U.S. patent application number 16/313617 was filed with the patent office on 2019-10-17 for compounds for the detection of senescent cells.
The applicant listed for this patent is THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER. Invention is credited to Vassilis GORGOULIS, Nikolaos KASTRINAKIS, Nikolaos LOUGIAKIS, Panayiotis MARAKOS, Nicole POULI, Paul TOWNSEND.
Application Number | 20190315966 16/313617 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56891722 |
Filed Date | 2019-10-17 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190315966 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
GORGOULIS; Vassilis ; et
al. |
October 17, 2019 |
COMPOUNDS FOR THE DETECTION OF SENESCENT CELLS
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to de novo synthesized, chemical
compounds of the formula (1) or (2) that function as senescent cell
detectors wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and Z are as
defined herein. The present invention also relates to processes for
the preparation of these compounds, to their use in the detection
of senescent cells, to methods of detecting senescence in cells and
to kits comprising said compounds. The compounds have the ability
to react with lipofuscin, in an analogous manner to the
histochemical dye Sudan Black B (SBB). ##STR00001##
Inventors: |
GORGOULIS; Vassilis;
(Athens, GR) ; TOWNSEND; Paul; (Manchester,
Greater Manchester, GB) ; MARAKOS; Panayiotis;
(Athens, GR) ; LOUGIAKIS; Nikolaos; (Athens,
GR) ; POULI; Nicole; (Athens, GR) ;
KASTRINAKIS; Nikolaos; (Athens, GR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER |
Manchester, Greater Manchester |
|
GB |
|
|
Family ID: |
56891722 |
Appl. No.: |
16/313617 |
Filed: |
June 28, 2017 |
PCT Filed: |
June 28, 2017 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/GB2017/051889 |
371 Date: |
December 27, 2018 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 239/70 20130101;
C09B 31/053 20130101; G01N 2001/302 20130101; G01N 1/30
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C09B 31/053 20060101
C09B031/053; G01N 1/30 20060101 G01N001/30 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jun 28, 2016 |
GB |
1611208.8 |
Claims
1. A compound that functions as a senescent cell detector of the
general formula (1) or (2), shown below: ##STR00036## wherein:
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: i)
hydrogen, with the proviso that R.sub.2 is not hydrogen in general
structure (1) above and only one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can be
hydrogen in general structure (2) above. ii) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl group; iii) an optionally substituted aryl
group; iv) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or vi) R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane
group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or
(1-10C)alkyl group; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the
following substituents: i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I;
ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3, iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally
substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which
optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms; and Z is either
Z.sub.1 or --Ar--Z.sub.1-- and Z.sub.1 is selected from OH,
NH.sub.2, O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH, (CH.sub.2).sub.qOH or COOH,
wherein n is an integer selected from 1 to 9, and wherein q is an
integer selected from 1 to 4, and wherein Ar is an aryl group
optionally substituted with one or more of the following
substituents halogen, (1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkenyl or
(1-5C)alkoxy.
2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (1b) or (2b), shown below: ##STR00037## wherein,
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: i)
hydrogen, with the proviso that R.sub.2 is not hydrogen in general
structure (1b) above and only one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 can be
hydrogen in general structure (2b) above. ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group
(e.g. methyl); or iii) an aryl group (e.g. phenyl); R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3,
iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; vi)
a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or more
heteroatoms; and Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is
selected from --OH or --NH.sub.2, wherein Ar is an aryl group
optionally substituted with one or more of the following
substituents halogen, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkenyl or (1-4C)alkoxy,
with the proviso that the compound is not
2-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-d-
ihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)ethanol.
3. A compound according to claim 2, wherein R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or
one or more of the following substituents: i) a halogen selected
from F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F or Cl; ii) NO.sub.2; iii)
CF.sub.3, iv) a (1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or v) a
(1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g. methoxy).
4. A compound according to any one of claim 2 or 3, wherein R.sub.4
is hydrogen.
5. A compound according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein Z is
either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is --OH and Ar is a
phenyl group.
6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (3), shown below: ##STR00038## wherein: R.sub.1 is
a (1-10C)alkyl; R.sub.2 is selected from: i) an optionally
substituted (1-8C)alkyl group; ii) an optionally substituted aryl
group; or iii) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl-aryl group;
R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen,
or one or more of the following substituents: i) a halogen selected
from F, Cl, Br and I; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) SCH.sub.3;
v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or vi) a
(1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or more
heteroatoms.
7. A compound according to claim 6, wherein the compound is not
2-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-d-
ihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)ethanol.
8. A compound according to any one of claim 6 or 7, wherein R.sub.3
is hydrogen.
9. A compound according to any one of claim 6 or 8, wherein R.sub.1
is a (1-4C)alkyl and R.sub.2 is selected from: i) a (1-4C)alkyl
group (e.g. methyl); or ii) an aryl group (e.g. phenyl);
10. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (4), shown below: ##STR00039## wherein: x is an
integer selected from 0 or 1; n is an integer selected from 1 to 9;
R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents:
i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; ii) NO.sub.2; iii)
CF.sub.3; iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl
group; or vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one
or more heteroatoms; and R.sub.5 is hydrogen, or one or more of the
following substituents: i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I;
ii) a (1-6C)alkyl or (1-6C)alkenyl group; or iii) a (1-5C)alkoxy
group.
11. A compound according to claim 10, wherein: x is an integer
selected from 0 or 1; n is an integer selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.4
is hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F or Cl; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) a
(1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy); R.sub.5 is hydrogen, or one or more of the following
substituents: i) halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; ii)
(1-6C)alkyl group; or iii) (1-5C)alkoxy group.
12. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (5), shown below: ##STR00040## wherein: x is an
integer selected from 0 or 1; n is an integer selected from 1 to 9;
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other
than hydrogen; ii) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl group;
iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; iv) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; v) an optionally substituted
aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or vi) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are linked so
as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane group, selected from
cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or
adamantanyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group; and R.sub.4
is hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3,
iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or
vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or more
heteroatoms.
13. A compound according to claim 12, wherein: x is an integer
selected from 0 or 1; n is an integer selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: i) hydrogen,
provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other than
hydrogen; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group; and R.sub.4
is hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F or Cl; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) a
(1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy).
14. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (6), shown below: ##STR00041## wherein: x is an
integer selected from 0 or 1; n is an integer selected from 1 to 9;
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other
than hydrogen; ii) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl group;
iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; iv) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; v) an optionally substituted
aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or vi) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are linked so
as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane group, selected from
cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or
adamantanyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group; and R.sub.4
is hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3;
iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or
vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or more
heteroatoms.
15. A compound according to claim 14, wherein: x is an integer
selected from 0 or 1; n is an integer selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: i) hydrogen,
provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other than
hydrogen; ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group; iii) an aryl group; iv) a
(1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or v) an aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; R.sub.3 is
hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group; R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or
more of the following substituents: i) a halogen selected from F or
Cl; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) a (1-5C)alkyl group (e.g.
methyl); or v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g. methoxy).
16. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (7), shown below: ##STR00042## wherein: q is an
integer selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: i) hydrogen, provided that at least
one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen; ii) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl group; iii) an optionally substituted aryl
group; iv) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or vi) R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane
group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or
(1-10C)alkyl group; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the
following substituents: i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I;
ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally
substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which
optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms.
17. A compound according to claim 16, wherein: q is an integer
selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently
selected from: i) hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1,
R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen; ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group; iii) an
aryl group; iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or v) an aryl-(1-4C)alkyl
group; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group; R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F or Cl; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3, iv) a
(1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy).
18. A compound according claim 1, wherein the compound is of the
general formula (8), shown below: ##STR00043## wherein: q is an
integer selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: i) hydrogen, provided that at least
one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen; ii) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl group; iii) an optionally substituted aryl
group; iv) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or vi) R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane
group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or
(1-10C)alkyl group; and R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the
following substituents: i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I;
ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) SCH.sub.3; v) an optionally
substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which
optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms.
19. A compound according to claim 18, wherein: q is an integer
selected from 1 to 4; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently
selected from: i) hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1,
R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen; ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group; iii) an
aryl group; iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or v) an aryl-(1-4C)alkyl
group; R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group; R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: i) a
halogen selected from F or Cl; ii) NO.sub.2; iii) CF.sub.3; iv) a
(1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy).
20. A compound, according to claim 1, selected from any one of the
following: ##STR00044##
21. A compound, according to claim 1, selected from any one of the
following: ##STR00045##
22. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (1)
according to claim 1, comprising reacting a compound of formula A,
shown below: ##STR00046## with a compound of formula X, shown
below: ##STR00047## wherein Z and R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are as defined
in claim 1.
23. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (2)
according to claim 1, comprising reacting a compound of formula B:
##STR00048## with a compound of formula Y, shown below:
##STR00049## wherein Z and R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 are as defined in
claim 1.
24. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
6, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00050##
25. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
10, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00051##
26. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
12, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00052##
27. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
12, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00053##
28. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
14, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00054##
29. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
14, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00055##
30. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
16, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00056##
31. A process for the preparation of a compound according to claim
18, comprising the steps according to the scheme below:
##STR00057##
32. Use of a compound according to claims 1 to 21, for the
detection of senescent cells.
33. Use of a compound according to claim 32, for the detection of
single senescent cells or senescent cells in mixed cell populations
through reacting with lipofuscin in a similar manner to the Sudan
Black B histochemical dye.
34. Use of a compound according to claims 32 and 33, for the
detection of senescent cells in: i) tissues of animal origin,
ranging from invertebrates to mammals, including humans; ii) single
animal cells either derived from the above tissues or in
suspension.
35. Use of a compound according to claim 33, for the detection of
senescent cells in biological samples, characterized in that the
biological samples are in a fresh or preserved state.
36. A method for detecting senescence, by contacting a compound
according to claims 1 to 21 with a sample of single or mixed cells,
optionally in the presence of lipofuscin.
37. A method for detecting senescence according to claim 36,
wherein the single or mixed of cells are from tissue samples of
animal origin.
38. A method for detecting senescence according to claim 37,
wherein the tissue sample is of human origin.
39. A method of detecting senescence and differentiating senescent
cells in tissue samples according to claims 36 to 38, wherein the
method comprises the following steps: a. gradual rehydration of
biopsy material, usually fixed tissues, in solutions of descending
concentration of ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in
Tris-buffered saline (TBS) or Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
buffering solution; b. blocking of biopsy material endogenous
peroxidase activity with 3% H.sub.2O.sub.2 for 10 min; c. gradual
dehydration of biopsy material in 50% (v/v) ethanol followed by 70%
(v/v) ethanol for 5 min each step; d. application of the chemical
compound of formula (1) or (2) diluted in ethanol and filtered, on
biopsy material for 10 min; e. quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol; f.
transfer and wash in TBS or PBS solution. g. counterstain with
hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by mounting with glycerol
and sealed with a cover slip. h. microscopy observation.
40. A method of detecting senescence and differentiating senescent
cells in tissue samples according to claims 36 to 38, wherein the
method comprises the following steps: a. cell spreads, immobilized
preferably on a microscopy coverslip, should be fixed in ice-cold
ethanol or methanol, or tissue sections as in claim 4 and processed
as in step (a) in claim 4; b. application of the chemical compound
of formula (1) or (2), diluted in ethanol and filtered, on cells
for 10 min; c. quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol; d. transfer and
wash in TBS or PBS solution; e. counterstain with Nuclear Fast Red,
followed by mounting with glycerol and sealing with a cover slip;
and f. microscopy observation.
41. A kit for detecting senescence and differentiating senescent
cells comprising: a. a compound according to claims 1 to 21; and b.
one or more additional reagents required to implement a method
according to any one of claims 36 to 40.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure relates to novel chemical compounds
that function as senescent cell detectors. The present invention
also relates to processes for the preparation of these compounds,
to their use in methods for the detection of senescent cells, and
to kits comprising these compounds.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Senescence is a "cellular state" that reflects a stress
condition encountered by a cell rather than a cell becoming "aged".
