U.S. patent application number 16/217881 was filed with the patent office on 2019-07-18 for arginine methyltransferase inhibitors and uses thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is Epizyme, Inc.. Invention is credited to Richard Chesworth, Lorna Helen Mitchell, Gideon Shapiro.
Application Number | 20190218194 16/217881 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50439530 |
Filed Date | 2019-07-18 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190218194 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chesworth; Richard ; et
al. |
July 18, 2019 |
ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS AND USES THEREOF
Abstract
Described herein are compounds of Formula (I), pharmaceutically
acceptable salts thereof, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.
Compounds of the present invention are useful for inhibiting
arginine methyltransferase activity. Methods of using the compounds
for treating arginine methyltransferase-mediated disorders are also
described. ##STR00001##
Inventors: |
Chesworth; Richard;
(Concord, MA) ; Mitchell; Lorna Helen; (Cambridge,
MA) ; Shapiro; Gideon; (Gainesville, FL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Epizyme, Inc. |
Cambridge |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50439530 |
Appl. No.: |
16/217881 |
Filed: |
December 12, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15150772 |
May 10, 2016 |
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16217881 |
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14213272 |
Mar 14, 2014 |
9365527 |
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15150772 |
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61781059 |
Mar 14, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07D 231/12 20130101;
C07D 285/06 20130101; C07D 285/10 20130101; C07D 249/06 20130101;
C07D 263/32 20130101; C07D 233/64 20130101; C07D 233/54 20130101;
C07D 231/14 20130101; C07D 405/12 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101;
C07D 261/08 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07D 285/10 20060101
C07D285/10; C07D 261/08 20060101 C07D261/08; C07D 233/64 20060101
C07D233/64; C07D 285/06 20060101 C07D285/06; C07D 263/32 20060101
C07D263/32; C07D 231/14 20060101 C07D231/14; C07D 405/12 20060101
C07D405/12; C07D 233/54 20060101 C07D233/54; C07D 231/12 20060101
C07D231/12; A61P 35/00 20060101 A61P035/00; C07D 249/06 20060101
C07D249/06 |
Claims
1. A compound of Formula (I): ##STR00193## or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each of X, Y, Z, and V is
independently O, S, N(R.sup.N).sub.m, or CR.sup.C as valence
permits; m is 0 or 1; each instance of R.sup.N is independently
selected from the group consisting of each instance of R.sup.N is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted
alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted
carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally
substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
and a nitrogen protecting group; each instance of R.sup.C is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
--OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; each
instance of R.sup.A is independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally
substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally
substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally
substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally
substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, an oxygen
protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur
protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom; each instance of
R.sup.B is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, and a nitrogen
protecting group, or two R.sup.B groups are taken together with
their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted
heterocyclic ring; each instance of Cy is independently optionally
substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4- to
7-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally
substituted heteroaryl; R.sup.3 is independently hydrogen,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl; R.sup.x is independently
optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted
C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl; provided that at least one of X, Y, Z, and V
is O, S, or N(R.sup.N).sub.m; and provided that when V is CR.sup.C,
X is N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or V is CR.sup.C, X is
NR.sup.N, Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or V is CR.sup.C, X is CR.sup.C, Z
is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or V is CR.sup.C, X is CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is
NR.sup.N; then each instance of R.sup.N is optionally substituted
aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and each instance of
R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted
alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted
carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally
substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; or each
instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the group
consisting of optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl,
optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and each
instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group.
2.-59. (canceled)
60. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, provided that only one of X, Y, Z and V is O, S, or
NR.sup.N.
61. The compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, provided that only one of X, Y, Z and V is NR.sup.N.
62. A compound of one of the following formulae: ##STR00194## or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each instance of
R.sup.N is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group; each
instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; each
instance of R.sup.A is independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally
substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally
substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally
substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally
substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, an oxygen
protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur
protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom; each instance of
R.sup.B is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, and a nitrogen
protecting group, or two R.sup.B groups are taken together with
their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted
heterocyclic ring; each instance of Cy is independently optionally
substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4- to
7-membered heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally
substituted heteroaryl; R.sup.3 is independently hydrogen,
C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl; R.sup.x is independently
optionally substituted C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or optionally substituted
C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl; and each instance of e is independently 0,
1, 2, 3, or 4, as valence permits.
63. The compound of claim 62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, according to one of the following formulae: ##STR00195##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, each instance of L
is independently a bond, --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)S--, --OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--, --C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--,
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.ident.C--,
--OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--,
--NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--,
--OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6
hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of
the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)S--, --OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--, --C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--,
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.ident.C--,
--OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--,
--NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--,
--OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--; and each instance of E is
independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted
heteroaryl.
64. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of L is independently selected from
the group consisting of a bond, --O--, --NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--,
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--O--, --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--, --C.ident.C--,
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--, and --NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--;
wherein s is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.
65. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of L is a bond.
66. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of E is independently optionally
substituted aryl.
67. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of R.sup.N is hydrogen.
68. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of E is independently optionally
substituted aryl and each instance of L is a bond.
69. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of E is independently optionally
substituted aryl, each instance of L is a bond, and each instance
of R.sup.N is hydrogen.
70. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of R.sup.x is independently hydrogen
or CH.sub.3.
71. The compound of claim 63, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of E is independently of Formula
(i): ##STR00196## wherein: each occurrence of R.sup.2 is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
halogen, --N.sub.3, --CN, --NO.sub.2, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and q is
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 as valence permits.
72. The compound of claim 71, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, wherein each instance of E is independently selected from
the group consisting of: ##STR00197##
73. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 62,
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
74. A kit or packaged pharmaceutical comprising a compound of claim
62, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and instructions
for use thereof.
75. A method of inhibiting an arginine methyl tranferase (RMT)
comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound
of claim 60, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
76. The method of claim 75, wherein the arginine methyl transferase
is PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, or PRMT8.
77. A method of modulating gene expression comprising contacting a
cell with an effective amount of a compound of claim 62, or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
78. A method of treating a RMT-mediated disorder, comprising
administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound of claim 62, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of and priority
to U.S. Provisional Patent Application, U.S. Ser. No. 61/781,059,
filed Mar. 14, 2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated
herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is an important
biological determinant of protein production and cellular
differentiation and plays a significant pathogenic role in a number
of human diseases.
[0003] Epigenetic regulation involves heritable modification of
genetic material without changing its nucleotide sequence.
Typically, epigenetic regulation is mediated by selective and
reversible modification (e.g., methylation) of DNA and proteins
(e.g., histones) that control the conformational transition between
transcriptionally active and inactive states of chromatin. These
covalent modifications can be controlled by enzymes such as
methyltransferases (e.g., arginine methyltransferases), many of
which are associated with specific genetic alterations that can
cause human disease.
[0004] Disease-associated chromatin-modifying enzymes (e.g.,
arginine methyltransferases) play a role in diseases such as
proliferative disorders, autoimmune disorders, muscular disorders,
vascular disorders, metabolic disorders, and neurological
disorders. Thus, there is a need for the development of small
molecules that are capable of inhibiting the activity of arginine
methyltransferases.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS
[0005] Arginine methyltransferases are attractive targets for
modulation given their role in the regulation of diverse biological
processes. It has now been found that compounds described herein,
and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof, are
effective as inhibitors of arginine methyltransferases. Such
compounds have the general Formula (I):
##STR00002##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X, Y, Z, V,
R.sup.3, and R.sup.x are as defined herein.
[0006] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are
provided which comprise a compound described herein (e.g., a
compound of Formula (I)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient.
[0007] In certain embodiments, compounds described herein inhibit
activity of an arginine methyltransferase (RMT) (e.g., PRMT1,
PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8). In certain embodiments, methods
of inhibiting an arginine methyltransferase are provided which
comprise contacting the arginine methyltransferase with an
effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof. The RMT may be purified or crude, and may
be present in a cell, tissue, or a subject. Thus, such methods
encompass inhibition of RMT activity both in vitro and in vivo. In
certain embodiments, the RMT is wild-type. In certain embodiments,
the RMT is overexpressed. In certain embodiments, the RMT is a
mutant. In certain embodiments, the RMT is in a cell. In certain
embodiments, the RMT is in an animal, e.g., a human. In some
embodiments, the RMT is expressed at normal levels in a subject,
but the subject would benefit from RMT inhibition (e.g., because
the subject has one or more mutations in an RMT substrate that
causes an increase in methylation of the substrate with normal
levels of RMT). In some embodiments, the RMT is in a subject known
or identified as having abnormal RMT activity (e.g.,
overexpression).
[0008] In certain embodiments, methods of modulating gene
expression in a cell are provided which comprise contacting a cell
with an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical
composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in
vitro. In certain embodiments, cell is in an animal, e.g., a
human.
[0009] In certain embodiments, methods of modulating transcription
in a cell are provided which comprise contacting a cell with an
effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
In certain embodiments, the cell in culture in vitro. In certain
embodiments, the cell is in an animal, e.g., a human.
[0010] In some embodiments, methods of treating an RMT-mediated
disorder (e.g., a PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8-mediated
disorder) are provided which comprise administering to a subject
suffering from an RMT-mediated disorder an effective amount of a
compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical
composition thereof. In certain embodiments, the RMT-mediated
disorder is a proliferative disorder. In certain embodiments,
compounds described herein are useful for treating cancer. In
certain embodiments, compounds described herein are useful for
treating breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer,
bladder cancer, or leukemia. In certain embodiments, the
RMT-mediated disorder is a muscular disorder. In certain
embodiments, the RMT-mediated disorder is an autoimmune disorder.
In certain embodiments, the RMT-mediated disorder is a neurological
disorder. In certain embodiments, the RMT-mediated disorder is a
vascular disorder. In certain embodiments, the RMT-mediated
disorder is a metabolic disorder.
[0011] Compounds described herein are also useful for the study of
arginine methyltransferases in biological and pathological
phenomena, the study of intracellular signal transduction pathways
mediated by arginine methyltransferases, and the comparative
evaluation of new RMT inhibitors.
[0012] This application refers to various issued patent, published
patent applications, journal articles, and other publications, all
of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0013] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms
are described in more detail below. The chemical elements are
identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements,
CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75.sup.h Ed.,
inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined
as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic
chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity,
are described in Thomas Sorrell, Organic Chemistry, University
Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March, March's Advanced
Organic Chemistry, 5.sup.th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH
Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; and Carruthers, Some Modern
Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3.sup.rd Edition, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1987.
[0014] Compounds described herein can comprise one or more
asymmetric centers, and thus can exist in various isomeric forms,
e.g., enantiomers and/or diastereomers. For example, the compounds
described herein can be in the form of an individual enantiomer,
diastereomer or geometric isomer, or can be in the form of a
mixture of stereoisomers, including racemic mixtures and mixtures
enriched in one or more stereoisomer. Isomers can be isolated from
mixtures by methods known to those skilled in the art, including
chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation
and crystallization of chiral salts; or preferred isomers can be
prepared by asymmetric syntheses. See, for example, Jacques et al.,
Enantiomers, Racemates and Resolutions (Wiley Interscience, New
York, 1981); Wilen et al., Tetrahedron 33:2725 (1977); Eliel,
Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds (McGraw-Hill, N Y, 1962); and
Wilen, Tables of Resolving Agents and Optical Resolutions p. 268
(E. L. Eliel, Ed., Univ. of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, Ind.
1972). The present disclosure additionally encompasses compounds
described herein as individual isomers substantially free of other
isomers, and alternatively, as mixtures of various isomers.
[0015] It is to be understood that the compounds of the present
invention may be depicted as different tautomers. It should also be
understood that when compounds have tautomeric forms, all
tautomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope of the
present invention, and the naming of any compound described herein
does not exclude any tautomer form. An exemplary tautomerization of
a compound provided in the present application is shown below:
##STR00003##
[0016] Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also
meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one
or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having
the present structures except for the replacement of hydrogen by
deuterium or tritium, replacement of .sup.19F with .sup.18F, or the
replacement of a carbon by a .sup.13C- or .sup.14C-enriched carbon
are within the scope of the disclosure. Such compounds are useful,
for example, as analytical tools or probes in biological
assays.
[0017] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to
encompass each value and sub-range within the range. For example
"C.sub.1-6 alkyl" is intended to encompass, C.sub.1, C.sub.2,
C.sub.3, C.sub.4, C.sub.5, C.sub.6, C.sub.1-6, C.sub.1-5,
C.sub.1-4, C.sub.1-3, C.sub.1-2, C.sub.2-6, C.sub.2-5, C.sub.2-4,
C.sub.2-3, C.sub.3-6, C.sub.3-5, C.sub.3-4, C.sub.4-6, C.sub.4-5,
and C.sub.5-6 alkyl.
[0018] "Alkyl" refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched
saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms
("C.sub.1-20 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to
10 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-10 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl
group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-9 alkyl"). In some
embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-8
alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon
atoms ("C.sub.1-7 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has
1 to 6 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-6 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-5 alkyl"). In some
embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-4
alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon
atoms ("C.sub.1-3 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has
1 to 2 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-2 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkyl group has 1 carbon atom ("C.sub.1 alkyl"). In some
embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-6
alkyl"). Examples of C.sub.1-6 alkyl groups include methyl
(C.sub.1), ethyl (C.sub.2), n-propyl (C.sub.3), isopropyl
(C.sub.3), n-butyl (C.sub.4), tert-butyl (C.sub.4), sec-butyl
(C.sub.4), iso-butyl (C.sub.4), n-pentyl (C.sub.5), 3-pentanyl
(C.sub.5), amyl (C.sub.5), neopentyl (C.sub.5), 3-methyl-2-butanyl
(C.sub.5), tertiary amyl (C.sub.5), and n-hexyl (C.sub.6).
Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C.sub.7),
n-octyl (C.sub.8) and the like. In certain embodiments, each
instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted,
e.g., unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkyl") or substituted (a
"substituted alkyl") with one or more substituents. In certain
embodiments, the alkyl group is unsubstituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl
(e.g., --CH.sub.3). In certain embodiments, the alkyl group is
substituted C.sub.1-10 alkyl.
[0019] In some embodiments, an alkyl group is substituted with one
or more halogens. "Perhaloalkyl" is a substituted alkyl group as
defined herein wherein all of the hydrogen atoms are independently
replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In
some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms
("C.sub.1-8 perhaloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety
has 1 to 6 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-6 perhaloalkyl"). In some
embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-4
perhaloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the alkyl moiety has 1 to 3
carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-3 perhaloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the
alkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-2 perhaloalkyl"). In
some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with
fluoro. In some embodiments, all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced
with chloro. Examples of perhaloalkyl groups include --CF.sub.3,
--CF.sub.2CF.sub.3, --CF.sub.2CF.sub.2CF.sub.3, --CCl.sub.3,
--CFCl.sub.2, --CF.sub.2Cl, and the like.
[0020] As used herein, "alkenyl" refers to a radical of a
straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20
carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1,
2, 3, or 4 double bonds), and optionally one or more triple bonds
(e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) ("C.sub.2-20 alkenyl"). In
certain embodiments, alkenyl does not comprise triple bonds. In
some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms
("C.sub.2-10 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2
to 9 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-9 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-8 alkenyl"). In
some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms
("C.sub.2-7 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2
to 6 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-6 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-5 alkenyl"). In
some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms
("C.sub.2-4 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2
to 3 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-3 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2 alkenyl"). The one or
more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in
2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of
C.sub.2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C.sub.2), 1-propenyl
(C.sub.3), 2-propenyl (C.sub.3), 1-butenyl (C.sub.4), 2-butenyl
(C.sub.4), butadienyl (C.sub.4), and the like. Examples of
C.sub.2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C.sub.2-4
alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C.sub.5), pentadienyl
(C.sub.5), hexenyl (C.sub.6), and the like. Additional examples of
alkenyl include heptenyl (C.sub.7), octenyl (C.sub.8), octatrienyl
(C.sub.8), and the like. In certain embodiments, each instance of
an alkenyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g.,
unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkenyl") or substituted (a
"substituted alkenyl") with one or more substituents. In certain
embodiments, the alkenyl group is unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkenyl.
In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is substituted C.sub.2-10
alkenyl.
[0021] As used herein, "alkynyl" refers to a radical of a
straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20
carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1,
2, 3, or 4 triple bonds), and optionally one or more double bonds
(e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds) ("C.sub.2-20 alkynyl"). In
certain embodiments, alkynyl does not comprise double bonds. In
some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 10 carbon atoms
("C.sub.2-10 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2
to 9 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-9 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-8 alkynyl"). In
some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms
("C.sub.2-7 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2
to 6 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-6 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-5 alkynyl"). In
some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms
("C.sub.2-4 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2
to 3 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2-3 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an
alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms ("C.sub.2 alkynyl"). The one or
more carbon-carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in
2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of
C.sub.2-4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl
(C.sub.2), 1-propynyl (C.sub.3), 2-propynyl (C.sub.3), 1-butynyl
(C.sub.4), 2-butynyl (C.sub.4), and the like. Examples of C.sub.2-6
alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C.sub.2-4 alkynyl groups
as well as pentynyl (C.sub.5), hexynyl (C.sub.6), and the like.
Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C.sub.7), octynyl
(C.sub.8), and the like. In certain embodiments, each instance of
an alkynyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g.,
unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkynyl") or substituted (a
"substituted alkynyl") with one or more substituents. In certain
embodiments, the alkynyl group is unsubstituted C.sub.2-10 alkynyl.
In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is substituted C.sub.2-10
alkynyl.
[0022] "Carbocyclyl" or "carbocyclic" refers to a radical of a
non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 10 ring
carbon atoms ("C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl") and zero heteroatoms in the
non-aromatic ring system. In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group
has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms ("C.sub.3-8 carbocyclyl"). In some
embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms
("C.sub.3-6 carbocyclyl"). In some embodiments, a carbocyclyl group
has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms ("C.sub.3-6 carbocyclyl"). In some
embodiments, a carbocyclyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms
("C.sub.5-10 carbocyclyl"). Exemplary C.sub.3-6 carbocyclyl groups
include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C.sub.3), cyclopropenyl
(C.sub.3), cyclobutyl (C.sub.4), cyclobutenyl (C.sub.4),
cyclopentyl (C.sub.5), cyclopentenyl (C.sub.5), cyclohexyl
(C.sub.6), cyclohexenyl (C.sub.6), cyclohexadienyl (C.sub.6), and
the like. Exemplary C.sub.3-8 carbocyclyl groups include, without
limitation, the aforementioned C.sub.3-6 carbocyclyl groups as well
as cycloheptyl (C.sub.7), cycloheptenyl (C.sub.7), cycloheptadienyl
(C.sub.7), cycloheptatrienyl (C.sub.7), cyclooctyl (C.sub.8),
cyclooctenyl (C.sub.8), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl (C.sub.7),
bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl (C.sub.8), and the like. Exemplary C.sub.3-10
carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, the aforementioned
C.sub.3-8 carbocyclyl groups as well as cyclononyl (C.sub.9),
cyclononenyl (C.sub.9), cyclodecyl (C.sub.10), cyclodecenyl
(C.sub.10), octahydro-1H-indenyl (C.sub.9), decahydronaphthalenyl
(C.sub.10), spiro[4.5]decanyl (C.sub.10), and the like. As the
foregoing examples illustrate, in certain embodiments, the
carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic ("monocyclic carbocyclyl")
or contain a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic
system ("bicyclic carbocyclyl") and can be saturated or can be
partially unsaturated. "Carbocyclyl" also includes ring systems
wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one
or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment
is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of
carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the
carbocyclic ring system. In certain embodiments, each instance of a
carbocyclyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g.,
unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted carbocyclyl") or substituted (a
"substituted carbocyclyl") with one or more substituents. In
certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl group is unsubstituted
C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, the carbocyclyl
group is a substituted C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl.
[0023] In some embodiments, "carbocyclyl" is a monocyclic,
saturated carbocyclyl group having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms
("C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl"). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group
has 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms ("C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl"). In some
embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms
("C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl"). In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl group
has 5 to 6 ring carbon atoms ("C.sub.5-6 cycloalkyl"). In some
embodiments, a cycloalkyl group has 5 to 10 ring carbon atoms
("C.sub.5-10 cycloalkyl"). Examples of C.sub.5-6 cycloalkyl groups
include cyclopentyl (C.sub.5) and cyclohexyl (C.sub.5). Examples of
C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl groups include the aforementioned C.sub.5-6
cycloalkyl groups as well as cyclopropyl (C.sub.3) and cyclobutyl
(C.sub.4). Examples of C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl groups include the
aforementioned C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl groups as well as cycloheptyl
(C.sub.7) and cyclooctyl (C.sub.8). In certain embodiments, each
instance of a cycloalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an
"unsubstituted cycloalkyl") or substituted (a "substituted
cycloalkyl") with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments,
the cycloalkyl group is unsubstituted C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl. In
certain embodiments, the cycloalkyl group is substituted C.sub.3-10
cycloalkyl.
[0024] "Heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic" refers to a radical of a 3-
to 10-membered non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms
and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("3-10
membered heterocyclyl"). In heterocyclyl groups that contain one or
more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or
nitrogen atom, as valency permits. A heterocyclyl group can either
be monocyclic ("monocyclic heterocyclyl") or a fused, bridged or
spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system ("bicyclic
heterocyclyl"), and can be saturated or can be partially
unsaturated. Heterocyclyl bicyclic ring systems can include one or
more heteroatoms in one or both rings. "Heterocyclyl" also includes
ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is
fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of
attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or
ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is
fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point
of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances,
the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring
members in the heterocyclyl ring system. In certain embodiments,
each instance of heterocyclyl is independently optionally
substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heterocyclyl")
or substituted (a "substituted heterocyclyl") with one or more
substituents. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl group is
unsubstituted 3-10 membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments,
the heterocyclyl group is substituted 3-10 membered
heterocyclyl.
[0025] In some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-10 membered
non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring
heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5-10 membered heterocyclyl"). In
some embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-8 membered
non-aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring
heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5-8 membered heterocyclyl"). In some
embodiments, a heterocyclyl group is a 5-6 membered non-aromatic
ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms,
wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen,
oxygen, and sulfur ("5-6 membered heterocyclyl"). In some
embodiments, the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments,
the 5-6 membered heterocyclyl has 1-2 ring heteroatoms selected
from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6
membered heterocyclyl has one ring heteroatom selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
[0026] Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one
heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and
thiorenyl. Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one
heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and
thietanyl. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one
heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl,
dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl,
pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione. Exemplary
5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include,
without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxasulfuranyl, disulfuranyl, and
oxazolidin-2-one. Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups
containing three heteroatoms include, without limitation,
triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl. Exemplary
6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing one heteroatom include,
without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,
dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl. Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl
groups containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation,
piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyl. Exemplary
6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing two heteroatoms include,
without limitation, triazinanyl. Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl
groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation,
azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl. Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl
groups containing one heteroatom include, without limitation,
azocanyl, oxecanyl, and thiocanyl. Exemplary 5-membered
heterocyclyl groups fused to a C.sub.6 aryl ring (also referred to
herein as a 5,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without
limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl,
dihydrobenzothienyl, benzoxazolinonyl, and the like. Exemplary
6-membered heterocyclyl groups fused to an aryl ring (also referred
to herein as a 6,6-bicyclic heterocyclic ring) include, without
limitation, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and the
like.
[0027] "Aryl" refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic
(e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g.,
having 6, 10, or 14 .pi. electrons shared in a cyclic array) having
6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the
aromatic ring system ("C.sub.6-14 aryl"). In some embodiments, an
aryl group has six ring carbon atoms ("C.sub.6 aryl"; e.g.,
phenyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has ten ring carbon
atoms ("C.sub.10 aryl"; e.g., naphthyl such as 1-naphthyl and
2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has fourteen ring
carbon atoms ("C.sub.1-4 aryl"; e.g., anthracyl). "Aryl" also
includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is
fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein
the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such
instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the
number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. In certain
embodiments, each instance of an aryl group is independently
optionally substituted, e.g., unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted
aryl") or substituted (a "substituted aryl") with one or more
substituents. In certain embodiments, the aryl group is
unsubstituted C.sub.6-14 aryl. In certain embodiments, the aryl
group is substituted C.sub.6-14 aryl.
[0028] "Heteroaryl" refers to a radical of a 5-10 membered
monocyclic or bicyclic 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6 or
10 n electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms
and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system,
wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen,
oxygen and sulfur ("5-10 membered heteroaryl"). In heteroaryl
groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of
attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
Heteroaryl bicyclic ring systems can include one or more
heteroatoms in one or both rings. "Heteroaryl" includes ring
systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused
with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the
point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such
instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the
number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. "Heteroaryl"
also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined
above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of
attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such
instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring
members in the fused (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system. Bicyclic
heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom
(e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of
attachment can be on either ring, e.g., either the ring bearing a
heteroatom (e.g., 2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a
heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).
[0029] In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 membered
aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring
heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each
heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and
sulfur ("5-10 membered heteroaryl"). In some embodiments, a
heteroaryl group is a 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring
carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring
system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5-8 membered heteroaryl"). In some
embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring
system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided
in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5-6
membered heteroaryl"). In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered
heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen,
and sulfur. In some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has
1-2 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In
some embodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom
selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In certain embodiments,
each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently optionally
substituted, e.g., unsubstituted ("unsubstituted heteroaryl") or
substituted ("substituted heteroaryl") with one or more
substituents. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl group is
unsubstituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, the
heteroaryl group is substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl.
[0030] Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing one
heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl and
thiophenyl. Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing two
heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl,
oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl. Exemplary
5-membered heteroaryl groups containing three heteroatoms include,
without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryl groups containing four heteroatoms
include, without limitation, tetrazolyl. Exemplary 6-membered
heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom include, without
limitation, pyridinyl. Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryl groups
containing two heteroatoms include, without limitation,
pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl. Exemplary 6-membered
heteroaryl groups containing three or four heteroatoms include,
without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
Exemplary 7-membered heteroaryl groups containing one heteroatom
include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without
limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,
cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl. Exemplary
5,6-bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, any one
of the following formulae:
##STR00004## ##STR00005## ##STR00006## ##STR00007## ##STR00008##
##STR00009##
In any of the monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl groups, the point
of attachment can be any carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency
permits.
[0031] "Partially unsaturated" refers to a group that includes at
least one double or triple bond. The term "partially unsaturated"
is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of
unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic groups (e.g.,
aryl or heteroaryl groups) as herein defined. Likewise, "saturated"
refers to a group that does not contain a double or triple bond,
i.e., contains all single bonds.
[0032] In some embodiments, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl,
heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, as defined herein, are
optionally substituted (e.g., "substituted" or "unsubstituted"
alkyl, "substituted" or "unsubstituted" alkenyl, "substituted" or
"unsubstituted" alkynyl, "substituted" or "unsubstituted"
carbocyclyl, "substituted" or "unsubstituted" heterocyclyl,
"substituted" or "unsubstituted" aryl or "substituted" or
"unsubstituted" heteroaryl group). In general, the term
"substituted", whether preceded by the term "optionally" or not,
means that at least one hydrogen present on a group (e.g., a carbon
or nitrogen atom) is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g.,
a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound,
e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo
transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination,
or other reaction. Unless otherwise indicated, a "substituted"
group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of
the group, and when more than one position in any given structure
is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at
each position. The term "substituted" is contemplated to include
substitution with all permissible substituents of organic
compounds, including any of the substituents described herein that
results in the formation of a stable compound. The present
disclosure contemplates any and all such combinations in order to
arrive at a stable compound. For purposes of this disclosure,
heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or
any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the
valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a
stable moiety.
