U.S. patent application number 16/297142 was filed with the patent office on 2019-07-04 for multimode image and spectral reader.
The applicant listed for this patent is APDN (B.V.I.) INC.. Invention is credited to James A. Hayward, MingHwa Benjamin Liang, Judith Murrah, Maciej B. Szczepanik, Phidung H. Tran.
Application Number | 20190205346 16/297142 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 52813564 |
Filed Date | 2019-07-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20190205346 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Murrah; Judith ; et
al. |
July 4, 2019 |
MULTIMODE IMAGE AND SPECTRAL READER
Abstract
A system associated with authentication of an object related to
a multi-mode marker using a processing device. The processing
device performs operations that include detecting a signal
associated with a multi-mode marker related with the object;
assigning a digital code based on the detected signal associated
with the multi-mode marker; and identifying the object based on the
digital code related to authentication of the object. A
corresponding method and computer-readable device are also
disclosed.
Inventors: |
Murrah; Judith; (Saint
James, NY) ; Tran; Phidung H.; (East Setauket,
NY) ; Szczepanik; Maciej B.; (Mount Sinai, NY)
; Liang; MingHwa Benjamin; (East Setauket, NY) ;
Hayward; James A.; (Stony Brook, NY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
APDN (B.V.I.) INC. |
Road Town |
|
VG |
|
|
Family ID: |
52813564 |
Appl. No.: |
16/297142 |
Filed: |
March 8, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
15868510 |
Jan 11, 2018 |
10282480 |
|
|
16297142 |
|
|
|
|
15027454 |
Apr 6, 2016 |
9904734 |
|
|
PCT/US2014/059408 |
Oct 7, 2014 |
|
|
|
15868510 |
|
|
|
|
61887797 |
Oct 7, 2013 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06K 19/06037 20130101;
G06F 16/955 20190101; G06K 7/0004 20130101; G06K 19/0723
20130101 |
International
Class: |
G06F 16/955 20060101
G06F016/955; G06K 19/07 20060101 G06K019/07; G06K 7/00 20060101
G06K007/00; G06K 19/06 20060101 G06K019/06 |
Claims
1. A system associated with authentication of an object related to
a multi-mode marker using a processing device: the processing
device performing operations that include: detecting a signal
associated with a multi-mode marker related with the object;
assigning a digital code based on the detected signal associated
with the multi-mode marker; and identifying the object based on the
digital code related to authentication of the object.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the multi-mode marker includes at
least one of: a molecule, an olfactory compound, a thermal
attribute, a thermal emission, an optical compound, a fluorescent
compound, a microdot, a digitized code, a QR code, a bar code, a
radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, a DNA molecule, a DNA
sequence, a DNA marking, an upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical
dye, a digitized image of at least a portion of the object, an
electromagnetic emission, a radioactive compound, a fluorophore, an
optical reporter, a phosphorescent compound, a spectral
characteristic, an optical signature, a colored compound,
ultraviolet absorbing compound, an infrared absorbing compound, and
a phosphor.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the multi-mode marker comprises
at least one taggant.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the at least one taggant
comprises an encrypted identifier associated with authentication
information of the object.
5. The system according to claim 1, wherein signals from one or
more multi-mode markers related with the object, are captured
simultaneously as images from a plurality of sensors.
6. The system according to claim 1, wherein one of multiple signals
is detected and is considered a reference signal and another of the
multiple signals is considered an informational signal.
7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the informational
signal is calibrated by comparison with the reference signal.
8. The system according to claim 1, further comprising a sensor for
detecting the position of a taggant locator that identifies a
position of at least one taggant related with the object.
9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the taggant locator is
detected as a signal selected from the group consisting of a
visible signal, a fluorescent signal, a radioactive signal, a
phosphorescent signal and a thermal attribute.
10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the taggant locator is
selected from the group consisting of a logo, a trademark, a bar
code, a scratch-off code and an RFID tag.
11. The system according to claim 1, the processing device capable
of recording data from the signals detected from the one or more
taggants on the object.
12. The system according to claim 11, wherein the data determined
from the one or more taggants on the object is stored in a memory
device or communicated to a server for comparison with stored
data.
13. The system according to claim 11, further comprising a display
for viewing a taggant locator, or at least one of the signals
detected from the one or more taggants on the object.
14. The system according to claim 1, wherein each sensor further
comprises one or more optional filters for limiting the signal
detected by each sensor, the one or more filters limiting the
signals detected to a different range of wavelengths.
15. The system according to claim 14, wherein one or more of the
plurality of the sensors each have a filter for limiting the signal
detected by the sensor, wherein the at least two of the filters
limit the signal detected by the sensor to different wavelength
ranges.