It is characterized by non-reversible arrest of the cell cycle
[Gorgoulis & Halazonetis, Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010] and
modified cellular function. One of its forms can be induced in
response to telomere attrition of chromosomal ends, after an
extended number of cell divisions. This form of senescence is known
as "replicative senescence". Cells can also enter another form of
senescence, independently of telomere length, termed "premature
senescence" in response to stressful pathophysiological stimuli
[Dimri et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995] such as, oncogenic
stimuli, increased levels of free radicals (for example reactive
oxygen species--ROS) and cell-cell fusion.
[0003] Senescence is currently believed to contribute to the
processes of development, ageing, cancer (acting both as a tumor
barrier and a promoter), degenerative diseases and tissue
restoration, as well as to all the potentially chronic inflammatory
imbalances, which underpin normal and pathophysiological ageing,
and disease [Gorgoulis & Halazonetis, Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010;
Chen Q M, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; Rodier & Campisi, J Cell Biol
2011; Bartkova J et al, Nature 2006; Halazonetis et al, Science
2008; Liontos et al, Cancer Res 2007; Liontos et al, Am J Pathol
2009]. Ever since cellular senescence was identified as a tumor
suppressor mechanism [Bartkova J et al, Nature 2006; Halazonetis et
al, Science 2008; Liontos et al, Cancer Res 2007; Liontos et al, Am
J Pathol 2009; Shay & Roninson, Oncogene 2004], and as a marker
of ageing, a quest for reliable and convenient senescence
biomarkers has been conducted [Collado & Serrano, Nat Rev
Cancer 2006].
[0004] The reason is that accurate recognition of senescent cells
is essential for the thorough study of the role of cellular
senescence in the development and progression of tissue homeostasis
and neoplasms [de Jesus & Blasco, Circ Res 2012]. Furthermore,
senescence is induced by a significant number of widely-used
age-enhancing therapies, but the precise significance of senescence
to the outcome of currently used treatments, such as degenerative
disease therapy, is unclear because of the lack of an easy-in-use
biomarker that can be adapted to the requirements of
clinico-pathological studies [Dimri et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1995; Collado & Serrano, Nat Rev Cancer 2006]. Notably, such
studies are vastly based on the exploitation of archival histologic
samples stored.
[0005] The current, most popular biomarker for detecting cellular
senescence is senescence-associated .beta.-galactosidase activity
(SA-.beta.-gal), for which a biochemical assay is employed that
identifies increased activity of lysosomal .beta.-D-galactosidase
in senescent cells in conditions of suboptimal pH (pH: 6.0) [Dimri
et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; Collado & Serrano, Nat Rev
Cancer 2006; U.S. Pat. No. 5,491,069]. SA-.beta. gal is applicable
for in vitro and in vivo studies, however, its major limitation is
the requirement of fresh/frozen biological material. This technique
should be conducted under strictly monitored conditions, always in
comparison with a negative control, while the overall stress in
cellular systems should be avoided (i.e. serum starvation,
confluent cultures which may lead to false-positive results, etc)
[Severino et al, Exp Cell Res 2000]. In addition, SA-.beta.-gal
does not indicate exclusively senescent cells and is often used in
combination with other supplementary techniques [Collado &
Serrano, Nat Rev Cancer 2006]. Moreover, tissue samples should be
directly frozen in liquid nitrogen and processed as soon as
possible to retain enzymatic activity [Rodier & Campisi, J Cell
Biol 2011; Debacq-Chainiaux F et al, Nat Protoc 2009]. Hence, as
SA-.beta.-gal is not applicable to archival material and its use is
rather laborious, many researchers have attempted to establish more
convenient senescence biomarkers [Collado & Serrano, Nat Rev
Cancer 2006; Binet et al, Cancer Res 2009].
[0006] A novel method that bypasses these restrictive disadvantages
has recently been developed [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany
N.Y.) 2013].
[0007] Specifically, we demonstrated the specific use of lipofuscin
staining with Sudan Black B (SBB) as a reliable alternative to
SA-.beta.-gal biomarker with the advantage of applicability to
archival tissue [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013].
Lipofuscin (also termed as a "wear and tear" substance,
"age-pigment" and "age fluorophore") is a by-product of "aged"
cells [Jung et al, Methods Mol Biol 2010; Jung et al, Ann N Y Acad
Sci 2007]. Lipofuscin is considered a "hallmark of ageing" because
its concentration increases with age and is inversely correlated
with expected lifespan, especially in post-mitotic and stable cells
[Brunk & Terman, Free Radic Biol Med 2002]. Due to its
association with aging, it was hypothesized that detection of
lipofuscin could be used as an alternative method for identifying
senescent cells. Lipofuscin accumulates in the cytosolic
compartment of non-dividing cells and mainly in the lysosomes due
to its non-soluble and non-degradable nature [Jung et al, Methods
Mol Biol 2010; Jung et al, Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; Hohn et al, Free
Radic Biol Med 2010]. It consists of oxidized and cross-linked
proteins, lipids and metals (copper and iron) [Jung et al, Ann N Y
Acad Sci 2007; Hohn et al, Free Radic Biol Med 2010]. It may be
detected with fluorescence microscopy due to its natural
autofluorescence [Dowson & Harris, J Microsc 1981] as well as
by the use of histochemical techniques [Jung & Grune Methods in
Molecular Biology 2010; Charles C, Theory and Practice of
Histological Techniques 2002]. The SBB technique is a well-known
histochemical stain that has been used for many years for the
identification of lipofuscin [Glees & Hasan, Norm Pathol Anat
(Stuttg) 1976; Robles L J, Mech Ageing Dev 1978]. In addition, only
the SBB stain has the unique property of "masking" the
autofluorescence of lipofuscin, so that the latter feature can be
used as a control of the method accuracy [Georgakopoulou et al,
Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013]. We have demonstrated that SBB stain can
be used as a senescence biomarker [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging
(Albany N.Y.) 2013]. To achieve that, we applied SBB in mammalian
tissues and cellular systems of both replicative and premature
senescence (FIG. 1) in comparison with SA-.beta.-gal in order to
test the ability to detect senescent cells and we showed that
results of both techniques matched. Most importantly the SBB could
identify senescent cells in paraffin-embedded tissues
[Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013]. This property
opens a wide horizon of potential applications in various fields of
basic and clinical research, including diagnostics, as it allows
the exploitation of archival material for the purposes of cellular
senescence studies.
[0008] The SBB stain is a lipophilic molecule that shows high
affinity for the lipid compartment of lipofuscin. The dye is
diluted in ethanol but is transferred to lipofuscin, when
immobilized tissues/cells are immersed in SBB/ethanol solutions,
due to its high lipophilicity (more soluble to lipidic parts of
lipofuscin than to ethanol) [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany
N.Y.) 2013]. The positive lipofuscin stain reveals blue to black
intracellular granules in cellular systems and frozen tissues
[Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013], and brown to
black granules in paraffin embedded tissues [Georgakopoulou et al,
Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013]. Results from our group have extensively
shown that the SBB-specific lipofuscin stain is highly selective
for the detection of senescent cells and this may be due to the
fact that lipofuscin presence is causally related to the phenomenon
of cellular senescence [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.)
2013]. The above technique shows excellent results, it is easily
applicable and it has been evaluated in various cellular systems
and frozen tissues [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.)
2013]. However, when it comes to histological samples embedded in
paraffin, the identification of SBB-positive granules requires a
very high magnification, such as 630.times., calling for a highly
skilled and experienced researcher to perform the evaluation
[Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013]. The inevitable
presence of smaller granules in paraffin-embedded tissue could be
possibly attributed to partial lipid striping of the lipofuscin
molecule during the preparation of samples (deparaffinisation). In
addition, the necessity to have saturated ethanol-SBB solutions to
achieve optimal performance for this staining process imposes
practical difficulties during its application.
[0009] What is needed is new chemical compounds that possess the
same ability of SBB to react specifically with lipofuscin and as
such reveal the presence of senescent cells as single ones or in
mixed cell populations with greater sensitivity. These compounds
should ideally have a high solubility in ethanol.
SUMMARY
[0010] The present invention relates to the design and de novo
synthesis, using simple molecules, of novel chemical compounds that
possess structural similarity to the dye Sudan Black B (SBB). The
newly synthesized compounds possess an appropriate substituent,
such as a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a primary amino group
or a secondary amino group, that confer to the new derivatives
higher solubility in ethanol compared to SBB.
[0011] The novel chemical compounds are used for the detection of
senescent cells that are single or in mixed cell populations
through reacting with lipofuscin in a similar manner to the SBB
histochemical dye, but with improved performance.
[0012] Thus, in one aspect, there is provided a compound, or a salt
or solvate thereof, as defined herein.
[0013] In a second aspect there is provided a process for
preparation of the compounds as defined herein.
[0014] In another aspect, there is provided the use of a compound,
or a salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein, for the detection
of senescent cells.
[0015] In another aspect, there is provided the use of a compound,
or a salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein, for the detection
of single senescent cells or senescent cells in mixed cell
populations.
[0016] In another aspect, there is provided the use of a compound,
or a salt or solvate thereof, as defined herein, for the detection
of senescent cells.
[0017] In another aspect, there is provided a method of detecting
senescence by contacting a compound, or a salt or solvate thereof,
as defined herein, with a sample of single or mixed cells, in the
presence of lipofuscin.
[0018] In a further aspect, there is provided a kit as defined
herein.
[0019] Features, including optional, suitable, and preferred
features in relation to one aspect of the invention may also be
features, including optional, suitable and preferred features in
relation to any other aspects of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0020] FIG. 1. Detection of senescent cells with SBB histochemical
staining in tissue sections from (a) irradiated human laryngeal
tumors and (b) mouse lung adenomas, with established presence of
senescent cells. Arrows depict stained senescent cells.
[0021] FIG. 2. Detection of senescent cells with SBB histochemical
staining in cell culture. Induced Saos2-p53 Tet-On cells exhibiting
senescence were stained with (a) SBB, or (b) only with Nuclear Fast
Red (negative control).
[0022] FIG. 3. Control experiments for lipofuscin detection using
SBB staining in human (a) seminal vesicle and (b) liver with
steatohepatitis, as reference tissues with high lipofuscin content.
Arrows depict stained cells.
[0023] FIG. 4. Detection of senescent cells with the LG9 compound
with histochemical staining in tissue sections from (a) irradiated
human laryngeal tumors, and (b) mouse lung adenomas, with
established presence of senescent cells. Arrows depict stained
senescent cells.
[0024] FIG. 5. Detection of senescent cells with the SBB-analogue
compound LG9 using histochemical staining in cell culture. Induced
Saos2-p53 Tet-On cells exhibiting senescence were stained with (a)
LG9, or (b) only with Nuclear Fast Red (negative control).
[0025] FIG. 6. Control experiments for the specific reaction of
compound LG9 with lipofuscin in human (a) seminal vesicle and (b)
liver with steatohepatitis, as reference tissues with high
lipofuscin content. Arrows depict stained cells.
[0026] FIG. 7. Detection of senescent cells with the LG9 compound
with histochemical staining in tissue sections from the cortex and
medulla of the human thymus. Arrows depict stained senescent
cells.
[0027] FIG. 8. Detection of senescent cells with the LG46 (Example
3) and LG48 (Example 4) compounds with histochemical staining in
liver tissue sections. Arrows depict stained cells.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions
[0028] Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in the
specification and claims have the following meanings set out
below.
[0029] In this specification the term "alkyl" includes both
straight and branched chain alkyl groups. References to individual
alkyl groups such as "propyl" are specific for the straight chain
version only and references to individual branched chain alkyl
groups such as "isopropyl" are specific for the branched chain
version only. For example, "(1-6C)alkyl" includes (1-4C)alkyl,
(1-3C)alkyl, propyl, isopropyl and t butyl. A similar convention
applies to other radicals, for example "phenyl(1-6C)alkyl" includes
phenyl(1-4C)alkyl, benzyl, 1 phenylethyl and 2 phenylethyl.
[0030] The term "(m-nC)" or "(m-nC) group" used alone or as a
prefix, refers to any group having m to n carbon atoms.
