this example a series of strip
segments 44 may connect to rotatable strip segments 45 as shown in
FIG. 5. In this example the rotatable strip segment 45 has an
adaptor 42 configured to accept the keyway 45 of strip 44 at a
variety of angles. The adaptor 42 is fixed to the keyway 45 using
guide caps 41. Guide caps 41 may snap together or screw to the
adaptor 42. The strip segment 43 may also have an adaptor 47. The
entire rotate strip variant 30 may be composed of zinc allow in
order to reduce the amount of large debris left in the borehole
after firing. This design may also be used in a perforating gun
with a gun body. If used in a gun body, the rotated strip variant
30 would replace the charge holder typically found in a perforating
gun. If used inside of a perforating gun body the rotated strip
variant 30 may be composed of plastic instead of zinc alloy. Each
strip segment 44 has a through hole for fitting a shaped charge. In
this example the through hole 116 has an additional locking slot
115 that allows the shaped charge to be installed at a specific
orientation and then rotated until locked into place at a second
installed orientation.
[0032] Another example of the invention may include a modified
loading strip configuration 50 as shown in FIG. 6A. In this example
a conventional loading strip 52 is used to hold the shaped charges
51. However, in this variant a phased bracket 53 may be used to
orient the shaped charges 51 as desired. This design allows for
adjustable phase angles per shot and adjustable shot density. In
this configuration all of the components may be made of zinc alloy
in order to reduce the likelihood of leaving large debris in the
wellbore after firing the shaped charges. However, this design may
also be used in a perforating gun with a gun body. If used in a gun
body, the loading strip 52 would replace the charge holder
typically found in a perforating gun.
[0033] The side view of the loading strip 52 is presented in FIG.
6B. The shaped charges 51 share a common axis that they are rotated
about. The top view in FIG. 6C shows the shaped charges lined up
and arrayed in 60 degrees of phase between each shaped charge 51.
Holes 54 allow the loading strip 52 to connect to downhole
conveyance equipment including wireline, coiled tubing, or mounted
within a perforating gun casing. FIG. 6D shows the phased bracket
53. The phased bracket 53 is adapted to snap or screw into the
loading strip 52 as well as snap to the shaped charges 51. The
phased bracket 53 may also connect to the shaped charges using a
threaded screw or other fastening means. In this example the phased
bracket 53 has a ring portion adapted to accept a shaped charge. It
has a base portion adapted to fit into a loading strip 52.
Furthermore, it has two L-shaped support members that connect the
base portion to the ring portion. The L-shaped members are mirrors
of each other about the center axis of the circular base
portion.
[0034] Another variation of the invention may include using a
linked ring system 60 as shown in FIG. 7. In this configuration the
shaped charges 61 snap into place in a ring 70. The ring 70 has a
male stem 72 and female stem 73 as shown in FIG. 8. The male stem
72 has holes 71 arranged about the center axis every sixty degrees.
The female stem 73 has holes 75 arranged about the center axis
every sixty degrees. Each ring 70 can be linked to another ring 70.
A series of rings 70 can be linked together and the phase angle can
be adjusted as desired.
[0035] Several of the examples shown use a sixty degree phase. A
phase angle of any range of angle values is appropriate, depending
on the application.
[0036] Another variation of the invention is a twisted loading
strip 90 as shown in FIG. 9. In this case the twisted loading strip
90 has a set charge density and set phase angle. The shaped charges
92 are snapped or screwed into place in the loading strip 91. The
loading strip 91 in this design may be composed of zinc alloy in
order to reduce debris left in the wellbore after firing. The
shaped charge 92 also has a detonating cord clip 93 and an end cap
94 to keep the outside environment from entering the interior of
the shaped charge 92. A variation of the twisted loading strip 101
is shown in FIG. 10. This loading strip may be composed of zinc
alloy. This design is not as adaptable as the linked system 10
shown in FIG. 1 because it has a preset shot density and phase
angle.
[0037] An example of a fully loaded shaped charge 18 is shown in
FIG. 11. Integral stem 12 is a rectangular shaped key. Integral
stem 80 has a variety of keyways 82 as further illustrated in FIG.
2B. The keyways 82 in this example are arranged to provide 60
degrees of phase between each keyway. The shaped charge case 11
when fully assembled into a shaped charge may also include a cap
112 attached over the shaped charge case lip 113. The cap 112
ensures the explosive material 110 and the liner 111 is sealed off
from the borehole environment. The cap 112 may be made out of alloy
steel or zinc alloy. The shaped charge case 11 also has a small
amount of material 16 that seals the explosive material off from
the borehole. An explosive device, such as a detonating cord, is
placed in retainer 17. When the detonating cord fires it will
penetrate the material 16 and detonate the explosive material
inside shaped charge case 11. A centerline is formed from the apex
of liner 111 through the sealed opening of shaped charge 18. This
centerline corresponds to the path an explosive jet will travel
starting at the apex of liner 111 and heading out of the shaped
charge 18, penetrating the cap 112 and likely any wellbore or gun
casing and into the surrounding formation.
[0038] Although the invention has been described in terms of
particular embodiments which are set forth in detail, it should be
understood that this is by illustration only and that the invention
is not necessarily limited thereto. Alternative embodiments and
operating techniques will become apparent to those of ordinary
skill in the art in view of the present disclosure. Accordingly,
modifications of the invention are contemplated which may be made
without departing from the spirit of the claimed invention.
* * * * *