U.S. patent application number 16/296910 was filed with the patent office on 2019-07-04 for antenna formed using laser plating or print-and-plating for field-powered short range communications.
The applicant listed for this patent is Capital One Services, LLC. Invention is credited to Adam KOEPPEL, Tyler LOCKE.
Application Number | 20190205723 16/296910 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 64362395 |
Filed Date | 2019-07-04 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190205723 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KOEPPEL; Adam ; et
al. |
July 4, 2019 |
ANTENNA FORMED USING LASER PLATING OR PRINT-AND-PLATING FOR
FIELD-POWERED SHORT RANGE COMMUNICATIONS
Abstract
A method of fabricating a transaction card for communicating
data relating to a transaction may include forming a pattern in a
plastic film using a laser plating process or a print-and-plate
process; providing a conductive material in the pattern formed in
the plastic film, using a plating process, to form a RF antenna
layer in the plastic film, wherein the RF antenna layer includes a
RF antenna; and affixing the plastic film to a surface of the
transaction card to permit the RF antenna to inductively connect to
a printed circuit board (PCB) of the transaction card.
Inventors: |
KOEPPEL; Adam; (Washington,
DC) ; LOCKE; Tyler; (Washington, DC) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Capital One Services, LLC |
McLean |
VA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
64362395 |
Appl. No.: |
16/296910 |
Filed: |
March 8, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
15817723 |
Nov 20, 2017 |
10268946 |
|
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16296910 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06K 19/07766 20130101;
G06K 19/07794 20130101; G06K 19/07722 20130101; G06K 19/07773
20130101; G06K 19/07718 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G06K 19/077 20060101
G06K019/077 |
Claims
1. A method, comprising: detecting, by a charging device, a
transaction card is received within a charging slot; requesting, by
the charging device, a user device to transfer power to charge the
transaction card, wherein the user device is communicatively
coupled to the charging device; receiving, by the charging device,
power from a power source of the user device; and using, by the
charging device, the received power to transfer power to a power
source of the transaction card.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the transaction card is
received with the charging slot comprises: detecting that a
conductive contact of the transaction card is in contact with a
charging terminal of the charging device.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the conductive contact of the
transaction card is included in an integrated circuit (IC)
chip.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the transaction card is
received within the charging slot comprises: detecting a change in
resistance between a supply contact and a ground contact of a
charging terminal of the charging device.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining an amount
of power remaining in the power source of the transaction card; and
prevent power transfer between the power source of the user device
and the power source of the transaction card based on the amount of
power remaining in the power source of the transaction card.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining an amount
of power remaining in the power source of the user device; and
performing an action configured to prevent power transfer between
the power source of the user device and the power source of the
transaction card based on the amount of power remaining in the
power source of the user device.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the user device is
communicatively coupled to the charging device via a charging
jack.
8. A charging device, comprising: a charging terminal; a charging
jack that is to be inserted within a device interface of a first
device; and one or more processors to: detect, based on an
integrated circuit (IC) chip of a transaction card, that the
transaction card is in contact with the charging terminal; receive,
via the charging jack, power from a power source of the first
device; and use the received power to charge a power source of the
transaction card.
9. The charging device of claim 8, further comprising: a sleeve
defining a charging slot for receiving the transaction card.
10. The charging device of claim 8, further comprising: a device
holder for receiving the first device and physically holding the
first device in contact with the device holder.
11. The charging device of claim 10, wherein: the charging jack is
included in the device holder; and the charging jack comprises a
physical connector for interfacing with the first device.
12. The charging device of claim 8, wherein the one or more
processors, when detecting that the transaction card is in contact
with the charging terminal, are further to: detect that the IC chip
of the transaction card is in contact with the charging terminal
based on a change in resistance between a supply contact and a
ground contact of the charging terminal.
13. The charging device of claim 8, wherein the one or more
processors, when detecting that the transaction card is in contact
with the charging terminal, are further to: receive, via the IC
chip, data from the transaction card; and detect that the
transaction card is in contact with the charging terminal based on
the data received from the transaction card.
14. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions,
the instructions comprising: one or more instructions that, when
executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more
processors to: detect, based on an integrated circuit (IC) chip of
a transaction card, that the transaction card is in contact with a
charging terminal; request, based on detecting the transaction card
is in contact with the charging terminal, that a charging device
transfer power to charge a power source of the transaction card,
wherein the charging device is coupled to the transaction card via
a charging jack; receive power from a power source of the charging
device; and charge the power source of the transaction card using
the received power.
15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,
wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more
processors to detect that the transaction card is in contact with
the charging terminal, are further to: detect that the IC chip of
the transaction card is in contact with the charging terminal based
on a change in resistance between a supply contact and a ground
contact of the charging terminal.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,
wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or
more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
detect that an amount of power remaining in the power source of the
transaction card meets a threshold charge level; and perform an
action configured to cease charging the power source of the
transaction card based on detecting that the amount of power
remaining in the power source of the transaction card meets the
threshold charge level.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,
wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or
more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
detect that an amount of power remaining in the power source of the
charging device meets a threshold charge level; and cease charging
the power source of the transaction card based on detecting that
the amount of power remaining in the power source of the charging
device meets the threshold charge level.
18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,
wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or
more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
provide the charging device with data that causes the charging
device to present a notification, the notification indicating that
the transaction card is charging.
19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14,
wherein the one or more instructions, when executed by the one or
more processors, further cause the one or more processors to:
detect that the transaction card is no longer in contact with the
charging terminal; and provide the charging device with data that
causes the charging device to present a notification, the
notification indicating that the transaction card is no longer
charging.
20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 19,
wherein the one or more instructions, that cause the one or more
processors to provide the charging device with data that causes the
charging device to present the notification, are further to:
provide the charging device with data that causes the charging
device to present the notification using a user interface
associated with the charging device.
Description
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/817,723, filed Nov. 20, 2017, which is
incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Contactless transactions involve use of transaction cards
(e.g., a credit card, a debit card, a gift card, an automated
teller machine (ATM) card, a rewards card or client loyalty card,
and/or the like) and/or devices (e.g., a smart transaction card, a
smartphone, and/or the like) in transactions to pay for products or
services at transaction terminals (e.g., point of sale (PoS)
terminals) of individuals or businesses engaged in the sale of
goods or services without a need for the transaction cards or
devices to contact the transaction terminals (e.g., via a swipe of
a card reader or an insertion into a chip reader). In some
instances, radio frequency (RF) antennas and/or radio frequency
identification (RFID) tags may be included in contactless
transaction cards to provide identification information associated
with the transaction cards (e.g., an account identifier, account
information, a payment token, and/or the like). Accordingly,
consumers may utilize the transaction cards or devices with a RF
antenna and/or a RFID tag by waving the transaction cards or
devices over or near contactless transaction terminals to pay the
individuals or businesses.
SUMMARY
[0003] According to some implementations, a method of fabricating a
transaction card for communicating data relating to a transaction
may include forming a pattern in a plastic film using a laser
plating process or a print-and-plate process; providing a
conductive material in the pattern formed in the plastic film,
using a plating process, to form a RF antenna layer in the plastic
film, wherein the RF antenna layer includes a RF antenna; and
affixing the plastic film to a surface of the transaction card to
permit the RF antenna to inductively connect to a printed circuit
board (PCB) of the transaction card.
[0004] According to some implementations, a method of fabricating a
transaction card for communicating data relating to a transaction
may include providing a PCB within the transaction card; forming a
RF antenna layer, on a surface of the transaction card, and using a
laser plating process or print-and-plate process. The RF antenna
layer may include a pattern in which a conductive material is
deposited to form a RF antenna, and the RF antenna may be
inductively connected to the PCB of the transaction card.
[0005] According to some implementations, a transaction card for
communicating data relating to a transaction may include a card
body; a substrate affixed to the card body, the substrate including
a RF antenna, the RF antenna being provided in a pattern on the
substrate; and a PCB provided within or on the card body and to
which the RF antenna is configured to be inductively connected via
an antenna trace of the PCB.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] FIGS. 1-5 are diagrams of examples of a transaction card
having, for example, an RF antenna layer formed using a laser
plating or print-and-plate process, as described herein;
[0007] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an example process for
manufacturing a transaction card having, for example, a laser
plated film-based antenna; and
[0008] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of another example process for
manufacturing a transaction card having, for example, a laser
plated film-based antenna.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0009] The following detailed description of example
implementations refers to the accompanying drawings. The same
reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or
similar elements.