[0033] Exemplary carbon atom substituents include, but are not
limited to, halogen, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3, --SO.sub.2H,
--SO.sub.3H, --OH, --OR, --ON(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--N(R.sup.bb).sub.3+X.sup.-, --N(OR.sup.CC)R.sup.bb, --SH,
--SR.sup.aa, --SSR.sup.cc, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --CO.sub.2H, --CHO,
--C(OR.sup.cc).sub.2, --CO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa,
--OCO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --NR.sup.bbC(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa,
--NR.sup.bbCO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --NR.sup.bbC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)R.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)OR.sup.aa,
--OC(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)R.sup.aa, --OC(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)OR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--NR.sup.bbC(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.bbSO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --NR.sup.bbSO.sub.2R.sup.aa,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --SO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --SO.sub.2OR,
--OSO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --OS(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa,
--Si(R.sup.aa).sub.3,
--OSi(R.sup.aa).sub.3--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.S)SR.sup.aa, --SC(.dbd.S)SR.sup.aa,
--SC(.dbd.O)SR.sup.aa, --OC(.dbd.O)SR.sup.aa,
--SC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.aa, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa,
--P(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa, --OP(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa,
--P(.dbd.O)(R.sup.aa).sub.2, --OP(.dbd.O)(R.sup.aa).sub.2,
--OP(.dbd.O)(OR.sup.cc).sub.2, --P(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--OP(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --P(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.bb).sub.2,
--OP(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.bb).sub.2,
--NR.sup.bbP(.dbd.O)(OR.sup.cc).sub.2,
--NR.sup.bbP(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.bb).sub.2, --P(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--P(R.sup.cc).sub.3, --OP(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --OP(R.sup.cc).sub.3,
--B(R.sup.aa).sub.2, --B(OR.sup.cc).sub.2, --BR.sup.aa(OR.sup.cc),
C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.1-10 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered
heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl,
wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl,
aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, or 5 R.sup.dd groups;
[0034] or two geminal hydrogens on a carbon atom are replaced with
the group .dbd.O, .dbd.S, .dbd.NN(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
.dbd.NNR.sup.bbC(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa,
.dbd.NNR.sup.bbC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.aa,
.dbd.NNR.sup.bbS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa, .dbd.NR.sup.bb, or
.dbd.NOR.sup.cc;
[0035] each instance of R.sup.aa is, independently, selected from
C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.1-10 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered
heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two
R.sup.aa groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or
5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is
independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R.sup.dd
groups;
[0036] each instance of R.sup.bb is, independently, selected from
hydrogen, --OH, --OR.sup.aa, --N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --CN,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --CO.sub.2R,
--SO.sub.2R, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)OR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.c).sub.2,
--SO.sub.2R.sup.cc, --SO.sub.2OR.sup.cc, --SOR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.cc,
--C(.dbd.S)SR.sup.cc, --P(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa,
--P(.dbd.O)(R.sup.aa).sub.2, --P(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--P(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.cc).sub.2, C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.1-10
perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkenyl, C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10
carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C.sub.1-4 aryl, and 5-14
membered heteroaryl, or two R.sup.bb groups are joined to form a
3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring,
wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl,
aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, or 5 R.sup.dd groups;
[0037] each instance of R.sup.CC is, independently, selected from
hydrogen, C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.1-10 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-10
alkenyl, C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered
heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two
R.sup.CC groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or
5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is
independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R.sup.dd
groups;
[0038] each instance of R.sup.dd is, independently, selected from
halogen, --CN, --NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3, --SO.sub.2H, --SO.sub.3H,
--OH, --OR.sup.ee, --ON(R.sup.ff).sub.2, --N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--N(R.sup.ff).sub.3.sup.+X.sup.-, --N(OR.sup.ee)R.sup.ff, --SH,
--SR.sup.ee, --SSR.sup.ee, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.ee, --C, --CO.sub.2H,
--CO.sub.2R.sup.ee, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.ee, --OCO.sub.2R.sup.ee,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--NR.sup.ffC(.dbd.O)R.sup.ee, --NR.sup.ffCO.sub.2R.sup.ee,
--NR.sup.ffC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.ff)OR.sup.ee, --OC(.dbd.NR.sup.ff)R.sup.ee,
--OC(.dbd.NR.sup.ff)OR.sup.ee,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.ff)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.NR.sup.ff)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--NR.sup.ffC(.dbd.NR.sup.ff)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--NR.sup.ffSO.sub.2R.sup.ee, --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.ff).sub.2,
--SO.sub.2R.sup.ee, --SO.sub.2OR.sup.ee, --OSO.sub.2R.sup.ee,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.ee, --Si(R.sup.ee).sub.3, --OSi(R.sup.ee).sub.3,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.ff).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.ee,
--C(.dbd.S)SR.sup.ee, --SC(.dbd.S)SR.sup.ee,
--P(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.ee, --P(.dbd.O)(R.sup.ee).sub.2,
--OP(.dbd.O)(R.sup.ee).sub.2, --OP(.dbd.O)(OR.sup.ee).sub.2,
C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered
heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein
each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and
heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
R.sup.gg groups, or two geminal R.sup.dd substituents can be joined
to form .dbd.O or =S;
[0039] each instance of R.sup.ee is, independently, selected from
C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, 3-10
membered heterocyclyl, and 3-10 membered heteroaryl, wherein each
alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and
heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
R.sup.gg groups;
[0040] each instance of R.sup.f is, independently, selected from
hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-6
alkenyl, C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-10 membered
heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl and 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or two
R.sup.f groups are joined to form a 3-14 membered heterocyclyl or
5-14 membered heteroaryl ring, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is
independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R.sup.gg groups;
and
[0041] each instance of R.sup.gg is, independently, halogen, --CN,
--NO.sub.2, --N.sub.3, --SO.sub.2H, --SO.sub.3H, --OH, --OC.sub.1-6
alkyl, --ON(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2, --N(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2,
--N(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.3.sup.+X.sup.-, --NH(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sub.2.sup.+X.sup.-, --NH.sub.2(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sup.+X.sup.-, --NH.sub.3+X.sup.-, --N(OC.sub.1-6
alkyl)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --N(OH)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --NH(OH), --SH,
--SC.sub.1-6 alkyl, --SS(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --C(.dbd.O)(C.sub.1-6
alkyl), --CO.sub.2H, --CO.sub.2(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),
--OC(.dbd.O)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --OCO.sub.2(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),
--C(.dbd.O)NH.sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(C-6 alkyl).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)NH(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --NHC(.dbd.O)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),
--N(C-6 alkyl)C(.dbd.O)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --NHCO.sub.2(C.sub.1-6
alkyl), --NHC(.dbd.O)N(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2,
--NHC(.dbd.O)NH(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --NHC(.dbd.O)NH.sub.2,
--C(.dbd.NH)O(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),--OC(.dbd.NH)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),
--OC(.dbd.NH)OC.sub.1-6 alkyl, --C(.dbd.NH)N(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NH)NH(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),
--C(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2, --OC(.dbd.NH)N(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2,
--OC(NH)NH(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --OC(NH)NH.sub.2, --NHC(NH)N(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sub.2, --NHC(.dbd.NH)NH.sub.2, --NHSO.sub.2(C.sub.1-6
alkyl), --SO.sub.2N(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2, --SO.sub.2NH(C.sub.1-6
alkyl), --SO.sub.2NH.sub.2,--SO.sub.2Cl alkyl, --SO.sub.2OC.sub.1-6
alkyl, --OSO.sub.2Cl alkyl, --SOC.sub.1-6 alkyl, --Si(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sub.3, --OSi(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.3-C(.dbd.S)N(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sub.2, C(.dbd.S)NH(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), C(.dbd.S)NH.sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)S(C.sub.1-6 alkyl), --C(.dbd.S)SC.sub.1-6 alkyl,
--SC(.dbd.S)SC.sub.1-6 alkyl, --P(.dbd.O).sub.2(C.sub.1-6 alkyl),
--P(.dbd.O)(C.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2, --OP(.dbd.O)(C.sub.1-6
alkyl).sub.2, --OP(.dbd.O)(OC.sub.1-6 alkyl).sub.2, C.sub.1-6
alkyl, C.sub.1-6 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, C.sub.2-6
alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, C.sub.6-10 aryl, 3-10 membered
heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl; or two geminal R.sup.gg
substituents can be joined to form .dbd.O or =S; wherein X is a
counterion.
[0042] A "counterion" or "anionic counterion" is a negatively
charged group associated with a cationic quaternary amino group in
order to maintain electronic neutrality. Exemplary counterions
include halide ions (e.g., F.sup.-, Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-),
NO.sub.3.sup.-, ClO.sub.4.sup.-, OH.sup.-, H.sub.2PO.sub.4.sup.-,
HSO.sub.4.sup.-, sulfonate ions (e.g., methansulfonate,
trifluoromethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate,
10-camphor sulfonate, naphthalene-2-sulfonate,
naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid-5-sulfonate, ethan-1-sulfonic
acid-2-sulfonate, and the like), and carboxylate ions (e.g.,
acetate, ethanoate, propanoate, benzoate, glycerate, lactate,
tartrate, glycolate, and the like).
[0043] "Halo" or "halogen" refers to fluorine (fluoro, --F),
chlorine (chloro, --Cl), bromine (bromo, --Br), or iodine (iodo,
--I).
[0044] Nitrogen atoms can be substituted or unsubstituted as
valency permits, and include primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quarternary nitrogen atoms. Exemplary nitrogen atom substitutents
include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, --OH, --OR.sup.aa,
--N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --CN, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --CO.sub.2R.sup.aa,
--SO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)R.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)OR.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.c).sub.2, --SO.sub.2R.sup.cc,
--SO.sub.2OR.sup.cc, --SOR.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.cc, --C(.dbd.S)SR.sup.cc,
--P(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa, --P(.dbd.O)(R.sup.aa).sub.2,
--P(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --P(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.cc).sub.2,
C.sub.1-10 alkyl, C.sub.1-10 perhaloalkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkenyl,
C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10 carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered
heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-14 aryl, and 5-14 membered heteroaryl, or two
R.sup.cc groups attached to a nitrogen atom are joined to form a
3-14 membered heterocyclyl or 5-14 membered heteroaryl ring,
wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl,
aryl, and heteroaryl is independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, or 5 R.sup.dd groups, and wherein R.sup.aa, R.sup.bb, R.sup.cc
and R.sup.dd are as defined above.
[0045] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a
nitrogen atom is a nitrogen protecting group (also referred to as
an amino protecting group). Nitrogen protecting groups include, but
are not limited to, --OH, --OR.sup.aa, --N(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--CO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --SO.sub.2R.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)R.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)OR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.cc)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.cc).sub.2,
--SO.sub.2R.sup.cc, --SO.sub.2OR.sup.cc, --SOR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.cc,
--C(.dbd.S)SR.sup.cc, C.sub.1-10 alkyl (e.g., aralkyl,
heteroaralkyl), C.sub.2-10 alkenyl, C.sub.2-10 alkynyl, C.sub.3-10
carbocyclyl, 3-14 membered heterocyclyl, C.sub.6-14 aryl, and 5-14
membered heteroaryl groups, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is
independently substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R.sup.dd groups,
and wherein R.sup.aa, R.sup.bb, R.sup.cc, and R.sup.dd are as
defined herein. Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the
art and include those described in detail in Protecting Groups in
Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, 3.sup.rd
edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated herein by
reference.
[0046] Amide nitrogen protecting groups (e.g., --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa)
include, but are not limited to, formamide, acetamide,
chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide, trifluoroacetamide,
phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide,
3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide,
p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide,
acetoacetamide, (N'-dithiobenzyloxyacylamino)acetamide,
3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide,
2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide,
2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide,
3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethionine,
o-nitrobenzamide, and o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide.
[0047] Carbamate nitrogen protecting groups (e.g.,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.aa) include, but are not limited to, methyl
carbamate, ethyl carbamante, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc),
9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethyl carbamate,
9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate,
2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methyl
carbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc),
2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl
carbamate (Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ),
1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (Adpoc),
1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl
carbamate (DB-t-BOC), 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate
(TCBOC), 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc),
1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2'-
and 4'-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc),
2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethyl carbamate, t-butyl carbamate
(BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinyl carbamate (Voc), allyl
carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate (Ipaoc), cinnamyl
carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc), 8-quinolyl
carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithio carbamate,
benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz),
p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl
carbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzyl
carbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl
carbamate, 2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl
carbamate, 2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate,
[2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methyl carbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl
carbamate (Mtpc), 2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc),
2-phosphonioethyl carbamate (Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl
carbamate (Ppoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate,
m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate, p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl
carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate,
2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc),
m-nitrophenyl carbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate,
o-nitrobenzyl carbamate, 3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate,
phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methyl carbamate, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl
thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzyl carbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate,
cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentyl carbamate, cyclopropylmethyl
carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate, 2,2-dimethoxyacylvinyl
carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzyl carbamate,
1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate,
1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate,
2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl
carbamate, isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate,
p-(p'-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl
carbamate, 1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate,
1-methyl-1-phenylethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl
carbamate, phenyl carbamate, p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate,
2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate, 4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl
carbamate, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate.
[0048] Sulfonamide nitrogen protecting groups (e.g.,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa) include, but are not limited to,
p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide,
2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr),
2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb),
2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme),
2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte),
4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs),
2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide (Mts),
2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds),
2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc),
methanesulfonamide (Ms), P-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES),
9-anthracenesulfonamide,
4-(4',8'-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS),
benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and
phenacylsulfonamide.
[0049] Other nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not
limited to, phenothiazinyl-(10)-acyl derivative,
N'-p-toluenesulfonylaminoacyl derivative, N'-phenylaminothioacyl
derivative, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, N-acetylmethionine
derivative, 4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide,
N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts), N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide,
N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole, N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane
adduct (STABASE), 5-substituted
1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted
1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted
3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine,
N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM),
N-3-acetoxypropylamine,
N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary
ammonium salts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine,
N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr),
N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr),
N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF),
N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino
(Fcm), N-2-picolylamino N'-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine,
N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine,
N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine,
N--(N',N'-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N'-isopropylidenediamine,
N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine,
N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine,
N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine,
N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine,
N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative,
N-[phenyl(pentaacylchromium- or tungsten)acyl]amine, N-copper
chelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine
N-oxide, diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide
(Mpt), diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates,
dibenzyl phosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate,
benzenesulfenamide, o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps),
2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide, pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide,
2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide, triphenylmethylsulfenamide,
and 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys).
[0050] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on an oxygen
atom is an oxygen protecting group (also referred to as a hydroxyl
protecting group). Oxygen protecting groups include, but are not
limited to, --R.sup.aa, --N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --CO.sub.2R.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)R.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)OR.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --SO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --Si(R.sup.aa).sub.3,
--P(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --P(R.sup.cc).sub.3,
--P(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa, --P(.dbd.O)(R.sup.aa).sub.2,
--P(.dbd.O)(OR.sup.cc).sub.2, --P(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
and --P(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.bb).sub.2, wherein R.sup.aa, R.sup.bb, and
R.sup.CC are as defined herein. Oxygen protecting groups are well
known in the art and include those described in detail in
Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M.
Wuts, 3.sup.rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated
herein by reference.
[0051] Exemplary oxygen protecting groups include, but are not
limited to, methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM), methylthiomethyl (MTM),
t-butylthiomethyl, (phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM),
benzyloxymethyl (BOM), p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM),
(4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM), guaiacolmethyl (GUM),
t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM), siloxymethyl,
2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl,
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR),
tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl,
tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl,
4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl (MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl,
4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl S,S-dioxide,
1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl (CTMP),
1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl,
2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl,
1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl,
1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl,
2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl,
2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl,
p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl,
3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl,
2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl, p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl,
4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido, diphenylmethyl,
p,p'-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, triphenylmethyl,
co-naphthyldiphenylmethyl, p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl,
di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl, tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl,
4-(4'-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,
4,4',4''-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl,
4,4',4''-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl,
4,4',4''-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl,
3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4',4''-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl,
1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 '-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl,
9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl,
1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido,
trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl
(TIPS), dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl
(DEIPS), dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS),
t-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl,
triphenylsilyl, diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS),
t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate, benzoylformate,
acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate,
trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate, triphenylmethoxyacetate,
phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate, 3-phenylpropionate,
4-oxopentanoate (levulinate), 4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate
(levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate, adamantoate, crotonate,
4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate,
2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), methyl carbonate,
9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), ethyl carbonate,
2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl
carbonate (TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl) ethyl carbonate (Psec),
2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), isobutyl carbonate,
vinyl carbonate, allyl carbonate, t-butyl carbonate (BOC),
p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p-methoxybenzyl
carbonate, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, o-nitrobenzyl carbonate,
p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzyl thiocarbonate,
4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate,
2-iodobenzoate, 4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate,
o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate, 2-formylbenzenesulfonate,
2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl, 4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate,
2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate,
2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate,
2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate,
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate,
isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate,
o-(methoxyacyl)benzoate, o-naphthoate, nitrate, alkyl
N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate,
borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate,
sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate
(Ts).
[0052] In certain embodiments, the substituent present on a sulfur
atom is a sulfur protecting group (also referred to as a thiol
protecting group). Sulfur protecting groups include, but are not
limited to, --R.sup.aa, --N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --CO.sub.2R.sup.aa,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)R,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)OR.sup.aa, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.bb)N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.aa, --SO.sub.2R.sup.aa, --Si(R.sup.aa).sub.3,
--P(R.sup.cc).sub.2, --P(R.sup.cc).sub.3,
--P(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.aa, --P(.dbd.O)(R.sup.aa).sub.2,
--P(.dbd.O)(OR.sup.cc).sub.2, --P(.dbd.O).sub.2N(R.sup.bb).sub.2,
and --P(.dbd.O)(NR.sup.bb).sub.2, wherein R.sup.aa, R.sup.bb and
R.sup.CC are as defined herein. Sulfur protecting groups are well
known in the art and include those described in detail in
Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, T. W. Greene and P. G. M.
Wuts, 3.sup.rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999, incorporated
herein by reference.
[0053] These and other exemplary substituents are described in more
detail in the Detailed Description, Examples, and claims. The
present disclosure is not intended to be limited in any manner by
the above exemplary listing of substituents.
[0054] "Pharmaceutically acceptable salt" refers to those salts
which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for
use in contact with the tissues of humans and other animals without
undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and
are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For
example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in
detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds describe herein
include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and
bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid
addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic
acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid,
sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as
acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid,
succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in
the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable
salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate,
benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate,
camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate,
digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate,
glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate,
heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate,
lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate,
malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate,
nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate,
propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate,
p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.
Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline
earth metal, ammonium and N.sup.+(C.sub.1-4 alkyl).sub.4 salts.
Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium,
lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further
pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate,
quaternary salts.
[0055] A "subject" to which administration is contemplated
includes, but is not limited to, humans (e.g., a male or female of
any age group, e.g., a pediatric subject (e.g., infant, child,
adolescent) or adult subject (e.g., young adult, middle-aged adult
or senior adult)) and/or other non-human animals, for example,
non-human mammals (e.g., primates (e.g., cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus
monkeys); commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs,
horses, sheep, goats, cats, and/or dogs), birds (e.g., commercially
relevant birds such as chickens, ducks, geese, and/or turkeys),
rodents (e.g., rats and/or mice), reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
In certain embodiments, the non-human animal is a mammal. The
non-human animal may be a male or female at any stage of
development. A non-human animal may be a transgenic animal.
[0056] "Condition," "disease," and "disorder" are used
interchangeably herein.
[0057] "Treat," "treating" and "treatment" encompasses an action
that occurs while a subject is suffering from a condition which
reduces the severity of the condition or retards or slows the
progression of the condition ("therapeutic treatment"). "Treat,"
"treating" and "treatment" also encompasses an action that occurs
before a subject begins to suffer from the condition and which
inhibits or reduces the severity of the condition ("prophylactic
treatment").
[0058] An "effective amount" of a compound refers to an amount
sufficient to elicit the desired biological response, e.g., treat
the condition. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in
this art, the effective amount of a compound described herein may
vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint,
the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the condition being treated,
the mode of administration, and the age and health of the subject.
An effective amount encompasses therapeutic and prophylactic
treatment.
[0059] A "therapeutically effective amount" of a compound is an
amount sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment
of a condition or to delay or minimize one or more symptoms
associated with the condition. A therapeutically effective amount
of a compound means an amount of therapeutic agent, alone or in
combination with other therapies, which provides a therapeutic
benefit in the treatment of the condition. The term
"therapeutically effective amount" can encompass an amount that
improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of
the condition, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of another
therapeutic agent.
[0060] A "prophylactically effective amount" of a compound is an
amount sufficient to prevent a condition, or one or more symptoms
associated with the condition or prevent its recurrence. A
prophylactically effective amount of a compound means an amount of
a therapeutic agent, alone or in combination with other agents,
which provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the
condition. The term "prophylactically effective amount" can
encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis or enhances
the prophylactic efficacy of another prophylactic agent.
[0061] As used herein, the term "methyltransferase" represents
transferase class enzymes that are able to transfer a methyl group
from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, e.g., an amino acid
residue of a protein or a nucleic base of a DNA molecule.
Methytransferases typically use a reactive methyl group bound to
sulfur in S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. In some
embodiments, a methyltransferase described herein is a protein
methyltransferase. In some embodiments, a methyltransferase
described herein is a histone methyltransferase. Histone
methyltransferases (HMT) are histone-modifying enzymes, (including
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase and histone-arginine
N-methyltransferase), that catalyze the transfer of one or more
methyl groups to lysine and arginine residues of histone proteins.
In certain embodiments, a methyltransferase described herein is a
histone-arginine N-methyltransferase.
[0062] As generally described above, provided herein are compounds
useful as arginine methyltransferase (RMT) inhibitors. In some
embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula
(I):
##STR00010##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein wherein:
[0063] each of X, Y, Z, and V is independently O, S,
N(R.sup.N).sub.m, or CR.sup.C as valence permits;
[0064] m is 0 or 1;
[0065] each instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group;
[0066] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2;
[0067] each instance of R.sup.A is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a
sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom;
[0068] each instance of R.sup.B is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
and a nitrogen protecting group, or two R.sup.B groups are taken
together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally
substituted heterocyclic ring;
[0069] each instance of Cy is independently optionally substituted
C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl;
[0070] R.sup.3 is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or
C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl;
[0071] R.sup.x is independently optionally substituted C.sub.1-4
alkyl, or optionally substituted C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl;
[0072] provided that at least one of X, Y, Z, and V is O, S, or
N(R.sup.N).sub.m; and provided that when [0073] V is CR.sup.C, X is
N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or [0074] V is CR.sup.C, X is
NR.sup.N, Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or [0075] V is CR.sup.C, X is
CR.sup.C, Z is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or [0076] V is CR.sup.C, X is
CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is NR.sup.N; then [0077] each instance of
R.sup.N is optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted
heteroaryl; and [0078] each instance of R.sup.C is independently
selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally
substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally
substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally
substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally
substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
--OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; [0079]
or [0080] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from
the group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted C.sub.5-8
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
carbocyclyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted
C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally
substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and
[0081] each instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group.
[0082] As generally defined in Formula (I), each of X, Y, Z, and V
is independently O, S, N(R.sup.N).sub.m, or CR.sup.C as valence
permits, provided at least one of X, Y, Z, and V is O, S, or
N(R.sup.N).sub.m. As used herein, m is 0 or 1. In some embodiments,
m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, only one
of X, Y, Z and V is O, S, or NR.sup.N in Formula (I). In some
embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00011##
some embodiments, only two of X, Y, Z and V are each independently
O, S, N, or NR.sup.N in Formula (I). In some embodiments, a
compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting
of
##STR00012## ##STR00013##
In some embodiments, only three of X, Y, Z and V are each
independently O, S, N, or NR.sup.N in Formula (I). In some
embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016##
In some embodiments, only four of X, Y, Z and V are each
independently O, S, N, or NR.sup.N in Formula (I). In some
embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is
##STR00017##
is
[0083] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is of
Formula (I-i), (I-ii), (I-iii) or (I-iv):
##STR00018##
wherein:
[0084] e, R.sup.3, and R.sup.x are as defined herein;
[0085] R.sup.N is optionally substituted aryl or optionally
substituted heteroaryl; and
[0086] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2.
[0087] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is of
Formula (I-i), (I-ii), (I-iii) or (I-iv):
##STR00019##
wherein:
[0088] e, R.sup.3, and R.sup.x are as defined herein;
[0089] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 carbocyclyl, optionally
substituted acyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally
substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
--OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and
[0090] each instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the
group hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group.
[0091] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) is of
Formula (II)
##STR00020##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
[0092] R.sup.N is optionally substituted aryl or optionally
substituted heteroaryl; and
[0093] each instance of R.sup.1 is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2;
[0094] or
[0095] each instance of R.sup.1 is independently selected from the
group consisting of optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted
acyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2;
[0096] and
[0097] R.sup.N is independently selected from the group consisting
of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group;
and
p is 0, 1, or 2.
[0098] As defined herein, p is 0, 1, or 2. In certain embodiments,
p is 0 and the compound of Formula (II) is of Formula (II-a)
##STR00021##
In certain embodiments, p is 1 and the compound of Formula (II) is
of Formula (II-b)
##STR00022##
or Formula (II-c)
##STR00023##
[0099] In certain embodiments, p is 2 and the compound of Formula
(II) is of Formula (II-d)
##STR00024##
[0100] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III):
##STR00025##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
[0101] each of X, Y, and Z is independently O, S, N(R.sup.N).sub.m,
or CR.sup.C as valence permits;
[0102] m is 0 or 1;
[0103] each instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group;
[0104] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2;
[0105] each instance of R.sup.A is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
an oxygen protecting group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a
sulfur protecting group when attached to a sulfur atom;
[0106] each instance of R.sup.B is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted acyl,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
and a nitrogen protecting group, or two R.sup.B groups are taken
together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally
substituted heterocyclic ring;
[0107] each instance of Cy is independently optionally substituted
C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl;
[0108] R.sup.3 is independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, or
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl;
[0109] R.sup.x is independently optionally substituted C.sub.1-4
alkyl, or optionally substituted C.sub.3-4 carbocyclyl;
[0110] L is a bond, --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)S--, --OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--, --C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--,
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.dbd.C--,
--OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--,
--NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--,
--OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, or an optionally substituted C.sub.1-6
hydrocarbon chain, optionally wherein one or more carbon units of
the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)S--, --OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--, --C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--,
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.dbd.C--,
--OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--,
--NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
--SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--, --C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--,
--OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--,
NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--;
[0111] E is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally
substituted heteroaryl;
[0112] provided that at least one of X, Y, and Z is O, S, or
N(R.sup.N).sub.m; and
[0113] provided that when
[0114] X is N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or
[0115] X is NR.sup.N, Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or
[0116] X is CR.sup.C, Z is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or
[0117] X is CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is NR.sup.N; then
[0118] each instance of R.sup.N is optionally substituted aryl or
optionally substituted heteroaryl; and
[0119] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2;
[0120] or
[0121] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of halogen, optionally substituted C.sub.5-8
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally
substituted acyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally
substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
--OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and
[0122] each instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a
nitrogen protecting group.
[0123] As used herein, m is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, m is 0. In
some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, only one of X, Y,
and Z is each independently O, S, or NR.sup.N in Formula (III). In
some embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is selected from the
group consisting of
##STR00026##
In some embodiments, only two of X, Y, Z are each independently O,
S, N, or NR.sup.N in Formula (III). In some embodiments, a compound
of Formula (III) is selected from the group consisting of
##STR00027## ##STR00028##
In some embodiments, only three of X, Y, Z are each independently
O, S, N, or NR.sup.N in Formula (III). In some embodiments, a
compound of Formula (III) is selected from the group consisting
of
##STR00029##
[0124] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is of
Formula (III-a), (III-b), (III-c), or (III-d):
##STR00030##
wherein:
[0125] each instance of R.sup.N is optionally substituted aryl or
optionally substituted heteroaryl; and
[0126] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted
alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted
alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2.
[0127] In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is of
Formula (III-a), (III-b), (III-c), or (III-d):
##STR00031##
wherein:
[0128] each instance of R.sup.C is independently selected from the
group consisting of optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally
substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and
[0129] each instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the
group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group.
[0130] As used herein, e is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as valence permits.
In some embodiments, e is 0. In some embodiments, e is 1. In some
embodiments, e is 2. In some embodiments, e is 3. In some
embodiments, e is 4.
[0131] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-e):
##STR00032##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.N, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0132] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-f):
##STR00033##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.N, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0133] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-g):
##STR00034##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.N, L, and E are defined herein.