[0031] The term "aryl" means a cyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring
having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms. The term aryl includes both
monovalent species and divalent species. Examples of aryl groups
include, but are not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl and the
like. In particular embodiment, an aryl is phenyl.
[0032] The term "aryl(1-10C)alkyl" means an aryl group covalently
attached to a (1-10C)alkylene group, both of which are defined
herein. Examples of aryl-(1-10C)alkyl groups include benzyl,
phenylethyl, and the like.
[0033] The term "optionally substituted" refers to either groups,
structures, or molecules that are substituted and those that are
not substituted. The term "wherein a group optionally substituted"
suitably means that (any) one of the hydrogen radicals of the group
is substituted by any suitable functional group. For example, the
term "optionally substituted" may refer to the optional
substitution by one or more of the following groups from halo,
trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy,
carbamoyl, sulphamoyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (1-6C)alkyl,
(3-8C)cycloalkyl or (1-6C)alkoxy.
Compounds of the Invention
[0034] We propose the design and de novo synthesis--i.e. the
generation from the beginning, using simple molecules--of chemical
compounds that can react specifically with lipofuscin, in a similar
fashion to SBB and improved sensitivity, within senescent cells
only.
[0035] The SBB compound (C.sub.29H.sub.24N.sub.6) shows high
stability due to its extended aromatic system and, hence, its
targeted chemical modification requires the de novo synthesis,
starting from simple molecules, for the preparation of the new
desired compounds. The newly synthesized derivatives possess an
appropriate substituent, such as a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl
group, a primary amino group or a secondary amino group, that
confer to the new derivatives higher solubility in ethanol compared
to SBB.
[0036] Thus, the new compounds are of general formula (1) or
(2)
##STR00002##
wherein [0037] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected
from: [0038] i) hydrogen, with the proviso that R.sub.2 is not
hydrogen in general structure (1) above and only one of R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 can be hydrogen in general structure (2) above. [0039] ii)
an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl group; [0040] iii) an
optionally substituted aryl group; [0041] iv) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; [0042] v) an optionally
substituted aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or [0043] vi) R.sub.1 and
R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane
group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,
cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; [0044] R.sub.3 is hydrogen
or (1-10C)alkyl group; [0045] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more
of the following substituents: [0046] i) a halogen selected from F,
Cl, Br and I; [0047] ii) NO.sub.2; [0048] iii) CF.sub.3; [0049] iv)
SCH.sub.3; [0050] v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group;
[0051] vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or
more heteroatoms; and [0052] Z is either Z.sub.1 or --Ar--Z.sub.1--
and Z.sub.1 is selected from OH, NH.sub.2,
O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH, (CH.sub.2).sub.qOH or COOH, wherein n
is an integer selected from 1 to 9, and wherein q is an integer
selected from 1 to 4, and wherein Ar is an aryl group optionally
substituted with one or more of the following substituents halogen,
(1-6C)alkyl, (1-6C)alkenyl or (1-5C)alkoxy.
[0053] Particular compounds of the present invention include, for
example, compounds of general formula (1) or (2) defined above, or
salts and/or solvates thereof, wherein, unless otherwise stated,
each of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, Z and any associated
substituent groups has any of the meanings defined hereinbefore or
in any of paragraphs (1) to (19) hereinafter:-- [0054] (1) R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0055] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other
than hydrogen; [0056] ii) an optionally substituted (1-8C)alkyl
group; [0057] iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; [0058] iv)
an optionally substituted (1-8C)alkyl-aryl group; [0059] v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-8C)alkyl group; or [0060] vi)
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic
cycloalkane group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; [0061] (2)
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0062] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other
than hydrogen; [0063] ii) an optionally substituted (1-8C)alkyl
group; [0064] iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; [0065] iv)
an optionally substituted (1-8C)alkyl-aryl group; or [0066] v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-8C)alkyl group; [0067] (3) R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0068] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other
than hydrogen; [0069] ii) an optionally substituted (1-4C)alkyl
group; [0070] iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; [0071] iv)
an optionally substituted (1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or [0072] v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; [0073] (4) R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0074] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other
than hydrogen; [0075] ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0076] iii) an aryl
group; [0077] iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or [0078] v) an
aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; [0079] (5) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: [0080] i) hydrogen, provided that at
least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen; [0081] ii) an
optionally substituted (1-4C)alkyl group; or [0082] iii) an
optionally substituted aryl group; [0083] (6) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2
are each independently selected from: [0084] i) hydrogen, provided
that at least one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 is other than hydrogen;
[0085] ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or [0086] iii) a
phenyl group; [0087] (7) R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-8C)alkyl group;
[0088] (8) R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl);
[0089] (9) R.sub.3 is hydrogen; [0090] (10) R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or
one or more of the following substituents: [0091] i) a halogen
selected from F, Cl, Br and I; [0092] ii) NO.sub.2; [0093] iii)
CF.sub.3; [0094] iv) SCH.sub.3; [0095] v) a (1-5C)alkyl group; or
[0096] vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group; [0097] (11) R.sub.4 is hydrogen,
or one or more of the following substituents: [0098] i) a halogen
selected from F, Cl, Br and I, preferably F or Cl; [0099] ii)
NO.sub.2; [0100] iii) CF.sub.3; [0101] iv) a (1-5C)alkyl group
(e.g. methyl); or [0102] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g. methoxy);
[0103] (12) R.sub.4 is hydrogen; [0104] (13) Z is either Z.sub.1 or
Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is selected from --OH, --NH.sub.2,
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH, --(CH.sub.2).sub.qOH or --COOH,
wherein n is an integer selected from 1 to 4, wherein q is an
integer selected from 1 to 4, and wherein Ar is an aryl group
optionally substituted with one or more of the following
substituents halogen, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkenyl or (1-4C)alkoxy;
[0105] (14) Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is
selected from --OH, --NH.sub.2, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.qOH, wherein n is an integer selected from 1 to 4,
wherein q is an integer selected from 1 to 4, and wherein Ar is an
aryl group optionally substituted with one or more of the following
substituents halogen, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkenyl or (1-4C)alkoxy;
[0106] (15) Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is
selected from --OH, --NH.sub.2, --O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH or
--(CH.sub.2).sub.qOH, wherein n is an integer selected from 1 to 4,
wherein q is an integer selected from 1 to 4, and wherein Ar is an
aryl group; [0107] (16) Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and
Z.sub.1 is selected from --OH or --NH.sub.2, wherein Ar is an aryl
group optionally substituted with one or more of the following
substituents halogen, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkenyl or (1-4C)alkoxy;
[0108] (17) Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is
selected from --OH or --NH.sub.2, wherein Ar is an aryl group;
[0109] (18) Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is
selected from --OH or --NH.sub.2, wherein Ar is a phenyl group;
[0110] (19) Z is either Z.sub.1 or Ar--Z.sub.1, and Z.sub.1 is --OH
and Ar is a phenyl group.
[0111] Suitably, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are as defined in any one of
paragraphs (1) to (6) above. Most suitably, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are
as defined in paragraph (6) above.
[0112] Suitably, R.sub.3 is as defined in any one of paragraphs (7)
to (9) above.
[0113] Suitably, R.sub.4 is as defined in any one of paragraphs
(10) to (12) above.
[0114] Suitably, Z is as defined in any one of paragraphs (13) to
(19) above. Most suitably, Z is as defined in paragraph (19)
above.
[0115] In an embodiment, the present invention provides a compound
of general structure (1).
[0116] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
compound of general structure (2).
[0117] In a particular embodiment, the compound of the present
invention is not
2-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl-
)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)ethanol, the structure of which is
given below:
##STR00003##
Particular Embodiments
[0118] In a particular group of compounds of general formulae (1)
or (2), R.sub.3 is hydrogen, i.e. the compounds have the structural
formula 1b or 2b (sub-definitions of general formula (1) and (2))
shown below:
##STR00004##
wherein, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and Z are as defined
hereinabove.
[0119] In an embodiment of the compounds of Formula 1b and 2b:
[0120] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are as defined in any one of paragraphs
(1) to (6) above; [0121] R.sub.4 is as defined in any one of
paragraphs (10) to (12) above; and [0122] Z is as defined in any
one of paragraphs (13) to (19) above.
[0123] In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula 1 b and
2b:
[0124] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are as defined in paragraph (6) above;
[0125] R.sub.4 is as defined in paragraph (12) above; and [0126] Z
is as defined in paragraph (19) above.
Compounds of General Structure (3)
[0127] In one embodiment, the appropriate substituent, preferably a
hydroxyl group, has been introduced to the
2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine ring of the SBB compound, leading to
compounds of the general structure (3)
##STR00005##
wherein [0128] R.sub.1 is a (1-10C)alkyl; [0129] R.sub.2 is
selected from: [0130] i) an optionally substituted (1-8C)alkyl
group; [0131] ii) an optionally substituted aryl group; or [0132]
iii) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl-aryl group; [0133]
R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group; and [0134] R.sub.4 is
hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: [0135] i) a
halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; [0136] ii) NO.sub.2; [0137]
iii) CF.sub.3, [0138] iv) SCH.sub.3; [0139] v) an optionally
substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or [0140] vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group
which optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms.
[0141] In a particular embodiment, the compound of the general
structure (3) is not
2-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-d-
ihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)ethanol
[0142] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(3): [0143] R.sub.1 is a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0144] R.sub.2 is a
(1-8C)alkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; [0145]
R.sub.3 is hydrogen; and [0146] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more
of the following substituents: [0147] i) a halogen selected from F
or Cl; [0148] ii) NO.sub.2; [0149] iii) CF.sub.3, [0150] iv) a
(1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or [0151] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group
(e.g. methoxy).
[0152] In another embodiment of the compounds of the general
structure (3): [0153] R.sub.1 is a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0154]
R.sub.2 is a methyl group or a phenyl group; [0155] R.sub.3 is
hydrogen; and [0156] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the
following substituents: [0157] i) a halogen selected from F or Cl;
[0158] ii) NO.sub.2; [0159] iii) CF.sub.3, [0160] iv) a (1-5C)alkyl
group (e.g. methyl); or [0161] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy).
[0162] In yet another embodiment of the compounds of the general
structure (3): [0163] R.sub.1 is a (1-4C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl);
[0164] R.sub.2 is a (1-4C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl) or an aryl
group (e.g. phenyl); and [0165] R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen;
and
Compounds of General Structure (4)
[0166] In another embodiment the appropriate substituent,
preferably a hydroxyl group or the O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH
group where n is 1 up to 9, has been introduced to an aryl group
present at position 2 of the 2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine group of the
SBB compound, leading to compounds of the general structure (4)
##STR00006##
wherein [0167] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0168] n is an
integer selected from 1 to 9; [0169] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or
more of the following substituents: [0170] i) a halogen selected
from F, Cl, Br and I; [0171] ii) NO.sub.2; [0172] iii) CF.sub.3,
[0173] iv) SCH.sub.3; [0174] v) an optionally substituted
(1-5C)alkyl group; or [0175] vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which
optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms; and [0176] R.sub.5 is
hydrogen, or one or more of the following substituents: [0177] i) a
halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I; [0178] ii) a (1-6C)alkyl or
(1-6C)alkenyl group; or [0179] iii) a (1-5C)alkoxy group.
[0180] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(4): [0181] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0182] n is an
integer selected from 1 to 4; [0183] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or
more of the following substituents: [0184] i) a halogen selected
from F or Cl; [0185] ii) NO.sub.2; [0186] iii) CF.sub.3; [0187] iv)
a (1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or [0188] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy
group (e.g. methoxy); [0189] R.sub.5 is hydrogen, or one or more of
the following substituents: [0190] i) halogen selected from F, Cl,
Br and I; [0191] ii) (1-6C)alkyl group; or [0192] iii) (1-5C)alkoxy
group.
[0193] In another embodiment of the compounds of the general
structure (4): [0194] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0195]
n is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0196] R.sub.4 and R.sub.5
are hydrogen.