[0010] A transaction card may be used to facilitate transactions at
transaction terminals (e.g., PoS terminals, ATM terminals, access
terminals (e.g., locking mechanisms for gates, doors, rooms, etc.),
reward redemption terminals, and/or the like). A transaction card
may include components to enable a contactless transaction. For
example, a transaction card may include a contactless module that
is capable of performing contactless transactions using a near
field communication (NFC) technique with a RF antenna of the
transaction card. In some implementations, the transaction card may
include a Europay-Mastercard-Visa (EMV) or other chip-card
transaction capability and/or the like.
[0011] Some techniques for forming RF antennas may be expensive
and/or difficult to implement. For example, one technique may
involve forming a coil using a magnetic wire, and the coil may be
inductively or electrically connected to the transaction card. In
other words, the coil may be formed directly on the transaction
card. This may be expensive and may add significant width to the
transaction card, which may be undesirable to the user of the card.
Additionally, a NFC transaction card may be expensive and fragile
when formed using a magnetic wire coil technique.
[0012] Some implementations described herein provide formation of a
RF antenna layer on or in a substrate (e.g., a plastic film) that
is affixed to or included as a layer of a transaction card. For
example, the RF antenna layer may be formed using a laser plating
process or a print-and-plate process. Forming the RF antenna layer
on or in the substrate using the laser plating process or the
print-and-plate process may be cheaper and/or more efficient than
forming the RF antenna using a magnetic wire formation technique.
In some implementations, the RF antenna layer may be formed on a
PCB of the transaction card (e.g., using PCB fabrication techniques
such as photoengraving, PCB milling, or laser resist ablation) or
on a graphical layer of the transaction card. In this way,
manufacturing costs of transaction cards with contactless
transaction capabilities may be reduced, and durability of such
transaction cards may be improved.
[0013] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a first example 100 of a transaction
card 110 having, for example, an RF antenna layer 120 formed using
a laser plating or print-and-plate process, as described in more
detail below. Transaction card 110 includes a transaction card that
is capable of storing and/or communicating data for a point-of-sale
transaction (e.g., with a transaction terminal, a user device,
etc.). For example, transaction card 110 may store or communicate
data including account information (e.g., an account identifier, a
cardholder identifier, etc.), expiration information of transaction
card 110, banking information, transaction information (e.g., a
payment token), and/or the like. For example, to store or
communicate the data, transaction card 110 may include a magnetic
strip, an integrated circuit (IC) chip (e.g., an EMV chip), and/or
a PCB. In some implementations, transaction card 110 may be a smart
transaction card, capable of communicating wirelessly (e.g., via
Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and/or the like) with a
computing device, such as a smartphone, a digital wallet, and/or
other devices. Transaction card 110 may include a plurality of
layers, such as a card body (e.g., composed of a metal, a plastic,
or another material), one or more graphical layers, a PCB, and/or
the like.
[0014] Transaction card 110, or a PCB of transaction card 110, may
include an antenna trace 130. Antenna trace 130 may be a passive RF
antenna or an active RF antenna. In some aspects, antenna trace 130
may be formed within the PCB, may be formed on a body of
transaction card 110, and/or the like. Antenna trace 130 may be
inductively connectable to an RF antenna, as described in more
detail below. Antenna trace 130 may have any size, shape, or
orientation on transaction card 110, and is not limited to the
size, shape, and orientation shown in FIGS. 1-5. In some
implementations, antenna trace 130 may include a size, a shape, and
an orientation that depends on a size, a shape, and an orientation
of transaction card 110. In some implementations, antenna trace 130
may be formed from a variety of materials, such as a conductive
material (e.g., copper, gold, aluminum, tin, platinum, silver,
etc.), and/or the like.