[0134] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-h):
##STR00035##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.N, L, and E are defined herein.
[0135] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-i):
##STR00036##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.N, L, and E are defined herein.
[0136] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-j):
##STR00037##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0137] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-k):
##STR00038##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0138] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-1):
##STR00039##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0139] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-m):
##STR00040##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0140] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-n):
##STR00041##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0141] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-o):
##STR00042##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0142] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-p):
##STR00043##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0143] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-q):
##STR00044##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0144] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-r):
##STR00045##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0145] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-s):
##STR00046##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0146] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-t):
##STR00047##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0147] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-u):
##STR00048##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, R.sup.C, L, and E are defined herein.
[0148] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-v):
##STR00049##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, L, and E are defined herein.
[0149] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-w):
##STR00050##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, L, and E are defined herein.
[0150] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-x):
##STR00051##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, L, and E are defined herein.
[0151] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-y):
##STR00052##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, L, and E are defined herein.
[0152] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-z):
##STR00053##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, L, and E are defined herein.
[0153] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is of Formula
(III-aa):
##STR00054##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R.sup.3,
R.sup.x, L, and E are defined herein.
[0154] As generally defined herein, L is independently a bond,
--O--, --S--, --NR.sup.B--, NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)S--,
--OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)O--,
--OC(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--,
--C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--, trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--,
cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.dbd.C--, --OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--,
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--, --NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--,
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2NR.sup.B--, --SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--,
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--, --NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--, or an
optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 hydrocarbon chain, optionally
wherein one or more carbon units of the hydrocarbon chain is
replaced with --O--, --S--, --NR.sup.B--, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)S--,
--OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)O--,
--OC(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--,
--C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--, trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--,
cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.ident.C--, --OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--,
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--, --NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--,
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2NR.sup.B--, --SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--,
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--, --S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--, --NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--. In some
embodiments, L is a bond. L may contain 0-4 carbon or hetero atoms
in the backbone of L. L may be saturated or unsaturated. L may be
substituted or unsubstituted. L may be branched or unbranched. In
certain embodiments, L is a bond. In certain embodiments, L is
--O--. In certain embodiments, L is --S--. In certain embodiments,
L is --NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is --NH--. In certain
embodiments, L is --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--. In certain embodiments, L
is --NHC(.dbd.O)--. In certain embodiments, L is
--C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--C(.dbd.O)NH--. In certain embodiments, L is --SC(.dbd.O)--. In
certain embodiments, L is --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)O--. In certain
embodiments, L is --OC(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L
is --C(.dbd.O)S--. In certain embodiments, L is --OC(.dbd.O)--. In
certain embodiments, L is --C(.dbd.O)O--. In certain embodiments, L
is --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NHC(.dbd.S)--. In certain embodiments, L is
--C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--C(.dbd.S)NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--. In certain embodiments, L is
trans-CH.dbd.CH--. In certain embodiments, L is
cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--. In certain embodiments, L is
cis-CH.dbd.CH--. In certain embodiments, L is --C.ident.C--. In
certain embodiments, L is --OC(R.sup.C).sub.2--. In certain
embodiments, L is --O--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--. As used herein, s is 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain embodiments, L is --OCH.sub.2--. In
certain embodiments, L is --O(CH.sub.2).sub.2--. In certain
embodiments, L is --O(CH.sub.2).sub.3--. In certain embodiments, L
is --O(CH.sub.2).sub.4--. In certain embodiments, L is
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.5--. In certain embodiments, L is
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.6--. In certain embodiments, L is
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2O--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.sO--. In certain embodiments, L is --CH.sub.2O--.
In certain embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.2O--. In certain
embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.30--. In certain embodiments, L
is --(CH.sub.2).sub.40--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.50--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.60--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.BC(R.sup.C).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.B(CH.sub.2).sub.s--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.BCH.sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.B(CH.sub.2).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.B(CH.sub.2).sub.3--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.B(CH.sub.2).sub.4--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.B(CH.sub.2).sub.5--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.B(CH.sub.2).sub.6--.In certain embodiments, L is
--NHCH.sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.3--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.4--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.5--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NH(CH.sub.2).sub.6--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.sNR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--CH.sub.2NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.2NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.3NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.4NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.5NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.6NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--C(R.sup.C).sub.2NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--CH.sub.2NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.2NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.3NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.4NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.5NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.6NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--SC(R.sup.C).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is --SCH.sub.2--.
In certain embodiments, L is --C(R.sup.C).sub.2S--. In certain
embodiments, L is --CH.sub.2S--. In certain embodiments, L is
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--. In certain embodiments, L is
--OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--. In certain embodiments, L is
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NH--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is
--NHS(.dbd.O).sub.2--. In certain embodiments, L is a substituted
CA hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is an unsubstituted
CA hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is a substituted
C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is an
unsubstituted C.sub.2 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L
is a substituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments,
L is an unsubstituted C.sub.3 hydrocarbon chain. In certain
embodiments, L is a substituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon chain. In
certain embodiments, L is an unsubstituted C.sub.4 hydrocarbon
chain. In certain embodiments, L is an unsubstituted C.sub.5
hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is an unsubstituted
C.sub.6 hydrocarbon chain. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--. In certain embodiments, L is --CH.sub.2--. In
certain embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.2--. In certain
embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.3--. In certain embodiments, L
is --(CH.sub.2).sub.4--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.5--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.6--. In certain embodiments, L is an optionally
substituted C.sub.1-6 hydrocarbon chain, wherein one or more carbon
units of the hydrocarbon chain is replaced with --O--, --S--,
--NR.sup.B--, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)O--, --OC(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--, --SC(.dbd.O)--,
--C(.dbd.O)S--, --OC(.dbd.O)--, --C(.dbd.O)O--,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)--, --C(.dbd.S)NR.sup.B--,
trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--, --C.ident.C--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--,
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--, or --NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--C(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)O--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--
OC(.dbd.O)NR.sup.B--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain embodiments, L
is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--OC(.dbd.O)--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain
embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--C(.dbd.O)O--
(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--SC(.dbd.O)-- (CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain
embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s-- C(.dbd.O)S--
(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s-trans-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s-cis-CR.sup.C=CR.sup.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--C.ident.C--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain
embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--S(.dbd.O).sub.2O--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--OS(.dbd.O).sub.2--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In
certain embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain
embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.BS(.dbd.O).sub.2--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--.
In certain embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2)--
--S(.dbd.O).sub.2NR.sup.B--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain
embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--S--(CH.sub.2).sub.s--. In certain embodiments,
L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--NR.sup.B--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. In certain
embodiments, L is --(CH.sub.2).sub.s--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1O--. In
certain embodiments, L is
--O(CH.sub.2).sub.s--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.s1--. As used herein, each
of s and s1 is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In certain
embodiments, s is 0. In certain embodiments, s is 1. In certain
embodiments, s is 2. In certain embodiments, s is 3. In certain
embodiments, s is 4. In certain embodiments, s is 5. In certain
embodiments, s is 6. In certain embodiments, s is 0. In certain
embodiments, s1 is 1. In certain embodiments, s1 is 2. In certain
embodiments, s1 is 3. In certain embodiments, s1 is 4. In certain
embodiments, s1 is 5. In certain embodiments, s1 is 6.
[0155] As generally defined herein, E is independently hydrogen,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
or optionally substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, E is
hydrogen. In certain embodiments, E is optionally substituted
alkyl. In certain embodiments, E is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain
embodiments, E is methyl. In certain embodiments, E is ethyl. In
certain embodiments, E is propyl. In certain embodiments, E is
pentyl. In certain embodiments, E is isopropyl, isobutyl, or
isopentyl. In certain embodiments, E is substituted alkenyl. In
certain embodiments, E is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain
embodiments, E is vinyl. In certain embodiments, E is substituted
alkynyl. In certain embodiments, E is unsubstituted alkynyl. In
certain embodiments, E is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, E is
substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is unsubstituted
carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is substituted cyclopropyl.
In certain embodiments, E is unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In certain
embodiments, E is substituted cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, E
is unsubstituted cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, E is
substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is
unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is optionally
substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is
optionally substituted five-membered heterocyclyl. In certain
embodiments, E is optionally substituted six-membered heterocyclyl.
In certain embodiments, E is optionally substituted bicyclic
heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is optionally substituted
six-membered heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, E is substituted
aryl. In certain embodiments, E is of Formula (i)
##STR00055##
wherein R.sup.2 and q are defined herein. In certain embodiments, E
is phenyl. In certain embodiments, E is substituted heteroaryl. In
certain embodiments, E is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain
embodiments, E is optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl. In
certain embodiments, E is an optionally substituted monocyclic
heteroaryl ring fused with an optionally substituted monocyclic
aryl ring. In certain embodiments, E is an optionally substituted
monocyclic heteroaryl ring fused with another optionally
substituted monocyclic heteroaryl ring. E may be an optionally
substituted 6,5-membered heteroaryl ring or an optionally
substituted 5,6-membered heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, E
is an optionally substituted monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl ring
fused with an optionally substituted monocyclic 6-membered aryl
ring. In certain embodiments, E is an optionally substituted
monocyclic 5-membered heteroaryl ring fused with an optionally
substituted monocyclic 6-membered heteroaryl ring. The point of
attachment may be at any atom of E, as valency permits. In certain
embodiments, E is of Formula (e-1):
##STR00056##
[0156] In certain embodiments, E is of Formula (e-2):
##STR00057##
[0157] In certain embodiments, E is of Formula (e-3):
##STR00058##
[0158] In certain embodiments, E is of Formula (e-4):
##STR00059##
[0159] As used herein, each instance of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3,
V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 may
independently be O, S, N, NR.sup.N, C, or CR.sup.C, as valency
permits. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is O, S, N or NR.sup.N. In
certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is N or NR.sup.N. In certain
embodiments, V.sup.1 is O. In certain embodiments, V.sup.1 is S. In
certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3,
V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is
selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In
certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3,
V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is
selected from the group consisting of N and NR.sup.N. In certain
embodiments, only one of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4,
V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is O. In certain
embodiments, only one of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4,
V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 is S. In certain
embodiments, only two of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4,
V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each
independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and
NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only two of V.sup.1, V.sup.2,
V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9
are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and
NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only two of V.sup.1, V.sup.2,
V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9
are each independently selected from the group consisting of O, N
and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only two of V.sup.1, V.sup.2,
V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9
are each independently selected from the group consisting of S, N
and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only three of V.sup.1,
V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and
V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group consisting
of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only three of
V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7,
V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group
consisting of N and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only three of
V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7,
V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group
consisting of O, N and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only three
of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7,
V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group
consisting of S, N and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only four
of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7,
V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from the group
consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only
four of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6,
V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from
the group consisting of N and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments,
only four of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6,
V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from
the group consisting of O, N and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments,
only four of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6,
V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from
the group consisting of S, N and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments,
only five of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4, V.sup.5, V.sup.6,
V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each independently selected from
the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain
embodiments, only five of V.sup.1, V.sup.2, V.sup.3, V.sup.4,
V.sup.5, V.sup.6, V.sup.7, V.sup.8, and V.sup.9 are each
independently selected from the group consisting of N and
NR.sup.N.
[0160] In certain embodiments, E may also be an optionally
substituted 5-membered heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, E
is of Formula (e-5):
##STR00060##
[0161] In compounds of Formula (e-5), V.sup.10, V.sup.1, V.sup.12,
V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are each independently selected from the
group consisting of O, S, N, NR.sup.N, or CR.sup.C, as valence
permits. In certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.10, V.sup.11,
V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 is selected from the group
consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only
two of V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are
selected from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In
certain embodiments, only three of V.sup.10, V.sup.11, V.sup.12,
V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are selected from the group consisting of O,
S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only four of V.sup.10,
V.sup.11, V.sup.12, V.sup.13, and V.sup.14 are selected from the
group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N.
[0162] In certain embodiments, E may also be an optionally
substituted 6-membered heteroaryl ring. In certain embodiments, E
is of Formula (e-6):
##STR00061##
[0163] In compounds of Formula (e-6), V.sup.15, V.sup.16, V.sup.17,
V.sup.18, V.sup.19, and V.sup.20 are each independently selected
from the group consisting of O, S, N, NR.sup.N, or CR.sup.C, as
valence permits. In certain embodiments, only one of V.sup.15,
V.sup.16, V.sup.17, V.sup.18, V.sup.19, and V.sup.20 is selected
from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain
embodiments, only two of V.sup.15, V.sup.16, V.sup.17, V.sup.18,
V.sup.19, and V.sup.20 are selected from the group consisting of O,
S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain embodiments, only three of V.sup.15,
V.sup.16, V.sup.17, V.sup.18, V.sup.19, and V.sup.20 are selected
from the group consisting of O, S, N, and NR.sup.N. In certain
embodiments, only four of V.sup.15, V.sup.16, V.sup.17, V.sup.18,
V.sup.19, and V.sup.20 are selected from the group consisting of O,
S, N, and NR.sup.N.
[0164] As defined generally above, R.sup.3 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-4
alkyl, or C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.3 is
hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-4 alkyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.3 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or
pentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.3 is isopropyl, isobutyl, or
isopentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.3 is isobutyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.3 is C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.3 is cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.3 is cyclobutyl.
[0165] As defined generally above, R.sup.x is optionally
substituted C.sub.1-4 alkyl or optionally substituted C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is unsubstituted
C.sub.1-4 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is methyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.x is ethyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.x is isopropyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is propyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.x is butyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.x is substituted C.sub.1-4 alkyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.x is C.sub.1-4 alkyl substituted with hydroxyl or alkoxy. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.x is hydroxyethyl or methoxyethyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.x is optionally substituted C.sub.3-4
cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is unsubstituted
C.sub.3-4 cycloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is
substituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is
unsubstituted cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is
substituted cyclobutyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.x is
unsubstituted cyclobutyl.
[0166] As defined generally above, each instance of Cy is
independently optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl,
optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl, optionally
substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl. In some
embodiments, Cy is optionally substituted C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl. In
some embodiments, Cy is optionally substituted 4- to 7-membered
heterocyclyl having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Cy is oxetane,
tetrahydrofuran, or tetrahydropyran. In some embodiments, Cy is
optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, Cy is optionally
substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, Cy is unsubstituted
phenyl. In some embodiments, Cy is optionally substituted
heteroaryl having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from
nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, Cy is optionally
substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl having 1-3 heteroatoms
independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some
embodiments, Cy is pyridyl. In some embodiments, R.sub.2 is
##STR00062##
In some embodiments, R.sub.2 is
##STR00063##
In some embodiments, R.sub.2 is
##STR00064##
[0167] As defined generally above, each instance of R.sup.C is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
halogen, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, an oxygen protecting
group when attached to an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting
group when attached to a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.C is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is halogen. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.C is substituted acyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.C is unsubstituted acyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.C is acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is substituted
acetyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is substituted alkyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.C is unsubstituted alkyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.C is C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.C is methyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is ethyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.C is propyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.C is pentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is isopropyl,
isobutyl, or isopentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
substituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is vinyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.C is substituted alkynyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.C is unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.C is ethynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
substituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
substituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
substituted aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is of the formula
(i):
##STR00065##
wherein R.sup.2 and q are as defined herein. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.C is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.C is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.C is
unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy.
[0168] As defined generally above, each instance of R.sup.N is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy,
--OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a
nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
substituted acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is unsubstituted
acyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is acetyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is substituted acetyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.N is substituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
unsubstituted alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is methyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is ethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
propyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is pentyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is isopropyl, isobutyl, or isopentyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.N is substituted alkenyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is unsubstituted alkenyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is vinyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
substituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
unsubstituted alkynyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is ethynyl.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is substituted carbocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.N is unsubstituted carbocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.N is substituted heterocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.Nis unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.N is substituted aryl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is of the formula (i):
##STR00066##
wherein R.sup.2 and q are as defined herein. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.N is unsubstituted aryl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.N is substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
unsubstituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is
a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, R.sup.N is Bn,
BOC, Cbz, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, triphenylmethyl, or Ts when
attached to a nitrogen atom.
[0169] In certain embodiments, when the compound is of Formula (I),
V is CR.sup.C, X is N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or V is
CR.sup.C, X is NR.sup.N, Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or V is CR.sup.C, X
is CR.sup.C, Z is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or V is CR.sup.C, X is
CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is NR.sup.N; then each instance of R.sup.N is
optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl; and each instance of
R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2.
[0170] In certain embodiments, when the compound is of Formula (I),
V is CR.sup.C, X is N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or V is
CR.sup.C, X is NR.sup.N, Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or V is CR.sup.C, X
is CR.sup.C, Z is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or V is CR.sup.C, X is
CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is NR.sup.N; then each instance of R.sup.C is
independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 alkyl, optionally substituted
alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted
C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally
substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and each
instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, halogen, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group.
[0171] In certain embodiments, when the compound is of Formula
(III), X is N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or X is NR.sup.N,
Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or X is CR.sup.C, Z is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or
X is CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is NR.sup.N; then each instance of R.sup.N
is optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl; and each instance of
R.sup.C is independently selected from the group consisting of
hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted
alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted
carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally
substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2.
[0172] In certain embodiments, when the compound is of Formula
(III), X is N, Z is NR.sup.N, and Y is CR.sup.C; or X is NR.sup.N,
Z is N, Y is CR.sup.C; or X is CR.sup.C, Z is NR.sup.N, Y is N; or
X is CR.sup.C, Z is N, Y is NR.sup.N; then each instance of R.sup.C
is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen,
optionally substituted C.sub.5-8 alkyl, optionally substituted
alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted
C.sub.5-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted acyl, optionally
substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(.dbd.O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, and --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2; and each
instance of R.sup.N is independently selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally
substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally
substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl,
optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2, and a nitrogen protecting group.
[0173] As defined generally above, each instance of R.sup.A is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted
carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted
heterocyclyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally
substituted alkyl-Cy, an oxygen protecting group when attached to
an oxygen atom, and a sulfur protecting group when attached to a
sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is hydrogen. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted acyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted alkyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is substituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or isopentyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted aryl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is of the formula (i):
##STR00067##
wherein R.sup.2 and q are as defined herein. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is optionally substituted alkyl-Cy.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.A is an oxygen protecting group. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.A is silyl, TBDPS, TBDMS, TIPS, TES,
TMS, MOM, THP, t-Bu, Bn, allyl, acetyl, pivaloyl, or benzoyl when
attached to an oxygen atom. In certain embodiments,
[0174] As defined generally above, each instance of R.sup.B is
independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,
optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted alkyl,
optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl,
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted
heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkyl-Cy, and a nitrogen
protecting group, or two R.sup.B groups are taken together with
their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted
heterocyclic ring. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is hydrogen. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted acyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted alkyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is substituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, pentyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, or isopentyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted alkenyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted alkynyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted aryl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.B is of the formula (i):
##STR00068##
wherein R.sup.2 and q are as defined herein. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted heterocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted heteroaryl.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is optionally substituted alkyl-Cy.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.B is a nitrogen protecting group. In
certain embodiments, two R.sup.B groups are taken together with
their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted
heterocyclic ring.
[0175] As generally defined herein, q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In
certain embodiments, q is 0. In certain embodiments, q is 1 and
Formula (i) is of the formula
##STR00069##
In certain embodiments, q is 1 and Formula (i) is of the formula
R.sup.2.
##STR00070##
In certain embodiments, q is 1 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00071##
In certain embodiments, q is 2 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00072##
In certain embodiments, q is 2 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00073##
In certain embodiments, q is 2 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00074##
In certain embodiments, q is 2 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00075##
In certain embodiments, q is 2 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00076##
In certain embodiments, q is 2 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00077##
In certain embodiments, q is 3 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00078##
In certain embodiments, q is 3 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00079##
In certain embodiments, q is 3 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00080##
In certain embodiments, q is 3 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00081##
In certain embodiments, q is 3 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00082##
In certain embodiments, q is 3 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00083##
In certain embodiments, q is 4 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00084##
In certain embodiments, q is 4 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00085##
In certain embodiments, q is 4 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00086##
In certain embodiments, q is 5 and Formula (i) is of the
formula
##STR00087##
[0176] As described herein, each instance of R.sup.2 is
independently hydrogen, halogen, --N.sub.3, --CN, --NO.sub.2,
optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl,
optionally substituted alkynyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl,
optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl,
optionally substituted heteroaryl, --OR.sup.A, --N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.O)SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --OC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--OC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.A, --SC(.dbd.O)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --OS(O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A,
--NR.sup.BSO.sub.2R.sup.A, or --SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments,
R.sup.2 is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is halogen.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is fluoro. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is chloro. In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is optionally
substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally
substituted alkynyl, or optionally substituted carbocyclyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is optionally substituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl, optionally substituted C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, optionally
substituted C.sub.2-6 alkynyl, or optionally substituted C.sub.3-6
carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is optionally
substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--CF.sub.3, CHF.sub.2, or CH.sub.2F. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --C.sub.1-6alkyl-carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --CH.sub.2-cyclopropyl or --CH.sub.2-cyclobutyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or
pentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is isopropyl, isobutyl, or
isopentyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is isobutyl. In some
embodiments, R.sup.1 is --CN. In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is
optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted phenyl,
optionally substituted heterocyclyl, or optionally substituted
heteroaryl. In some embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A,
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --SR.sup.A, --C(.dbd.O)R.sup.A, --C(O)OR.sup.A,
--C(O)SR.sup.A, --C(O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--C(O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --OC(O)R.sup.A,
--OC(O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(O)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(O)N(R.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(O)OR.sup.A,
--SC(O)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NNR.sup.B)R.sup.A, --C(.dbd.NOR.sup.A)R.sup.A,
--C(.dbd.NR.sup.B)N(R.sup.B).sub.2,
--NR.sup.BC(.dbd.NR.sup.B)R.sup.B, --C(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
C(.dbd.S)N(R.sup.B).sub.2, --NR.sup.BC(.dbd.S)R.sup.A,
--S(O)R.sup.A, --OS(O).sub.2R.sup.A, --SO.sub.2R.sup.A, or
--SO.sub.2N(R.sup.B).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--N(R.sup.B).sub.2. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --NHR.sup.B.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --NH.sub.2. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2
is --OH. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein
R.sup.A is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted
alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, or optionally substituted
carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O-isobutylenyl.
In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein R.sup.A is
optionally substituted C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein R.sup.A is unsubstituted C.sub.1-6
alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O-propyl,
--O-isopropyl, --O-isobutyl, or --O-isopentyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3).sub.2. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OCH(OH)CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein R.sup.A is substituted
C.sub.1-6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--O--C.sub.1-6alkyl-O--C.sub.1-6alkyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3, --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH, or
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OCH.sub.2CF.sub.3 or
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --OCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --OCH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2,
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3, or
--OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2OCH.sub.3. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--O--C.sub.1-6alkyl-carbocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--O--CH.sub.2-cyclobutyl or --O--CH.sub.2-cyclopropyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O--CH.sub.2-cyclopentyl or
--O--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2-cyclohexyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2
is --O--C.sub.1-6alkyl-heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --O--CH.sub.2-tetrahydropyranyl or
--O--CH.sub.2-oxetanyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--O--C.sub.1-6alkyl-aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--O-benzyl or --OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2Ph. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --O--C.sub.1-6alkyl-heteroaryl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein R.sup.A is optionally substituted
heterocyclyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is
--O-tetrahydropyranyl or --O-oxetanyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein R.sup.A is optionally substituted
aryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O-phenyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --OR.sup.A, wherein R.sup.A is optionally
substituted heteroaryl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O--
pyridyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O--2-pyridyl. In
certain embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O--3-pyridyl. In certain
embodiments, R.sup.2 is --O--4-pyridyl. In certain embodiments,
R.sup.2 is --O-- pyrimidinyl.
[0177] In some embodiments, Formula (i) is selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00088##
[0178] In certain embodiments, a provided compound is a compound
listed in Table 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds Cmpd No Structure 1.
##STR00089## 2. ##STR00090## 3. ##STR00091## 4. ##STR00092## 5.
##STR00093## 6. ##STR00094## 7. ##STR00095## 8. ##STR00096## 9.
##STR00097## 10. ##STR00098## 11. ##STR00099## 12. ##STR00100## 13.
##STR00101## 14. ##STR00102## 15. ##STR00103##
[0179] In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits an RMT
(e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8). In certain
embodiments, a provided compound inhibits wild-type PRMT1, PRMT3,
CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8. In certain embodiments, a provided
compound inhibits a mutant RMT. In certain embodiments, a provided
compound inhibits PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8, e.g.,
as measured in an assay described herein. In certain embodiments,
the RMT is from a human. In certain embodiments, a provided
compound inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or
PRMT8) at an IC.sub.50 less than or equal to 10 .mu.M. In certain
embodiments, a provided compound inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1,
PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) at an IC.sub.50 less than or
equal to 1 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a provided compound
inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) at
an IC.sub.50 less than or equal to 0.1 .mu.M. In certain
embodiments, a provided compound inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1,
PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) at an IC.sub.50 less than or
equal to 0.01 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a provided compound
inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) in
a cell at an EC.sub.30 less than or equal to 10 .mu.M. In certain
embodiments, a provided compound inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1,
PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) in a cell at an EC.sub.30 less
than or equal to 12 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a provided
compound inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or
PRMT8) in a cell at an EC.sub.30 less than or equal to 3 .mu.M. In
certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits PRMT1 in a cell
at an EC.sub.30 less than or equal to 12 .mu.M. In certain
embodiments, a provided compound inhibits PRMT1 in a cell at an
EC.sub.30 less than or equal to 3 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a
provided compound inhibits an RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1,
PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) in a cell at an EC.sub.30 less than or equal
to 1 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a provided compound inhibits an
RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) in a cell at
an EC.sub.30 less than or equal to 0.1 .mu.M. In certain
embodiments, a provided compound inhibits cell proliferation at an
EC.sub.50 less than or equal to 10 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a
provided compound inhibits cell proliferation at an EC.sub.50 less
than or equal to 1 .mu.M. In certain embodiments, a provided
compound inhibits cell proliferation at an EC.sub.50 less than or
equal to 0.1 .mu.M.
[0180] It will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art
that the RMT can be wild-type, or any mutant or variant.
[0181] The present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions
comprising a compound described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula
(I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described
herein, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. It
will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the
compounds described herein, or salts thereof, may be present in
various forms, such as amorphous, hydrates, solvates, or
polymorphs. In certain embodiments, a provided composition
comprises two or more compounds described herein. In certain
embodiments, a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, is provided in an effective amount in the
pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments, the effective
amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In certain
embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective for
inhibiting an RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8).
In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount effective
for treating an RMT-mediated disorder (e.g., a PRMT1--, PRMT3--,
CARM1--, PRMT6--, and/or PRMT8-mediated disorder). In certain
embodiments, the effective amount is a prophylactically effective
amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is an amount
effective to prevent an RMT-mediated disorder.
[0182] Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include any and all
solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersions,
suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening
or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants,
and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
General considerations in formulation and/or manufacture of
pharmaceutical compositions agents can be found, for example, in
Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W.
Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980), and Remington: The
Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition (Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins, 2005).
[0183] Pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared
by any method known in the art of pharmacology. In general, such
preparatory methods include the steps of bringing a compound
described herein (the "active ingredient") into association with a
carrier and/or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then,
if necessary and/or desirable, shaping and/or packaging the product
into a desired single- or multi-dose unit.
[0184] Pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared, packaged,
and/or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and/or as a plurality
of single unit doses. As used herein, a "unit dose" is discrete
amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined
amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active
ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active
ingredient which would be administered to a subject and/or a
convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half
or one-third of such a dosage.
[0185] Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and/or any additional
ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the present
disclosure will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and/or
condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the
route by which the composition is to be administered. By way of
example, the composition may comprise between 0.1% and 100% (w/w)
active ingredient.
[0186] In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition described
herein is sterilized.
[0187] Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients used in the
manufacture of provided pharmaceutical compositions include inert
diluents, dispersing and/or granulating agents, surface active
agents and/or emulsifiers, disintegrating agents, binding agents,
preservatives, buffering agents, lubricating agents, and/or oils.
Excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes, coloring
agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents
may also be present in the composition.