16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the filters each
limit the signal wavelength to a bandwidth within a wavelength
range that is: about 5 nm to about 75 nm; about 10 nm to about 50
nm; or about 250 nm to about 1,000 nm.
17. A method associated with authentication of an object related to
a multi-mode marker using a processing device: the processing
device performing operations that include: detecting a signal
associated with a multi-mode marker related with the object;
assigning a digital code based on the detected signal associated
with the multi-mode marker; and identifying the object based on the
digital code related to authentication of the object.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the multi-mode marker includes
at least one of: a molecule, an olfactory compound, a thermal
attribute, a thermal emission, an optical compound, a fluorescent
compound, a microdot, a digitized code, a QR code, a bar code, a
radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, a DNA molecule, a DNA
sequence, a DNA marking, an upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical
dye, a digitized image of at least a portion of the object, an
electromagnetic emission, a radioactive compound, a fluorophore, an
optical reporter, a phosphorescent compound, a spectral
characteristic, an optical signature, a colored compound,
ultraviolet absorbing compound, an infrared absorbing compound, and
a phosphor.
19. A computer-readable device storing instructions associated with
authentication of an object related to a multi-mode marker, the
instructions being executable by a processing device: the
instructions causing the processing device to perform operations
upon execution, that include: detecting a signal associated with a
multi-mode marker related with the object; assigning a digital code
based on the detected signal associated with the multi-mode marker;
and identifying the object based on the digital code related to
authentication of the object.
20. The computer-readable device of claim 19, wherein the
multi-mode marker includes at least one of: a molecule, an
olfactory compound, a thermal attribute, a thermal emission, an
optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a microdot, a digitized
code, a QR code, a bar code, a radio-frequency identification
(RFID) tag, a DNA molecule, a DNA sequence, a DNA marking, an
upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical dye, a digitized image of
at least a portion of the object, an electromagnetic emission, a
radioactive compound, a fluorophore, an optical reporter, a
phosphorescent compound, a spectral characteristic, an optical
signature, a colored compound, ultraviolet absorbing compound, an
infrared absorbing compound, and a phosphor.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 15/868,510 filed on Jan. 11, 2018, which is a continuation of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/027,454 filed on Apr. 6, 2016,
which is a U.S National Phase Application of International
Application No. PCT/US2014/059408 filed on Oct. 7, 2014, and claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/887,797, filed
on Oct. 7, 2013, the disclosures of which are each incorporated by
reference herein in their entirety.
FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
[0002] The invention relates to a reader instrument capable of
reading multiple forms of markers, indicia types and inherent
energy-emitting properties of an item. The markers, indicia and
other properties are useful as overt or covert security markers or
for steganographic encryption of the identity or other
characteristics of an object or item with which such markers,
indicia and properties, such as a logo are affixed or otherwise
associated. Multi-mode readers of markers, indicia and other
properties are useful for decoding encrypted information for rapid
tracking, identification and verification of marked goods and high
value items.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Security markers have been employed for the identification,
tracking and authentication of items of interest, high value
articles and merchandise etc., see for instance U.S. Pat. No.
8,415,164: System and method for secure document printing and
detection; U.S. Pat. No. 8,426,216: Method for authenticating
articles with optical reporters; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,124,333:
Methods for covalent linking of optical reporters.
[0004] One commonly used type of marker or identification tag is a
barcode. A barcode is a representation of data by varying the
widths and spacing of parallel lines, sometimes stacked in a
two-dimensional pattern. When used as an identification tag on an
object, the barcode carries encoded information relevant to that
object that can be read by a barcode decoder or reader. (See for
example U.S. Pat. No. 8,368,878 Method, apparatus, and article to
facilitate evaluation of objects using electromagnetic energy to
Furness et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 8,285,510 Method, apparatus, and
article to facilitate distributed evaluation of objects using
electromagnetic energy to Schowengerdt et al.).
[0005] Another commonly used type of barcode is the QR code ("Quick
Read" codes). QR codes were first used by Denso, a Toyota
subsidiary to track automobiles during manufacturing by allowing
their contents to be decoded at high speed. QR codes became one of
the most popular two-dimensional barcodes. Unlike the original
barcode that was designed to be interrogated by a beam of light,
the QR code is detected as a 2-dimensional digital image by a
semiconductor-based image sensor that can be digitally analyzed by
a programmed processor. The processor locates reference squares at
three corners of the QR code, and processes the image after
normalizing its size, orientation, and angle of viewing. The small
bars in the code can then be converted to binary numbers and their
validity checked with an error-correcting code.
[0006] Still another commonly used identification code or tag is
the RFID (radio-frequency identification) tag. RFID tags store data
electronically or as a bit stream which can be read wirelessly by
machine outside a line of sight. See for example U.S. Pat. No.