[0015] As further shown, a substrate 140 may be affixed to
transaction card 110. In some implementations, substrate 140 may be
a film, such as a plastic film, a polycarbonate film, or another
type of film. In some implementations, substrate 140 may be an
external layer of transaction card 110. For example, substrate 140
may be affixed to a surface of transaction card 110. In some
implementations, substrate 140 may be an internal layer of
transaction card 110. Substrate 140 may have any size, shape, or
orientation on transaction card 110, and is not limited to the
size, shape, and orientation shown in FIGS. 1-5. In some
implementations, substrate 140 may include a size, a shape, and an
orientation that depends on a size, a shape, and an orientation of
transaction card 110.
[0016] As further shown, substrate 140 may include a RF antenna
layer 120. In some implementations, RF antenna layer 120 may be
formed using a laser plating process. A laser plating process may
include a laser deposition process wherein a material is deposited
on a substrate using a laser. For example, a laser deposition
process may be performed by injecting a metal powder (e.g., a
conductive material) into a laser beam and depositing the metal
powder on a surface of substrate 140 where the laser beam is
incident to form RF antenna layer 120. In some implementations, RF
antenna layer 120 may be formed using a laser etching process,
wherein a conductive material is ablated to form RF antenna layer
120 without deposition. In some aspects, RF antenna layer 120 may
be formed using a print-and-plate process. The print-and-plate
process may include utilizing an ink (e.g., a catalytic precursor
ink) to create (e.g., "print") a pattern in substrate 140, and
providing a conductive material (e.g., copper, gold, etc.) in the
pattern formed in substrate 140, using a plating process, to form
RF antenna layer 120. The ink may control horizontal dimensions of
line width and spacing of the pattern. Vertical dimensions of the
pattern may be controlled using a plating process that deposits the
conductive material only on the pattern defined by the ink. The ink
may create strong bonds between the conductive material and
substrate 140, which may improve a durability of RF antenna layer
120 and may eliminate a need for adhesives and other bonding
methods.
[0017] In some implementations, a RF antenna of RF antenna layer
120 may be for NFC by transaction card 110. In this way, a RF
antenna layer 120 is formed on substrate 140 that may be separate
from transaction card 110, which, in some implementations, may be
cheaper and more durable than forming RF antenna layer 120 on
transaction card 110.
[0018] As shown by reference number 150, substrate 140 may be
affixed to transaction card 110. For example, substrate 140 may be
affixed to transaction card 110 using a laminate layer (e.g., based
on hot lamination, cold lamination, or a similar technique), an
adhesive layer, and/or the like. In some implementations, substrate
140 may be affixed to a surface of transaction card 110. In some
implementations, substrate 140 may be included as an internal layer
of transaction card 110. For example, the substrate may be provided
between two or more layers of transaction card 110.
[0019] In some implementations, the RF antenna of RF antenna layer
120 may inductively connect with antenna trace 130. For example,
the RF antenna and antenna trace 130 may be configured to
inductively connect with each other. By using an inductive
connection, durability of transaction card 110 may be improved in
comparison to using a physical connection between the RF antenna
and antenna trace 130.
[0020] As indicated above, FIG. 1 is provided merely as an example.
Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described
with regard to FIG. 1.
[0021] FIG. 2 is a diagram of a second example 200 of a transaction
card having, for example, an RF antenna layer formed using a laser
plating or print-and-plate process. The transaction card of example
200 may correspond to transaction card 110. As shown by reference
number 210, in some implementations, a laser plating or
print-and-plate technique may be used to form a RF antenna layer
(corresponding to RF antenna layer 120) on or in a plastic film
220. Plastic film 220 may be a substrate, such as substrate 140. In
example 200, the RF antenna layer is formed on or in plastic film
220 after plastic film 220 is affixed to a surface of the
transaction card. This may simplify affixture of plastic film 220
to the surface of the transaction card.
[0022] As indicated above, FIG. 2 is provided merely as an example.
Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described
with regard to FIG. 2.