[0188] Exemplary diluents include calcium carbonate, sodium
carbonate, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate,
calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium phosphate lactose, sucrose,
cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, sorbitol,
inositol, sodium chloride, dry starch, cornstarch, powdered sugar,
and mixtures thereof.
[0189] Exemplary granulating and/or dispersing agents include
potato starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sodium starch
glycolate, clays, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp, agar,
bentonite, cellulose and wood products, natural sponge,
cation-exchange resins, calcium carbonate, silicates, sodium
carbonate, cross-linked poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone) (crospovidone),
sodium carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate),
carboxymethyl cellulose, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl
cellulose (croscarmellose), methylcellulose, pregelatinized starch
(starch 1500), microcrystalline starch, water insoluble starch,
calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate
(Veegum), sodium lauryl sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, and
mixtures thereof.
[0190] Exemplary surface active agents and/or emulsifiers include
natural emulsifiers (e.g., acacia, agar, alginic acid, sodium
alginate, tragacanth, chondrux, cholesterol, xanthan, pectin,
gelatin, egg yolk, casein, wool fat, cholesterol, wax, and
lecithin), colloidal clays (e.g., bentonite (aluminum silicate) and
Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate)), long chain amino acid
derivatives, high molecular weight alcohols (e.g., stearyl alcohol,
cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, triacetin monostearate, ethylene
glycol distearate, glyceryl monostearate, and propylene glycol
monostearate, polyvinyl alcohol), carbomers (e.g., carboxy
polymethylene, polyacrylic acid, acrylic acid polymer, and
carboxyvinyl polymer), carrageenan, cellulosic derivatives (e.g.,
carboxymethylcellulose sodium, powdered cellulose, hydroxymethyl
cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,
methylcellulose), sorbitan fatty acid esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene
sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween
60), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80), sorbitan
monopalmitate (Span 40), sorbitan monostearate (Span 60], sorbitan
tristearate (Span 65), glyceryl monooleate, sorbitan monooleate
(Span 80)), polyoxyethylene esters (e.g., polyoxyethylene
monostearate (Myrj 45), polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil,
polyethoxylated castor oil, polyoxymethylene stearate, and
Solutol), sucrose fatty acid esters, polyethylene glycol fatty acid
esters (e.g., Cremophor.TM.), polyoxyethylene ethers, (e.g.,
polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij 30)), poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone),
diethylene glycol monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, sodium
oleate, potassium oleate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, ethyl laurate,
sodium lauryl sulfate, Pluronic F68, Poloxamer 188, cetrimonium
bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, docusate
sodium, and/or mixtures thereof.
[0191] Exemplary binding agents include starch (e.g., cornstarch
and starch paste), gelatin, sugars (e.g., sucrose, glucose,
dextrose, dextrin, molasses, lactose, lactitol, mannitol, etc.),
natural and synthetic gums (e.g., acacia, sodium alginate, extract
of Irish moss, panwar gum, ghatti gum, mucilage of isapol husks,
carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,
hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, cellulose acetate,
poly(vinyl-pyrrolidone), magnesium aluminum silicate (Veegum), and
larch arabogalactan), alginates, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene
glycol, inorganic calcium salts, silicic acid, polymethacrylates,
waxes, water, alcohol, and/or mixtures thereof.
[0192] Exemplary preservatives include antioxidants, chelating
agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives,
alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other
preservatives.
[0193] Exemplary antioxidants include alpha tocopherol, ascorbic
acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated
hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite,
propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite,
sodium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite.
[0194] Exemplary chelating agents include
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and salts and hydrates
thereof (e.g., sodium edetate, disodium edetate, trisodium edetate,
calcium disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, and the like),
citric acid and salts and hydrates thereof (e.g., citric acid
monohydrate), fumaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof, malic
acid and salts and hydrates thereof, phosphoric acid and salts and
hydrates thereof, and tartaric acid and salts and hydrates thereof.
Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include benzalkonium
chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol,
cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol,
chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin,
hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol,
phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal.
[0195] Exemplary antifungal preservatives include butyl paraben,
methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid,
hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium
benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid.
[0196] Exemplary alcohol preservatives include ethanol,
polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol,
chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary
acidic preservatives include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E,
beta-carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid,
ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid.
[0197] Other preservatives include tocopherol, tocopherol acetate,
deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA),
butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl
sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium
bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium sulfite, potassium
metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115,
Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl. In certain embodiments,
the preservative is an anti-oxidant. In other embodiments, the
preservative is a chelating agent.
[0198] Exemplary buffering agents include citrate buffer solutions,
acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium
chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate,
calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate,
D-gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate,
propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium
phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium
hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride,
potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium
phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate
mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride,
sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic
sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine,
magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen-free
water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, and
mixtures thereof.
[0199] Exemplary lubricating agents include magnesium stearate,
calcium stearate, stearic acid, silica, talc, malt, glyceryl
behanate, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycol, sodium
benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, leucine, magnesium
lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
[0200] Exemplary natural oils include almond, apricot kernel,
avocado, babassu, bergamot, black current seed, borage, cade,
camomile, canola, caraway, carnauba, castor, cinnamon, cocoa
butter, coconut, cod liver, coffee, corn, cotton seed, emu,
eucalyptus, evening primrose, fish, flaxseed, geraniol, gourd,
grape seed, hazel nut, hyssop, isopropyl myristate, jojoba, kukui
nut, lavandin, lavender, lemon, litsea cubeba, macademia nut,
mallow, mango seed, meadowfoam seed, mink, nutmeg, olive, orange,
orange roughy, palm, palm kernel, peach kernel, peanut, poppy seed,
pumpkin seed, rapeseed, rice bran, rosemary, safflower, sandalwood,
sasquana, savoury, sea buckthorn, sesame, shea butter, silicone,
soybean, sunflower, tea tree, thistle, tsubaki, vetiver, walnut,
and wheat germ oils. Exemplary synthetic oils include, but are not
limited to, butyl stearate, caprylic triglyceride, capric
triglyceride, cyclomethicone, diethyl sebacate, dimethicone 360,
isopropyl myristate, mineral oil, octyldodecanol, oleyl alcohol,
silicone oil, and mixtures thereof.
[0201] Liquid dosage forms for oral and parenteral administration
include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions,
solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the
active ingredients, the liquid dosage forms may comprise inert
diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or
other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl
alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl
alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol,
dimethylformamide, oils (e.g., cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ,
olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl
alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan,
and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions
can include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and
suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. In
certain embodiments for parenteral administration, the compounds
described herein are mixed with solubilizing agents such as
Cremophor.TM., alcohols, oils, modified oils, glycols,
polysorbates, cyclodextrins, polymers, and mixtures thereof.
[0202] Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable
aqueous or oleaginous suspensions can be formulated according to
the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and
suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation can be a
sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic
parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a
solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and
solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P.
and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed
oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including
synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as
oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
[0203] The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example,
by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by
incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid
compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water
or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
[0204] In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often
desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or
intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by the use of a
liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor
water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends
upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon
crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed
absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished
by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
[0205] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are
typically suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the
compounds described herein with suitable non-irritating excipients
or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a
suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid
at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal
cavity and release the active ingredient.
[0206] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules,
tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms,
the active ingredient is mixed with at least one inert,
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium
citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such
as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid,
b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates,
gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants
such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium
carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain
silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such
as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium
compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol
and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and
bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate,
magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl
sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and
pills, the dosage form may comprise buffering agents.
[0207] Solid compositions of a similar type can be employed as
fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such
excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular
weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of
tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared
with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other
coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may
optionally comprise opacifying agents and can be of a composition
that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially,
in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed
manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used
include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a
similar type can be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled
gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as
well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the
like.
[0208] The active ingredient can be in micro-encapsulated form with
one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of
tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared
with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release
controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the
pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the
active ingredient can be admixed with at least one inert diluent
such as sucrose, lactose, or starch. Such dosage forms may
comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than
inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids
such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the
case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may comprise
buffering agents. They may optionally comprise opacifying agents
and can be of a composition that they release the active
ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the
intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of
embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric
substances and waxes.
[0209] Dosage forms for topical and/or transdermal administration
of a provided compound may include ointments, pastes, creams,
lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants and/or
patches. Generally, the active ingredient is admixed under sterile
conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and/or any
desired preservatives and/or buffers as can be required.
Additionally, the present disclosure encompasses the use of
transdermal patches, which often have the added advantage of
providing controlled delivery of an active ingredient to the body.
Such dosage forms can be prepared, for example, by dissolving
and/or dispensing the active ingredient in the proper medium.
Alternatively or additionally, the rate can be controlled by either
providing a rate controlling membrane and/or by dispersing the
active ingredient in a polymer matrix and/or gel.
[0210] Formulations suitable for topical administration include,
but are not limited to, liquid and/or semi liquid preparations such
as liniments, lotions, oil in water and/or water in oil emulsions
such as creams, ointments and/or pastes, and/or solutions and/or
suspensions. Topically-administrable formulations may, for example,
comprise from about 1% to about 10% (w/w) active ingredient,
although the concentration of the active ingredient can be as high
as the solubility limit of the active ingredient in the solvent.
Formulations for topical administration may further comprise one or
more of the additional ingredients described herein.
[0211] A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared,
packaged, and/or sold in a formulation suitable for pulmonary
administration via the buccal cavity. Such a formulation may
comprise dry particles which comprise the active ingredient and
which have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 to about 7
nanometers or from about 1 to about 6 nanometers. Such compositions
are conveniently in the form of dry powders for administration
using a device comprising a dry powder reservoir to which a stream
of propellant can be directed to disperse the powder and/or using a
self propelling solvent/powder dispensing container such as a
device comprising the active ingredient dissolved and/or suspended
in a low-boiling propellant in a sealed container. Such powders
comprise particles wherein at least 98% of the particles by weight
have a diameter greater than 0.5 nanometers and at least 95% of the
particles by number have a diameter less than 7 nanometers.
Alternatively, at least 95% of the particles by weight have a
diameter greater than 1 nanometer and at least 90% of the particles
by number have a diameter less than 6 nanometers. Dry powder
compositions may include a solid fine powder diluent such as sugar
and are conveniently provided in a unit dose form.
[0212] Low boiling propellants generally include liquid propellants
having a boiling point of below 65.degree. F. at atmospheric
pressure. Generally the propellant may constitute 50 to 99.9% (w/w)
of the composition, and the active ingredient may constitute 0.1 to
20% (w/w) of the composition. The propellant may further comprise
additional ingredients such as a liquid non-ionic and/or solid
anionic surfactant and/or a solid diluent (which may have a
particle size of the same order as particles comprising the active
ingredient).
[0213] Pharmaceutical compositions formulated for pulmonary
delivery may provide the active ingredient in the form of droplets
of a solution and/or suspension. Such formulations can be prepared,
packaged, and/or sold as aqueous and/or dilute alcoholic solutions
and/or suspensions, optionally sterile, comprising the active
ingredient, and may conveniently be administered using any
nebulization and/or atomization device. Such formulations may
further comprise one or more additional ingredients including, but
not limited to, a flavoring agent such as saccharin sodium, a
volatile oil, a buffering agent, a surface active agent, and/or a
preservative such as methylhydroxybenzoate. The droplets provided
by this route of administration may have an average diameter in the
range from about 0.1 to about 200 nanometers.
[0214] Formulations described herein as being useful for pulmonary
delivery are useful for intranasal delivery of a pharmaceutical
composition. Another formulation suitable for intranasal
administration is a coarse powder comprising the active ingredient
and having an average particle from about 0.2 to 500 micrometers.
Such a formulation is administered by rapid inhalation through the
nasal passage from a container of the powder held close to the
nares.
[0215] Formulations for nasal administration may, for example,
comprise from about as little as 0.1% (w/w) and as much as 100%
(w/w) of the active ingredient, and may comprise one or more of the
additional ingredients described herein. A provided pharmaceutical
composition can be prepared, packaged, and/or sold in a formulation
for buccal administration. Such formulations may, for example, be
in the form of tablets and/or lozenges made using conventional
methods, and may contain, for example, 0.1 to 20% (w/w) active
ingredient, the balance comprising an orally dissolvable and/or
degradable composition and, optionally, one or more of the
additional ingredients described herein. Alternately, formulations
for buccal administration may comprise a powder and/or an
aerosolized and/or atomized solution and/or suspension comprising
the active ingredient. Such powdered, aerosolized, and/or
aerosolized formulations, when dispersed, may have an average
particle and/or droplet size in the range from about 0.1 to about
200 nanometers, and may further comprise one or more of the
additional ingredients described herein.
[0216] A provided pharmaceutical composition can be prepared,
packaged, and/or sold in a formulation for ophthalmic
administration. Such formulations may, for example, be in the form
of eye drops including, for example, a 0.1/1.0% (w/w) solution
and/or suspension of the active ingredient in an aqueous or oily
liquid carrier. Such drops may further comprise buffering agents,
salts, and/or one or more other of the additional ingredients
described herein. Other opthalmically-administrable formulations
which are useful include those which comprise the active ingredient
in microcrystalline form and/or in a liposomal preparation. Ear
drops and/or eye drops are contemplated as being within the scope
of this disclosure.
[0217] Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions
provided herein are principally directed to pharmaceutical
compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it
will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions
are generally suitable for administration to animals of all sorts.
Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for
administration to humans in order to render the compositions
suitable for administration to various animals is well understood,
and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design
and/or perform such modification with ordinary experimentation.
[0218] Compounds provided herein are typically formulated in dosage
unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. It
will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of provided
compositions will be decided by the attending physician within the
scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically
effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will
depend upon a variety of factors including the disease, disorder,
or condition being treated and the severity of the disorder; the
activity of the specific active ingredient employed; the specific
composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and
diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of
administration, and rate of excretion of the specific active
ingredient employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in
combination or coincidental with the specific active ingredient
employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
[0219] The compounds and compositions provided herein can be
administered by any route, including enteral (e.g., oral),
parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial,
intramedullary, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intraventricular,
transdermal, interdermal, rectal, intravaginal, intraperitoneal,
topical (as by powders, ointments, creams, and/or drops), mucosal,
nasal, bucal, sublingual; by intratracheal instillation, bronchial
instillation, and/or inhalation; and/or as an oral spray, nasal
spray, and/or aerosol. Specifically contemplated routes are oral
administration, intravenous administration (e.g., systemic
intravenous injection), regional administration via blood and/or
lymph supply, and/or direct administration to an affected site. In
general the most appropriate route of administration will depend
upon a variety of factors including the nature of the agent (e.g.,
its stability in the environment of the gastrointestinal tract),
and/or the condition of the subject (e.g., whether the subject is
able to tolerate oral administration).
[0220] The exact amount of a compound required to achieve an
effective amount will vary from subject to subject, depending, for
example, on species, age, and general condition of a subject,
severity of the side effects or disorder, identity of the
particular compound(s), mode of administration, and the like. The
desired dosage can be delivered three times a day, two times a day,
once a day, every other day, every third day, every week, every two
weeks, every three weeks, or every four weeks. In certain
embodiments, the desired dosage can be delivered using multiple
administrations (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, or more
administrations).
[0221] In certain embodiments, an effective amount of a compound
for administration one or more times a day to a 70 kg adult human
may comprise about 0.0001 mg to about 3000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to
about 2000 mg, about 0.0001 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.001 mg to
about 1000 mg, about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg, about 0.1 mg to
about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 1 mg to about 100
mg, about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg,
of a compound per unit dosage form.
[0222] In certain embodiments, a compound described herein may be
administered at dosage levels sufficient to deliver from about
0.001 mg/kg to about 1000 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about
mg/kg, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 40 mg/kg, from about 0.5 mg/kg
to about 30 mg/kg, from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from
about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about
25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day,
to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.
[0223] In some embodiments, a compound described herein is
administered one or more times per day, for multiple days. In some
embodiments, the dosing regimen is continued for days, weeks,
months, or years.
[0224] It will be appreciated that dose ranges as described herein
provide guidance for the administration of provided pharmaceutical
compositions to an adult. The amount to be administered to, for
example, a child or an adolescent can be determined by a medical
practitioner or person skilled in the art and can be lower or the
same as that administered to an adult.
[0225] It will be also appreciated that a compound or composition,
as described herein, can be administered in combination with one or
more additional therapeutically active agents. In certain
embodiments, a compound or composition provided herein is
administered in combination with one or more additional
therapeutically active agents that improve its bioavailability,
reduce and/or modify its metabolism, inhibit its excretion, and/or
modify its distribution within the body. It will also be
appreciated that the therapy employed may achieve a desired effect
for the same disorder, and/or it may achieve different effects.
[0226] The compound or composition can be administered concurrently
with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more additional
therapeutically active agents. In certain embodiments, the
additional therapeutically active agent is a compound of Formula
(I). In certain embodiments, the additional therapeutically active
agent is not a compound of Formula (I). In general, each agent will
be administered at a dose and/or on a time schedule determined for
that agent. In will further be appreciated that the additional
therapeutically active agent utilized in this combination can be
administered together in a single composition or administered
separately in different compositions. The particular combination to
employ in a regimen will take into account compatibility of a
provided compound with the additional therapeutically active agent
and/or the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. In general,
it is expected that additional therapeutically active agents
utilized in combination be utilized at levels that do not exceed
the levels at which they are utilized individually. In some
embodiments, the levels utilized in combination will be lower than
those utilized individually.
[0227] Exemplary additional therapeutically active agents include,
but are not limited to, small organic molecules such as drug
compounds (e.g., compounds approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration as provided in the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR)), peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides,
oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, nucleoproteins, mucoproteins,
lipoproteins, synthetic polypeptides or proteins, small molecules
linked to proteins, glycoproteins, steroids, nucleic acids, DNAs,
RNAs, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, antisense
oligonucleotides, lipids, hormones, vitamins, and cells. In certain
embodiments, an additional therapeutically active agent is
prednisolone, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, vincristine, mafosfamide,
cisplatin, carboplatin, Ara-C, rituximab, azacitadine,
panobinostat, vorinostat, everolimus, rapamycin, ATRA (all-trans
retinoic acid), daunorubicin, decitabine, Vidaza, mitoxantrone, or
IBET-151.
[0228] Also encompassed by the present disclosure are kits (e.g.,
pharmaceutical packs). The kits provided may comprise a provided
pharmaceutical composition or compound and a container (e.g., a
vial, ampule, bottle, syringe, and/or dispenser package, or other
suitable container). In some embodiments, provided kits may
optionally further include a second container comprising a
pharmaceutical excipient for dilution or suspension of a provided
pharmaceutical composition or compound. In some embodiments, a
provided pharmaceutical composition or compound provided in the
container and the second container are combined to form one unit
dosage form. In some embodiments, a provided kits further includes
instructions for use.
[0229] Compounds and compositions described herein are generally
useful for the inhibition of RMT (e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6,
and/or PRMT8). In some embodiments, methods of treating an
RMT-mediated disorder in a subject are provided which comprise
administering an effective amount of a compound described herein
(e.g., a compound of Formula (I)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable
salt thereof), to a subject in need of treatment. In certain
embodiments, the effective amount is a therapeutically effective
amount. In certain embodiments, the effective amount is a
prophylactically effective amount. In certain embodiments, the
subject is suffering from a RMT-mediated disorder. In certain
embodiments, the subject is susceptible to a RMT-mediated
disorder.
[0230] As used herein, the term "RMT-mediated disorder" means any
disease, disorder, or other pathological condition in which an RMT
(e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) is known to play a
role. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure
relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more
diseases in which an RMT is known to play a role.
[0231] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method of inhibiting an RMT comprising contacting the RMT with an
effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a compound
of Formula (I)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The
RMT may be purified or crude, and may be present in a cell, tissue,
or subject. Thus, such methods encompass both inhibition of in
vitro and in vivo RMT activity. In certain embodiments, the method
is an in vitro method, e.g., such as an assay method. It will be
understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that inhibition of
an RMT does not necessarily require that all of the RMT be occupied
by an inhibitor at once. Exemplary levels of inhibition of an RMT
(e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or PRMT8) include at least
10% inhibition, about 10% to about 25% inhibition, about 25% to
about 50% inhibition, about 50% to about 75% inhibition, at least
50% inhibition, at least 75% inhibition, about 80% inhibition,
about 90% inhibition, and greater than 90% inhibition.
[0232] In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting RMT
activity in a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject diagnosed as
having an RMT-mediated disorder) comprising administering to the
subject an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a
compound of Formula (I)), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0233] In certain embodiments, provided is a method of modulating
gene expression in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an
effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments,
the cell is in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell
is in an animal, e.g., a human. In certain embodiments, the cell is
in a subject in need of treatment.
[0234] In certain embodiments, provided is a method of modulating
transcription in a cell which comprises contacting a cell with an
effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments,
the cell is in culture in vitro. In certain embodiments, the cell
is in an animal, e.g., a human. In certain embodiments, the cell is
in a subject in need of treatment.
[0235] In certain embodiments, a method is provided of selecting a
therapy for a subject having a disease associated with an
RMT-mediated disorder or mutation comprising the steps of
determining the presence of an RMT-mediated disorder or gene
mutation in an RMT gene (e.g., a PRMT1, PRMT3, CARM1, PRMT6, and/or
PRMT8 gene) or and selecting, based on the presence of an
RMT-mediated disorder a gene mutation in the RMT gene a therapy
that includes the administration of a provided compound. In certain
embodiments, the disease is cancer.
[0236] In certain embodiments, a method of treatment is provided
for a subject in need thereof comprising the steps of determining
the presence of an RMT-mediated disorder or a gene mutation in the
RMT gene and treating the subject in need thereof, based on the
presence of a RMT-mediated disorder or gene mutation in the RMT
gene with a therapy that includes the administration of a provided
compound. In certain embodiments, the subject is a cancer
patient.
[0237] In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in
treating a proliferative disorder, such as cancer. For example,
while not being bound to any particular mechanism, protein arginine
methylation by PRMTs is a modification that has been implicated in
signal transduction, gene transcription, DNA repair and mRNA
splicing, among others; and overexpression of PRMTs within these
pathways is often associated with various cancers. Thus, compounds
which inhibit the action of PRMTs, as provided herein, are
effective in the treatment of cancer.
[0238] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective
in treating cancer through the inhibition of PRMT1. For example,
PRMT1 overexpression has been observed in various human cancers,
including, but not limited to, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung
cancer, colon cancer, bladder cancer, and leukemia. In one example,
PRMT1 specifically deposits an asymmetric dimethylarginine (aDMA)
mark on histone H4 at arginine 3 (H4R3me2a), and this mark is
associated with transcription activation. In prostate cancer, the
methylation status of H4R3 positively correlates with increasing
tumor grade and can be used to predict the risk of prostate cancer
recurrence (Seligson et al., Nature 2005 435, 1262-1266). Thus, in
some embodiments, inhibitors of PRMT1, as described herein, are
useful in treating cancers associated with the methylation status
of H4R3, e.g., prostate cancer. Additionally, the methylarginine
effector molecule TDRD3 interacts with the H4R3me2a mark, and
overexpression of TDRD3 is linked to poor prognosis for the
survival of patients with breast cancer (Nagahata et al., Cancer
Sci. 2004 95, 218-225). Thus, in some embodiments, inhibitors of
PRMT1, as described herein, are useful in treating cancers
associated with overexpression of TDRD3, e.g., breast cancer, as
inhibition of PRMT1 leads to a decrease in methylation of H4R3,
thereby preventing the association of overexpressed TDRD3 with
H4R3me2a. In other examples, PRMT1 is known to have non-histone
substrates. For example, PRMT1, when localized to the cytoplasm,
methylates proteins that are involved in signal transduction
pathways, e.g., the estrogen receptor (ER). The expression status
of ER in breast cancer is critical for prognosis of the disease,
and both genomic and non-genomic ER pathways have been implicated
in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. For example, it has been
shown that PRMT1 methylates ER.alpha., and that ER.alpha.
methylation is required for the assembly of ER.alpha. with SRC (a
proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase) and focal adhesion kinase
(FAK). Further, the silencing of endogenous PRMT1 resulted in the
inability of estrogen to activate AKT. These results suggested that
PRMT1-mediated ER.alpha. methylation is required for the activation
of the SRC-PI3K-FAK cascade and AKT, coordinating cell
proliferation and survival. Thus, hypermethylation of ER.alpha. in
breast cancer is thought to cause hyperactivation of this signaling
pathway, providing a selective survival advantage to tumor cells
(Le Romancer et al., Mol. Cell 2008 31, 212-221; Le Romancer et
al., Steroids 2010 75, 560-564). Accordingly, in some embodiments,
inhibitors of PRMT1, as described herein, are useful in treating
cancers associated with ER.alpha. methylation, e.g., breast cancer.
In yet another example, PRMT1 has been shown to be involved in the
regulation of leukemia development. For example, SRC-associated in
mitosis 68 kDa protein (SAM68; also known as KHDRBS1) is a
well-characterized PRMT1 substrate, and when either SAM68 or PRMT1
is fused directly to the myeloid/lymphoid leukemia (MLL) gene,
these fusion proteins can activate MLL oncogenic properties,
implying that the methylation of SAM68 by PRMT1 is a critical
signal for the development of leukemia (Cheung et al., Nature Cell
Biol. 2007 9, 1208-1215). Accordingly, in some embodiments,
inhibitors of PRMT1, as described herein, are useful in treating
cancers associated with SAM68 methylation, e.g., leukemia. In still
another example, PRMT1 is implicated in leukemia development
through its interaction with AE9a, a splice isoform of AML1-ETO
(Shia et al., Blood 2012 119:4953-62). Knockdown of PRMT1 affects
expression of certain AE9a-activated genes and suppresses AE9a's
self-renewal capability. It has also been shown that AE9a recruits
PRMT1 to AE9a activated gene promoters, which leads to increased H4
Arg3 methylation, H3 Lys9/14 acetylation, and transcription
activated. Accordingly, in some embodiments, inhibitors of PRMT1,
as described herein, are useful in treating cancers associated with
AML1-ETO, e.g., leukemia. Thus, without being bound by any
particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMT1, e.g., by compounds
described herein, is beneficial in the treatment of cancer.
[0239] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective
in treating cancer through the inhibition of PRMT3. In one example,
the DAL1 tumor suppressor protein has been shown to interact with
PRMT3 and inhibits its methyltransferase activity (Singh et al.,
Oncogene 2004 23, 7761-7771). Epigenetic downregulation of DAL1 has
been reported in several cancers (e.g., meningiomas and breast
cancer), thus PRMT3 is expected to display increased activity, and
cancers that display DAL1 silencing may, in some aspects, be good
targets for PRMT3 inhibitors, e.g., those described herein. Thus,
without being bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of
PRMT3, e.g., by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the
treatment of cancer.
[0240] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective
in treating cancer through the inhibition of PRMT4, also known as
CARM1. For example, PRMT4 levels have been shown to be elevated in
castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), as well as in
aggressive breast tumors (Hong et al., Cancer 2004 101, 83-89;
Majumder et al., Prostate 2006 66, 1292-1301). Thus, in some
embodiments, inhibitors of PRMT4, as described herein, are useful
in treating cancers associated with PRMT4 overexpression. PRMT4 has
also been shown to affect ER.alpha.-dependent breast cancer cell
differentiation and proliferation (Al-Dhaheri et al., Cancer Res.
2011 71, 2118-2128), thus in some aspects PRMT4 inhibitors, as
described herein, are useful in treating ER.alpha.-dependent breast
cancer by inhibiting cell differentiation and proliferation. In
another example, PRMT4 has been shown to be recruited to the
promoter of E2F1 (which encodes a cell cycle regulator) as a
transcriptional co-activator (Frietze et al., Cancer Res. 2008 68,
301-306). Thus, PRMT4-mediated upregulation of E2F1 expression may
contribute to cancer progression and chemoresistance as increased
abundance of E2F1 triggers invasion and metastasis by activating
growth receptor signaling pathways, which in turn promote an
antiapoptotic tumor environment (Engelmann and Piitzer, Cancer Res
2012 72; 571). Accordingly, in some embodiments, the inhibition of
PRMT4, e.g., by compounds provided herein, is useful in treating
cancers associated with E2F1 upregulation. Thus, without being
bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMT4, e.g.,
by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the treatment of
cancer.