Compounds of General Structure (5)
[0197] In yet another embodiment the appropriate substituent,
preferably a hydroxyl group or the O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH
group where n is 1 up to 9, has been introduced to the position 4
of the end terminal aniline unit of SBB compound, leading to
compounds of the general structure (5)
##STR00007##
wherein [0198] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0199] n is an
integer selected from 1 to 9; [0200] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: [0201] i) hydrogen, provided that at
least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a substituent group other than
hydrogen; [0202] ii) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl group;
[0203] iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; [0204] iv) an
optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; [0205] v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or [0206] vi)
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic
cycloalkane group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; [0207] R.sub.3
is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group; and [0208] R.sub.4 is hydrogen,
or one or more of the following substituents: [0209] i) a halogen
selected from F, Cl, Br and I; [0210] ii) NO.sub.2; [0211] iii)
CF.sub.3, [0212] iv) SCH.sub.3; [0213] v) an optionally substituted
(1-5C)alkyl group; or [0214] vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which
optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms.
[0215] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(5): [0216] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0217] n is an
integer selected from 1 to 4; [0218] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: [0219] i) hydrogen, provided that at
least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a substituent group other than
hydrogen; [0220] ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0221] iii) an aryl
group; [0222] iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or [0223] v) an
aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; [0224] R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl
group; and [0225] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the
following substituents: [0226] i) a halogen selected from F or Cl;
[0227] ii) NO.sub.2; [0228] iii) CF.sub.3, [0229] iv) a (1-5C)alkyl
group (e.g. methyl); or [0230] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy).
[0231] In another embodiment of the compounds of the general
structure (5): [0232] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0233]
n is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0234] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2
are independently selected from hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group
(e.g. methyl), provided that at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is
a substituent group other than hydrogen; and [0235] R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 are hydrogen.
Compounds of General Structure (6)
[0236] In yet another embodiment the appropriate substituent,
preferably a hydroxyl group or the O(CH.sub.2).sub.nCH.sub.2OH
group where n is 1 up to 9, has been introduced to the position 3
of the end terminal aniline unit of SBB compound, leading to
compounds of the general structure (6).
##STR00008##
wherein [0237] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0238] n is an
integer selected from 1 to 9; [0239] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: [0240] i) hydrogen, provided that at
least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a substituent group other than
hydrogen; [0241] ii) an optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl group;
[0242] iii) an optionally substituted aryl group; [0243] iv) an
optionally substituted (1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; [0244] v) an
optionally substituted aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or [0245] vi)
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are linked so as to form part of a spiranic
cycloalkane group, selected from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,
cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl or adamantanyl; [0246] R.sub.3
is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group; and [0247] R.sub.4 is hydrogen,
or one or more of the following substituents: [0248] i) a halogen
selected from F, Cl, Br and I; [0249] ii) NO.sub.2; [0250] iii)
CF.sub.3, [0251] iv) SCH.sub.3; [0252] v) an optionally substituted
(1-5C)alkyl group; or [0253] vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which
optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms.
[0254] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(6): [0255] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0256] n is an
integer selected from 1 to 4; [0257] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each
independently selected from: [0258] i) hydrogen, provided that at
least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a substituent group other than
hydrogen; [0259] ii) a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0260] iii) an aryl
group; [0261] iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl group; or [0262] v) an
aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; [0263] R.sub.3 is hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl
group; [0264] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the following
substituents: [0265] i) a halogen selected from F or Cl; [0266] ii)
NO.sub.2; [0267] iii) CF.sub.3, [0268] iv) a (1-5C)alkyl group
(e.g. methyl); or [0269] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy group (e.g.
methoxy).
[0270] In another embodiment of the compounds of the general
structure (6): [0271] x is an integer selected from 0 or 1; [0272]
n is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0273] R.sub.1 and R.sub.2
are independently selected from hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group
(e.g. methyl), provided that at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is
a substituent group other than hydrogen; and [0274] R.sub.3 and
R.sub.4 are hydrogen.
Compounds of General Structure (7)
[0275] In yet another embodiment the appropriate substituent,
preferably the (CH.sub.2).sub.qOH group where q is 1 up to 4, has
been introduced to the position 4 of the end terminal aniline unit
of SBB compound, so that an interposition of an alkyl bridge
consisting of methylene units between the aniline group of SBB and
the hydroxyl group is present, leading to compounds of the general
structure (7).
##STR00009##
wherein [0276] q is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0277] R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0278] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a
substituent group other than hydrogen; [0279] ii) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl group; [0280] iii) an optionally
substituted aryl group; [0281] iv) an optionally substituted
(1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; [0282] v) an optionally substituted
aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or [0283] vi) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are
linked so as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane group, selected
from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl
or adamantanyl; [0284] R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group;
and [0285] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the following
substituents: [0286] i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I;
[0287] ii) NO.sub.2; [0288] iii) CF.sub.3, [0289] iv) SCH.sub.3;
[0290] v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or [0291]
vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or more
heteroatoms.
[0292] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(7): [0293] q is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0294] R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0295] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a
substituent group other than hydrogen; [0296] ii) a (1-4C)alkyl
group; [0297] iii) an aryl group; [0298] iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl
group; or [0299] v) an aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; [0300] R.sub.3 is
hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0301] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one
or more of the following substituents: [0302] i) a halogen selected
from F or Cl; [0303] ii) NO.sub.2; [0304] iii) CF.sub.3, [0305] iv)
a (1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or [0306] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy
group (e.g. methoxy).
[0307] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(7): [0308] q is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0309] R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are independently selected from hydrogen or a
(1-4C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl), provided that at least one of
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a substituent group other than hydrogen; and
[0310] R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen.
Compounds of General Structure (8)
[0311] In yet another embodiment the appropriate substituent,
preferably the (CH.sub.2).sub.qOH group where q is 1 up to 4, has
been introduced to the position 3 of the end terminal aniline unit
of SBB compound, so that an interposition of an alkyl bridge
consisting of methylene units between the aniline group of SBB and
the hydroxyl group is present, leading to compounds of the general
structure (8)
##STR00010##
wherein [0312] q is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0313] R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0314] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a
substituent group other than hydrogen; [0315] ii) an optionally
substituted (1-10C)alkyl group; [0316] iii) an optionally
substituted aryl group; [0317] iv) an optionally substituted
(1-10C)alkyl-aryl group; [0318] v) an optionally substituted
aryl-(1-10C)alkyl group; or [0319] vi) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are
linked so as to form part of a spiranic cycloalkane group, selected
from cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl
or adamantanyl; [0320] R.sub.3 is hydrogen or (1-10C)alkyl group;
and [0321] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one or more of the following
substituents: [0322] i) a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br and I;
[0323] ii) NO.sub.2; [0324] iii) CF.sub.3, [0325] iv) SCH.sub.3;
[0326] v) an optionally substituted (1-5C)alkyl group; or [0327]
vi) a (1-10C)alkoxy group which optionally comprises one or more
heteroatoms.
[0328] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(8): [0329] q is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0330] R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from: [0331] i)
hydrogen, provided that at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a
substituent group other than hydrogen; [0332] ii) a (1-4C)alkyl
group; [0333] iii) an aryl group; [0334] iv) a (1-4C)alkyl-aryl
group; or [0335] v) an aryl-(1-4C)alkyl group; [0336] R.sub.3 is
hydrogen or a (1-4C)alkyl group; [0337] R.sub.4 is hydrogen, or one
or more of the following substituents: [0338] i) a halogen selected
from F or Cl; [0339] ii) NO.sub.2; [0340] iii) CF.sub.3, [0341] iv)
a (1-5C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl); or [0342] v) a (1-5C)alkoxy
group (e.g. methoxy).
[0343] In an embodiment of the compounds of the general structure
(8): [0344] q is an integer selected from 1 to 4; [0345] R.sub.1
and R.sub.2 are independently selected from hydrogen or a
(1-4C)alkyl group (e.g. methyl), provided that at least one of
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a substituent group other than hydrogen; and
[0346] R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen.
[0347] Particular compounds of general formula (1) or (2) include
any of the compounds exemplified in the present application, or a
salt or solvate thereof, and, in particular, any of the
following:
##STR00011## ##STR00012##
[0348] Further compounds of general formula (1) or (2) include any
of the compounds exemplified in the present application, or a salt
or solvate thereof, and, in particular, any of the following:
##STR00013##
[0349] In a particular embodiment, the compound of the present
invention is:
##STR00014##
[0350] The various functional groups and substituents making up the
compounds of general formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of sub-formulae
(3) to (8)) are typically chosen such that the molecular weight of
the compound of general formula 1 or 2 does not exceed 1000. More
usually, the molecular weight of the compound will be less than
900, for example less than 800, or less than 700, or less than
600.
[0351] A suitable salt of a compound of general formula 1 or 2 (or
compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8)) is, for example, an
acid-addition salt of a compound of the invention which is
sufficiently basic, for example, an acid-addition salt with, for
example, an inorganic or organic acid, for example hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, trifluoroacetic, formic, citric
methane sulfonate or maleic acid. In addition, a suitable
pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a cytochrome be inhibitor of
the invention which is sufficiently acidic is an alkali metal salt,
for example a sodium or potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal
salt, for example a calcium or magnesium salt, an ammonium salt or
a salt with an organic base which affords a pharmaceutically
acceptable cation, for example a salt with methylamine,
dimethylamine, trimethylamine, piperidine, morpholine or
tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine.
[0352] Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in
the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement
of their atoms in space are termed "isomers". Isomers that differ
in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed
"stereoisomers". Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one
another are termed "diastereomers" and those that are
non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed
"enantiomers". When a compound has an asymmetric center, for
example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of
enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the
absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by
the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn-Ingold-Prelog, or by the
manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light
and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or
(-)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either
individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing
equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a "racemic
mixture".
[0353] The compounds of general formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of
sub-formulae (3) to (8)) of this invention may possess one or more
asymmetric centers; such compounds can therefore be produced as
individual (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers or as mixtures thereof. Unless
indicated otherwise, the description or naming of a particular
compound in the specification and claims is intended to include
both individual enantiomers and mixtures, racemic or otherwise,
thereof. The methods for the determination of stereochemistry and
the separation of stereoisomers are well-known in the art (see
discussion in Chapter 4 of "Advanced Organic Chemistry", 4th
edition J. March, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2001), for example
by synthesis from optically active starting materials or by
resolution of a racemic form. Some of the compounds of the
invention may have geometric isomeric centres (E- and Z-isomers).
It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses all
optical, diastereoisomers and geometric isomers and mixtures
thereof that possess .beta.-lactamase inhibitory activity.
[0354] The present invention also encompasses compounds of general
formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8)) which
comprise one or more isotopic substitutions. For example, H may be
in any isotopic form, including .sup.1H, .sup.2H(D), and .sup.3H
(T); C may be in any isotopic form, including .sup.12C, .sup.13C,
and .sup.14C; and O may be in any isotopic form, including .sup.16O
and .sup.18O; and the like.
[0355] It is also to be understood that certain compounds of
general formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8))
may exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms such as, for
example, hydrated forms. It is to be understood that the invention
encompasses all such solvated forms that possess .beta.-lactamase
inhibitory activity.
[0356] Compounds of general formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of
sub-formulae (3) to (8)) may also exist in a number of different
tautomeric forms and references to compounds of general formula 1
or 2 (or compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8)) include all such
forms. For the avoidance of doubt, where a compound can exist in
one of several tautomeric forms, and only one is specifically
described or shown, all others are nevertheless embraced the
structural formula of general formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of
sub-formulae (3) to (8)). Examples of tautomeric forms include
keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms, as in, for example, the following
tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine,
amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime,
thioketone/enethiol, and nitro/aci-nitro.