6,043,746 to Microchip Technologies Incorporated. RFIDs can be
extended range RFIDs: see for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,147,606 or
for restricted range RFIDs, see for instance, U.S. Pat. No.
6,097,301. Unlike barcodes, RFIDs need not be in a line of sight of
the reader and can even be embedded in the object being
interrogated.
[0007] Although these identification tags are useful for generic
identification and tracking, they can be easily copied. There is a
need for more secure forms of taggant verification for
authentication of tagged objects, particularly high value
merchandise.
[0008] When electronic components are obsolete, replacements are
usually obtained from authorized suppliers. These suppliers search
for parts from their own stock, contractor or government excess
stock, and often from internet listing sites which list available
components. Components from all locations, and in particular from
internet listing sites, are at high risk for being counterfeited.
Used, scrapped semiconductor electronic components are removed from
circuit boards in a fashion that often subjects the parts to both
thermal and electrostatic stresses beyond the manufacturer's
recommended limits. In addition, generic components of this type
(e.g., memory devices, amplifiers and voltage regulators), which
have many versions from multiple manufacturers, may be remarked to
falsely identify the parts as having greater than actual capability
(e.g., capacity, speed, power dissipation and temperature range).
This risk is present for all purchases from unauthorized suppliers,
regardless of the obsolescence status. However, the risk for active
parts is most easily mitigated through maximum use of authorized
suppliers.
[0009] Most counterfeit electronic components are subjected to some
level of remarking. This is done because new electronic components
are generally packaged with all the parts in one shipment produced
from a small number (two or less) of production batches. These
batches are usually identified through a lot or date code
designator on the component part that can be used to identify the
approximate time-frame, and often the facility, which produced the
component. Counterfeiters often re-mark product, even if it is the
correct part number, in order to make the entire shipment appear as
if it was from one lot or date code.
[0010] The Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) or "primes" as
they are sometimes called, are the last point for elimination of
counterfeits before they appear in the operational environment. In
one case, an aerospace manufacturer was subjected to intense
scrutiny for its failure to detect the presence of counterfeit
electronic parts in aircraft sold to the Defense Department. This
is a critical problem for OEMs, as they experience spiking costs
related to counterfeits, both explicit and hidden costs.
[0011] The directly attributable costs of counterfeits to the
Original Component Manufacturers start, but only start, with loss
of revenue, licensing fees, and royalties when a potential customer
purchases a counterfeit part instead of the original. There is in
effect a nameless competitor, siphoning revenue and market share,
all of which may come in at about 2% of the total addressable
semiconductor market. This would amount to $6B in the global
semiconductor market of over $300B in 2011.
[0012] As in all quality control, the cost of eliminating defects
increases sharply as a product moves toward, and then, into
service. By this estimate, remediation of counterfeiting is
estimated to cost ten times the product cost if found at the board
check stage, one hundred times the product cost if found at
equipment final test, and a thousand times the product cost if the
defective part is found in service. These problems relate to
inappropriate marking of used or substandard parts, but an even
more serious problem relates to malware that may be introduced in
an electronic component part that is marked as newly produced by an
original equipment manufacturer. Exclusion of such malware by an
effective security marking system is a critical need. Other
electronic and non-electronic articles of interest are also
regularly subject to imitation or counterfeit substitutions.
Additional coding techniques and methods of identification,
tracking and authentication of items of interest, high value
articles and merchandise etc. are in constant demand to stay ahead
of the threat posed by counterfeit items and products.
SUMMARY
[0013] The present inventive concept provides a multi-mode reader
instrument capable of detecting a signal from one or more taggants,
including a marker, or other indicia on an object of interest, or a
property of the object itself, wherein the one or more taggants are
independently selected from a microdot, a bar code, a QR code, an
RFID tag, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a
phosphorescent compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor
(UCP), a chemical dye, a radioactive compound, a digitized image of
all or part of the object and a property of the object, such as a
thermal attribute of the object. The taggant may include a taggant
identifier, which may include one or more of an optical reporter, a
digital code, a QR code or a bar code. The optical reporter may
include one or more of an upconverting phosphor, a fluorophore, an
encrypted fluorophore (requiring a developer to reveal the
fluorescence), a dye, a stain, or a phosphor. The multi-mode reader
instrument may be handheld or portable. The rapid determination of
data from the multimode reader can be used to discriminate those
objects or articles of commerce for verification of a marker with
the highest level of security, such as a nucleic acid marker, e.g.
DNA in an in-field detection system or a laboratory test, such as
PCR amplicon analysis, DNA sequencing or sequence specific
hybridization.