[0241] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective
in treating cancer through the inhibition of PRMT6. For example,
PRMT6 has been reported to be overexpressed in a number of cancers,
e.g., bladder and lung cancer (Yoshimatsu et al., Int. J. Cancer
2011 128, 562-573). Thus, in some embodiments, the inhibition of
PRMT6, by compounds provided herein, is useful in treating cancers
associated with PRMT6 overexpression. In some aspects, PRMT6 is
primarily thought to function as a transcriptional repressor,
although it has also been reported that PRMT6 functions as a
co-activator of nuclear receptors. For example, as a
transcriptional repressor, PRMT6 suppresses the expression of
thrombospondin 1 (TSP1; also known as THBS1; a potent natural
inhibitor of angiogenesis and endothelial cell migration) and p21
(a natural inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinase), thereby
contributing to cancer development and progression
(Michaud-Levesque and Richard, J. Biol. Chem. 2009 284,
21338-21346; Kleinschmidt et al., PLoS ONE 2012 7, e41446).
Accordingly, in some embodiments, the inhibition of PRMT6, by
compounds provided herein, is useful in treating cancer by
preventing the repression of THBs1 and/or p21. Thus, without being
bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMT6, e.g.,
by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the treatment of
cancer.
[0242] In some embodiments, compounds provided herein are effective
in treating cancer through the inhibition of PRMT8. For example,
deep-sequencing efforts of cancer genomes (e.g., COSMIC) have
revealed that of all the PRMTs, PRMT8 is reported to be the most
mutated. Of 106 sequenced genomes, 15 carry mutations in the PRMT8
coding region, and nine of these result in an amino acid change
(Forbes et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 39, D945-D950). Because of
its high rate of mutation in cancer, PRMT8 is thought to contribute
to the initiation or progression of cancer. Thus, without being
bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMT8, e.g.,
by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the treatment of
cancer.
[0243] In some embodiments, compounds described herein are useful
for treating a cancer including, but not limited to, acoustic
neuroma, adenocarcinoma, adrenal gland cancer, anal cancer,
angiosarcoma (e.g., lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma,
hemangiosarcoma), appendix cancer, benign monoclonal gammopathy,
biliary cancer (e.g., cholangiocarcinoma), bladder cancer, breast
cancer (e.g., adenocarcinoma of the breast, papillary carcinoma of
the breast, mammary cancer, medullary carcinoma of the breast),
brain cancer (e.g., meningioma; glioma, e.g., astrocytoma,
oligodendroglioma; medulloblastoma), bronchus cancer, carcinoid
tumor, cervical cancer (e.g., cervical adenocarcinoma),
choriocarcinoma, chordoma, craniopharyngioma, colorectal cancer
(e.g., colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal adenocarcinoma),
epithelial carcinoma, ependymoma, endotheliosarcoma (e.g., Kaposi's
sarcoma, multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma), endometrial
cancer (e.g., uterine cancer, uterine sarcoma), esophageal cancer
(e.g., adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, Barrett's adenocarinoma),
Ewing sarcoma, eye cancer (e.g., intraocular melanoma,
retinoblastoma), familiar hypereosinophilia, gall bladder cancer,
gastric cancer (e.g., stomach adenocarcinoma), gastrointestinal
stromal tumor (GIST), head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck
squamous cell carcinoma, oral cancer (e.g., oral squamous cell
carcinoma (OSCC), throat cancer (e.g., laryngeal cancer, pharyngeal
cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer)),
hematopoietic cancers (e.g., leukemia such as acute lymphocytic
leukemia (ALL) (e.g., B-cell ALL, T-cell ALL), acute myelocytic
leukemia (AML) (e.g., B-cell AML, T-cell AML), chronic myelocytic
leukemia (CML) (e.g., B-cell CML, T-cell CML), and chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (e.g., B-cell CLL, T-cell CLL); lymphoma
such as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (e.g., B-cell HL, T-cell HL) and
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (e.g., B-cell NHL such as diffuse large
cell lymphoma (DLCL) (e.g., diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)),
follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic
lymphoma (CLL/SLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone
B-cell lymphomas (e.g., mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
lymphomas, nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, splenic marginal
zone B-cell lymphoma), primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt
lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (e.g., "Waldenstrim's
macroglobulinemia"), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), immunoblastic large
cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma and primary
central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma; and T-cell NHL such as
precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphomalleukemia, peripheral T-cell
lymphoma (PTCL) (e.g., cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) (e.g.,
mycosis fungiodes, Sezary syndrome), angioimmunoblastic T-cell
lymphoma, extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, enteropathy
type T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell
lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma); a mixture of one or more
leukemiallymphoma as described above; and multiple myeloma (MM)),
heavy chain disease (e.g., alpha chain disease, gamma chain
disease, mu chain disease), hemangioblastoma, inflammatory
myofibroblastic tumors, immunocytic amyloidosis, kidney cancer
(e.g., nephroblastoma a.k.a. Wilms' tumor, renal cell carcinoma),
liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular cancer (HCC), malignant
hepatoma), lung cancer (e.g., bronchogenic carcinoma, small cell
lung cancer (SCLC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC),
adenocarcinoma of the lung), leiomyosarcoma (LMS), mastocytosis
(e.g., systemic mastocytosis), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS),
mesothelioma, myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) (e.g., polycythemia
Vera (PV), essential thrombocytosis (ET), agnogenic myeloid
metaplasia (AMM) a.k.a. myelofibrosis (MF), chronic idiopathic
myelofibrosis, chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), chronic
neutrophilic leukemia (CNL), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES)),
neuroblastoma, neurofibroma (e.g., neurofibromatosis (NF) type 1 or
type 2, schwannomatosis), neuroendocrine cancer (e.g.,
gastroenteropancreatic neuroendoctrine tumor (GEP-NET), carcinoid
tumor), osteosarcoma, ovarian cancer (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma,
ovarian embryonal carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma), papillary
adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer (e.g., pancreatic
andenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN),
Islet cell tumors), penile cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the
penis and scrotum), pinealoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor
(PNT), prostate cancer (e.g., prostate adenocarcinoma), rectal
cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, skin cancer (e.g.,
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma (KA), melanoma,
basal cell carcinoma (BCC)), small bowel cancer (e.g., appendix
cancer), soft tissue sarcoma (e.g., malignant fibrous histiocytoma
(MFH), liposarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
(MPNST), chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma), sebaceous
gland carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, synovioma, testicular
cancer (e.g., seminoma, testicular embryonal carcinoma), thyroid
cancer (e.g., papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, papillary thyroid
carcinoma (PTC), medullary thyroid cancer), urethral cancer,
vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer (e.g., Paget's disease of the
vulva).
[0244] In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in
treating diseases associated with increased levels of circulating
asymmetric dimethylarginine (aDMA), e.g., cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, kidney failure, renal disease, pulmonary disease, etc.
Circulating aDMA is produced by the proteolysis of asymmetrically
dimethylated proteins. PRMTs which mediate aDMA methylation
include, e.g., PRMT1, PRMT3, PRMT4, PRMT6, and PRMT8. aDMA levels
are directly involved in various diseases as aDMA is an endogenous
competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), thereby
reducing the production of nitric oxide (NO) (Vallance et al., J.
Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1992 20(Suppl. 12):S60-2). NO functions as a
potent vasodilator in endothelial vessels, and as such inhibiting
its production has major consequences on the cardiovascular system.
For example, since PRMT1 is a major enzyme that generates aDMA, the
dysregulation of its activity is likely to regulate cardiovascular
diseases (Boger et al., Ann. Med. 2006 38:126-36), and other
pathophysiological conditions such as diabetes mellitus (Sydow et
al., Vasc. Med. 2005 10(Suppl. 1):S35-43), kidney failure (Vallance
et al., Lancet 1992 339:572-5), and chronic pulmonary diseases
(Zakrzewicz et al., BMC Pulm. Med. 2009 9:5). Additionally, it has
been demonstrated that the expression of PRMT1 and PRMT3 are
increased in coronary heart disease (Chen et al., Basic Res.
Cardiol. 2006 101:346-53). In another example, aDMA elevation is
seen in patients with renal failure, due to impaired clearance of
this metabolite from the circulation (Jacobi et al., Am. J.
Nephrol. 2008 28:224-37). Thus, circulating aDMA levels is observed
in many pathophysiological situations. Accordingly, without being
bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMTs, e.g.,
by compounds described herein, results in the decrease of
circulating aDMA, which is beneficial in the treatment of diseases
associated with increased levels of circulating aDMA, e.g.,
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney failure, renal disease,
pulmonary disease, etc. In certain embodiments, a compound
described herein is useful for treating or preventing vascular
diseases.
[0245] In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in
treating metabolic disorders. For example, PRMT1 has been shown to
enhance mRNA levels of FoxO1 target genes in gluconeogenesis, which
results in increased hepatic glucose production, and knockdown of
PRMT1 promotes inhibition of FoxO1 activity and thus inhibition of
hepatic gluconeogenesis (Choi et al., Hepatology 2012 56:1546-56).
Additionally, genetic haploinsufficiency of Prmt1 has been shown to
reduce blood glucose levels in mouse models. Thus, without being
bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMT1, e.g.,
by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the treating of
metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. In some embodiments, a
provided compound is useful in treating type I diabetes. In some
embodiments, a provided compound is useful in treating type II
diabetes.
[0246] In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in
treating muscular dystrophies. For example, PRMT1, as well as PRMT3
and PRMT6, methylate the nuclear poly(A)-binding protein (PABPN1)
in a region located near its C-terminus (Perreault et al., J. Biol.
Chem. 2007 282:7552-62). This domain is involved in the aggregation
of the PABPN1 protein, and abnormal aggregation of this protein is
involved in the disease oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (Davies
et al., Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2006 38:1457-62). Thus,
without being bound by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of
PRMTs, e.g., by compounds described herein, is beneficial in the
treatment of muscular dystrophies, e.g., oculopharyngeal muscular
dystrophy, by decreasing the amount of methylation of PABPN1,
thereby decreasing the amount of PABPN1 aggregation.
[0247] CARM1 is also the most abundant PRMT expressed in skeletal
muscle cells, and has been found to selectively control the
pathways modulating glycogen metabolism, and associated AMPK
(AMP-activated protein kinase) and p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated
protein kinase) expression. See, e.g., Wang et al., Biochem (2012)
444:323-331. Thus, in some embodiments, inhibitors of CARM1, as
described herein, are useful in treating metabolic disorders, e.g.,
for example skeletal muscle metabolic disorders, e.g., glycogen and
glucose metabolic disorders. Exemplary skeletal muscle metabolic
disorders include, but are not limited to, Acid Maltase Deficiency
(Glycogenosis type 2; Pompe disease), Debrancher deficiency
(Glycogenosis type 3), Phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's; GSD 5),
X-linked syndrome (GSD9D), Autosomal recessive syndrome (GSD9B),
Tarui's disease (Glycogen storage disease VII; GSD 7),
Phosphoglycerate Mutase deficiency (Glycogen storage disease X;
GSDX; GSD 10), Lactate dehydrogenase A deficiency (GSD 11),
Branching enzyme deficiency (GSD 4), Aldolase A (muscle)
deficiency, .beta.-Enolase deficiency, Triosephosphate isomerase
(TIM) deficiency, Lafora's disease (Progressive myoclonic epilepsy
2), Glycogen storage disease (Muscle, Type 0, Phosphoglucomutase 1
Deficiency (GSD 14)), and Glycogenin Deficiency (GSD 15).
[0248] In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in
treating autoimmune disease. For example, several lines of evidence
strongly suggest that PRMT inhibitors may be valuable for the
treatment of autoimmune diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis. PRMTs
are known to modify and regulate several critical immunomodulatory
proteins. For example, post-translational modifications (e.g.,
arginine methylation), within T cell receptor signaling cascades
allow T lymphocytes to initiate a rapid and appropriate immune
response to pathogens. Co-engagement of the CD28 costimulatory
receptor with the T cell receptor elevates PRMT activity and
cellular protein arginine methylation, including methylation of the
guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 (Blanchet et al., J. Exp.
Med. 2005 202:371-377). PRMT inhibitors are thus expected to
diminish methylation of the guanine exchange factor Vav1, resulting
in diminished IL-2 production. In agreement, siRNA directed against
PRMT5 was shown to both inhibit NFAT-driven promoter activity and
IL-2 secretion (Richard et al., Biochem J. 2005 388:379-386). In
another example, PRMT1 is known to cooperate with PRMT4 to enhance
NFkB p65-driven transcription and facilitate the transcription of
p65 target genes like TNF.alpha. (Covic et al., Embo. J. 2005
24:85-96). Thus, in some embodiments, PRMT1 and/or PRMT4
inhibitors, e.g., those described herein, are useful in treating
autoimmune disease by decreasing the transcription of p65 target
genes like TNF.alpha.. These examples demonstrate an important role
for arginine methylation in inflammation. Thus, without being bound
by any particular mechanism, the inhibition of PRMTs, e.g., by
compounds described herein, is beneficial in the treatment of
autoimmune diseases.
[0249] In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is useful in
treating neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS). For example, a gene involved in ALS, TLS/FUS,
often contains mutated arginines in certain familial forms of this
disease (Kwiatkowski et al., Science 2009 323:1205-8). These
mutants are retained in the cytoplasm, which is similar to reports
documenting the role arginine methylation plays in
nuclear-cytoplasmic shuffling (Shen et al., Genes Dev. 1998
12:679-91). This implicates PRMT, e.g., PRMT1, function in this
disease, as it was demonstrated that TLS/FUS is methylated on at
least 20 arginine residues (Rappsilber et al., Anal. Chem. 2003
75:3107-14). Thus, in some embodiments, the inhibition of PRMTs,
e.g., by compounds provided herein, are useful in treating ALS by
decreasing the amount of TLS/FUS arginine methylation.
[0250] In some embodiments, compounds of Formula (I) can be
prepared using methods shown in Scheme 1. Scheme 1 shows that
heteroaryl carboxaldehydes of general formula XXI first react with
mono-Boc protected ethylenediamines XXII under reductive amination
conditions (e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride and catalytic acid such as
acetic acid) in an appropriate solvent (e.g. methanol) to give
intermediates of general formula XXIII. Subsequent functional group
modifications and deprotection of Boc give compounds of Formula
(I).
##STR00104##
[0251] Carboxaldehydes of general formula XXI may be prepared from
suitable known heteroaryl compound intermediates by established
synthetic chemistry methods. Standard methods include, but are not
limited to, direct introduction of the carboxaldehye through
formylation (e.g. Vilsmeier reaction) and functional conversion of
a suitable group such as a carboxylate as depicted in Scheme 2. As
depicted in Scheme 2, methyl carboxylates intermediates of formula
XXV are reduced (e.g. with Dibal or LiBH4) to corresponding
hydroxymethyl intermediates of formula XXVI which are then subject
to oxidation (e.g. with MnO.sub.2 or IBX) to carboaldehyes of
formula XXI.
##STR00105##
[0252] There are established methods for preparing the requisite
heteroaryl carboxylates used in Scheme 2. In some embodiments,
heteroaryl carboxylates can be synthesized by standard palladium
catalyzed methoxy carbonylation of heteroaryl bromides as depicted
in Scheme 3 with carbon monoxide and methanol in a pressurized
autoclave at elevated temperature.
##STR00106##
[0253] In some embodiments, the heteroaryl carboxylates can be
synthesized from acyclic compounds containing a carboxylate group
by known cycloaddition reactions. In certain embodiments, triazole
carboxylates can be synthesise by [3+2]cycloaddition reaction of
azides with alk-2-ynoates or 3-arylpropiolates. In certain
embodiments, heteroaryl carboxylates can be prepared by standard
stepwise heteroaryl ring synthesis methods. Heteroaryl carboxylates
of formula XXVa, wherein V is CR.sup.C and R.sup.c is optionally
substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl, can be
prepared as depicted in Scheme 4. As shown in Scheme 4, heteroaryl
bromide intermediates of general formula XXX, wherein X, Y and Z
are independently O, S, N or N(R.sup.N) as valence permits, can be
coupled with optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl boronates or
boronic acids under standard Suzuki reaction conditions to give
heteroaryl carboxylates of formula XXVa.
##STR00107##
[0254] The mono-Boc protected ethylenediamines XXII can be
synthesized by standard methods for derivatizing or preparing
ethylenediamines. For example, intermediates of formula XXII may be
prepared by treatment of the corresponding unprotected diamine
precursors with Boc.sub.2O and purifying the mixture of mono and
dibocylated products.
[0255] Oxazole compounds of general formula Xa, wherein L is a bond
and E is an optionally substituted aryl group in compounds of
general Formula (III-o), can be prepared as depicted in Scheme 5
from oxazole carboxylates of general formula XXVb using the methods
described in Schemes 1 and 2.
##STR00108##
[0256] Oxazole carboxylates of general formula XXVb are known or
can be prepared using the methods described in Schemes 3 and 4.
Oxazole carboxylates of general formula XXVb wherein Rc is hydrogen
can be prepared by the oxazole ring synthesis method depicted in
Scheme 6 from known or readily synthesized aromatic aldehydes
(ArCHO).
##STR00109##
[0257] Oxazole compounds of general formula XIa wherein L is a bond
and E is an optionally substituted aryl group in compounds of
general formula Formula (III-n) can be prepared as depicted in
Scheme 7 from oxazole carboxylates of general formula XLb using the
methods described in Schemes 1 and 2.
##STR00110##
[0258] Oxazole carboxylates of general formula XLb are known or can
be prepared using the methods described in Schemes 3 and 4. Oxazole
carboxylates of general formula XLb wherein Rc is hydrogen can be
prepared by the oxazole ring synthesis method depicted in Scheme 8
by cyclocondensation of ethyl isocyanoacetate with known or readily
synthesized aromatic acid chlorides (ArCOCl).
##STR00111##
[0259] Pyrazole compounds of general Formula (II-a) can be prepared
as depicted in Scheme 9 from pyrazole carboxaldehyde intermediates
of general formula XXId wherein R.sup.N, R.sup.1, R.sup.3 and
R.sup.x are as described above.
##STR00112##
[0260] Using pyrazole carboxaldehydes of general formula XXIe where
R.sub.1 is H and R.sup.N is an optionally substituted aryl or
heteroaryl group leads to corresponding compounds of formula IIIc.
Pyrazole carboxaldehydes of formula XXIe can be synthesized as
depicted in Scheme 10. Thus, reaction of optionally substituted
aryl or heteroaryl hydrazines or the respective hydrochloride salts
with 4,4-dimethoxy-3-oxobut-1-en-1-yl)dimethylamine in ethanol at
reflux gives intermediates XXIe.
##STR00113##
EXAMPLES
[0261] In order that the invention described herein may be more
fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should
be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes
only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any
manner.
Synthetic Methods
[0262] General methods and experimental procedures for preparing
and characterizing compounds of the present invention are set forth
below. Wherever needed, reactions were heated using conventional
hotplate apparatus or heating mantle or microwave irradiation
equipment. Reactions were conducted with or without stirring, under
atmospheric or elevated pressure in either open or closed vessels.
Reaction progress was monitored using conventional techniques such
as TLC, HPLC, UPLC, or LCMS using instrumentation and methods
described below. Reactions were quenched and crude compounds
isolated using conventional methods as described in the specific
examples provided. Solvent removal was carried out with or without
heating, under atmospheric or reduced pressure, using either a
rotary or centrifugal evaporator. Compound purification was carried
out as needed using a variety of traditional methods including, but
not limited to, preparative chromatography under acidic, neutral,
or basic conditions using either normal phase or reverse phase HPLC
or flash columns or Prep-TLC plates. Compound purity and mass
confirmations were conducted using standard HPLC and/or UPLC and/or
MS spectrometers and/or LCMS and/or GC equipment (e.g., including,
but not limited to the following instrumentation: Waters Alliance
2695 with 2996 PDA detector connected with ZQ detector and ESI
source; Shimadzu LDMS-2020; Waters Acquity H Class with PDA
detector connected with SQ detector and ESI source; Agilent 1100
Series with PDA detector; Waters Alliance 2695 with 2998 PDA
detector; AB SCIEX API 2000 with ESI source; Agilent 7890 GC).
Exemplified compounds were dissolved in either MeOH or MeCN to a
concentration of approximately 1 mg/mL and analyzed by injection of
0.5-10 .mu.L into an appropriate LCMS system using the methods
provided in the following table:
TABLE-US-00002 MS Heat MS Flow Block Detector Mobile Mobile Rate
Temp Voltage Method Column Phase A Phase B (mL/min) Gradient
Profile (.degree. C.) (kV) A Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5%
to 100% B in 250 1.5 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.0 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B
for 1.1 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.2 minutes,
then stop B Gemini-NX Water/0.04% ACN 1 5% to 100% B in 200 0.75 3
.mu.m Ammonia 2.0 minutes, C18 110A 100% B for 1.1 minutes, 100% to
5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop C Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1
5% to 100% B in 250 0.85 XR-ODS FA FA 2.0 minutes, 1.6 .mu.m 100% B
for 1.1 2.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes,
then stop D Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 100% B in 250
0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.0 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 1.1 3.0
.times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop E
Waters Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 0.9 5% to 100% B in 250 1.5 Xselect
C18 FA FA 2.0 minutes, 3.5 .mu.m 100% B for 1.2 3.0 .times. 50 mm
minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop F Shim-pack
Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 80% B in 200 0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 3.25
minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 80% B for 1.35 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 80% to
5% B in 0.3 minutes, then stop G Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1
5% to 70% B in 200 0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.50 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 70%
B for 0.70 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 70% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes,
then stop H Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 100% B in 250
0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.20 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 1.00 3.0
.times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop I
Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 100% B in 250 0.95 XR-ODS
TFA TFA 1.20 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 1.00 3.0 .times. 50 mm
minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop J Shim-pack
Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 70% B in 250 0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 3.20
minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 70% B for 0.75 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 70% to
5% B in 0.35 minutes, then stop K Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1
5% to 80% B in 250 1.5 XR-ODS TFA TFA 3.00 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 80% B
for 0.8 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 80% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then
stop L Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 100% B in 250 1.5
XR-ODS TFA TFA 3.00 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 0.8 3.0 .times.
50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop M Shim-pack
Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 100% B in 250 1.5 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.20
minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 1.00 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 100%
to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop N Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05%
1 5% to 80% B in 250 1.5 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.20 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 80%
B for 1.0 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 80% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes,
then stop O Zorbax Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 70% B in 250 1.5
Eclipse TFA TFA 8.00 minutes, Plus C18 70% B for 2.0 4.6 .times.
100 mm minutes, then stop P Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to
65% B in 250 1.5 XR-ODS TFA TFA 3.00 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 65% B for
0.80 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then
stop Q Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 60% B in 250 0.95
XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.50 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 60% B for 0.7 3.0 .times. 50
mm minutes, 60% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop R Shim-pack
Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 50% B in 250 0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.50
minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 50% B for 0.7 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 50% to
5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop S XBridge C18 Water/0.05% ACN/0.05%
1 5% to 95% B in 250 0.9 3.5 .mu.m TFA TFA 2.20 minutes, 3.0
.times. 50 mm 95% B for 1.00 minutes, 95% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes,
then stop T Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 0.7 5% to 100% B in 250
0.85 XR-ODS FA FA 2.0 minutes, 1.6 .mu.m 100% B for 1.1 2.0 .times.
50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop U Shim-pack
Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 40% B in 250 0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.50
minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 40% B for 0.7 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 40% to
5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop V Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1
5% to 60% B in 200 1.05 XR-ODS TFA TFA 4.20 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 60%
B for 1.0 3.0 .times. 50 mm minutes, 60% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes,
then stop W Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 1 5% to 100% B in 200
0.95 XR-ODS TFA TFA 2.20 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 1.00 3.0
.times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop X
Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN/0.05% 0.7 5% to 100% B in 200 0.85 XR-ODS
FA FA 2.0 minutes, 1.6 .mu.m 100% B for 1.1 2.0 .times. 50 mm
minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop Y Ecliplis
Water/0.05% ACN 1 5% to 100% B in 250 1 Plus C18 TFA 2.0 minutes,
3.5 .mu.m 100% B for 1.0 4.6 .times. 50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in
0.1 minutes, then stop Z Ecliplis Water/10 ACN/5% 1 5% to 100% B in
250 1.1 Plus C18 mM water 2.0 minutes, 3.5 .mu.m ammonium 100% B
for 1.0 4.6 .times. 50 mm carbonate minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1
minutes, then stop A1 Shim-pack Water/0.05% ACN 1 5% to 100% B in
250 1 XR-ODS TFA 2.0 minutes, 2.2 .mu.m 100% B for 1.0 3.0 .times.
50 mm minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop A2 Ecliplis
Water/10 mM ACN 1 5% to 100% B in 250 0.95 Plus C18 ammonium 2.0
minutes, 3.5 .mu.m acetate 100% B for 1.4 4.6 .times. 50 mm
minutes, 100% to 5% B in 0.1 minutes, then stop
[0263] Compound structure confirmations were carried out using
standard 300 or 400 MHz NMR spectrometers with NOe's conducted
whenever necessary.
[0264] The following abbreviations are used herein:
TABLE-US-00003 Abbreviation Meaning ACN acetonitrile atm.
atmosphere DCM dichloromethane DHP dihydropyran DIBAL diisobutyl
aluminum hydride DIEA diisopropyl ethylamine DMF dimethyl formamide
DMF-DMA dimethyl formamide dimethyl acetal DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
dppf 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene EA ethyl acetate ESI
electrospray ionization EtOH ethanol FA formic acid GC gas
chromatography h hour Hex hexanes HMDS hexamethyl disilazide HPLC
high performance liquid chromatography IPA isopropanol LCMS liquid
chromatography/mass spectrometry MeOH methanol min minutes NBS
N-bromo succinimide NCS N-chloro succinimide NIS N-iodo succinimide
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NOe nuclear Overhauser effect Prep.
preparative PTSA para-toluene sulfonic acid Rf retardation factor
rt room temperature RT retention time sat. saturated SGC silica gel
chromatography TBAF tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride TEA triethylamine
TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran TLC thin layer
chromatography UPLC ultra performance liquid chromatography
Compound 1
4-(4-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)oxazol-5-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00114##
[0265] Step 1
4-cyanobenzoyl chloride
##STR00115##
[0267] To a solution of 4-cyanobenzoic acid (5 g, 33.98 mmol, 1.00
equiv) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added thionyl chloride (25
mL) dropwise with stirring. The resulting solution was refluxed for
4 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and
concentrated under vacuum to give 3 g of crude 4-cyanobenzoyl
chloride as a brown solid. The crude was used in the next step
without further purification.
Step 2
ethyl 5-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazole-4-carboxylate
##STR00116##
[0269] A solution of ethyl 2-(methylideneamino)acetate (1.7 g,
14.77 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was added dropwise to a stirred mixture of
sodium hydride (60%, 722 mg, 18.05 mmol, 1.22 equiv) in toluene (30
mL) at 5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for
30 min. 4-cyanobenzoyl chloride (3 g, 18.12 mmol, 1.22 equiv) was
then added dropwise at 5.degree. C. The reaction was stirred at
room temperature for 12 h then quenched with 30 mL of ice-water
mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted with 2.times.15 mL of
ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers was washed with
1.times.30 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-30% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
give 1.3 g (36%) of ethyl 5-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazole-4-carboxylate as
a red solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.29-8.26
(m, 2H), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.77 (m, 2H), 4.48-4.41 (m, 2H),
1.46-1.41 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
Step 3
4-(4-formyloxazol-5-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00117##
[0271] To a solution of ethyl
5-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazole-4-carboxylate (500 mg, 2.06 mmol, 1.00
equiv) in anhydrous THF (10 mL) maintained under nitrogen at
-78.degree. C. was added dropwise a 25% solution of DIBAL (2.5 mL)
in toluene with stirring. The resulting solution was stirred at
-40.degree. C. for 3 h and then quenched by the addition of 10 mL
of water. The mixture was extracted with 2.times.10 mL of ethyl
acetate. The combined organic layers was washed with 1.times.20 mL
of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated
under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column
eluted with 0-20% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to yield 350
mg (86%) of 4-(4-formyloxazol-5-yl)benzonitrile as a yellow solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 10.16 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d,
J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H) ppm.