##STR00015##
[0357] Compounds of general formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of
sub-formulae (3) to (8)) containing an amine function may also form
N-oxides. A reference herein to a compounds of general formula 1 or
2 (or compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8)) that contains an amine
function also includes the N-oxide. Where a compounds of general
formula 1 or 2 (or compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8)) contains
several amine functions, one or more than one nitrogen atom may be
oxidised to form an N-oxide. Particular examples of N-oxides are
the N-oxides of a tertiary amine or a nitrogen atom of a
nitrogen-containing heterocycle. N-Oxides can be formed by
treatment of the corresponding amine with an oxidizing agent such
as hydrogen peroxide or a per-acid (e.g. a peroxycarboxylic acid),
see for example Advanced Organic Chemistry, by Jerry March,
4.sup.th Edition, Wiley Interscience. More particularly, N-oxides
can be made by the procedure of L. W. Deady (Syn. Comm. 1977, 7,
509-514) in which the amine compound is reacted with
m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), for example, in an inert
solvent such as dichloromethane.
Synthesis
[0358] The compounds of the present invention can be prepared by
any suitable technique known in the art. Particular processes for
the preparation of these compounds are described further in the
accompanying examples.
[0359] In the description of the synthetic methods described herein
and in any referenced synthetic methods that are used to prepare
the starting materials, it is to be understood that all proposed
reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction
atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and
workup procedures, can be selected by a person skilled in the
art.
[0360] It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic
synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the
molecule must be compatible with the reagents and reaction
conditions utilised.
[0361] It will be appreciated that during the synthesis of the
compounds of the invention in the processes defined herein, or
during the synthesis of certain starting materials, it may be
desirable to protect certain substituent groups to prevent their
undesired reaction. The skilled chemist will appreciate when such
protection is required, and how such protecting groups may be put
in place, and later removed.
[0362] For examples of protecting groups see one of the many
general texts on the subject, for example, `Protective Groups in
Organic Synthesis` by Theodora Green (publisher: John Wiley &
Sons). Protecting groups may be removed by any convenient method
described in the literature or known to the skilled chemist as
appropriate for the removal of the protecting group in question,
such methods being chosen so as to effect removal of the protecting
group with the minimum disturbance of groups elsewhere in the
molecule.
[0363] Thus, if reactants include, for example, groups such as
amino, carboxy or hydroxy it may be desirable to protect the group
in some of the reactions mentioned herein.
[0364] By way of example, a suitable protecting group for an amino
or alkylamino group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an
alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an alkoxycarbonyl group, for example
a methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl group, an
arylmethoxycarbonyl group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl, or an
aroyl group, for example benzoyl. The deprotection conditions for
the above protecting groups necessarily vary with the choice of
protecting group. Thus, for example, an acyl group such as an
alkanoyl or alkoxycarbonyl group or an aroyl group may be removed
by, for example, hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali
metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
Alternatively an acyl group such as a tert-butoxycarbonyl group may
be removed, for example, by treatment with a suitable acid as
hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid
and an arylmethoxycarbonyl group such as a benzyloxycarbonyl group
may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such
as palladium-on-carbon, or by treatment with a Lewis acid for
example boron tris(trifluoroacetate). A suitable alternative
protecting group for a primary amino group is, for example, a
phthaloyl group which may be removed by treatment with an
alkylamine, for example dimethylaminopropylamine, or with
hydrazine.
[0365] A suitable protecting group for a hydroxy group is, for
example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as
acetyl, an aroyl group, for example benzoyl, or an arylmethyl
group, for example benzyl. The deprotection conditions for the
above protecting groups will necessarily vary with the choice of
protecting group. Thus, for example, an acyl group such as an
alkanoyl or an aroyl group may be removed, for example, by
hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide,
for example lithium, sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Alternatively an
arylmethyl group such as a benzyl group may be removed, for
example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as
palladium-on-carbon.
[0366] A suitable protecting group for a carboxy group is, for
example, an esterifying group, for example a methyl or an ethyl
group which may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a base
such as sodium hydroxide, or for example a t-butyl group which may
be removed, for example, by treatment with an acid, for example an
organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or for example a benzyl
group which may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a
catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
[0367] Resins may also be used as a protecting group.
[0368] The methodology employed to synthesise a compound of general
formula 1 or 2 will vary depending on the nature of R.sub.1,
R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, Z and any substituent groups associated
therewith. Suitable processes for their preparation are described
further in the accompanying Examples.
[0369] In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present
invention (i.e. the compounds of general formula (1) and (2)) are
prepared by one of the two different synthetic approaches that
follow.
[0370] In the first approach, a compound of formula A, as shown
below:
##STR00016##
is reacted with a with a compound of formula X, shown below:
##STR00017##
to yield of compound of general formula (1), wherein Z and R.sub.1
to R.sub.4 are as defined hereinabove.
[0371] In a second approach, a compound of formula B, shown
below:
##STR00018##
is reacted with a compound of formula Y, shown below:
##STR00019##
to yield of compound of general formula (2), wherein Z and R.sub.1
to R.sub.4 are as defined hereinabove.
[0372] Thus, concerning the synthesis of the aforementioned
compounds, it will be appreciated that these may be prepared
according to the synthetic methodology shown in Schemes 3.1 up to
3.8.
[0373] More specifically, for the synthesis of compounds that
belong to the general formula (3) 8-amino-1-naphthylamine can be
used as starting material and upon reaction with the substituted
hydroxy ketones will be converted to modified
2,2-substituted-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidines (Scheme 3.1) [Zhang
& Zhang, Synth Comm 2007; Farrand L D et al Merck Patent GMBH
Wo 2014/111112 A1]. The bis alkyl substituted perimidines at
nitrogens 1 and 3 can be prepared upon treatment with the
corresponding alkyl bromide under basic conditions. These compounds
can be used as substrates for the electrophilic addition of
suitably substituted diazotized amino-derivatives resulting from
the coupling of diazotized substituted aniline with
1-naphthylamine. The electrophilic aromatic substitution affords
two regio-isomers (6- or 4-substituted derivatives) that can be
separated through an appropriate method, for example with column
chromatography.
##STR00020##
[0374] For the synthesis of compounds that belong to the general
formula (4) initially 8-amino-1-naphthylamine reacts with the
substituted 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde or with the substituted
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, resulting into 2-aryl substituted-2,
3-dihydro-1H-perimidines (Scheme 3.2). A hydroxyalkyl chain can be
attached to the phenolic hydroxyl group via reaction with a
hydroxyalkyl bromide under basic conditions. Subsequent reaction
with phenylazonaphthylamine leads to the target compounds of the
general formula (4).
##STR00021##
[0375] For the synthesis of compounds that belong to the general
formula (5), in the first step 8-amino-1-naphthylamine reacts with
the substituted ketone, and then alkyl chain can be inserted to
nitrogens 1 and 3 of perimidine (Scheme 3.3). At the same time, the
substituted 4-amino phenol is coupled to naphthylamine through
diazotation reaction, followed by a second diazotation reaction for
coupling of the former with the substituted perimidine.
##STR00022##
[0376] Concerning the analogues of the general formula (5) that
possess an alkoxy chain between the hydroxyl group and the aniline
ring of the chromophore system, these can be synthesized from the
corresponding substituted 4-nitrophenols upon treatment with
hydroxyalkyl bromides under basic conditions and subsequent
reduction of the nitro group (Scheme 3.4).
##STR00023##
[0377] The synthesis of target compounds of the general formula (6)
can be achieved by an analogous synthetic approach to the one that
described above for the synthesis of compounds of general formula
(5), by using the substituted 3-aminophenols as starting materials
(Scheme 3.5). Concerning the analogues of the general formula (6)
that possess an alkoxy chain between the hydroxyl group and the
aniline ring of the chromophore system, these can be synthesized
from the corresponding substituted 3-nitrophenols upon treatment
with hydroxyalkyl bromides under basic conditions and subsequent
reduction of the nitro group (Scheme 3.6).
##STR00024##
##STR00025##
[0378] For the synthesis of target compounds that belong to the
general formulas (7) and (8), the substituted para-amino phenyl
alkyl alcohols or the substituted meta-amino phenyl alkyl alcohols
can be used as starting materials (Schemes 3.7 and 3.8,
respectively), and through the aforementioned reactions lead to the
final products.
##STR00026##
##STR00027##
Uses and Applications
[0379] The present invention provides compounds that are capable of
associating with lipofuscin and thus capable of application in the
detection of senescent cells.
[0380] The present invention provides a use of a compound, as
described hereinabove, for the detection of senescent cells.
[0381] Thus, in one aspect, the present invention provides the use
of a compound of general formula (1) or (2) (or any one of
compounds of sub-formulae (3) to (8)) for the detection of
senescent cells.
[0382] The present invention also provides a use of a compound, as
described hereinabove, for the detection of single senescent cells
or senescent cells in mixed cell populations through reacting with
lipofuscin in a similar manner to the Sudan Black B histochemical
dye.
[0383] Moreover, the present invention also provides a use of a
compound, as described hereinabove, for the detection of senescent
cells in: i) tissues of animal origin, ranging from invertebrates
to mammals, including humans; ii) single animal cells either
derived from the above tissues or in suspension.
[0384] Furthermore, the present invention provides a use of a
compound, as described hereinabove, for the detection of senescent
cells in biological samples, characterized in that the biological
samples are in a fresh or preserved state.
Methods and Kits
[0385] The present invention also provides a method for detecting
senescence, the method comprising contacting (i.e. reacting) a
compound, as defined hereinabove, with a sample of single or mixed
cells, in the presence of lipofuscin.
[0386] In an embodiment, the single or mixed cells are from tissue
samples of animal origin. It will be appreciated that the single or
mixed cells may be from normal tissue samples of animal origin or
from tissue samples of a pathologic condition of animal origin.
[0387] In an embodiment, the single or mixed cells are from tissue
samples of human origin. It will again be appreciated that the
single or mixed cells may be from normal tissue samples of human
origin or from tissue samples of a pathologic condition of human
origin.
[0388] In yet another embodiment, the single or mixed cells are
from tissue samples of plant
[0389] The compounds of the present invention described herein are
compatible with senescent cell detection in a wide range of in vivo
and in vitro biosamples. Specifically these samples can be:
[0390] 1) Tissues of animal origin: senescent cells that accumulate
lipofuscin can be detected in tissues (in situ) from lower
(evolutionary) invertebrates up to mammals, including humans, using
any of the compounds described herein.
[0391] 2) Single animal cells: either derived from the above
tissues using tissue disaggregation methods or that are in
suspension, for example blood cells, or grown in laboratory culture
can be evaluated for the senescence state by using any of the
compounds described herein.
[0392] 3) Plant origin: senescent cells that accumulate lipofuscin
can be detected in such tissues too.
[0393] 4) The biological materials described at points 1), 2) and
3) can be either in: [0394] i) a fresh state; or [0395] ii)
preserved (fixed), to avoid decomposition, by physical means such
as freezing, or by chemical treatment, such as immersion in
formaldehyde, including if necessary, embedding in inert supportive
material, like paraffin.
[0396] Notably, the vast majority of sample biobanks available in
hospitals, research institutions, private clinics, etc., are in the
form of fixed tissues that are usually embedded in paraffin to
facilitate thin-sectioning for further analyses.
[0397] The current invention is based on the ability of these new
compounds to reveal the presence of senescent cells in vivo and in
vitro, upon reacting with lipofuscin, and to distinguish them from
non-senescent ones.
[0398] In one embodiment of the method of this invention fresh
sections, or single cells (e.g. as spreads on microscopy
coverslips), or preserved (fixed) tissues sections can be
histochemically stained as follows: [0399] a. Cell spreads should
be immersed for 5-10 min in 70% ice-cold ethanol or methanol (v/v)
solution. [0400] b. For fresh tissue sections (cryosections) 5-10
min incubation in 70% ice-cold ethanol or methanol (v/v) solution
should be used instead of the above step. [0401] c. Fixed tissue
sections should be deparaffinized for 5 min at room temperature in
xylene (if sections are obtained from paraffin embedded blocks)
followed by gradual rehydration of biopsy material, usually
tissues, in solutions of descending concentration of ethanol (100%,
80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in TBS (Tris-buffered saline) or PBS
(Phosphate-buffered saline) solution. [0402] d. Application of SBB
analogue, diluted in ethanol and filtered, on biopsy material for
10 min. [0403] c. Quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol. [0404] d.
Transfer and wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0405] e. Counterstain
with hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by mounting with
glycerol and sealed with a cover slip. [0406] f. Microscopy
observation.