[0014] In another embodiment of the multi-mode reader, the signals
from the taggants on the object are captured simultaneously as
images from each of the plurality of sensors. In a particular
embodiment, one of the signals is designated as a reference signal
and the other one or more of the signals are informational signals.
In another embodiment of the multi-mode reader instrument, the
informational signals are calibrated by comparison with the
reference signal. The signal may be an electromagnetic signal
reflected or emitted from the object. The electromagnetic signal
may be any suitable electromagnetic signal such as an optical
signal (visible, infrared, ultraviolet etc.), or an electromagnetic
signal outside of the optical range, such as radio waves,
microwaves, X-rays or gamma rays reflected or emitted after
excitation by illumination or irradiation of the taggant on the
object marked with a taggant or indicia. The informational signals
can be wavelength and amplitude of an electromagnetic signal,
pattern recognition of an image or alphanumeric characters or one
or two dimensional bar code patterns.
[0015] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
accessing data from an object, the method includes obtaining data
from a multi-mode reader instrument reading signals from one or
more markers, indicia, taggants or properties on or from an object,
the markers, indicia or taggants being selected from a microdot, a
bar code, a QR code, an RFID, an optical compound, a fluorescent
compound, a phosphorescent compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting
phosphor (UCP), a chemical dye, a digitized image, a radioactive
compound and a thermal attribute, such as black body radiation or
heat emission from the object. In one embodiment, the data obtained
by the method comprises data that can be used for authentication of
a unique object or product, or for verification of properties,
components, manufacturing or production information relating to the
object or product.
[0016] In still another embodiment, the invention provides a system
for identifying an object, the system includes a multi-mode reader
instrument capable of detecting data from a signal from one or more
markers, indicia, taggants or properties on or from an object, the
markers, indicia or taggants being selected from a bar code, a QR
code, an RFID, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a
phosphorescent compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor
(UCP), a chemical dye, a digitized image, a radioactive compound,
an olfactory compound (e.g. in scratch and release microcapsules
for human or animal detection, such as by a police dog of a K9
unit) and a thermal attribute of the object; operatively connected
to a database for storing the data from the multi-mode reader
instrument or accessing contextual data about the item based on its
marker, indicia, taggant or property identifier.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0017] FIG. 1 shows a one dimensional bar code with an added
spectral compound deposited over most of the second bar from the
left. The added compound does not interfere with the reading of the
bar code, and provides a spectral image for coding information
relating to the object or item to which the bar code is attached.
The second bar from the right includes a DNA marker in the ink. The
DNA marker can be sequenced for additional encoded information and
data.
[0018] FIG. 2 shows three image capturing methods and devices: A
bar code scanner, a spectral reader with a grating for
monochromatic illumination; and a thermal profile imaging device.
Each can be operatively connected to a computing device for
comparison with a database.
[0019] FIG. 3 is a table showing the number of unique codes
determinable with 1-10 color levels (amplitudes) and 2-10 wavebands
or channels according to formula I, below.
[0020] FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing the process of marking an
object of interest and reading the markers with a multimode reader
instrument, comparing the imaging data with data in a database on
board the reader, in a database on a server or in the cloud
connected to another server.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] In one embodiment the inventive concept of the present
invention provides a multi-mode reader instrument capable of
detecting data from a signal from one or more taggants, including
markers, or other indicia on an object, or properties of the object
itself, wherein the one or more taggants are independently selected
from a bar code, a microdot, a QR code, an RFID tag, an optical
compound, a fluorescent compound, a phosphorescent compound, a DNA
taggant, an upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical dye, a
digitized image, a radioactive compound, an olfactory compound
(e.g. in scratch and release microcapsules) and a thermal attribute
of the object and wherein the signals are captured as an image in
each of a plurality of sensors capable of detecting electromagnetic
or olfactory signals from the taggant or taggants on the
object.
[0022] In one embodiment, the multi-mode reader instrument includes
a plurality of sensors each capable of detecting electromagnetic
signals from one or more taggants on an object. The taggants can be
any suitable taggant selected from a microdot, a bar code, a QR
code, an RFID tag, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a
phosphorescent compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor
(UCP), a chemical dye, a digitized image, a radioactive compound,
an olfactory compound, a thermal attribute of the object, and the
like.
[0023] In yet another embodiment the invention provides a
multi-mode reader instrument further comprising a sensor for
detecting the position of a taggant locator for indicating the
position of at least one of the one or more taggants on the object.
In another embodiment the invention provides a multi-mode reader
instrument wherein the taggant locator is detected as a signal
selected from the group consisting of a visible signal, a
fluorescent signal, a radioactive signal, a phosphorescent signal
and a thermal signal. In another embodiment the invention provides
a multi-mode reader instrument capable of detecting a taggant
locator selected from the group consisting of a logo, a trademark,
a bar code, a scratch-off code and an RFID tag.