Step 4
tert-butyl
2-(((5-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)ca-
rbamate
##STR00118##
[0273] To a solution of 4-(4-formyloxazol-5-yl)benzonitrile (150
mg, 0.76 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (131 mg, 0.75 mmol, 0.99 equiv)
in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) was added NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (321 mg,
1.51 mmol, 2.00 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred at room
temperature overnight and then quenched with 10 mL of water. The
mixture was extracted with 2.times.10 mL of ethyl acetate. The
combined organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-30% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
afford 100 mg (37%) of tert-butyl
2-(((5-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
as a colorless oil. LCMS (method C, ESI): RT=0.75 min, m/z=357.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 5
Compound 1
4-(4-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)oxazol-5-yl)benzonitr-
ile
##STR00119##
[0275] Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of
tert-butyl
2-(((5-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
(100 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (10 mL)
maintained at -5 to 0.degree. C. for 15 min. The resulting solution
was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 2 h and then concentrated under
vacuum. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the
following conditions (Prep-HPLC-016): Column, SunFire Prep
C.sub.1-8 OBD Column, 5 m, 19.times.150 mm, mobile phase: water
with 10 mmol NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 and MeCN (3.0% MeCN up to 20.0% in
10 min, up to 40.0% in 6 min, up to 95.0% in 1 min, hold 95.0% in 1
min, down to 3.0% in 2 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to give 27.2
mg (38%) of
4-(4-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)oxazol-5-yl)benzonitrile
as a light yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta.
7.94-7.90 (m, 3H), 7.74 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 2.85 (t, J
.about.5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (t, J .about.5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H)
ppm. LCMS (method H, ESI): RT=1.01 min, m/z=257.1 [M+H]+.
Compound 2
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00120##
[0276] Step 1
(E)-4-(dimethylamino)-1,1-dimethoxybut-3-en-2-one
##STR00121##
[0278] A solution of 1,1-dimethoxypropan-2-one (12 g, 101.58 mmol,
1.00 equiv) and (dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine (12 g, 100.70 mmol,
0.99 equiv) was stirred at 100.degree. C. for 5 h. The reaction
mixture was cooled to room temperature and used in the next step
directly. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=0.94 min, m/z=174.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 2
4-(5-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00122##
[0280] A solution of 4-hydrazinylbenzonitrile hydrochloride (10.14
g, 59.78 mmol, 1.00 equiv),
(E)-4-(dimethylamino)-1,1-dimethoxybut-3-en-2-one (17.6 g, 101.61
mmol, 1.70 equiv), propan-2-one (30 mL) and 6N hydrochloric acid
(30 mL) in ethanol (300 mL) was stirred at 78.degree. C. for 3.5 h.
The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and
concentrated under vacuum. Water (300 mL) and ethyl acetate (200
mL) were added to dissolve the residue. The resulting mixture was
extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.200 mL). The combined organic
layers was washed with water (1.times.100 mL) and brine
(1.times.100 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-20% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
give 4 g (34%) of 4-(5-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile as a
yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 9.87 (s,
1H), 8.09-7.98 (m, 3H), 7.85-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H)
ppm. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.28 min, m/z=198.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 3
tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)eth-
yl)carbamate
##STR00123##
[0282] To a solution of 4-(5-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
(330 mg, 1.67 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (321 mg, 1.84 mmol, 1.10 equiv)
in methanol (50 mL) was added acetic acid (51 mg, 0.85 mmol, 0.51
equiv) to adjust the pH of the solution to 7. NaBH.sub.3CN (214 mg,
3.41 mmol, 2.03 equiv) was added to the reaction mixture in a
single portion. The resulting solution was stirred at 65.degree. C.
for 4 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and
concentrated under vacuum. Water (20 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL)
were added to dissolve the residue. The resulting mixture was
extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.20 mL). The organic layers
were combined, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated. The
residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-25% of
ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to yield 400 mg (67%) of
tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbama-
te as a yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, D.sub.2O): .delta.
7.98-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.79 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 6.41 (s,
1H), 3.56 (s, 2H), 3.28-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s,
3H), 1.47 (s, 9H) ppm. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.08 min, m/z=356.0
[M-2TFA+H].sup.+.
Step 4
Compound 2
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benz-
onitrile
##STR00124##
[0284] A solution of tert-butyl
N-[2-([[1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]methyl](methyl)amino)ethyl]carb-
amate (100 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (5 mL) and
trifluoroacetic acid (3 mL) was stirred at 25.degree. C. for 30
min. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give
196.2 mg (85%) of
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
trifluoroacetate as a colorless oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz,
D.sub.2O): .delta. 7.94-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.80 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H),
7.61-7.58 (m, 2H), 6.78 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (s, 2H), 3.30-3.18
(m, 4H), 2.57 (s, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method R, ESI): RT=1.18 min,
m/z=256.1 [M+H].sup.+.
Compound 3
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzonitr-
ile
##STR00125##
[0285] Step 1
ethyl 3-(4-cyanophenyl)propiolate
##STR00126##
[0287] To a stirred solution of ethyl prop-2-ynoate (5.98 g, 60.96
mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (60 mL) maintained
under nitrogen at -65.degree. C. was added dropwise a 2.5M solution
of n-BuLi (28 mL, 1.50 equiv) in hexanes. The reaction mixture was
stirred at -65--40.degree. C. for 1 h then a 0.7M solution of
ZnCl.sub.2 (170 mL, 2.00 equiv) in THF was added. The resulting
solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min.
4-iodobenzonitrile (6.87 g, 30.00 mmol, 0.50 equiv) was then added
in portions followed by the addition of
Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.2C.sub.1-2 (1.05 g, 1.00 equiv). The resulting
mixture was stirred at 50.degree. C. for 5 h and then quenched by
the addition of 150 mL of saturated NH.sub.4Cl solution. The
mixture was extracted with 3.times.100 mL of ether. The combined
organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-10% of methanol in dichloromethane to give
3.25 g (27%) of ethyl 3-(4-cyanophenyl)propiolate as a white
solid.
Step 2
4-(3-oxoprop-1-ynyl)benzonitrile
##STR00127##
[0289] To a solution of ethyl 3-(4-cyanophenyl)propiolate (2.2 g,
11.04 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (10 mL) maintained under
nitrogen at -65.degree. C. was added a 25% DIBAL (22 mL, 2.00
equiv) solution in toluene dropwise with stirring. The resulting
solution was stirred at -65.degree. C. for 2 h and then quenched by
the addition of 5 mL of saturated sodium potassium tartrate
solution. The solid material was removed by filtration. The
filtrate was extracted with 3.times.30 mL of dichloromethane. The
combined organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-10% of methanol in dichloromethane to give 627
mg (37%) of 4-(3-oxoprop-1-ynyl)benzonitrile as a white solid.
Step 3
4-(5-formyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00128##
[0291] To a solution of 4-(3-oxoprop-1-ynyl)benzonitrile (500 mg,
3.22 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in DMSO (15 mL) was added NaN.sub.3 (314 mg,
4.83 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in portions. The resulting solution was
stirred at room temperature for 1 h and then quenched by the
addition of 1 mL of water. The resulting mixture was concentrated
under vacuum and the residue was purified on a C18 flash column
eluted with 0-15% of acetonitrile in water to give 130 mg (20%) of
4-(5-formyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzonitrile as a light yellow
solid. LCMS (method C, ESI), RT=0.93 min, m/z=199.0 [M+1].sup.+
Step 4
tert-butyl
2-(((5-(4-cyanophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)ami-
no)ethyl)carbamate
##STR00129##
[0293] A solution of 4-(5-formyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
(130 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.00 equiv), DIEA (85 mg, 0.66 mmol, 1.00
equiv), tert-butyl N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (137 mg, 0.79
mmol, 1.20 equiv) and tetraisopropyl titanate (187 mg, 0.66 mmol,
1.00 equiv) in methanol (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for
4 h. NaBH.sub.3CN (42 mg, 0.67 mmol, 1.00 equiv) was then added and
the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The
resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give 30 mg (13%)
of crude tert-butyl
2-(((5-(4-cyanophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)c-
arbamate as a white solid. LCMS (method A, ESI), RT=1.18 min,
m/z=357.0 [M+1].sup.+
Step 5
Compound 3
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-y-
l)benzonitrile
##STR00130##
[0295] Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of
tert-butyl
2-(((5-(4-cyanophenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)c-
arbamate (30 mg, 0.08 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) at
0.degree. C. for 15 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 2 h and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue
was partially purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-10% of
methanol in dichloromethane. The product was repurified by Pre-HPLC
with the following conditions (1#-Pre-HPLC-005(Waters)): Column,
XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 5 .mu.m, 19.times.150 mm; mobile
phase, water with 10 mmol NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 and CH.sub.3CN (18%
CH.sub.3CN up to 58% in 10 min, up to 95% in 1 min, down to 18% in
2 min); Detector, UV 254/220 nm to give 6.5 mg (30%) of
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)benzonit-
rile as an off-white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): .delta.
8.39 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.92 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.78
(s, 1H), 2.91-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.17 (s, 3H) ppm.
LCMS (method P, ESI): RT=1.18 min, m/z=257.1 [M+1].sup.+.
Compound 4
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)oxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00131##
[0296] Step 1
N-((4-cyanophenyl)(tosyl)methyl)formamide
##STR00132##
[0298] A solution of 4-formylbenzonitrile (5.2 g, 39.65 mmol, 1.00
equiv), formamide (4.5 g, 99.91 mmol, 2.52 equiv),
4-methylbenzene-1-sulfinic acid (8.7 g, 55.70 mmol, 1.40 equiv) and
chlorotrimethylsilane (6.5 g, 59.83 mmol, 1.51 equiv) in toluene (5
mL) and CH.sub.3CN (5 mL) was stirred at 50.degree. C. for 26 h.
The resulting solution was diluted with 100 mL of water and then
extracted with 3.times.50 mL of ethyl acetate. The organic layers
were combined then washed with 3.times.50 mL of water and
2.times.50 mL of brine. It was then dried over anhydrous sodium
sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give 6 g of crude
N-((4-cyanophenyl)(tosyl)methyl)formamide as a light brown
solid.
Step 2
4-(isocyano(tosyl)methyl)benzonitrile
##STR00133##
[0300] To a stirred solution of
N-((4-cyanophenyl)(tosyl)methyl)formamide (3 g, 9.54 mmol, 1.00
equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) at -10.degree. C. was added
dropwise phosphorus oxychloride (4.4 g, 28.70 mmol, 3.00 equiv) and
TEA (4.8 g, 47.44 mmol, 5.00 equiv). The reaction mixture was
stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then concentrated under
vacuum. The residue was diluted with 100 mL of dichloromethane then
washed with 3.times.50 mL of water and 2.times.50 mL of brine. The
organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-30% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
give 1.5 g (53%) of 4-(isocyano(tosyl)methyl)benzonitrile as an
off-white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): .delta. 8.00-7.90
(m, 3H), 7.80-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.50-7.44 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H)
ppm.
Step 3
ethyl 4-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00134##
[0302] A solution of 4-(isocyano(tosyl)methyl)benzonitrile (1 g,
3.37 mmol, 1.00 equiv), ethyl 2-oxoacetate (1 g, 4.90 mmol, 1.45
equiv) and piperazine (500 mg, 5.80 mmol, 1.72 equiv) in
tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight.
The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue
was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-30% of ethyl
acetate in petroleum ether to afford 0.4 g (49%) of ethyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazole-5-carboxylate as a yellow solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.27-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.07
(s, 1H), 7.76-7.73 (m, 2H), 4.47-4.36 (m, 2H), 1.43-1.33 (m, 3H)
ppm.
Step 4
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00135##
[0304] To a stirred solution of ethyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,3-oxazole-5-carboxylate (347 mg, 1.43 mmol,
1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (5 mL) maintained at -5.degree. C. was
added LiBH.sub.4 (157 mg, 7.14 mmol, 4.98 equiv) in several
portions. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature
for 3 h then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of saturated
NH.sub.4Cl solution. The mixture was extracted with 2.times.10 mL
of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give 190
mg (66%) of 4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile as a
yellow solid. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.13 min, m/z=201.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 5
4-(5-formyloxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00136##
[0306] A mixture of 4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)oxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
(190 mg, 0.95 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and MnO.sub.2 (1.9 g, 21.85 mmol,
23.03 equiv) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was refluxed for 2 h. The
reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solid
material was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated
under vacuum and the residue was purified on a silica gel column
eluted with 0-6% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to yield 20 mg
(11%) of 4-(5-formyloxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile as a white solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 10.02 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s,
1H), 8.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 2H) ppm.
Step 6
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)ca-
rbamate
##STR00137##
[0308] To a solution of 4-(5-formyloxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile (20 mg,
0.10 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (21 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.19 equiv) in
1,2-dichloroethane (3 mL) was added NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (45 mg, 0.21
mmol, 2.10 equiv). The resulting solution was stirred at room
temperature for 2 h then quenched by the addition of 10 mL of
saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The mixture was extracted
with 5 mL of dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give 30
mg (83%) of tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
as a yellow oil. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.13 min, m/z=357.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 7
Compound 4
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)oxazol-4-yl)benzonitr-
ile
##STR00138##
[0310] Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)oxazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
(30 mg, 0.08 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at
-5.degree. C. The resulting solution was stirred at 0 to -5.degree.
C. for 2 h and then concentrated under vacuum. The crude product
was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions (2#-Waters
2767-2(HPLC-08)): Column, Xbridge Shield RP 18, 5 .mu.m,
19.times.150 mm; mobile phase, water with 50 mmol NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3
and CH.sub.3CN (10.0% CH.sub.3CN up to 28.0% in 2 min, up to 46.0%
in 10 min, up to 100.0% in 1 min, down to 10.0% in 1 min);
Detector, UV 254 nm to give 4.5 mg (21%) of
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)oxazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
as a light yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD): .delta.
8.31 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.02
(s, 2H), 3.08 (t, J .about.6 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (t, J .about.6 Hz, 2H),
2.36 (s, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method Q, ESI): RT=1.17 min, m/z=257.1
[M+H].sup.+.
Compound 5
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-
1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00139##
[0311] Step 1
4-azidobenzonitrile
##STR00140##
[0313] A solution of 4-fluorobenzonitrile (10.0 g, 82.57 mmol, 1.00
equiv) and NaN.sub.3 (6.0 g, 92.29 mmol, 1.12 equiv) in DMSO (100
mL) was stirred at 100.degree. C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled
to room temperature and then diluted with 700 mL of water. The
precipitate was collected by filtration and air-dried to give 5.8 g
(49%) of 4-azidobenzonitrile as a light yellow solid. .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 7.88 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d,
J=13.5 Hz, 2H) ppm.
Step 2
ethyl 3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate
##STR00141##
[0315] A solution of 4-azidobenzonitrile (5.3 g, 36.77 mmol, 1.00
equiv) and ethyl prop-2-ynoate (10.82 g, 110.30 mmol, 3.00 equiv)
in ethanol (160 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The
reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was
purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-20% of ethyl acetate
in petroleum ether to give 650 mg (7%) of ethyl
1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate as a white solid.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.11 (d,
J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.27-4.22 (m, 2H), 1.20 (t,
J=6.8 Hz, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method C, ESI): RT=0.87 min,
m/z=243.1[M+H].sup.+ and 2.4 g (26%) of ethyl
1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylate as a white solid.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 9.66 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d,
J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.13 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.41-4.36 (m, 2H), 1.36 (t,
J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.71 min, m/z=243.1
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 3
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00142##
[0317] To a solution of ethyl
1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate (650 mg, 2.68
mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF (15 mL) at 0.degree. C. was added
LiBH.sub.4 (177.3 mg, 8.06 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in portions. The
resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and then
quenched with 100 mL of saturated NH.sub.4Cl solution. The mixture
was extracted with 3.times.100 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined
organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-50% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
give 200 mg (37%) of
4-[5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]benzonitrile as a white
solid. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 8.12 (d, J=8.0
Hz, 2H), 7.96 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 5.60 (t, J=5.2 Hz,
1H), 4.65 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H) ppm. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.07 min,
m/z=201.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 4
4-(5-formyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00143##
[0319] A mixture of
4-[5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]benzonitrile (225 mg,
1.12 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and MnO.sub.2 (1958 mg, 22.52 mmol, 20.04
equiv) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature
overnight. The solid material was removed by filtration. The
filtrate was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified
on a silica gel column eluted with 0-50% of ethyl acetate in
petroleum ether to give 110 mg (49%) of
4-(5-formyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile as a white solid.
.sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) .delta.: 9.96 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s,
1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H) ppm.
Step 5
tert-butyl
2-(((3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)ami-
no)ethyl)carbamate
##STR00144##
[0321] To a stirred solution of
4-(5-formyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (110 mg, 0.56 mmol,
1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (116
mg, 0.67 mmol, 1.20 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was added
NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (353.3 mg, 1.67 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in portions. The
resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and
then quenched by the addition of 20 mL of saturated NH.sub.4Cl
solution. The mixture was extracted with 3.times.50 mL of ethyl
acetate. The combined organic layers was dried over anhydrous
sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was
purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-30% of ethyl acetate
in petroleum ether to afford 100 mg (51%) of tert-butyl
2-(((3-(4-cyanophenyl)-3H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)c-
arbamate as a colorless oil. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6)
.delta.: 7.91 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.81 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (s,
1H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 3.54 (s, 2H), 3.15 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.46 (t,
J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 9H) ppm. LCMS (method C,
ESI): RT=0.76 min, m/z=357.2 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 6
Compound 5:
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonit-
rile
##STR00145##
[0323] A solution of tert-butyl
N-[2-([[1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl]methyl](methyl)amino)ethy-
l]carbamate (100 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (4
mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL) was stirred at room temperature
for 2 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum and
the crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following
conditions (2#-Waters 2767-2(HPLC-08)): Column, XBridge Shield RP
18, 5 .mu.m, 19*.times.150 mm; mobile phase, water with 50 mmol
NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 and CH.sub.3CN (10.0% CH.sub.3CN up to 28.0% in 2
min, up to 46.0% in 10 min, up to 100.0% in 1 min, down to 10.0% in
1 min); Detector, UV 254 nm to give 41.6 mg (58%) of
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzonit-
rile as a white solid. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) .delta.:
8.04-7.91 (s, 5H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 2.76 (t, J.about.6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.53
(t, J- 6.2 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method H, ESI): RT=1.02
min, m/z=257.1 [M+H].sup.+.
Compound 6
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00146##
[0324] Step 1
ethyl 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00147##
[0326] A mixture of ethyl 1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate (10 g, 71.36
mmol, 1.00 equiv), CuI (2.7 g, 14.18 mmol, 0.20 equiv), potassium
carbonate (30 g, 217.06 mmol, 3.02 equiv), 4-iodobenzonitrile (25
g, 109.16 mmol, 1.53 equiv) and
(1S,2S)-1-N,2-N-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (2.0 g, 14.06 mmol,
0.20 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (200 mL) was stirred under nitrogen at
95.degree. C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room
temperature and the solid material was removed by filtration. The
filtrate was diluted with 800 mL of ethyl acetate then washed with
3.times.400 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 1-3% of methanol in dichloromethane to give 450
mg (3%) of ethyl 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate as a
white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): .delta. 8.19 (d, J=0.9
Hz, 2H), 7.84 (d, J=0.9 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (q, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 1.16 (t,
J=5.1 Hz, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.19 min, m/z=242.0
[M+H].sup.+ and 1.2 g (7%) of ethyl
1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate as a white solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.76
(m, 3H), 7.50-7.47 (m, 2H), 4.24 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (t, J=7.2
Hz, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.16 min, m/z=242.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 2
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00148##
[0328] To a stirred solution of ethyl
1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.21 mmol,
1.00 equiv) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) maintained under
nitrogen at -40.degree. C. was added LiAlH.sub.4 (24 mg, 0.63 mmol,
3.05 equiv) in portions. The reaction was stirred at -40.degree. C.
for 1 h and then quenched by the addition of 2 mL of saturated
aqueous NH.sub.4Cl solution. The solid was removed by filtration
and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was
purified on a silica gel column eluted with 3.0-6.7% of methanol in
dichloromethane to yield 36 mg (87%) of
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile as a white
solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 10.11 (s, 1H),
8.07 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 7.77-7.72 (m, 4H),
7.24 (s, 1H), 4.63 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) ppm. LCMS (method C, ESI):
RT=0.25 min, m/z=200.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 3
4-(5-formyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00149##
[0330] A mixture of
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (80 mg, 0.40
mmol, 1.00 equiv) and MnO.sub.2 (525 mg, 6.04 mmol, 15.04 equiv) in
dichloromethane (10 mL) was refluxed for 1 h. The reaction was
cooled to room temperature and the solid material was removed by
filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to give 55
mg (69%) of 4-(5-formyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile as a white
solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 9.80 (s, 1H),
8.03 (s, 1H), 7.99-7.80 (m, 3H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 2H) ppm. LCMS
(method D, ESI): RT=1.06 min, m/z=198.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 4
tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)et-
hylcarbamate
##STR00150##
[0332] To a solution of 4-(5-formyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
(55 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (58 mg, 0.33 mmol, 1.19 equiv) in
1,2-dichloroethane (20 mL) was added NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (178 mg, 0.82
mmol, 2.95 equiv). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for
2 h and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on
a silica gel column eluted with 0-5.4% of methanol in
dichloromethane to give 90 mg (91%) of tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethylcarbama-
te as a colorless oil. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=0.98 min, m/z=356.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 5
Compound 6
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ben-
zonitrile
##STR00151##
[0334] A solution of tert-butyl
N-[2-([[1-(4-cyanophenyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]methyl](methyl)amino)ethyl]car-
bamate (90 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in trifluoroacetic acid (5
mL) and dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for
3 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the
crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following
conditions (waters-1): Column, XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 5
.mu.m, 19.times.150 mm; mobile phase, Phase A: water with 0.03%
NH.sub.4OH Phase B: water with 0.05% TFA; Gradient B (20%-50% 2
min-100% 11 min); Detector, UV 254 nm to afford 25.4 mg (39%) of
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile
trifluoroacetate as a white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz,
CD.sub.3OD): .delta. 7.98-7.95 (m, 3H), 7.83-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.15 (s,
1H), 3.60 (s, 2H), 2.76 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H),
2.16 (s, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method S, ESI): RT=1.18 min, m/z=256.3
[M+H].sup.+.
Compound 7
4-(4-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitr-
ile
##STR00152##
[0335] Step 1
4-(cyano(trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)benzonitrile
##STR00153##
[0337] A mixture of 4-formylbenzonitrile (3 g, 22.88 mmol, 1.00
equiv), potassium phthalimide (106 mg, 0.57 mmol, 0.03 equiv) and
trimethylsilyl cyanide (2.83 g, 28.53 mmol, 1.25 equiv) was stirred
at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was then quenched by
the addition of 50 mL of water and the resulting mixture was
extracted with 3.times.50 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic
layers was washed with 3.times.100 mL of brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give 5.1
g (97%) of 4-[cyano(trimethylsilyloxy)methyl]benzonitrile as a
yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.81-7.78
(m, 2H), 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 0.34 (s, 9H)
ppm.
Step 2
4-(amino(cyano)methyl)benzonitrile hydrochloride
##STR00154##
[0339] A solution of 4-(cyano(trimethylsilyloxy)methyl)benzonitrile
(6 g, 26.05 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a saturated ammonia solution in
methanol (20 mL) was stirred in a 50-mL sealed tube at 60.degree.
C. for 4 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature
and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 60 mL
of ether and then cooled to 0.degree. C. Hydrogen chloride gas was
bubbled into the solution at 0.degree. C. for 15 min. The
precipitate was collected by filtration and then dried in a vacuum
oven to yield 2.5 g (crude) of 4-(amino(cyano)methyl)benzonitrile
hydrochloride as a yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz,
DMSO-d.sub.6): .delta. 9.89 (br s, 2H), 8.09-8.00 (m, 2H),
7.91-7.89 (m, 2H), 6.14 (s, 1H) ppm.
Step 3
4-(4-chloro-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00155##
[0341] To a solution of sulfur monochloride (5.2 g, 38.51 mmol,
2.98 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (15 mL) at 0.degree. C. was
added 4-(amino(cyano)methyl)benzonitrile hydrochloride (2.5 g,
12.91 mmol, 1.00 equiv) portion-wise over 30 min. The resulting
mixture was stirred at 0.degree. C. for 20 min and then warmed to
room temperature and stirred overnight before pouring into
ice-water (200 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with
3.times.100 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were
washed with 3.times.200 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium
sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on
a silica gel column eluted with 0-5% of ethyl acetate in petroleum
ether to give 1.2 g (42%) of
4-(4-chloro-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile as a white solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H),
7.84 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H) ppm.
Step 4
methyl 4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-carboxylate
##STR00156##
[0343] A mixture of 4-(4-chloro-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile
(400 mg, 1.80 mmol, 1.00 equiv), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (41 mg, 0.18 mmol,
0.10 equiv), triethylamine (546 mg, 5.40 mmol, 2.99 equiv) and
1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (74 mg, 0.18 mmol, 0.10 equiv) in
methanol (10 mL) was stirred under 10 atm of carbon monoxide in a
50-mL pressure reactor at 80.degree. C. overnight in an oil bath.
The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 100 mL of
dichloromethane and then washed with 2.times.100 mL of water and
2.times.100 mL of brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous
sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was
purified on a silica gel column eluted with 5-20% of ethyl acetate
in petroleum ether to yield 327 mg (74%) of methyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-carboxylate as a white solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H),
7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (s, 3H) ppm.
Step 5
4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00157##
[0345] To a solution of methyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole-3-carboxylate (260 mg, 1.06
mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) maintained
under nitrogen at -5.degree. C. was added LiBH.sub.4 (117 mg, 5.32
mmol, 5.02 equiv) portion-wise. The reaction was stirred at room
temperature for 1.5 h and then quenched with 5 mL of saturated
NH.sub.4Cl solution. The mixture was extracted with 3.times.20 mL
of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with
3.times.100 mL of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated to afford 230 mg (100%) of
4-(4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile as a light
yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6): .delta. 8.12 (d,
J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.03 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H) ppm.
Step 6
4-(4-formyl-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00158##
[0347] A mixture of
4-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl]benzonitrile (230 mg,
1.06 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and MnO.sub.2 (922 mg, 10.61 mmol, 10.02
equiv) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was stirred at 40.degree. C. for
1.5 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solids
were removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under
vacuum and the residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted
with 2.5-5% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to give 113 mg
(50%) of 4-(4-formyl-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile as a white
solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 10.34 (s, 1H),
8.00 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) ppm.
Step 7
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl)(methyl)ami-
no)ethyl)carbamate
##STR00159##
[0349] To a solution of
4-(4-formyl-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonitrile (113 mg, 0.53 mmol,
1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (137
mg, 0.79 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) was added
NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (223 mg, 1.05 mmol, 2.00 equiv). The reaction was
stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then quenched by the
addition of 10 mL of saturated NaHCO.sub.3 solution. The resulting
mixture was extracted with 3.times.10 mL of dichloromethane. The
combined organic layers were washed with 3.times.30 mL of brine,
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum.
The residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 5-20%
of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to give 129 mg (66%) of
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)c-
arbamate as a colorless oil. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.15 min,
m/z=374.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 8
Compound 7
4-(4-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-y-
l)benzonitrile
##STR00160##
[0351] Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)c-
arbamate (129 mg, 0.35 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (10 mL)
maintained at 0.degree. C. for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at
0.degree. C. for 1 h and then concentrated under vacuum. The solid
was triturated with 3.times.20 mL of ether and 1.times.20 mL of
n-hexane then dried in a vacuum oven to give 83 mg (69%) of
4-(4-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)benzonit-
rile hydrochloride as a white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz,
D.sub.2O): .delta. 7.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H),
4.85 (s, 2H), 3.62-3.38 (m, 4H), 2.94 (s, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method T,
ESI): RT=0.79 min, m/z=274.1 [M+H].sup.+.
Compound 8
N.sup.1-((1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-N.sup.1-methyleth-
ane-1,2-diamine
##STR00161##
[0352] Step 1
(4-isopropoxyphenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride
##STR00162##
[0354] To a stirred solution of 4-(propan-2-yloxy)aniline (5.0 g,
33.07 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in 2N hydrochloric acid (35 mL) at
0.degree. C. was added dropwise a solution of sodium nitrite (2.4
g, 34.78 mmol, 1.05 equiv) in water (8 mL). The reaction mixture
was stirred at 0-5.degree. C. for 1 h. A solution of
SnCl.sub.2.H.sub.2O (15 g, 66.37 mmol, 2.01 equiv) in 12N
hydrochloric acid (20 mL) was then added dropwise at 0-5.degree. C.