[0407] These procedures allow for identification of senescent cells
using these new SBB analogues in a similar histochemical fashion
like the SBB, but with improved performance and bypassing ethanol
solubility problems.
[0408] According to a further aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a kit for detecting senescence and
differentiating senescent cells comprising: [0409] a. a compound of
general formula 1, as defined hereinabove; and [0410] b. one or
more additional reagents required to implement a method of the
present inventions, as defined hereinabove.
[0411] According to another aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a kit for detecting senescence and differentiating
senescent cells comprising: [0412] a. a lyophilized compound of
general formula 1, as defined hereinabove; [0413] b. ethanol
solution to dilute the lyophilized compound; [0414] c.
streptavidin-HRP conjugated solution; [0415] d.
3,3'-diaminobenzidine; and [0416] e. hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast
Red.
[0417] Thus, the above methods can provide the basis to develop a
kit for detection of senescence for commercial exploitation. The
kit has as principal component an SBB analogue. Positive and
negative controls can also be included or suggested along with
detailed instructions for the optimum application of the methods.
The kit can find application in the following fields: biomedical
research, clinical/health care, cosmetics, male and female
infertility/subfertillity, animal/plant farming and the food
industry. Routine detection of senescent cells can be achieved in:
i) tissues of animal origin, ranging from invertebrates to mammals,
including humans, ii) single animal cells either derived from the
above tissues or in suspensions, body fluids and cell
scrapes/smears, for example blood samples, urine specimens or
cervical smears, or in laboratory culture, and iii) in tissues or
cells of plant origin. Tissues or single cells can be either from
healthy or pathological conditions such as aged tissues,
regenerating tissues, tumors, degenerative diseases and the like.
All these biological materials can be either in a fresh or
preserved state (e.g. by physical or chemical means, such as
freezing or formaldehyde treatment) as well as embedded in inert
supportive material, like paraffin.
EXAMPLES
[0418] The following examples serve to illustrate certain preferred
embodiments and aspects of the present disclosures and are not
construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Compound Synthesis
General Information:
[0419] Melting points were determined on a Buchi apparatus and are
uncorrected. .sup.1H-NMR spectra and .sup.13C-NMR spectra were
recorded on a Bruker Avance 600 instrument, in deuterated solvents
and were referenced to TMS (.delta. scale). Flash chromatography
was performed on Merck silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm). Analytical
thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on precoated (0.25
mm) Merck silica gel F-254 plates. 1-Naphthylamine and
5-hydroxy-2-pentanone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, while the
rest of the reagents were purchased from Alfa-Aesar, and all of
them were used with no further purification.
[0420] Mass spec a were recorded with a LTQ Orbitrap Discovery
instrument, possessing an Ionmax ionization source. Elemental
analyses were undertaken using a PerkinElmer PE 240C elemental
analyzer (Norwalk, Conn., U.S.) and the measured values for C, H,
and N were within .+-.0.4% of the theoretical values.
Example 1
Synthesis of
(2-methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-dih-
ydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)methanol (Scheme 3.9)
##STR00028##
[0421] Step 1: Synthesis of
(2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)methanol (2)
[0422] 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene (1, 4.3 g, 27.18 mmol) was added in a
flask containing 5 ml (72.89 mmol) of hydroxyacetone and the
resulting mixture was heated at 70.degree. C. for 3 hrs. Upon
completion of reaction (checked by TLC), the mixture was allowed to
reach room temperature and then it was diluted with 100 ml of
water, followed by extraction with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.80
ml). Combined organic layers were washed with 200 ml of H.sub.2O
and finally with 150 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of NaCl.
Organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under
reduced pressure, to provide 5.2 g of 2, as a beige solid, which
was used to the next step without further purification. Yield 89%.
M.p. 126-7.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
1.46 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 2H), 3.60-3.80 (brs, 2H, D.sub.2O exch.),
6.57 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.20 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 7.24 (t, 2H, J=8.2
Hz). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 24.69, 67.06,
67.13, 107.10, 113.34, 118.02, 127.18, 134.69, 139.20.
Step 2: Synthesis of (E)-4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine
(4)
[0423] Aniline (3, 3.3 ml, 36.4 mmol) was added into a mixture of
H.sub.2O (10 ml) and HCl (10N, 7.4 ml) at 0.degree. C. followed by
dropwise addition of an aqueous solution (6 ml) of NaNO.sub.2 (2.52
g, 36.5 mmol) over a period of 5 minutes and then this mixture is
left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 2 hrs. Then sodium acetate
trihydrate was added to the solution until pH was 5 and then the
diazonium salt was added dropwise into a suspension of
1-naphthylamine (5.2 g, 36.32 mmol) in a mixture of H.sub.2O (100
ml), EtOH (15 ml) and HCl (10N, 3.6 ml) over a period of 30
minutes. The deep purple coloured suspension was left stirring at
0.degree. C. for 2 hours and then an additional amount of H.sub.2O
(50 ml) and EtOH (25 ml) was added and stirring was continued at
room temperature for 16 hours. The solution was then neutralized
with addition of saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO.sub.3 and the
resulting red precipitate was filtered under vacuum, washed with
H.sub.2O adequately and left air dried. Crude product was purified
by column chromatography using a mixture of
cyclohexane/dichloromethane (from 50/50 up to 0/100, v/v) as the
eluent to provide 6.4 g of 4 as a red solid. Yield 71%. M.p.
126-8.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 4.55
(brs, 2H, D.sub.2O exch.), 6.77 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.48 (t, 1H,
J=8.2 Hz), 7.54 (m, 1H), 7.58 (t, 2H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.68 (m, 1H), 7.77
(d, 1H, J=9.3 Hz), 7.98 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 8.07 (d, 2H, J=7.2 Hz),
9.12 (d, 1H, J=10.3 Hz). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta.
109.15, 113.99, 120.71, 122.51, 122.73, 124.14, 125.39, 127.17,
129.13, 129.86, 133.22, 140.39, 146.39, 153.64.
Step 3: Synthesis of
(2-methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-dih-
ydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)methanol (5)
[0424] (E)-4-(Phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine (4, 0.5 g, 2.02
mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 ml) and then H.sub.2O (3 ml) and HCl
(10N, 0.6 ml) were added. This mixture was cooled at 0.degree. C.
and then an aqueous solution (1 ml) of NaNO.sub.2 (139 mg, 2.02
mmol) was added dropwise over a period of 5 minutes. The diazonium
salt was left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 2 hours and then was
added dropwise into a beaker containing perimidine 2 (473 mg, 2.02
mmol) in ethanol (6 ml) under vigorous stirring at 0.degree. C. The
reaction mixture was left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 30 minutes
and then at room temperature for 90 minutes. The solution was then
neutralized with addition of saturated aqueous solution of
NaHCO.sub.3 and the resulting dark precipitate was left standing at
0.degree. C. for 60 minutes and then filtered under vacuum, washed
with H.sub.2O and left air dried. Crude product was purified by
column chromatography using a mixture of dichloromethane/ethyl
acetate (from 100/0 up to 100/30, v/v) as the eluent to provide
0.45 g of 5 as a black solid. Yield 47%. M.p.>270.degree.
C..sub.(decomp.). .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 1.57
(s, 3H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 4.55 (brs, 1H, D.sub.2O exch.), 5.02 (brs,
1H, D.sub.2O exch.), 6.60 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 6.65 (d, 1H, J=7.2
Hz), 7.47 (t, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.51 (t, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 7.57 (t, 2H,
J=7.5 Hz), 7.72 (m, 2H), 7.97 (d, 1H, J=8.2 Hz), 8.01 (m, 1H), 8.08
(d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 8.14 (m, 1H), 8.45 (m, 1H), 9.03 (m, 1H), 9.11
(m, 1H). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 24.84, 67.27,
67.40, 106.31, 107.64, 112.29, 112.76, 113.72, 116.95, 123.43,
123.67, 124.19, 126.88, 127.21, 129.32, 131.19, 132.65, 133.81,
139.63, 140.94, 144.47, 147.96, 150.48, 153.61.
Example 2
Synthesis of
4-(6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-
-perimidin-2-yl)phenol (Scheme 3.10)
##STR00029##
[0425] Step 1: Synthesis of 4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)phenol
(6)
[0426] 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.32 g, 18.96 mmol) was added into a
solution of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (1, 3 g, 18.96 mmol) in ethanol
(15 mL) and this mixture was refluxed for 40 minutes. Upon
completion of reaction, the mixture was allowed to reach room
temperature and the solid that precipitated was filtered under
vacuum, washed with ethanol (10 mL) and left air-dried. Finally,
4.95 g of compound 6 were obtained as an off-white solid. Yield
100%. M.p. 169-171.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta. 5.25 (s, 1H), 6.48 (d, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 6.58 (brs, 2H,
D.sub.2O exch.), 6.81 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 6.97 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz),
7.14 (t, 2H, J=7.7 Hz), 7.41 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 9.48 (brs, 1H,
D.sub.2O exch.). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta. 66.32,
104.22, 112.48, 114.86, 115.13, 126.80, 129.13, 131.96, 134.42,
143.44, 157.73.
Step 2: Synthesis of
4-(6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-
-perimidin-2-yl)phenol (7)
[0427] (E)-4-(Phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine (4, 0.5 g, 2.02
mmol, its synthesis is described at step 2 of the typical example
1) was dissolved in DMF (2 ml) and then H.sub.2O (6 ml) and HCl
(10N, 0.6 ml) were added. This mixture was cooled at 0.degree. C.
and then an aqueous solution (1 ml) of NaNO.sub.2 (139 mg, 2.02
mmol) was added dropwise over a period of 5 minutes. The diazonium
salt was left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 2 hours and then it was
added dropwise into a beaker containing perimidine 6 (529 mg, 2.02
mmol) in ethanol (10 ml) under vigorous stirring at 0.degree. C.
The reaction mixture was left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 30
minutes and then at room temperature for 90 minutes. The solution
was then neutralized with addition of saturated aqueous solution of
NaHCO.sub.3 and the resulting dark precipitate was left standing at
0.degree. C. for 60 minutes and then filtered under vacuum, washed
with H.sub.2O and left air dried. Crude product was purified by
column chromatography using a mixture of dichloromethane/ethyl
acetate (from 100/0 up to 100/4, v/v) as the eluent to provide 0.62
g of 7 as a black solid. Yield 59%. M.p.>270.degree.
C..sub.(decomp.). .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta. 5.59 (s,
1H), 6.68 (d, 1H, J=6.9 Hz), 6.72 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 6.87 (d, 2H,
J=8.5 Hz), 7.07 (brs, 1H, D.sub.2O exch.), 7.43-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.59
(t, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 7.65 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.77-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.99
(d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.04 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.08 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz),
8.17-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 9.01 (m, 1H), 9.10 (m,
1H), 9.61 (brs, 1H, D.sub.2O exch.). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz,
DMSO-d6) .delta. 65.89, 105.23, 105.76, 110.51, 110.82, 111.34,
112.78, 115.09, 118.74, 122.93, 123.04, 123.83, 126.98, 127.61,
129.04, 129.55, 130.07, 131.05, 131.21, 131.46, 132.02, 133.55,
138.64, 143.63, 145.95, 149.10, 150.06, 152.85, 158.05.
Example 3
Synthesis of
3-((E)-(4-((E)-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-6-yl)diazenyl)napht-
halen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenol (Scheme 3.11)
Step 1: Synthesis of 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine (8)
[0428] 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene (1, 4 g, 25.28 mmol) was added into a
flask containing 14 mL of acetone and this reaction mixture was
left stirring at room temperature for 60 hours. Upon completion of
reaction the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure,
diethylether (40 mL) was added into the oily residue and
evaporated, causing the crystallization of the perimidine 8. By
this procedure 5 g of the perimidine 8 were obtained, as a beige
solid. Yield 100%. M.p. 114-116.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 1.46 (s, 6H), 4.14 (brs, 2H, D.sub.2O exch.),
6.48 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 7.19 (d, 2H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.27 (t, 2H, J=7.4
Hz+8.1 Hz). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) .delta. 28.80,
64.62, 106.06, 113.05, 117.14, 127.12, 134.70, 140.34.