[0024] In another embodiment of the multi-mode reader instrument,
the signals from the one or more taggants on the object are scanned
simultaneously along two intersecting axes. The axes may be at any
angle to each other, such as an acute angle, at an obtuse angle, or
perpendicular to each other. Alternatively, the scans may be
duplicates along the same axis taken at different times. In another
alternative, the one or more taggants on the object are recorded as
images by a plurality of cameras, each having a different filter
limiting the signal to a different range of wavelengths.
[0025] In still another embodiment the invention provides a
multi-mode reader instrument capable of recording data from the
signals detected from the one or more taggants on the object. In
another embodiment the invention provides a multi-mode reader
instrument wherein the data determined from the one or more
taggants on the object is stored in a memory device within the
multi-mode reader instrument or communicated to a server for
comparison with stored data.
[0026] In another embodiment the invention provides a multi-mode
reader instrument further comprising a screen for viewing a taggant
locator or at least one of the signals detected from the one or
more taggants on the object. In another embodiment the invention
provides a multi-mode reader instrument further comprising an
optional filter for limiting the signal detected by the sensor,
each filter independently limiting the signal detected to a range
of wavelengths characteristic of the filter. The ranges of
wavelengths limited by the filters may be overlapping or
non-overlapping wavelength ranges.
[0027] In another embodiment the invention provides a multi-mode
reader instrument wherein one or more of the plurality of sensors
each have a filter for limiting the signal detected by the sensor,
wherein the filters limit the signal detected by the sensor to
different wavelength ranges. In another embodiment the filters each
limit the signal wavelength to a bandwidth of from about 1 nm to
about 100 nm. In another embodiment the filters each limit the
signal wavelength to a bandwidth of from about 5 nm to about 75 nm.
In another embodiment the filters each limit the signal wavelength
to a bandwidth of from about 10 nm to about 50 nm. In another
embodiment the invention provides a multi-mode reader instrument
wherein the filters each limit the signal wavelength to a bandwidth
within a wavelength range from about 250 nm to about 1,000 nm.
[0028] In another embodiment the invention provides a multi-mode
reader instrument wherein the user can manually select one or more
of a plurality of sensors to preselect which of the sensors is or
are activated (e.g. a bar code reader, or a bar code reader and a
sensor capable of detecting a signal in a specific waveband, such
as a 20 nm band around a wavelength of 425 nm, or 680 nm).
Alternatively, the user can activate a full set of sensors
available on board the multi-mode reader instrument so that all
available signal detectors provide a signal readout. In each case
the readout may be displayed to the user on a screen, or
transmitted to a server for comparison with a database of unique
encoded signals specific to particular objects of interest.
[0029] In another embodiment the invention provides a system for
identifying an object, the system including: a multi-mode reader
instrument, comprising a plurality of sensors capable of detecting
electromagnetic signals from one or more taggants on an object and
converting the signals to signal data; and an electronic circuit
capable of receiving the signal data and outputting the signal data
in coded form for storage; wherein the electronic circuit is
operatively linked to a database for receiving the coded form of
the data from the multi-mode reader instrument for storage and
retrieval. In another embodiment the database is maintained on a
computer-readable medium within the reader instrument or on a
server independent of the reader instrument. In another embodiment,
the database is searchable in order to identify the markers,
indicia or taggants on the object. In another embodiment, the
database is searchable in order to identify the properties of the
object related to its identity, properties, chain of custody,
and/or trace authentication identifiers.
[0030] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a
multi-mode reader instrument capable of detecting data from a
signal from one or more markers, indicia, taggants or other
inherent properties on or from an object, the markers, indicia,
taggants or properties being selected from a bar code, a QR code,
an RFID chip, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a
phosphorescent compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor
(UCP), a chemical dye, a digitized image, a radioactive compound,
an olfactory compound and a thermal attribute of the object. Other
forms of markers or indicia useful in the practice of the present
invention include optical markers, e.g. colored compounds having
characteristic absorption and emission spectra; ultraviolet (UV)
absorbing and infrared absorbing compounds. Trademarks and logos
can also be used.