The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight.
The precipitates was collected by filtration to give 4.7 g (70%) of
crude (4-isopropoxyphenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride as a purple
solid. The product was used in the next step without further
purification.
Step 2
4-(dimethylamino)-1,1-dimethoxybut-3-en-2-one
##STR00163##
[0356] A mixture of 1,1-dimethoxypropan-2-one (10 g, 84.65 mmol,
1.00 equiv) and DMF-DMA (10 g, 84.03 mmol, 0.99 equiv) was stirred
at 100.degree. C. for 5 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room
temperature and concentrated under vacuum to give 18 g of crude
4-(dimethylamino)-1,1-dimethoxybut-3-en-2-one as a brown liquid.
The crude product was used in the next step without further
purification.
Step 3
1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde
##STR00164##
[0358] A solution of [4-(propan-2-yloxy)phenyl]hydrazine
hydrochloride (1 g, 4.93 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and
(4,4-dimethoxy-3-oxobut-1-en-1-yl)dimethylamine (1.4 g, 8.08 mmol,
1.64 equiv) in ethanol (20 mL) was refluxed for 3 h. The resulting
mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under
vacuum. Acetone (10 mL) and 6N hydrochloric acid (10 mL) was added
to dissolve the residue and the resulting solution was stirred at
room temperature overnight. The reaction was diluted with 100 mL of
dichloromethane and then washed with 3.times.50 mL of brine. The
organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 3.0-7.0% of methanol in dichloromethane to yield
200 mg (18%) of
1-[4-(propan-2-yloxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde as a yellow
oil. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.48 min, m/z=230.9 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 4
tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amin-
o)ethyl)carbamate
##STR00165##
[0360] To a solution of
1-[4-(propan-2-yloxy)phenyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-carbaldehyde (200 mg,
0.87 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (180 mg, 1.03 mmol, 1.19 equiv)
in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) was added NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (550 mg,
2.60 mmol, 2.99 equiv). The mixture was stirred at room temperature
for 5 h and then diluted with 10 mL of H.sub.2O. The resulting
mixture was extracted with 3.times.20 mL of dichloromethane. The
combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate
and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica
gel column eluted with 0-10% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
give 0.18 g (53%) of tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)ca-
rbamate as a colorless oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3):
.delta. 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=9.0 Hz,
2H), 6.52-6.20 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.59 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.40 (m, 2H),
3.29-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 9H),
1.39 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H) ppm. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.64 min,
m/z=389.1 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 5
Compound 8
N.sup.1-((1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-N.sup.-
1-methylethane- 1,2-diamine
##STR00166##
[0362] Hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into a solution of
tert-butyl
2-(((1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)ca-
rbamate (180 mg, 0.46 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in methanol (20 mL) at
0.degree. C. for 15 min. The reaction was stirred at room
temperature for 5 h and then concentrated under vacuum to give
137.3 mg (82%) of
N.sup.1-((1-(4-isopropoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methyl)-N.sup.1-methylet-
hane- 1,2-diamine hydrochloride as an off-white solid. .sup.1H-NMR
(300 MHz, D.sub.2O): .delta. 7.77 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.33 (m,
2H), 7.12-7.09 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.65 (m), 4.52
(s, 2H), 3.38-3.20 (m, 4H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 1.28 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 6H)
ppm. LCMS (method M, ESI): RT=1.21 min, m/z=289.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Compound 10
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00167##
[0363] Step 1
ethyl 2,4-dibromo-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00168##
[0365] To a solution of ethyl 4H-imidazole-4-carboxylate (6.4 g, 50
mmol, 1.00 equiv) in ethanol (50 mL) was added NBS (17.8 g, 100
mmol, 2.00 equiv) in portions. The reaction was stirred at room
temperature for 4 h and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue
was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-10% of ethyl
acetate in petroleum ether to give 3.6 g (74%) of ethyl
2,4-dibromo-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate as a white solid.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 4.45-4.38 (m, 2H), 1.41
(t, J=9.6 Hz, 3H) ppm.
Step 2
ethyl 4-bromo-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00169##
[0367] A mixture of ethyl 2,4-dibromo-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate (9
g, 30.21 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (7.2 g, 2.00 equiv)
in water (80 mL) was stirred at 90.degree. C. for 10 h. The
reaction was cooled to room temperature and the solid was collected
by filtration, washed with 4.times.20 mL of water then air-dried to
afford 4.0 g (60%) of ethyl 4-bromo-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate as a
white solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD): .delta. 7.80 (s,
1H), 4.42-4.35 (m, 2H), 1.40 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method A,
ESI): RT=1.13 min, m/z=219.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 3
ethyl
4-bromo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxyl-
ate
##STR00170##
[0369] To a solution of ethyl 4-bromo-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
(400 mg, 1.83 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2 mL) was
added sodium hydride (100 mg, 4.17 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in portions.
The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 min then
[2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl]trimethylsilane (300 mg, 1.80 mmol, 1.00
equiv) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at room
temperature for 5 h and then diluted with 50 mL of ethyl acetate.
The mixture was washed with 3.times.10 mL of brine then the organic
layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The
residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-10% of
ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to give 330 mg (52%) of ethyl
4-bromo-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
as a colorless oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.69
(s, 1H), 5.67 (s, 2H), 4.43-4.36 (m, 2H), 3.58 (t, J=10.8 Hz, 2H),
1.45-1.40 (m, 3H), 0.94 (t, J=10.8 Hz, 2H), 0.05 (s, 9H) ppm.
Step 4
ethyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazole--
5-carboxylate
##STR00171##
[0371] A mixture of ethyl 4-bromo-
1-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
(3.48 g, 9.96 mmol, 1.00 equiv), (4-cyanophenyl)boronic acid (3.0
g, 20.42 mmol, 2.00 equiv), Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.42
g, 0.06 equiv) and potassium carbonate (4.0 g, 3.00 equiv) in
N,N-dimethylformamide (20 mL) was stirred under nitrogen at
100.degree. C. for 5 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature
and then diluted with 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The mixture was
washed with 4.times.50 mL of brine. The organic layer was dried
over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue was
purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-20% of ethyl acetate
in petroleum ether to give 3.05 g (82%) of ethyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-car-
boxylate as a yellow oil. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.62 min,
m/z=372.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 5
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-
1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00172##
[0373] To a solution of LiAlH.sub.4 (114 mg, 3.36 mmol, 3.00 equiv)
in anhydrous THF (5 mL) maintained under nitrogen at -50.degree. C.
was added dropwise a solution of ethyl
4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazole-5-car-
boxylate (371 mg, 1.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (2 mL).
The reaction was stirred at -50.degree. C. for 1 h and then
quenched by the addition of 1 mL of water. The resulting mixture
was extracted with 4.times.20 mL of dichloromethane. The combined
organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated. The residue was purified on a silica gel column
eluted with 0-50% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to give 110
mg (33%) of
4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-y-
l)benzonitrile as a pale yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.92-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.65 (m, 3H), 5.39 (s,
2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 3.56 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=11.2 Hz,
2H), 0.01 (s, 9H) ppm. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.27 min, m/z=330.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 6
4-(5-formyl-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzonit-
rile
##STR00173##
[0375] A mixture of 4-(5-(hydroxymethyl)-
1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
(100 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and MnO.sub.2 (260 mg, 2.99 mmol,
10.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was stirred at room
temperature for 1 h. The solid material was removed by filtration.
The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to yield 64 mg (64%) of
4-(5-formyl-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzoni-
trile as a yellow solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta.
9.94 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.76-7.56 (m, 4H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 3.66
(t, J=9.4 Hz, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=9.4 Hz, 2H), 0.04 (s, 9H) ppm. LCMS
(method A, ESI): RT=1.57 min, m/z=328.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 7
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H--
imidazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
##STR00174##
[0377] To a solution of
4-(5-formyl-1-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl]-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzoni-
trile (54 mg, 0.16 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (51 mg, 0.29 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in
1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) was added NaBH(AcO).sub.3 (100 mg, 0.46
mmol, 3.00 equiv). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for
10 h. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 10 with 5%
potassium carbonate solution. The mixture was extracted with
3.times.10 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue
was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-50% of ethyl
acetate in petroleum ether to give 64 mg (80%) of tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-5-
-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate as a colorless oil. LCMS
(method A, ESI): RT=1.33 min, m/z=486.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 8
Compound 10
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
##STR00175##
[0379] A solution of tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl)-1H-imidazol-5-
-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate (60 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.00
equiv) in trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) and dichloromethane (1 mL)
was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The precipitated crude
product was collected by filtration and then purified by Prep-HPLC
with the following conditions: Column, XBridge Shield RP 18, 5
.mu.m, 19.times.150 mm; mobile phase, water with 50 mmol
CF.sub.3COOH and CH.sub.3CN (10.0% CH.sub.3CN up to 28.0% in 2 min,
up to 46.0% in 10 min, up to 100.0% in 1 min, down to 10.0% in 1
min); Detector, UV 254 nm to afford 37.3 mg (62%) of
4-(5-(((2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino)methyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)benzonitrile
trifluoroacetate as a colorless semi-solid. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz,
D.sub.2O): .delta. 8.72 (s, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d,
J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.18 (m, 4H), 2.54 (s, 3H) ppm.
LCMS (method M, ESI): RT=0.92 min, m/z=256.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Compound 11
N.sup.1-((4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-N.sup.1-methylethane-
1,2-diamine
##STR00176##
[0380] Step 1
(4-fluorobenzyl)zinc(II) bromide
##STR00177##
[0382] To a stirred mixture of Zn metal (18.5 g, 289.06 mmol, 1.09
equiv), 12 (500 mg, 1.97 mmol, 0.01 equiv) and
1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene (5 g, 0.10 equiv) in anhydrous
tetrahydrofuran (50 mL) maintained under nitrogen at room
temperature was added dropwise a solution of
1-(bromomethyl)-4-fluorobenzene (45 g, 211.6 mmol, 0.90 equiv) in
tetrahydrofuran (200 mL). TMSCl (500 mg, 4.60 mmol, 0.02 equiv) was
then added dropwise to the reaction. The resulting mixture was
refluxed for 10 h. The solution was cooled to 0.degree. C. and used
in the next step immediately.
Step 2
ethyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxopropanoate
##STR00178##
[0384] To a stirred mixture of ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate (35 g,
256.35 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.2C.sub.1-2 (9 g,
12.82 mmol, 0.05 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) maintained
under nitrogen at 0.degree. C. was added dropwise a solution of
(4-fluorobenzyl)zinc(II) bromide (65 g, 255.47 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in
tetrahydrofuran (500 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 12
h then cooled to 0.degree. C. and quenched by dropwise addition of
500 mL of saturated NH.sub.4Cl solution. The resulting mixture was
extracted with 2.times.500 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined
organic layers was washed with 1.times.1 L of brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue
was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-5% of ethyl
acetate in petroleum ether to give 18 g (34%) of ethyl
3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxopropanoate as a yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR
(300 MHz, DMSO): .delta. 7.36-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.12 (m, 2H), 4.50
(s, 1H), 4.26 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.20 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
Step 3
(E)-ethyl 4-ethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate
##STR00179##
[0386] A solution of ethyl 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxopropanoate (4 g,
19.03 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and triethoxymethane (16 mL) in acetic
anhydride (5 mL) was stirred at 130.degree. C. overnight. The
reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with 0-10% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to
give 700 mg (14%) of (E)-ethyl
4-ethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate as a yellow oil.
.sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): .delta. 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.32-7.28 (m,
2H), 7.09-7.05 (m, 2H), 4.23 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.16 (q, J=8.0 Hz,
2H), 1.37-1.20 (m, 6H) ppm.
Step 4
ethyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylate
##STR00180##
[0388] A solution of (E)-ethyl
4-ethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate (1.5 g, 5.63 mmol,
1.00 equiv) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2 g, 28.99 mmol, 5.15
equiv) in ethanol (10 mL) was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction
mixture was cooled to room temperature and then quenched by 15 mL
of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The resulting mixture was
extracted with 2.times.10 mL of ethyl acetate. The combined organic
layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated
under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column
eluted with 0-10% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to yield 340
mg (26%) of ethyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazole-5-carboxylate as a
yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.57 (s,
1H), 7.47-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 2H), 4.43 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H),
1.30 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H) ppm.
Step 5
(4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol
##STR00181##
[0390] To a stirred mixture of LiAlH.sub.4 (259 mg, 6.82 mmol, 2.01
equiv) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) maintained under
nitrogen at -60.degree. C. was added dropwise a solution of ethyl
4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazole-5-carboxylate (800 mg, 3.40 mmol,
1.00 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL). The reaction mixture was
stirred at -35.degree. C. for 1 h and then quenched by 2.5 mL of
saturated NH.sub.4Cl solution. The solid material was removed by
filtration. The filtrate was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate
and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica
gel column eluted with 10-15% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether
to give 300 mg (46%) of (4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol
as a yellow oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.53
(s, 1H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.07 (m, 2H), 4.87 (s, 2H) ppm.
LCMS (method C, ESI): RT=0.79 min, m/z=194.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 6
tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl-
)carbamate
##STR00182##
[0392] To a stirred solution of
(4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methanol (240 mg, 1.24 mmol, 1.00
equiv) and TEA (377 mg, 3.73 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in dichloromethane
(20 mL) at 0.degree. C. was added methanesulfonyl chloride (215 mg,
1.88 mmol, 1.51 equiv). The reaction mixture was stirred at room
temperature for 2 h. tert-butyl N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate
(649 mg, 3.72 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was then added and the reaction was
stirred at room temperature for another 2 h. The resulting mixture
was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was purified on a
silica gel column eluted with 7-15% of ethyl acetate in petroleum
ether to yield 300 mg (69%) of tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
as a yellow oil. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.11 min, m/z=350
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 7
Compound 11
N.sup.1-((4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-N.sup.1-methylethane-1,-
2-diamine
##STR00183##
[0394] A solution of tert-butyl
2-(((4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
(300 mg, 0.86 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in trifluoroacetic acid (5 mL) and
dichloromethane (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The
resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the crude
product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions
(Prep-HPLC-019): Column, XBridge Shield RP18 OBD Column, 5 .mu.m,
19.times.150 mm; mobile phase, water with 0.05% TFA and MeCN (6.0%
MeCN up to 10.0% in 10 min); Detector, UV 220/254 nm to give 74.9
mg (35%) of
N.sup.1-((4-(4-fluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methyl)-N.sup.1-methylethane-1,-
2-diamine trifluoroacetate as a colorless oil. .sup.1H-NMR (300
MHz, D.sub.2O): .delta. 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.24-7.18
(m, 2H), 4.69-4.71 (m, 2H), 3.57-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.37 (m, 2H),
2.90 (s, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method O, ESI): RT=3.81 min, m/z=250.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Synthesis of Intermediates
Intermediate I
tert-butyl
(2-(((3-iodo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methy-
l)(methyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate
##STR00184##
[0395] Step 1
tert-butyl (2-(((3-iodo-
1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)c-
arbamate
##STR00185##
[0397] A mixture of 3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde
(3.2 g, 10.45 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butyl
N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]carbamate (2.2 g, 12.63 mmol, 1.21 equiv)
and NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (6.65 g, 31.38 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in
dichloroethane (30 mL) was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The
reaction was quenched with 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium
bicarbonate solution. The resulting mixture was extracted with
3.times.200 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic layers was
dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum.
The residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 30-100%
ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to give 4.05 g (83%) of tert-butyl
(2-(((3-iodo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)-
amino)ethyl)carbamate as a light yellow oil. .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.48 (s, 1H), 5.35-5.30 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.03 (m,
1H), 3.71-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.36 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.25 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.49
(m, 2H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.09-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.58 (m, 3H), 1.44
(s, 9H) ppm. LCMS (method C, ESI): RT=0.58 min, m/z=465.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Intermediate II
tert-butyl (2-(((3-iodo-
1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)(-
methyl)carbamate
##STR00186##
[0398] Step 1
ethyl 3-iodo-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate
##STR00187##
[0400] To a stirred solution of ethyl
3-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (10 g, 64.45 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in
50% sulfuric acid (90 mL) at 5.degree. C. was added dropwise a
solution of NaNO.sub.2 (7.4 g, 107.25 mmol, 1.66 equiv) in water
(15 mL). The reaction was stirred at 5.degree. C. for another 30
min. A solution of KI (32.1 g, 193.37 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in water
(15 mL) was added dropwise at 5.degree. C. The reaction was allowed
to stir at 5.degree. C. for 1 h and then quenched by the addition
of 50 mL of water. The precipitate was collected by filtration and
then dissolved in 150 mL of ethyl acetate. The resulting solution
was washed sequentially with 1.times.100 mL of saturated
Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 solution, 1.times.100 mL of saturated sodium
bicarbonate solution and 1.times.100 mL of brine. The organic layer
was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under
vacuum to give 10.8 g (63%) of ethyl
3-iodo-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate as a yellow solid. .sup.1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.18 (s, 1H), 4.38-4.29 (m, 2H),
1.41-1.33 (m, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method B, ESI): RT=1.36 min, m/z=267.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 2
ethyl 3-iodo-
1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate
##STR00188##
[0402] A solution of ethyl 3-iodo-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (10.8
g, 40.60 mmol, 1.00 equiv), 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (10 g, 118.88
mmol, 2.93 equiv) and TsOH (780 mg, 4.53 mmol, 0.11 equiv) in THF
(100 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 60.degree. C. The reaction mixture
was cooled to room temperature and quenched by the addition of 100
mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The resulting solution
was extracted with 2.times.80 mL of dichloromethane. The combined
organic layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and
concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel
column eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:20) to give 13
g (91%) of ethyl 3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate as
a yellow oil. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 8.04 (s,
1H), 5.40-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.08-4.05 (m, 1H),
3.73-3.70 (m, 1H), 2.07-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.62 (m, 3H), 1.39-1.32
(m, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method C, ESI): RT=1.53 min, m/z=351.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 3
3-iodo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic
acid
##STR00189##
[0404] To a solution of ethyl
3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (85 g, 242.75 mmol,
1.00 equiv) in THF (300 mL) and methanol (300 mL) was added a
solution of LiOH (17.5 g, 730.69 mmol, 3.01 equiv) in water (400
mL). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature
overnight and then concentrated under vacuum to remove the organic
solvent. The resulting solution was diluted with 400 mL of H.sub.2O
and then acidified to pH 6.0 with 1M hydrochloric acid. The mixture
was extracted with 3.times.800 mL of dichloromethane. The combined
organic layers was washed with 3.times.1000 mL of brine, dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give 75 g
(96%) of 3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid as an
off-white solid. LCMS (method D, ESI): RT=1.23 min, m/z=323.0
[M+H].sup.+.
Step 4
(3-iodo- 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanol
##STR00190##
[0406] To a solution of
3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (28 g, 86.93
mmol, 1.00 equiv) in anhydrous THF (300 mL) maintained under
nitrogen at 5.degree. C. was added a 1M solution of BH.sub.3 in THF
(300 mL) dropwise with stirring. The reaction was stirred overnight
at room temperature and then quenched by the addition of 300 mL of
saturated NH.sub.4Cl solution. The resulting mixture was extracted
with 3.times.1000 mL of dichloromethane. The combined organic
layers was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated
under vacuum. The residue was purified on a silica gel column
eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:1) to give 12.67 g
(47%) of (3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanol as a white
solid. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): .delta. 7.73 (s, 1H),
5.37-5.34 (m, 1H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 3.89-3.88
(m, 1H), 3.65-3.57 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.90 (m, 2H),
1.69-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.46 (m, 2H) ppm. LCMS (method A, ESI):
RT=1.16 min, m/z=309.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 5
3-iodo- 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde
##STR00191##
[0408] Into a 250-mL 3-necked round-bottom flask purged and. To a
stirred solution of oxalyl chloride (18.576 g, 146.35 mmol, 3.01
equiv) in anhydrous dichloromethane (300 mL) maintained under
nitrogen at -78.degree. C. was added DMSO (15.138 g, 193.75 mmol,
3.98 equiv) dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at
-65.degree. C. for 30 min. A solution of
(3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanol (15.0 g, 48.68 mmol,
1.00 equiv) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was then added dropwise at
-65.degree. C. and the reaction was stirred for another 60 min at
-65.degree. C. Triethylamine (40.6 mL) was added dropwise at
-65.degree. C. and the reaction was stirred for 30 min at
-65.degree. C. The reaction was warmed to 0.degree. C. then
quenched by the addition of 100 mL of saturated NH.sub.4Cl
solution. The resulting mixture was extracted with 3.times.400 mL
of dichloromethane. The combined organic layers was dried over
anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue
was purified on a silica gel column eluted with ethyl
acetate/petroleum ether (1:20) to give 13.48 g (90%) of
3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde as a golden oil.
.sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): .delta. 9.69 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H),
5.49 (dd, J=2.7 Hz, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.95-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.62 (m,
1H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.62 (m, 3H) ppm. LCMS (method A,
ESI): RT=1.35 min, m/z=307.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Step 6
tert-butyl (2-(((3-iodo-
1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)amino)ethyl)(-
methyl)carbamate
##STR00192##
[0410] A mixture of 3-iodo-1-(oxan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde
(21.5 g, 70.24 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butyl
N-methyl-N-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)carbamate (20 g, 106.23 mmol, 1.51
equiv) and NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (29.8 g, 137.98 mmol, 1.96 equiv) in
dichloroethane (300 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature.
The reaction was diluted with 300 mL of dichloromethane and then
washed with 3.times.300 mL of brine. The organic layer was dried
over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The
residue was purified on a silica gel column eluted with 0-7%
methanol in dichloromethane to give 31 g (92%) of tert-butyl
(2-(((3-iodo-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)(methyl)-
amino)ethyl)(methyl)carbamate as a yellow oil. .sup.1H NMR (300
MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 7.62 (s, 1H), 5.34-5.30 (m, 1H),
4.06-4.02 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.62 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.38 (m, 4H), 2.85 (s,
4H), 2.62-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.97 (m, 3H),
1.74-1.69 (m, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H) ppm. LCMS (method A, ESI): RT=1.17
min, m/z=479.0 [M+H].sup.+.
Biological Methods
PRMT1 Biochemical Assay
[0411] General Materials.
[0412] S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH),
bicine, Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin
(BSG), and Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride solution
(TCEP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest level of
purity possible. .sup.3H-SAM was purchase from American
Radiolabeled Chemicals with a specific activity of 80 Ci/mmol.
384-well streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from
PerkinElmer.
[0413] Substrates.
[0414] Peptide representative of human histone H4 residues 36-50
was synthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and a
C-terminal amide cap by 21.sup.st Century Biochemicals. The peptide
was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to
greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequence was
Biot-Ahx-RLARRGGVKRISGLI-amide (SEQ ID NO.: 1).
[0415] Molecular Biology:
[0416] Full-length human PRMT1 isoform 1 (NM_001536.5) transcript
clone was amplified from an HEK 293 cDNA library, incorporating
flanking 5' sequence encoding a FLAG tag (DYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO.:2)
fused directly to Met 1 of PRMT1. The amplified gene was subcloned
into pFastBacI (Life Technologies) modified to encode an N-terminal
GST tag and a TEV cleavage sequence
(MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGLEFPNLPYYI
DGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLK VDFLS
KLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDHVTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKL
VCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIAWPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPKSDENLYFQGGNS)(SEQ ID
NO.:3) fused to Asp of the Flag tag of PRMT1.
[0417] Protein Expression.
[0418] Recombinant baculovirus were generated according to
Bac-to-Bac kit instructions (Life Technologies). Protein
over-expression was accomplished by infecting exponentially growing
High Five insect cell culture at 1.5.times.10.sup.6 cell/ml with
1:100 ratio of virus. Infections were carried out at 27.degree. C.
for 48 hours, harvested by centrifugation, and stored at
-80.degree. C. for purification.
[0419] Protein Purification.
[0420] Expressed full-length human GST-tagged PRMT1 protein was
purified from cell paste by glutathione sepharose affinity
chromatography after equilibration of the resin with 50 mM
phosphate buffer, 200 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 5 mM-mercaptoethanol,
pH7.8 (Buffer A). GST-tagged PRMT1 was eluted with 50 mM Tris, 2 mM
glutathione, pH 7.8, dialysed in buffer A and concentrated to 1
mg/mL. The purity of recovered protein was 73%. Reference: Wasilko,
D. J. and S. E. Lee: "TIPS: titerless infected-cells preservation
and scale-up" Bioprocess J., 5 (2006), pp. 29-32.
[0421] Predicted Translations:
TABLE-US-00004 GST-tagged PRMT1 (SEQ ID NO.: 4)
MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGL
EFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVL
DIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDHVTH
PDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIA
WPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPKSDENLYFQGGNSDYKDDDDKMAAAEAANCIME
NFVATLANGMSLQPPLEEVSCGQAESSEKPNAEDMTSKDYYFDSYAHFGI
HEEMLKDEVRTLTYRNSMFHNRHLFKDKVVLDVGSGTGILCMFAAKAGAR
KVIGIECSSISDYAVKIVKANKLDHVVTIIKGKVEEVELPVEKVDIIISE
WMGYCLFYESMLNTVLYARDKWLAPDGLIFPDRATLYVTAIEDRQYKDYK
IHWWENVYGFDMSCIKDVAIKEPLVDVVDPKQLVTNACLIKEVDIYTVKV
EDLTFTSPFCLQVKRNDYVHALVAYFNIEFTRCHKRTGFSTSPESPYTHW
KQTVFYMEDYLTVKTGEEIFGTIGMRPNAKNNRDLDFTIDLDFKGQLCEL SCSTDYRMR
[0422] General Procedure for PRMT1 Enzyme Assays on Peptide
Substrates.
[0423] The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20
mM Bicine (pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20,
prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were
spotted into a polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner)
using a Platemate Plus outfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo
Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) was added to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
A-H for the maximum signal control and 1 ul of SAH, a known product
and inhibitor of PRMT1, was added to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40ul) containing
the PRMT1 enzyme was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo-Fisher). The
compounds were allowed to incubate with PRMT1 for 30 min at room
temperature, then a cocktail (10ul) containing SAM and peptide was
added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51ul). The final
concentrations of the components were as follows: PRMT1 was 0.5 nM,
.sup.3H-SAM was 200 nM, non-radiolabeled SAM was 1.5 uM, peptide
was 20 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was 1 mM, and
the DMSO concentration was 2%. The assays were stopped by the
addition of non-radiolabeled SAM (10ul) to a final concentration of
300 uM, which dilutes the .sup.3H-SAM to a level where its
incorporation into the peptide substrate is no longer detectable.
50ul of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate was then
transferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the biotinylated peptides
were allowed to bind to the streptavidin surface for at least 1
hour before being washed once with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405
plate washer. The plates were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount
plate reader to measure the quantity of .sup.3H-labeled peptide
bound to the Flashplate surface, measured as disintegrations per
minute (dpm) or alternatively, referred to as counts per minute
(cpm).
% Inhibition Calculation
[0424] % inh = 100 - ( dpm cmpd - dpm min dpm max - dpm min )
.times. 100 ##EQU00001##
[0425] Where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay
well, and min and max are the respective minimum and maximum signal
controls.
Four-Parameter IC.sub.50 Fit
[0426] Y = Bottom + ( Top - Bottom ) ( 1 + ( X IC 50 ) Hill
Coefficient ##EQU00002##
[0427] Where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but
may be fixed at 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The
Hill Coefficient normally allowed to float but may also be fixed at
1 in a 3-parameter fit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound
concentration.
PRMT6 Biochemical Assay
[0428] General Materials.
[0429] S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH),
bicine, Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin
(BSG), sodium butyrate and Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
hydrochloride solution (TCEP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at
the highest level of purity possible. .sup.3H-SAM was purchase from
American Radiolabeled Chemicals with a specific activity of 80
Ci/mmol. 384-well streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from
PerkinElmer.
[0430] Substrates.
[0431] Peptide representative of human histone H4 residues 36-50
was synthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and a
C-terminal amide cap by 21.sup.st Century Biochemicals. The peptide
was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to
greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequence was
Biot-Ahx-RLARRGGVKRISGLI-amide and contained a monomethylated
lysine at position 44 (SEQ ID NO.:5).