##STR00030##
Step 2: Synthesis of (E)-3-((4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenol
(10)
[0429] 3-Aminophenol (9, 2 g, 18.2 mmol) was added into a mixture
of H.sub.2O (5 ml) and HCl (10N, 3.5 ml) at 0.degree. C. followed
by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution (3 ml) of NaNO.sub.2
(1.26 g, 18.25 mmol) over a period of 5 minutes and then this
mixture is left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 2 hrs. Then 100 mg of
amidosulfonic acid was added to the solution and stirring was
continued for 15 more minutes. This solution of the diazonium salt
was added dropwise into a suspension of 1-naphthylamine (2.6 g,
18.16 mmol) in a mixture of H.sub.2O (50 ml), EtOH (6 ml) and HCl
(10N, 2 ml) over a period of 30 minutes. The deep purple colored
suspension was left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 90 minutes and
then at room temperature for 16 hours. The solution was then
neutralized with addition of saturated aqueous solution of
NaHCO.sub.3 and the resulting precipitate was filtered under
vacuum, washed with H.sub.2O adequately and left air dried. Crude
product was purified by column chromatography using a mixture of
dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (from 100/0 up to 100/10, v/v) as the
eluent to provide 2.8 g of 10 as an orange colored solid. Yield
58%. M.p. 205-7.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.
6.79 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 6.86 (m, 1H), 6.91 (brs, 2H, D.sub.2O
exch.), 7.32-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.50 (t, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.64 (t, 1H,
J=8.0 Hz+7.2 Hz), 7.90 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 8.22 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz),
8.89 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 9.67 (s, 1H, D.sub.2O exch.). .sup.13C-NMR
(151 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta. 106.91, 107.38, 114.69, 114.94, 116.51,
121.22, 122.61, 122.67, 124.33, 127.36, 129.90, 133.24, 136.71,
150.19, 154.52, 158.15.
Step 3: Synthesis of
3-((E)-(4-((E)-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-6-yl)diazenyl)napht-
halen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenol (11)
[0430] (E)-3-((4-Aminonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenol (10, 526 mg,
2 mmol) was added into a mixture of H.sub.2O (6 ml) and HCl (10N,
0.6 ml) at 0.degree. C. followed by dropwise addition of an aqueous
solution (1 ml) of NaNO.sub.2 (138 mg, 2 mmol) over a period of 5
minutes and then this mixture is left stirring at 0.degree. C. for
2 hrs. Then sodium acetate trihydrate (80 mg) was added to the
solution and stirring was continued for 15 more minutes. This
solution of the diazonium salt was added dropwise into a solution
of perimidine 8 (396 mg, 2 mmol) in EtOH (10 ml) over a period of
10 minutes. The deep purple colored suspension was left stirring at
0.degree. C. for 30 minutes and then at room temperature for 90
minutes. The solution was then neutralized with addition of
saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO.sub.3 and the resulting
precipitate was filtered under vacuum, washed with H.sub.2O
adequately and left air dried. Crude product was purified by column
chromatography using a mixture of cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (from
80/20 up to 60/40, v/v) as the eluent to provide 450 mg of 11 as a
black solid. Yield 48%. M.p. 155-8.degree. C..sub.(decomp.).
.sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, acetone-d6) .delta. 1.58 (s, 6H), 5.99 (brs,
1H, D.sub.2O exch.), 6.62 (d, 1H, J=7.4 Hz), 6.65 (d, 1H, J=8.4
Hz), 6.99 (brs, 1H, D.sub.2O exch.), 7.08 (m, 1H), 7.44 (t, 1H,
J=8.2 Hz+7.6 Hz), 7.48 (t, 1H, J=7.9 Hz), 7.60 (m, 1H), 7.64 (m,
1H), 7.75-7.80 (m, 2H), 8.04 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 8.10 (d, 1H, J=8.3
Hz), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 8.34 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.84 (brs, 1H,
D.sub.2O exch.), 9.06 (m, 1H), 9.17 (m, 1H). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz,
acetone-d6) .delta. 28.83, 66.00, 106.19, 106.89, 108.88, 111.97,
112.09, 112.44, 113.49, 117.27, 118.99, 119.46, 124.12, 124.97,
127.63, 128.16, 130.74, 131.08, 132.75, 133.58, 135.08, 140.38,
143.02, 147.67, 148.38, 151.55, 155.79, 159.31.
Example 4
Synthesis of
2-(4-((E)-(4-((E)-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-6-yl)diazenyl)na-
phthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)ethanol (Scheme 3.12)
Step 1: Synthesis of
(E)-2-(4-((4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)ethanol (13)
[0431] 2-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanol (12, 4 g, 29.16 mmol) was added
into a mixture of H.sub.2O (12 ml) and HCl (10N, 6.4 ml) at
0.degree. C. followed by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution
(6 ml) of NaNO.sub.2 (2.21 g, 32.03 mmol) over a period of 10
minutes and then this mixture is left stirring at 0.degree. C. for
100 minutes. Then 600 mg of sodium acetate trihydrate were added to
the solution and stirring was continued for 15 more minutes. This
solution of the diazonium salt was added dropwise into a suspension
of 1-naphthylamine (4.15 g, 29 mmol) in a mixture of H.sub.2O (80
ml), EtOH (9 ml) and HCl (10N, 3 ml) over a period of 30 minutes.
The deep purple colored suspension was left stirring at 0.degree.
C. for 90 minutes and then at room temperature for 16 hours. The
solution was then neutralized with addition of saturated aqueous
solution of NaHCO.sub.3 and the resulting precipitate was filtered
under vacuum, washed with H.sub.2O adequately and left air dried.
Crude product was purified by column chromatography using a mixture
of dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (from 100/5 up to 100/25, v/v) as
the eluent to provide 5.2 g of 13 as an orange colored solid. Yield
62%. M.p. 110-2.degree. C. .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta.
2.81 (t, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.67 (q, 2H, J=6.9 Hz+5.5 Hz), 4.69 (t, 1H,
D.sub.2O exch., J=5.3 Hz), 6.77 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 6.85 (brs, 2H,
D.sub.2O exch.), 7.38 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.48 (t, 1H, J=7.8 Hz+7.3
Hz), 7.62 (t, 1H, J=7.9 Hz+7.3 Hz), 7.80 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.88
(d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 8.20 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 8.90 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz).
.sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) .delta. 38.82, 62.01, 107.31,
114.78, 121.23, 121.76, 122.61, 122.72, 124.28, 127.29, 129.72,
133.14, 136.84, 141.16, 149.96, 151.60.
Step 2: Synthesis of
2-(4-((E)-(4-((E)-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-6-yl)diazenyl)na-
phthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)ethanol (14)
[0432] (E)-2-(4-((4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)ethanol
(13, 873 mg, 3 mmol) was added into a mixture of H.sub.2O (9 mL),
HCl (10N, 0.9 mL) and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.6 mL) at 0.degree.
C. followed by dropwise addition of an aqueous solution (2 ml) of
NaNO.sub.2 (207 mg, 3 mmol) over a period of 10 minutes and then
this mixture is left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 2 hrs. Then
sodium acetate trihydrate (180 mg) was added to the solution and
stirring was continued for 15 more minutes. This solution of the
diazonium salt was added dropwise into a solution of
2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine (8, 594 mg, 3 mmol, its
synthesis is described at step 1 of the typical example 3) in EtOH
(10 ml) over a period of 10 minutes. The deep purple colored
suspension was left stirring at 0.degree. C. for 30 minutes and
then at room temperature for 90 minutes. The solution was then
neutralized with addition of saturated aqueous solution of
NaHCO.sub.3 and the resulting precipitate was filtered under
vacuum, washed with H.sub.2O adequately and left air dried. Crude
product was purified by column chromatography using a mixture of
dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (from 100/1 up to 100/10, v/v) as the
eluent to provide 1 g of 14 as a black solid. Yield 67%. M.p.
249-252.degree. C..sub.(decomp.). .sup.1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6)
.delta. 1.48 (s, 6H), 2.86 (t, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 3.71 (q, 2H, J=6.9
Hz+5.1 Hz), 4.74 (t, 1H, D.sub.2O exch., J=5.1 Hz), 6.56 (d, 1H,
J=6.9 Hz), 6.60 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz), 6.78 (brs, 1H, D.sub.2O exch.),
7.43 (t, 1H, J=8.1 Hz+7.7 Hz), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.76-7.83
(m, 2H), 7.96-8.02 (m, 5H), 8.17 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 8.20 (d, 1H,
J=8.6 Hz), 9.00 (m, 1H), 9.09 (m, 1H). .sup.13C-NMR (151 MHz,
DMSO-d6) .delta. 28.27, 38.90, 61.82, 64.59, 105.08, 105.53,
109.82, 109.96, 111.22, 112.64, 119.12, 122.78, 123.02, 123.77,
126.83, 127.45, 130.01, 130.28, 131.00, 131.95, 133.51, 138.25,
142.28, 143.83, 145.84, 147.82, 149.96, 151.38.
##STR00031##
Example 5
Synthesis of Synthesis of
3-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-d-
ihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)propan-1-ol (16)
##STR00032##
[0434] Compound 16
(3-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3--
dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)propan-1-ol) was prepared according to
the general procedure described in respect of Example 1 above.
Step 1: Synthesis of
3-(2-Methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)propan-1-ol (17)
##STR00033##
[0436] This compound was synthesized according to the general
procedure described in respect of Step 1 of Example 1 above, upon
reaction of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene with 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone, in
97% yield. Grey solid. M.p. 149-150.degree. C. .sup.1H NMR (600
MHz, acetone-d6) .delta. 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.83
(m, 2H), 3.45-3.53 (m, 3H), 5.61 (brs, 2H, D.sub.2O exch.), 6.43
(d, 2H, J=7.4 Hz), 6.95 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.12 (t, 2H, J=7.9 Hz).
.sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d.sub.6) .delta. 27.20, 28.28,
38.32, 62.90, 67.07, 105.35, 113.48, 116.06, 127.93, 135.82,
142.71.
Step 2: Synthesis of (E)-4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine
(4)
[0437] This compound was synthesized according to the general
procedure described in respect of Step 2 of Example 1 above.
Step 3: Synthesis of
3-(2-Methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-d-
ihydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)propan-1-ol (16)
[0438] This compound was prepared according to the general
procedure described in respect of Step 3 of Example 1 above, upon
reaction of 4 with perimidine 17. The crude product was purified by
column chromatography using a mixture of cyclohexane/ethyl acetate
(from 1/1 up to 2/8, v/v) as the eluent to provide pure 16 as a
black solid, in 50% yield. Mp 124-6.degree. C. .sup.1H NMR (600
MHz, acetone-d.sub.6) .delta. 1.56 (s, 3H), 1.74-1.80 (m, 2H),
1.92-1.97 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.59 (m, 3H), 6.03 (brs, 1H, D.sub.2O
exch.), 6.63 (d, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 6.66 (d, 1H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.06 (brs,
1H, D.sub.2O exch.), 7.43 (t, 1H, J=7.8 Hz), 7.58 (m, 1H), 7.65 (t,
2H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.76-7.82 (m, 2H), 8.07 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.09-8.13
(m, 3H), 8.23 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 8.31 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 9.09 (m,
1H), 9.17 (m, 1H). .sup.13C NMR (151 MHz, acetone-d.sub.6) .delta.
27.42, 28.02, 38.46, 62.58, 68.02, 106.06, 106.69, 111.77, 112.29,
113.45, 119.09, 123.85, 124.04, 124.85, 127.44, 128.03, 130.11,
130.74, 131.92, 132.59, 133.47, 134.93, 140.19, 142.87, 147.48,
148.34, 151.46, 154.21. HR-MS (ESI) m/z: calcd for
C.sub.31H.sub.29N.sub.6O, [M1+H].sup.+=501.2397, found 501.2388.