[0031] In still another embodiment, the invention provides a method
of identification and/or authentication of an object: the method
includes providing a primary taggant encoding a readable encrypted
first identifier of the object, such as for instance a DNA molecule
having an authentication sequence, encrypted by a first method;
providing a secondary taggant encoding a readable encrypted second
identifier, such as the encrypted digital DNA sequence of the
object, encrypted by a second method; providing a searchable secure
database encoding the second identifier of the object and
optionally other contextual information about the object such as
chain of custody history, quality control test results and other
characteristics; reading the first identifier and the second
identifier and accessing the database to search for the encrypted
second identifier; comparing the reading of the first identifier
with the second identifier from the searchable secure database; and
thereby identifying the object as authentic or counterfeit. In one
embodiment of the above-disclosed method, the primary taggant
includes one or more of a nucleic acid, an amino acid, a peptide, a
protein, a trace element or the like. In another embodiment of the
methods of the invention, the primary taggant includes a nucleic
acid, and the nucleic acid includes a sequence encoding the
readable first identifier. In still another embodiment, the
secondary taggant is a digital identifier that can be encrypted and
can be included in a barcode, a QR code or an RFID.
[0032] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
verification of the authenticity of an object: the method includes
providing a primary taggant encoding a readable encrypted first
identifier of the object, such as for instance a DNA molecule
having an authentication sequence, encrypted by a first method;
providing a secondary taggant encoding a readable encrypted second
identifier, such as the encrypted digital DNA sequence of the
object, encrypted by a second method; providing a searchable secure
database encoding the second identifier of the object and
optionally other contextual information about the object such as
chain of custody history, quality control test results and other
characteristics; reading the second identifier and accessing the
database to search for the encrypted second identifier; matching
the reading of the second identifier with an identifier from the
searchable secure database; and thereby identifying the object as
authentic. As a second optional step, the encrypted first
identifier can be read and compared to the identifier listed in the
database for authentication as further confirmation of the
authenticity of the object.
[0033] In another embodiment, the invention provides a system for
identification and/or authentication of an object, the system
includes a primary taggant encoding a readable encrypted first
identifier of the object, such as for instance a DNA molecule
having an authentication sequence, encrypted by a first method; a
secondary taggant encoding a readable encrypted second identifier,
such as the encrypted digital DNA sequence of the object, encrypted
by a second method; and a searchable secure database encoding the
second identifier of the object. In one embodiment of the
above-disclosed system, the primary taggant includes one or more of
a nucleic acid, an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, a trace
element or the like. In another embodiment of the system of the
invention, the primary taggant includes a nucleic acid, and the
nucleic acid includes a sequence encoding the readable first
identifier. In still another embodiment, the secondary taggant is a
digital identifier that can be encrypted and can be included in a
barcode, a QR code or an RFID.
[0034] The ability to access multiple signals from a single taggant
on an object permits the coding of an unlimited amount of
information that may be useful to different parties at different
points in the stream of commerce. For instance, it may be useful
for manufacturers to encode production dates, sources and
components in their products (this was the origin of bar coding);
subsequently this information and additional shipping and tracking
information, such as timing and location may be useful to
distributers and vendors; and finally such as information relating
to origin, composition and authentication may be of interest to
purchasers and consumers. All of the aforementioned data may be
encoded in a single taggant by adding markers encoding the new
information at the taggant location, e.g. by serially adding new
nucleic acid molecule markers and/or optical markers and/or digital
representations within an overt or covert barcode, or any
combination thereof.
[0035] The methods and systems of the present invention provide
authentication by adding layers of security on a tag or taggant
(the terms "tag" and "taggant" are used interchangeably herein)
directly onto an object or item of interest by embedding physical
encryption taggants as well as encrypting their digital
representatives directly into the content of the taggant. The item,
object or merchandise marked with the taggant can be any suitable
article or item such as, for instance, a microchip, a label, a
badge, a logo, a printed material, a document, a thread, a yarn,
textile, an ink or a solution to name but a few. In one embodiment,
the item is an item selected from the group consisting of cash, a
currency note, a coin, a gem, an item of jewelry, a musical
instrument, a passport, an antique, an item of furniture, artwork,
a collectible item, memorabilia, a property deed, a stock
certificate, or a bond certificate. The marked item can be an
inventory item or non-inventoried item in transit. Alternatively,
the imitation or counterfeit article or item may be a product, an
object, a commodity, a liquid, or even a gas. The marked article or
item may be any article or item such as a high value item or a
unique item, or an item or object having a critical function.
[0036] Merchandise and other items or objects of interest can be
tracked and authenticated using markers and indicia carrying
encrypted information related to the item bearing the particular
marker or indicia. The terms "marker" and "indicia" are used
interchangeably herein. There are many types of markers or indicia
useful for encoding product information. Merchandise and other
objects can also be identified and authenticated using inherent
properties which emit energy in a passive (does not require
excitation) or active (requires excitation) mode, such as spectral,
thermal, olfactory or radio frequency modes.