[0023] FIG. 3 is a diagram of a third example 300 of a transaction
card having, for example, an RF antenna layer formed using a laser
plating or print-and-plate process. As shown in FIG. 3, a RF
antenna layer (corresponding to RF antenna layer 120) may be formed
on or included in a transaction card PCB 310. Transaction card PCB
310 may include a PCB of the transaction card, such as the IC or
PCB described above in connection with FIG. 1. As shown by
reference number 320, the RF antenna layer may be formed on or
included in transaction card PCB 310 using a PCB fabrication
technique, such as print-and-plate, copper patterning, deposition,
chemical etching, lamination, or another technique. By forming the
RF antenna layer on or including the RF antenna layer in
transaction card PCB 310, manufacturing of the transaction card may
be simplified in comparison to forming the RF antenna layer on a
substrate and affixing the substrate to the transaction card.
[0024] As indicated above, FIG. 3 is provided merely as an example.
Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described
with regard to FIG. 3.
[0025] FIG. 4 is a diagram of a fourth example 400 of a transaction
card having, for example, an RF antenna layer formed using a laser
plating or print-and-plate process. The transaction card of example
400 may correspond to transaction card 110. As shown, an RF antenna
layer (corresponding to RF antenna layer 120) may be formed on or
within a graphical layer 410 (e.g., using a laser plating
techniques, a print-and-plate technique, and/or the like).
Graphical layer 410 may include a substrate (e.g., a plastic film,
a polycarbonate film, etc.) that includes a graphic to be applied
to the transaction card. By forming the RF antenna layer on or
within graphical layer 410, manufacturing of the transaction card
may be simplified in comparison to forming the RF antenna layer on
a substrate other than graphical layer 410 and affixing the
substrate, other than graphical layer 410, to the transaction
card.
[0026] As indicated above, FIG. 4 is provided merely as an example.
Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described
with regard to FIG. 4.
[0027] FIG. 5 is a diagram of a fifth example 500 of a transaction
card having, for example, an RF antenna formed using a laser
plating or print-and-plate process. As shown, the transaction card
of example 500 may include a card body/PCB 510. Card body/PCB 510
may include a card body, which may be a layer of plastic, metal, or
another suitable (e.g., non-conductive) material. Card body/PCB 510
may also include a PCB provided within or on the card body.
[0028] As further shown, a substrate affixed to the card body may
include a RF antenna. For example, the RF antenna may be provided
in a pattern on the substrate. In some implementations, the RF
antenna may be configured to be inductively connected via an
antenna trace of card body/PCB 510. Here, the antenna trace is
shown as a rectangular spiral, although the antenna trace can have
any shape, configuration, or orientation. In some implementations,
the RF antenna may be formed on or in a substrate 520 using a laser
plating process, a print-and-plate process, and/or the like. As
further shown, substrate 520 may be affixed to the card body/PCB
510. For example, substrate 520 may be affixed using a lamination
layer, an adhesive layer, and/or the like, as described in more
detail elsewhere herein. By affixing substrate 520, including the
RF antenna, to card body/PCB 510, manufacturing costs may be
reduced in comparison to forming the RF antenna directly on card
body/PCB 510.
[0029] As indicated above, FIG. 5 is provided merely as an example.
Other examples are possible and may differ from what was described
with regard to FIG. 5.
[0030] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of an example process 600 for
manufacturing or fabricating a transaction card having, for
example, an RF antenna layer formed using a laser plating or
print-and-plate process. Process 600 may describe a process of
manufacture for any one or more of FIGS. 1-5.
[0031] As shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include forming a radio
frequency (RF) antenna layer on a plastic film using a laser
plating process or a print-and-plate process (block 610). For
example, a laser plating process (e.g., a laser deposition
process), a laser etching process, or a print-and-plate process may
be used to form an RF antenna layer that include a RF antenna on a
substrate, such as a plastic film. In some implementations, the
substrate may be composed of any non-conductive material. By
forming the RF antenna layer on the plastic film, rather than on a
transaction card to which the plastic film is to be affixed, a cost
of manufacturing the transaction card may be reduced. In some
implementations, the plastic film may be affixed to the transaction
card before the RF antenna layer is formed on the plastic film. In
some implementations, the plastic film may be affixed to the
transaction card after the RF antennal layer is formed on the
plastic film. Thus, a RF antenna layer that includes a RF antenna
is formed. The RF antenna may be configured to inductively connect
with a PCB of the transaction card, as described in more detail
herein.