[0432] Molecular Biology:
[0433] Full-length human PRMT6 (NM_018137.2) transcript clone was
amplified from an HEK 293 cDNA library, incorporating a flanking 5'
sequence encoding a FLAG tag (MDYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO.:6) fused
directly to Ser 2 of PRMT6 and a 3' sequence encoding a hexa His
sequence (HHHHHH) fused directly to Asp 375. The amplified gene was
subcloned into pFastBacMam (Viva Biotech).
[0434] Protein Expression.
[0435] Recombinant baculovirus were generated according to
Bac-to-Bac kit instructions (Life Technologies). Protein
over-expression was accomplished by infecting exponentially growing
HEK 293F cell culture at 1.3.times.10.sup.6 cell/ml with virus
(MOI=10) in the presence of 8 mM sodium butyrate. Infections were
carried out at 37.degree. C. for 48 hours, harvested by
centrifugation, and stored at -80.degree. C. for purification.
[0436] Protein Purification.
[0437] Expressed full-length human Flag- and His-tagged PRMT6
protein was purified from cell paste by NiNTA agarose affinity
chromatography after equilibration of the resin with buffer
containing 50 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, pH 7.8 (Buffer
Ni-A). Column was washed with 20 mM imidazole in the same buffer
and Flag-PRMT6-His was eluted with 150 mM imidazole. Pooled
fractions were dialysed against buffer Ni-A and further purified by
anti-flag M2 affinity chromatography. Flag-PRMT6-His was eluted
with 200 ug/ml FLAG peptide in the same buffer. Pooled fractions
were dialysed in 20 mM Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol and 5 mM
.beta.-mercaptoethanol, pH 7.8. The purity of recovered protein was
95%.
[0438] Predicted Translations:
TABLE-US-00005 Flag-PRMT6-His (SEQ ID NO.: 7)
MDYKDDDDKSQPKKRKLESGGGGEGGEGTEEEDGAEREAALERPRRTKRE
RDQLYYECYSDVSVHEEMIADRVRTDAYRLGILRNWAALRGKTVLDVGAG
TGILSIFCAQAGARRVYAVEASAIWQQAREVVRFNGLEDRVHVLPGPVET
VELPEQVDAIVSEWMGYGLLHESMLSSVLHARTKWLKEGGLLLPASAELF
IAPISDQMLEWRLGFWSQVKQHYGVDMSCLEGFATRCLMGHSEIVVQGLS
GEDVLARPQRFAQLELSRAGLEQELEAGVGGRFRCSCYGSAPMHGFAIWF
QVTFPGGESEKPLVLSTSPFHPATHWKQALLYLNEPVQVEQDTDVSGEIT
LLPSRDNPRRLRVLLRYKVGDQEEKTKDFAMEDHHHHHH
[0439] General Procedure for PRMT6 Enzyme Assays on Peptide
Substrates.
[0440] The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20
mM Bicine (pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20,
prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were
spotted into a polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner)
using a Platemate Plus outfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo
Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) was added to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
A-H for the maximum signal control and 1 ul of SAH, a known product
and inhibitor of PRMT6, was added to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40ul) containing
the PRMT6 enzyme was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo-Fisher). The
compounds were allowed to incubate with PRMT6 for 30 min at room
temperature, then a cocktail (10ul) containing SAM and peptide was
added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51ul). The final
concentrations of the components were as follows: PRMT6 was 1 nM,
.sup.3H-SAM was 200 nM, non-radiolabeled SAM was 250 nM, peptide
was 75 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was 1 mM, and
the DMSO concentration was 2%. The assays were stopped by the
addition of non-radiolabeled SAM (10ul) to a final concentration of
400 uM, which dilutes the .sup.3H-SAM to a level where its
incorporation into the peptide substrate is no longer detectable.
50ul of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate was then
transferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the biotinylated peptides
were allowed to bind to the streptavidin surface for at least 1
hour before being washed once with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405
plate washer. The plates were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount
plate reader to measure the quantity of .sup.3H-labeled peptide
bound to the Flashplate surface, measured as disintegrations per
minute (dpm) or alternatively, referred to as counts per minute
(cpm).
% Inhibition Calculation
[0441] % inh = 100 - ( dpm cmpd - dpm min dpm max - dpm min )
.times. 100 ##EQU00003##
[0442] Where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay
well, and min and max are the respective minimum and maximum signal
controls.
Four-Parameter IC.sub.50 Fit
[0443] Y = Bottom + ( Top - Bottom ) ( 1 + ( X IC 50 ) Hill
Coefficient ##EQU00004##
[0444] Where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but
may be fixed at 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The
Hill Coefficient normally allowed to float but may also be fixed at
1 in a 3-parameter fit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound
concentration.
PRMT8 Biochemical Assay
[0445] General Materials.
[0446] S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH),
bicine, Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin
(BSG), isopropyl-P3-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride solution (TCEP) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest level of purity
possible. .sup.3H-SAM was purchase from American Radiolabeled
Chemicals with a specific activity of 80 Ci/mmol. 384-well
streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from PerkinElmer.
[0447] Substrates.
[0448] Peptide representative of human histone H4 residues 31-45
was synthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and a
C-terminal amide cap by 21.sup.st Century Biochemicals. The peptide
was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to
greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequence was
Biot-Ahx-KPAIRRLARRGGVKR-amide (SEQ ID NO.:8).
Molecular Biology:
[0449] Full-length human PRMT8 (NM_019854.4) isoform 1 transcript
clone was amplified from an HEK 293 cDNA library and subcloned into
pGEX-4T-1 (GE Life Sciences). The resulting construct encodes an
N-terminal GST tag and a thrombin cleavage sequence
(MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGLEFPNLPYYI
DGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLK VDFLS
KLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDHVTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKL
VCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIAWPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPKSDLVPRGSPEF) (SEQ ID
NO.:9) fused directly to Met 1 of PRMT8.
Protein Expression.
[0450] E. coli (BL21(DE3) Gold, Stratagene) made competent by the
CaCl.sub.2 method were transformed with the PRMT8 construct and
ampicillin selection. Protein over-expression was accomplished by
growing the PRMT8 expressing E. coli clone and inducing expression
with 0.3 mM IPTG at 16.degree. C. The culture was grown for 12
hours, harvested by centrifugation, and stored at -80.degree. C.
for purification.
[0451] Protein Purification.
[0452] Expressed full-length human GST-tagged PRMT8 protein was
purified from cell paste by glutathione sepharose affinity
chromatography after the resin was equilibrated with 50 mM
phosphate buffer, 200 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 5 mM 3-mercaptoethanol,
pH7.8 (Buffer A). GST-tagged PRMT8 was eluted with 50 mM Tris, 2 mM
glutathione, pH 7.8. Pooled fractions were cleaved by thrombin (10
U) and dialysed in buffer A. GST was removed by reloading the
cleaved protein sample onto glutathione sepharose column and PRMT8
was collected in the flow-through fractions. PRMT8 was purified
further by ceramic hydroxyapatite chromatography. The column was
washed with 50 mM phosphate buffer, 100 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 5
mM-mercaptoethanol, pH 7.8 and PRMT8 was eluted by 100 mM phosphate
in the same buffer. Protein was concentrated and buffer was
exchanged to 50 mM Tris, 300 mM NaCl, 10% glycerol, 5 mM
(3-mercaptoethanol, pH 7.8 by ultrafiltration. The purity of
recovered protein was 89%.
[0453] Predicted Translations:
TABLE-US-00006 GST-tagged PRMT8 (SEQ ID NO.: 10)
MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGL
EFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVL
DIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDHVTH
PDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIA
WPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPKSDLVPRGSPEFMGMKHSSRCLLLRRKMAENAA
ESTEVNSPPSQPPQPVVPAKPVQCVHHVSTQPSCPGRGKMSKLLNPEEMT
SRDYYFDSYAHFGIHEEMLKDEVRTLTYRNSMYHNKHVFKDKVVLDVGSG
TGILSMFAAKAGAKKVFGIECSSISDYSEKIIKANHLDNIITIFKGKVEE
VELPVEKVDIIISEWMGYCLFYESMLNTVIFARDKWLKPGGLMFPDRAAL
YVVAIEDRQYKDFKIHWWENVYGFDMTCIRDVAMKEPLVDIVDPKQVVTN
ACLIKEVDIYTVKTEELSFTSAFCLQIQRNDYVHALVTYFNIEFTKCHKK
MGFSTAPDAPYTHWKQTVFYLEDYLTVRRGEEIYGTISMKPNAKNVRDLD
FTVDLDFKGQLCETSVSNDYKMR
[0454] General Procedure for PRMT8 Enzyme Assays on Peptide
Substrates.
[0455] The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20
mM Bicine (pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20,
prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were
spotted into a polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner)
using a Platemate Plus outfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo
Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) was added to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
A-H for the maximum signal control and 1 ul of SAH, a known product
and inhibitor of PRMT8, was added to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40ul) containing
the PRMT8 enzyme was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo-Fisher). The
compounds were allowed to incubate with PRMT8 for 30 min at room
temperature, then a cocktail (10ul) containing .sup.3H-SAM and
peptide was added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51ul). The
final concentrations of the components were as follows: PRMT8 was
1.5 nM, .sup.3H-SAM was 50 nM, non-radiolabeled SAM was 550 nM,
peptide was 150 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was 1
mM, and the DMSO concentration was 2%. The assays were stopped by
the addition of non-radiolabeled SAM (10ul) to a final
concentration of 400 uM, which dilutes the .sup.3H-SAM to a level
where its incorporation into the peptide substrate is no longer
detectable. 50ul of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene
plate was then transferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the
biotinylated peptides were allowed to bind to the streptavidin
surface for at least 1 hour before being washed once with 0.1%
Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405 plate washer. The plates were then read
in a PerkinElmer TopCount plate reader to measure the quantity of
.sup.3H-labeled peptide bound to the Flashplate surface, measured
as disintegrations per minute (dpm) or alternatively, referred to
as counts per minute (cpm).
% Inhibition Calculation
[0456] % inh = 100 - ( dpm cmpd - dpm min dpm max - dpm min )
.times. 100 ##EQU00005##
[0457] Where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay
well, and min and max are the respective minimum and maximum signal
controls.
Four-Parameter IC.sub.50 Fit
[0458] Y = Bottom + ( Top - Bottom ) ( 1 + ( X IC 50 ) Hill
Coefficient ##EQU00006##
[0459] Where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but
may be fixed at 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The
Hill Coefficient normally allowed to float but may also be fixed at
1 in a 3-parameter fit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound
concentration.
PRMT3 Biochemical Assay
[0460] General Materials.
[0461] S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH),
bicine, Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin
(BSG), isopropyl-.beta.-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and
Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride solution (TCEP) were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest level of purity
possible. .sup.3H-SAM was purchase from American Radiolabeled
Chemicals with a specific activity of 80 Ci/mmol. 384-well
streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from PerkinElmer.
[0462] Substrates.
[0463] Peptide containing the classic RMT substrate motif was
synthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and a
C-terminal amide cap by 21.sup.st Century Biochemicals. The peptide
was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to
greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequence was
Biot-Ahx-GGRGGFGGRGGFGGRGGFG-amide (SEQ ID NO.:11).
[0464] Molecular Biology:
[0465] Full-length human PRMT3 (NM_005788.3) isoform 1 transcript
clone was amplified from an HEK 293 cDNA library and subcloned into
pGEX-KG (GE Life Sciences). The resulting construct encodes an
N-terminal GST tag and a thrombin cleavage sequence
(MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGLEFPNLPYYI
DGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVLDIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLK VDFLS
KLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDHVTHPDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKL
VCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIAWPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPKSDLVPRGS) (SEQ ID NO.:12)
fused directly to Cys 2 of PRMT3.
[0466] Protein Expression.
[0467] E. coli (BL21(DE3) Gold, Stratagene) made competent by the
CaCl.sub.2 method were transformed with the PRMT3 construct and
ampicillin selection. Protein over-expression was accomplished by
growing the PRMT3 expressing E. coli clone and inducing expression
with 0.3 mM IPTG at 16.degree. C. The culture was grown for 12
hours, harvested by centrifugation, and stored at -80.degree. C.
for purification.
[0468] Protein Purification.
[0469] Expressed full-length human GST-tagged PRMT3 protein was
purified from cell paste by glutathione sepharose affinity
chromatography after equilibration of the resin with 50 mM
phosphate buffer, 200 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA, 5 mM
3-mercaptoethanol, pH6.5 (Buffer A). GST-tagged PRMT3 was eluted
with 50 mM Tris, 2 mM glutathione, pH 7.1 and 50 mM Tris, 20 mM
glutathione, pH 7.1. Pooled fractions were dialysed in 20 mM Tris,
50 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, pH7.5 (Buffer B) and
applied to a Q Sepharose Fast Flow column. GST-tagged PRMT3 was
eluted by 500 mM NaCl in buffer B. Pooled fractions were dialyzed
in 25 mM phosphate buffer, 100 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 2 mM DTT, pH
6.8 (Buffer C) and loaded on to a ceramic hydroxyapatite column.
GST-tagged PRMT3 eluted with 25-400 mM phosphate in buffer C.
Protein was concentrated and buffer was exchanged to 20 mM Tris,
150 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, 5 mM 3-mercaptoethanol, pH7.8 by
ultrafiltration. The purity of recovered protein was 70%.
[0470] Predicted Translations:
TABLE-US-00007 GST-tagged PRMT3 (SEQ ID NO.: 13)
MSPILGYWKIKGLVQPTRLLLEYLEEKYEEHLYERDEGDKWRNKKFELGL
EFPNLPYYIDGDVKLTQSMAIIRYIADKHNMLGGCPKERAEISMLEGAVL
DIRYGVSRIAYSKDFETLKVDFLSKLPEMLKMFEDRLCHKTYLNGDHVTH
PDFMLYDALDVVLYMDPMCLDAFPKLVCFKKRIEAIPQIDKYLKSSKYIA
WPLQGWQATFGGGDHPPKSDLVPRGSCSLASGATGGRGAVENEEDLPELS
DSGDEAAWEDEDDADLPHGKQQTPCLFCNRLFTSAEETFSHCKSEHQFNI
DSMVHKHGLEFYGYIKLINFIRLKNPTVEYMNSIYNPVPWEKEEYLKPVL
EDDLLLQFDVEDLYEPVSVPFSYPNGLSENTSVVEKLKHMEARALSAEAA
LARAREDLQKMKQFAQDFVMHTDVRTCSSSTSVIADLQEDEDGVYFSSYG
HYGIHEEMLKDKIRTESYRDFIYQNPHIFKDKVVLDVGCGTGILSMFAAK
AGAKKVLGVDQSEILYQAMDIIRLNKLEDTITLIKGKIEEVHLPVEKVDV
IISEWMGYFLLFESMLDSVLYAKNKYLAKGGSVYPDICTISLVAVSDVNK
HADRIAFWDDVYGFKMSCMKKAVIPEAVVEVLDPKTLISEPCGIKHIDCH
TTSISDLEFSSDFTLKITRTSMCTAIAGYFDIYFEKNCHNRVVFSTGPQS
TKTHWKQTVFLLEKPFSVKAGEALKGKVTVHKNKKDPRSLTVTLTLNNST QTYGLQ
[0471] General Procedure for PRMT3 Enzyme Assays on Peptide
Substrates.
[0472] The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20
mM Bicine (pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20,
prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were
spotted into a polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner)
using a Platemate Plus outfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo
Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) was added to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
A-H for the maximum signal control and 1 ul of SAH, a known product
and inhibitor of PRMT3, was added to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40ul) containing
the PRMT3 enzyme was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo-Fisher). The
compounds were allowed to incubate with PRMT3 for 30 min at room
temperature, then a cocktail (10ul) containing SAM and peptide was
added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51ul). The final
concentrations of the components were as follows: PRMT3 was 0.5 nM,
.sup.3H-SAM was 100 nM, non-radiolabeled SAM was 1.8 uM, peptide
was 330 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was 1 mM, and
the DMSO concentration was 2%. The assays were stopped by the
addition of potassium chloride (10ul) to a final concentration of
100 mM. 50ul of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate
was then transferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the biotinylated
peptides were allowed to bind to the streptavidin surface for at
least 1 hour before being washed once with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek
ELx405 plate washer. The plates were then read in a PerkinElmer
TopCount plate reader to measure the quantity of .sup.3H-labeled
peptide bound to the Flashplate surface, measured as
disintegrations per minute (dpm) or alternatively, referred to as
counts per minute (cpm).
% Inhibition Calculation
[0473] % inh = 100 - ( dpm cmpd - dpm min dpm max - dpm min )
.times. 100 ##EQU00007##
[0474] Where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay
well, and min and max are the respective minimum and maximum signal
controls.
Four-Parameter IC.sub.50 Fit
[0475] Y = Bottom + ( Top - Bottom ) ( 1 + ( X IC 50 ) Hill
Coefficient ##EQU00008##
[0476] Where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but
may be fixed at 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The
Hill Coefficient normally allowed to float but may also be fixed at
1 in a 3-parameter fit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound
concentration.
CARM1 Biochemical Assay
[0477] General Materials.
[0478] S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH),
bicine, Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), bovine skin gelatin
(BSG), sodium butyrate and Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
hydrochloride solution (TCEP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich at
the highest level of purity possible. .sup.3H-SAM was purchase from
American Radiolabeled Chemicals with a specific activity of 80
Ci/mmol. 384-well streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from
PerkinElmer.
[0479] Substrates.
[0480] Peptide representative of human histone H3 residues 16-30
was synthesized with an N-terminal linker-affinity tag motif and a
C-terminal amide cap by 21.sup.st Century Biochemicals. The peptide
was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to
greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquid chromatography mass
spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequence was
Biot-Ahx-PRKQLATKAARKSAP-amide and contained a monomethylated
arginine at position 26 (SEQ ID NO.:14).
[0481] Molecular Biology:
[0482] Human CARM1 (PRMT4) (NM_199141.1) transcript clone was
amplified from an HEK 293 cDNA library, incorporating a flanking 5'
sequence encoding a FLAG tag (MDYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO.:6) fused
directly to Ala 2 of CARM1 and 3' sequence encoding a hexa His
sequence (EGHHHHHH) (SEQ ID NO.:15) fused directly to Ser 608. The
gene sequence encoding isoform1 containing a deletion of amino
acids 539-561 was amplified subsequently and subcloned into
pFastBacMam (Viva Biotech).
[0483] Protein Expression.
[0484] Recombinant baculovirus were generated according to
Bac-to-Bac kit instructions (Life Technologies). Protein
over-expression was accomplished by infecting exponentially growing
HEK 293F cell culture at 1.3.times.10.sup.6 cell/ml with virus
(MOI=10) in the presence of 8 mM sodium butyrate. Infections were
carried out at 37.degree. C. for 48 hours, harvested by
centrifugation, and stored at -80.degree. C. for purification.
[0485] Protein Purification.
[0486] Expressed full-length human Flag- and His-tagged CARM1
protein was purified from cell paste by anti-flag M2 affinity
chromatography with resin equilibrated with buffer containing 20 mM
Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol, pH 7.8. Column was washed with 500
mM NaCl in buffer A and Flag-CARM1-His was eluted with 200 ug/ml
FLAG peptide in buffer A. Pooled fractions were dialyzed in 20 mM
Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 5% glycerol and 1 mM DTT, pH 7.8. The purity of
recovered protein was 94.
[0487] Predicted Translations:
TABLE-US-00008 Flag-CARM1-His (SEQ ID NO.: 16)
MDYKDDDDKAAAAAAVGPGAGGAGSAVPGGAGPCATVSVFPGARLLTIGD
ANGEIQRHAEQQALRLEVRAGPDSAGIALYSHEDVCVFKCSVSRETECSR
VGKQSFIITLGCNSVLIQFATPNDFCSFYNILKTCRGHTLERSVFSERTE
ESSAVQYFQFYGYLSQQQNMMQDYVRTGTYQRAILQNHTDFKDKIVLDVG
CGSGILSFFAAQAGARKIYAVEASTMAQHAEVLVKSNNLTDRIVVIPGKV
EEVSLPEQVDIIISEPMGYMLFNERMLESYLHAKKYLKPSGNMFPTIGDV
HLAPFTDEQLYMEQFTKANFWYQPSFHGVDLSALRGAAVDEYFRQPVVDT
FDIRILMAKSVKYTVNFLEAKEGDLHRIEIPFKFHMLHSGLVHGLAFWFD
VAFIGSIMTVWLSTAPTEPLTHWYQVRCLFQSPLFAKAGDTLSGTCLLIA
NKRQSYDISIVAQVDQTGSKSSNLLDLKNPFFRYTGTTPSPPPGSHYTSP
SENMWNTGSTYNLSSGMAVAGMPTAYDLSSVIASGSSVGHNNLIPLGSSG
AQGSGGGSTSAHYAVNSQFTMGGPAISMASPMSIPTNTMHYGSEGHHHHH H
[0488] General Procedure for CARM1 Enzyme Assays on Peptide
Substrates.
[0489] The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20
mM Bicine (pH=7.6), 1 mM TCEP, 0.005% BSG, and 0.002% Tween 20,
prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 ul) were
spotted into a polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner)
using a Platemate Plus outfitted with a 384-channel head (Thermo
Scientific). DMSO (1 ul) was added to Columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
A-H for the maximum signal control and 1 ul of SAH, a known product
and inhibitor of CARM1, was added to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows
I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40ul) containing
the CARM1 enzyme was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo-Fisher). The
compounds were allowed to incubate with CARM1 for 30 min at room
temperature, then a cocktail (10ul) containing .sup.3H-SAM and
peptide was added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51ul). The
final concentrations of the components were as follows: CARM1 was
0.25 nM, .sup.3H-SAM was 30 nM, peptide was 250 nM, SAH in the
minimum signal control wells was 1 mM, and the DMSO concentration
was 2%. The assays were stopped by the addition of non-radiolabeled
SAM (10ul) to a final concentration of 300 uM, which dilutes the
.sup.3H-SAM to a level where its incorporation into the peptide
substrate is no longer detectable. 50ul of the reaction in the
384-well polypropylene plate was then transferred to a 384-well
Flashplate and the biotinylated peptides were allowed to bind to
the streptavidin surface for at least 1 hour before being washed
once with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405 plate washer. The plates
were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount plate reader to measure
the quantity of .sup.3H-labeled peptide bound to the Flashplate
surface, measured as disintegrations per minute (dpm) or
alternatively, referred to as counts per minute (cpm).
% Inhibition Calculation
[0490] % inh = 100 - ( dpm cmpd - dpm min dpm max - dpm min )
.times. 100 ##EQU00009##
[0491] Where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay
well, and min and max are the respective minimum and maximum signal
controls.
Four-Parameter IC.sub.50 Fit
[0492] Y = Bottom + ( Top - Bottom ) ( 1 + ( X IC 50 ) Hill
Coefficient ##EQU00010##
[0493] Where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but
may be fixed at 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The
Hill Coefficient normally allowed to float but may also be fixed at
1 in a 3-parameter fit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound
concentration.
[0494] The biochemical evaluation of the exemplary compounds are
shown in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 2 Biochemical evaluation (.mu.M) Cmpd No.
PRMT1 PRMT6 PRMT8 PRMT3 PRMT4 1 B B D E E 2 B A C E E 3 A A C E --
4 B B B -- -- 5 E E -- -- -- 6 C C D -- -- 7 B B B -- -- 8 A A A --
-- 9 A A A -- -- 10 B B D -- -- 11 C C E -- -- For Table 2, "A"
indicates an IC.sub.50 .ltoreq. 0.100 .mu.M, "B" indicates an
IC.sub.50 of 0.101-1.00 .mu.M, "C" indicates an IC.sub.50 of
1.01-3.00 .mu.M, "D" indicates an IC.sub.50 of 3.01-10 .mu.M, and
IC.sub.50 .gtoreq. 10.01 .mu.M. "--" indicates no data
provided.
RKO Methylation Assay
[0495] RKO adherent cells were purchased from ATCC (American Type
Culture Collection), Manassas, Va., USA. DMEM/Glutamax medium,
penicillin-streptomycin, heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 0.05%
trypsin and D-PBS were purchased from Life Technologies, Grand
Island, N.Y., USA. Odyssey blocking buffer, 800CW goat anti-rabbit
IgG (H+L) antibody, and Licor Odyssey infrared scanner were
purchased from Licor Biosciences, Lincoln, Nebr., USA. Mono-methyl
arginine antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology,
Danvers, Mass., USA. Methanol was purchased from VWR, Franklin,
Mass., USA. 10% Tween 20 was purchased from KPL, Inc.,
Gaithersburg, Md., USA. DRAQ5 was purchased from Biostatus Limited,
Leicestershire, UK.
[0496] RKO adherent cells were maintained in growth medium
(DMEM/Glutamax medium supplemented with 10% v/v heat inactivated
fetal bovine serum and 100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin) and
cultured at 37.degree. C. under 5% CO.sub.2.
[0497] Cell Treatment, in Cell Western (ICW) for Detection of
Mono-Methyl Arginine and DNA Content.
[0498] RKO cells were seeded in assay medium at a concentration of
20,000 cells per mL to a poly-D-lysine coated 384 well culture
plate (BD Biosciences 356697) with 50 .mu.L per well. Compound (100
nL) from a 96-well source plate was added directly to 384 well cell
plate. Plates were incubated at 37.degree. C., 5% CO.sub.2 for 72
hours. After three days of incubation, plates were brought to room
temperature outside of the incubator for ten minutes and blotted on
paper towels to remove cell media. 50 .mu.L of ice cold 100%
methanol was added directly to each well and incubated for 30 min
at room temperature. After 30 min, plates were transferred to a
Biotek EL406 plate washer and washed 2 times with 100 .mu.L per
well of wash buffer (IX PBS). Next 60 .mu.L per well of Odyssey
blocking buffer (Odyssey Buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) were
added to each plate and incubated 1 hour at room temperature.
Blocking buffer was removed and 20 .mu.L per well of primary
antibody was added (mono-methyl arginine diluted 1:200 in Odyssey
buffer with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) and plates were incubated
overnight (16 hours) at 4.degree. C. Plates were washed 5 times
with 100 .mu.L per well of wash buffer. Next 20 .mu.L per well of
secondary antibody was added (1:200 800CW goat anti-rabbit IgG
(H+L) antibody, 1:1000 DRAQ5 (Biostatus limited) in Odyssey buffer
with 0.1% Tween 20 (v/v)) and incubated for 1 hour at room
temperature. The plates were washed 5 times with 100 .mu.L per well
wash buffer then 2 times with 100 .mu.L per well of water. Plates
were allowed to dry at room temperature then imaged on the Licor
Odyssey machine which measures integrated intensity at 700 nm and
800 nm wavelengths. Both 700 and 800 channels were scanned.
[0499] Calculations:
[0500] First, the ratio for each well was determined by:
( monomethyl Arginine 800 nm value DRAQ 5 700 nm value )
##EQU00011##
[0501] Each plate included fourteen control wells of DMSO only
treatment (minimum activation) as well as fourteen control wells
for maximum activation treated with 20 .mu.M of a reference
compound. The average of the ratio values for each control type was
calculated and used to determine the percent activation for each
test well in the plate. Reference compound was serially diluted
three-fold in DMSO for a total of nine test concentrations,
beginning at 20 .mu.M. Percent activation was determined and
EC.sub.30 curves were generated using triplicate wells per
concentration of compound.
Percent Activation = 100 - ( ( ( Individual Test Sample Ratio ) - (
Minimum Activation Ratio ) ( Maximum Activation Ratio ) - ( Minimum
Activation Ratio ) ) * 100 ) ##EQU00012##
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 3 In Cell Western Cmpd No. EC.sub.30 1 C 2 C 3
C 4 A 5 C 6 C 7 C 8 A 9 A 10 C 11 C For Table 3, "A" indicates an
EC.sub.30 .ltoreq. 3.00 .mu.M, "B" indicates an EC.sub.30 of
3.01-12.00 .mu.M, and "C" indicates an EC.sub.30 .gtoreq. 12.01
.mu.M.
Other Embodiments
[0502] The foregoing has been a description of certain non-limiting
embodiments of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art
will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this
description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope
of the present invention, as defined in the following claims.
* * * * *