[0037] The DNA security solutions of the present invention protect
products, brands and intellectual property from counterfeiting and
diversion. DNA represents a highly stable molecule that can be
attached to multiple component materials in its natural state or
after mild chemical modification. Another attractive feature is the
ease with which DNA can be amplified by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR), or isothermal amplification (see for instance, Gill et al.
Nucleic Acid Isothermal Amplification Technologies--A Review,
Nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids (2008) 27(3):224-243)
allowing for significant quantities to be produced in a short time.
The sequence and size complexity of DNA can provide a unique mark
that can distinguish between individual components, different
manufacturers, and dates of manufacture. Importantly, in the
context of forensic identification and authentication, DNA
represents the "gold standard". The scope of use of DNA taggant
technology continues to increase as new applications emerge.
[0038] It was reported in 2012, that the incidence of
counterfeiting in the global electronics supply chain had
quadrupled in just two years from 2009 to 2011. Based on this
disturbing and costly trend, when President Obama signed the
National Defense Authorization Act in 2012, a provision was added
that addressed the issue of counterfeit electronics (see NDAA
2012). The provision mandated that an Applied DNA Sciences' DNA
taggant to be present on all Defense Logistics Agency purchase
parts within Federal Supply Class 5962. This anti-counterfeiting
provision placed the responsibility for the sale of authentic
components to government and military customers on the supplier,
whether the supplier is a manufacturer or a distributor.
[0039] In one embodiment the present invention provides a
DNA-secured form of the encrypted code, which can be by any
suitable encryption method and coded in a secure format, such as
for example, a QR code or an RFID: See for instance, international
patent application No. WO2013/170009 Verification of Physical
Encryption Taggants Using Digital Representatives and
Authentications thereof. The encrypted information corresponds to
the DNA authentication sequence and can be encrypted in any
suitable coding system, such as, and without limitation, an
Advanced Encryption Standard, Secure Hash Algorithm, 3DES, Aria,
Blowfish, Camellia, CAST, CLEFIA, CMAC, Ghost 28147, RFC 4357, RFC
4490, IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), Mars, MISTY1,
Rabbit, RC2, RC4, RC5, RC6, Rijndael, RSA, Seed, Skipjack, Sober,
Seal, Twofish and the W7 algorithm.
[0040] The DNA or other secure marker or taggant such as an amino
acid, a peptide, a protein, or a trace element marker can be
affixed or coated onto the surface of an article or item to be
marked or incorporated into the matrix of the physical tag which
carries the taggant. This can be marking by surface marking, such
as with an ink by inkjet ink, flexo ink, toner, epoxy ink,
lithography, coating with a lacquer, plasma treatment and deposit
of the marker onto the matrix, on the fibers of woven textiles, or
by extrusion or injection molding of a material including marker
DNA or other a nucleic acid or a protein-nucleic acid, an amino
acid, a peptide, a protein, or a trace element marker incorporated
into the matrix material to be injection molded. The DNA can
include a security code. In one embodiment, this DNA can be paired
with a security tool named digitalDNA.TM. that utilizes the
flexibility of mobile communications, the instant accessibility of
secure, cloud-based data, and the ease of barcode-based data
capture further secured with unique DNA codes to make item tracking
and authentication fast, easy and definitive.
[0041] In another embodiment, the DNA-secured encrypted code uses
forensic authentication of a DNA marker, such as a botanical DNA
marker, sequence-encrypted within a secure QR code, and physically
included within the overt or covert ink used to print the code. The
QR code may encode supplementary encrypted information or other
data, such as the serial number of the item or object tagged, the
manufacturer, the date, location, a link to a reference web-site or
uniform resource locator (url) and any other desired data specific
to the item or object carrying the QR code. The resulting QR code
can be scanned by most mobile computers, bar code readers and
smartphones installed with an application program capable of
scanning and decoding the information in the pattern. Bar code
readers are produced by a number of companies such as Motorola
Solutions, Honeywell and others. Spectral analyzers are produced by
Ocean Optics and JDS Uniphase among others. Combination
ultraviolet/infrared reading units, primarily for analyzing cash or
bank notes, are available from sites such as TradeKorea.com and
alibaba.com. Thermal imagers are commercially available from
companies such as Fluke and Flir and others. Mobile scans can be
performed anywhere along the supply chain without limitation. The
application software reads the digital taggant, which is the
digital representative of the physical taggant, such as a DNA
sequence, encoded in QR symbols. It may also track user profile
information from the scanning session such as internet address,
location, owner, time stamp and more. This method extends the
technology beyond authentication and verification to digital chain
of custody or track-and-trace for logistic and security
purposes.