[0032] As further shown in FIG. 6, process 600 may include affixing
the plastic film to a surface of the transaction card to permit the
RF antenna to inductively connect to a PCB of the transaction card
(block 620). For example, the substrate (e.g., plastic film) may be
affixed to a surface of the transaction card (e.g., using a
lamination layer, an adhesive layer, and/or the like). As a more
particular example, the plastic film may be affixed to the
transaction card using a hot lamination process. Alternatively, the
plastic film may be affixed to the transaction card using a cold
lamination process. Alternatively, the plastic film may be affixed
to the transaction card using an adhesion process. The substrate
may be affixed to the surface of the transaction card to permit the
RF antenna of the RF antenna layer to inductively connect to the
PCB of the transaction card (e.g., an antenna trace of the PCB of
the transaction card). For example, the RF antenna layer may be
configured to be inductively connected to an antenna trace of the
PCB. Thus, a RF antenna may be provided in or on a substrate and
affixed to a transaction card, thereby reducing manufacturing costs
and improving durability of the transaction card.
[0033] Although FIG. 6 shows example blocks of process 600, in some
implementations, process 600 may include additional blocks, fewer
blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those
depicted in FIG. 6. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of
the blocks of process 600 may be performed in parallel.
[0034] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an example process 700 for
manufacturing or fabricating a transaction card having, for
example, a laser plated film-based antenna. Process 700 may
describe a process of manufacture for any one or more of FIGS.
1-5.
[0035] As shown in FIG. 7, process 700 may include providing a PCB
within a transaction card (block 710). For example, a PCB may be
provided within a transaction card, such as transaction card 110.
In some implementations, the PCB may be provided on the transaction
card (e.g., on a surface of the transaction card). In some
implementations, the PCB may include an antenna trace, such as
antenna trace 120.
[0036] As further shown in FIG. 7, process 700 may include forming
a RF antenna layer, on a surface of the transaction card, using a
laser plating or print-and-plate process (block 720). For example,
a RF antenna layer may be formed on a surface of the transaction
card. In some implementations, the RF antenna layer may include a
pattern in which a conductive material is deposited to form a RF
antenna. The RF antenna may be configured to be inductively
connected to an antenna trace of the PCB. In some implementations,
the RF antenna layer may be formed on the PCB. Additionally, or
alternatively, the RF antenna layer may be provided between two or
more layers of the transaction card. In some implementations, the
RF antenna may be for NFC by the transaction card.
[0037] In some implementations, forming the RF antenna layer on the
surface of the transaction card may include forming the RF antenna
layer on a plastic film and affixing the plastic film on the
surface of the transaction card. Additionally, or alternatively,
the RF antenna layer may be formed on a graphical layer of the
transaction card.
[0038] Although FIG. 7 shows example blocks of process 700, in some
implementations, process 700 may include additional blocks, fewer
blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those
depicted in FIG. 7. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of
the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.
[0039] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and
description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the
implementations to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and
variations are possible in light of the above disclosure or may be
acquired from practice of the implementations.
[0040] As used herein, the term component is intended to be broadly
construed as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and
software.
[0041] Some implementations are described herein in connection with
thresholds. As used herein, satisfying a threshold may refer to a
value being greater than the threshold, more than the threshold,
higher than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold,
less than the threshold, fewer than the threshold, lower than the
threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the
threshold, or the like.
[0042] Even though particular combinations of features are recited
in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these
combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of possible
implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in
ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the
specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may
directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of possible
implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with
every other claim in the claim set.
[0043] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be
construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as
such. Also, as used herein, the articles "a" and "an" are intended
to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with
"one or more." Furthermore, as used herein, the term "set" is
intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items,
unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items,
etc.), and may be used interchangeably with "one or more." Where
only one item is intended, the term "one" or similar language is
used. Also, as used herein, the terms "has," "have," "having," or
the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase
"based on" is intended to mean "based, at least in part, on" unless
explicitly stated otherwise.
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