Anal. Calcd for C.sub.31H.sub.28N.sub.6O: C, 74.38; H, 5.64; N,
16.79. Found: C, 74.53; H, 5.71; N, 16.61.
Detection of Senescent Cells
Comparative Example 1
[0439] In comparative example 1 the SBB histochemical dye was used
to detect senescent cells in tissue sections by the histochemical
method previously described [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany
N.Y.) 2013].
##STR00034##
[0440] Tissue sections were obtained from paraffin embedded,
formalin fixed: (a) irradiated human laryngeal tumors and (b) mouse
lung adenomas, with established presence of senescent cells [as
described in Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013].
Subsequently, they were immobilized on glass microscopy slides by
standard procedures and processed as follows: [0441] a.
Deparaffinization for 5 min at room temperature in xylene. [0442]
b. Gradual rehydration in solutions of descending concentration of
ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in TBS (Tris-buffered
saline) or PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline) solution. [0443] c. The
SSB dye was diluted in 70% ethanol (v/v), filtered and then applied
on tissue sections for 10 min. [0444] d. Quick wash in 50% (v/v)
ethanol. [0445] e. Transfer and wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0446]
f. Counterstain with Hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by
mounting with glycerol and sealed with a cover slip. [0447] g.
Microscopy observation.
[0448] Results from the application of the above described
histochemical method are depicted in FIG. 1. Although senescent
cells are clearly stained, the resolution of these cells require
experienced pathologists. In addition, the necessity to have
saturated ethanol-SBB solutions to achieve optimal performance for
this staining process imposes practical difficulties during its
application.
Comparative Example 2
[0449] In comparative example 2 the SBB histochemical dye was used
to detect senescent cells in cell spreads by the histochemical
method previously described [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany
N.Y.) 2013].
[0450] Saos2-p53 Tet-On cells were grown on cover slips and
collected after p53 induction to induce senescence. Cover slips
were treated as follows: [0451] a. Fixation in ice-cold ethanol or
methanol for 4 min. [0452] b. Application of SSB Dye, diluted in
ethanol and filtered, on cells for 10 min. [0453] c. Quick wash in
50% (v/v) ethanol. [0454] d. Transfer and wash in TBS or PBS
solution. [0455] e. Counterstain with Nuclear Fast Red, followed by
mounting with glycerol and sealing with a cover slip. [0456] f.
Microscopy observation.
[0457] Results from the application of the above described
histochemical method are depicted in FIG. 2a. Although senescent
cells are clearly stained, the resolution of these cells require
experienced pathologists. In addition, the necessity to have
saturated ethanol-SBB solutions to achieve optimal performance for
this staining process imposes practical difficulties during its
application.
Comparative Example 3
[0458] In comparative example 3 the SBB histochemical dye was used
to detect lipofuscin rich cells in tissue sections by the
histochemical method previously described [Georgakopoulou et al,
Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013].
[0459] Tissue sections were obtained from paraffin embedded,
formalin fixed: (a) human seminal vesicle and (b) human liver with
steatohepatitis that have high content of lipofusin making them
ideal reference (control) tissues to test the SBB assay.
Subsequently, they were immobilized on glass microscopy slides by
standard procedures and processed as follows: [0460] a.
Deparaffinization for 5 min at room temperature in xylene. [0461]
b. Gradual rehydration in solutions of descending concentration of
ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in TBS (Tris-buffered
saline) or PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline) solution. [0462] c. The
SSB dye was diluted in 70% ethanol (v/v), filtered and then applied
on tissue sections for 10 min. [0463] d. Quick wash in 50% (v/v)
ethanol. [0464] e. Transfer and wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0465]
f. Counterstain with Hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by
mounting with glycerol and sealed with a cover slip. [0466] g.
Microscopy observation.
[0467] Results from the application of the above described
histochemical method are depicted in FIG. 3.
Inventive Example 1
[0468] In the following example, compounds of the general formulae
(3), (4), (6) and (7) prepared according to Examples 1 up to 4, and
more specifically the derivative named as LG9
[(2-methyl-6-((E)-(4-((E)-phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)-2,3-di-
hydro-1H-perimidin-2-yl)methanol, its synthesis described at
example 1] was used to detect senescent cells in tissue sections by
the same histochemical method used for SBB staining.
##STR00035##
[0469] Tissue sections were obtained from paraffin embedded,
formalin fixed: (a) irradiated human laryngeal tumors and (b) mouse
lung adenomas. Subsequently, they were immobilized on glass
microscopy slides by standard procedures and processed as follows:
[0470] a. Deparaffinization for 5 min at room temperature in
xylene. [0471] b. Gradual rehydration in solutions of descending
concentration of ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in
TBS (Tris-buffered saline) or PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline)
solution. [0472] c. The LG9 SBB-analogue was diluted in 70% ethanol
(v/v), filtered and then applied on tissue sections for 10 min.
[0473] d. Quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol. [0474] e. Transfer and
wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0475] f. Counterstain with
Hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by mounting with glycerol
and sealed with a cover slip. [0476] g. Microscopy observation.
[0477] Representative results from the application of the above
described histochemical method using the novel compound LG9 are
depicted in FIGS. 4a,b. The above histochemical method using the
novel SBB analogue LG9 does not encounter the ethanol solubility
problems that the SBB stain exhibits [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging
(Albany N.Y.) 2013]. In addition, it provides similar and even
better resolution of senescent cells in comparison to the SBB
staining shown in FIGS. 1a,b and 2a. This makes easier the
application of this method and the recognition of senescent cells,
making this method a choice for many researchers and
non-researchers, avoiding experienced personnel, like
pathologists.
Inventive Example 2
[0478] In inventive example 2, the derivative compound LG9 was used
to detect senescent cells in cell spreads by the same histochemical
method used for SBB staining [Georgakopoulou et al, Aging (Albany
N.Y.) 2013].
[0479] Saos2-p53 Tet-On cells were grown on cover slips and
collected without after p53 induction to induce senescence. Cover
slips were treated as follows: [0480] a. Fixation in ice-cold
ethanol or methanol for 4 min. [0481] b. Application of the LG9
SBB-analogue, diluted in ethanol and filtered, on cells for 10 min.
[0482] c. Quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol. [0483] d. Transfer and
wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0484] e. Counterstain with Nuclear
Fast Red, followed by mounting with glycerol and sealing with a
cover slip. [0485] f. Microscopy observation.
[0486] Representative results from the application of the above
described histochemical method using the novel compound LG9 is
depicted in FIG. 5a.
[0487] It should be noted that the above histochemical method using
the novel SBB analogue LG9 does not encounter the ethanol
solubility problems that the SBB stain exhibits [Georgakopoulou et
al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013]. In addition, it provides similar and
even better resolution of senescent cells in comparison to the SBB
staining shown in FIGS. 1a,b and 2a. This makes easier the
application of this method and the recognition of senescent cells,
making this method a choice for many researchers and
non-researchers, avoiding experienced personnel, like
pathologists.
[0488] The ease of use makes it ideal for application in the
following fields: biomedical research, clinical/health care,
cosmetics, male and female infertility/subfertillity, animal
farming and the food industry. Routine detection of senescent cells
can be achieved in: i) tissues of animal origin, ranging from
invertebrates to mammals, including humans, ii) single animal cells
either derived from the above tissues or in suspensions, body
fluids and cell scrapes/smears, for example blood samples, urine
specimens or cervical smears, or in laboratory culture. All these
biological materials can be either in a fresh or preserved state
(e.g. by physical or chemical means, such as freezing or
formaldehyde treatment) as well as embedded in inert supportive
material, like paraffin.
Inventive Example 3
[0489] In inventive example 3 the derivative compound LG9 was used
to detect lipofuscin rich cells in tissue sections by the
histochemical method previously described [Georgakopoulou et al,
Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013].
[0490] Tissue sections were obtained from paraffin embedded,
formalin fixed: (a) human seminal vesicle and (b) human liver with
steatohepatitis that have high content of lipofusin making them
ideal reference (control) tissues to test the performance of the
LG9 compound. Subsequently, they were immobilized on glass
microscopy slides by standard procedures and processed as follows:
[0491] a. Deparaffinization for 5 min at room temperature in
xylene. [0492] b. Gradual rehydration in solutions of descending
concentration of ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in
TBS (Tris-buffered saline) or PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline)
solution. [0493] c. The LG9 SBB-analogue was diluted in 70% ethanol
(v/v), filtered and then applied on tissue sections for 10 min.
[0494] d. Quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol. [0495] e. Transfer and
wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0496] f. Counterstain with
Hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by mounting with glycerol
and sealed with a cover slip. [0497] g. Microscopy observation.
[0498] Results from the application of the above described
histochemical method are depicted in FIG. 6.
Inventive Example 4
[0499] In inventive example 4 the derivative compound LG9 was used
to detect lipofuscin rich cells in tissue sections by the
histochemical method previously described [Georgakopoulou et al,
Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013].
[0500] Tissue sections were obtained from paraffin embedded,
formalin fixed, human thymus and specifically from the cortex and
medulla of this organ. Subsequently, they were immobilized on glass
microscopy slides by standard procedures and processed as follows:
[0501] a. Deparaffinization for 5 min at room temperature in
xylene. [0502] b. Gradual rehydration in solutions of descending
concentration of ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in
TBS (Tris-buffered saline) or PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline)
solution. [0503] c. The LG9 SBB-analogue was diluted in 70% ethanol
(v/v), filtered and then applied on tissue sections for 10 min.
[0504] d. Quick wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol. [0505] e. Transfer and
wash in TBS or PBS solution. [0506] f. Counterstain with
Hematoxylin or Nuclear Fast Red, followed by mounting with glycerol
and sealed with a cover slip. [0507] g. Microscopy observation.
[0508] Results from the application of the above described
histochemical method are depicted in FIG. 7. The human thymus is an
interesting model of investigation since this organ undergoes
involution starting from early childhood, with many autoimmunity
disorders steming from its dysfunction (Wayne et al 2007).
Considering various unresolved issues regarding its physiology and
pathology, all potentially involving senescence, the staining
procedures developed in the current proposal will provide the,
lacking until now, necessary tools to answer such matters.
Inventive Example 5
[0509] In the following example, compounds of the general formulae
(11) and (14), and more specifically the derivatives named as LG46
[3-((E)-(4-((E)-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-6-yl)diazenyl)naph-
thalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenol] and LG48
[2-(4-((E)-(4-((E)-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidin-6-yl)diazenyl)n-
aphthalen-1-yl)diazenyl)phenyl)ethanol] prepared according to
Examples 3 up to 4, were used to detect senescent cells in tissue
sections by the same histochemical method used for SBB
staining.
[0510] Tissue sections were obtained from paraffin embedded,
formalin fixed liver biopsies that have high content of lipofusin.
Subsequently, they were immobilized on glass microscopy slides by
standard procedures and processed as follows: [0511] a.
Deparaffinization for 5 min at room temperature in xylene. [0512]
b. Gradual rehydration in solutions of descending concentration of
ethanol (100%, 80%, 70%, 50% v/v) and finally in TBS (Tris-buffered
saline) or PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline) solution. [0513] c. The
LG46 or LG48 analogue was diluted in 70% ethanol (v/v), filtered
and then applied on tissue sections for 10 min. [0514] d. Quick
wash in 50% (v/v) ethanol. [0515] e. Transfer and wash in TBS or
PBS solution. [0516] f. Counterstain with Hematoxylin or Nuclear
Fast Red, followed by mounting with glycerol and sealed with a
cover slip. [0517] g. Microscopy observation.
[0518] Representative results from the application of the above
described histochemical method using the novel compound LG46 and
LG48 are depicted in FIGS. 8a,b. The above histochemical method
using these novel analogues does not encounter the ethanol
solubility problems that the SBB stain exhibits [Georgakopoulou et
al, Aging (Albany N.Y.) 2013]. In addition, it provides similar and
even better resolution of senescent cells in comparison to the SBB
staining shown in FIGS. 1a,b and 2a. This makes easier the
application of this method and the recognition of senescent cells,
making this method a choice for many researchers and
non-researchers, avoiding experienced personnel, like
pathologists.
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