[0042] In one embodiment, the scan checks in wirelessly with a
secure database in a "secure cloud" such as a "public or private
cloud" accessible only to the customer using access codes and/or
encryption, and displays the resulting analysis back on the mobile
computer screen. Tracking information is fed into "tunable
algorithms" that use pattern recognition to automatically identify
supply-chain risks, for counterfeits or product diversion.
Rapid-reading optical reporters associated with the DNA marker
(such as for example covalently linked fluorophores) can also be
embedded in the ink, and prevent the secure code from being
digitally copied. The DNA markers included in such DNA-secured form
of the encrypted codes facilitates forensic authentication where
absolute proof of originality is required. Forensic authentication
of the DNA in the tag, must match the sequences found in the
decrypted DNA-secured form of the encrypted code. Applications such
as cloud computing, mobile devices, and logistics are in need of
the highest security available, including advanced encryption of
data in transit and at rest. The DNA-secured encrypted codes can be
used to track individually packaged items, such as drugs or luxury
goods, when the space on the item is available to print the code
matrix. On items too small for the matrix, such as microchips, the
DNA-secured encrypted codes can be used on the packaging of
individual items or lot shipments.
[0043] In another embodiment, the technology of the present
invention avoids the risks of phishing scams to which non-secure QR
codes are notoriously vulnerable, while other indicia such as
geolocation and time-stamping throughout the supply chain provide
further authenticity trails. Use of the ubiquitous iPhone.RTM. or
Android.RTM. platforms allow the consumer to participate in the
authentication scheme, quickly and easily. In addition, end-users
can confirm freshness and expiration dates, connect to real-time or
video technical support, identify local resources, easily place
reorders, and participate in peer-to-peer selling.
[0044] In one embodiment of the invention a characteristic of a
physical taggant, such as for instance, and without limitation, a
critical sequence of a DNA molecule, such as a SigNature.RTM. DNA
sequence is encrypted into a digital component. This digital
content is then incorporated into a label. At the same time the
physical taggant, such as SigNature.RTM. DNA can also be printed
onto the label in an ink or via a carrier or by chemical
attachment. The object carrying the label can then be instantly
verified by comparing the encrypted digital information with
information stored on a secure database. In addition, the full
authentication can occur by reading the SigNature.RTM. DNA (e.g. by
PCR amplification and sequence matching or hybridization) and
comparison to the digital DNA information. A match is authentic, a
non-match/absence is not authentic.
[0045] In another embodiment, the DNA-secured form of the encrypted
code platform is designed to meet compliance specifications defined
by the PCI (Payment Card Industry) Security Standards Council, the
new and strict standards developed for handling credit card
transactions. In another embodiment, DNA-secured form of the
encrypted code platform of the invention meets the stringent
requirements of HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act), for protecting personal health information. In
another embodiment, the DNA-secured form of the encrypted code
platform is designed to meet compliance specifications of Loss
Prevention Standard (LPS) 1224. In another embodiment, the
DNA-secured form of the encrypted code platform is designed to meet
compliance specifications of the U.S. Government FedRamp security
controls. A related product, SigNature.RTM. DNA is a botanical DNA
marker used to authenticate products in a unique manner that
essentially cannot be copied, and provide a forensic chain of
evidence that can be used in a court of law.
[0046] The DNA-secured encrypted code can be used by any commodity,
bulk item or individual item supply business. Businesses that can
benefit from the methods and systems of the present invention
include local, national and multinational, businesses that may be
involved in any kind of business with a supply chain, including for
example, but not limited to electronics, machinery and components,
such as ball bearings, arms and weaponry, connectors, vehicles and
vehicle parts (e.g. panels, bodies, control modules, engines and
wheels etc.), connectors, fasteners, packaging, food and
nutritional supplements, pharmaceuticals, textiles, clothing,
luxury goods and personal care products, as well as jewelry, art,
collectibles and other valuables, stock certificates and currency
notes to name just a few.
[0047] The present invention provides machine-readable markers with
varying levels of information content, accuracy and security that
can be used to identify physical objects and provide data
associated with the object to which they are attached. Examples of
useful markers that can be read through reflected incident light,
emitted light or energy emissions include one dimensional and two
dimensional bar codes, optical marker compounds, detectably marked
DNA taggants, chemical dyes, digitized images of an item itself, or
thermal or olfactory emissions from an object.
[0048] Over time, a given environment such as a retail store,
warehouse, or logistics company may accumulate objects identified
with various different types of markers and indicia and therefore
will likely require multiple readers to extract all information
required to conduct business processes. This type of environment
requiring a broad line of readers for different markers and indicia
is costly, inefficient and ineffective for the user desirous of
handling information in a seamless, integrated way.
[0049] The present invention provides a method for accumulating and
integrating the data encoded in a plurality of markers and indicia
in a given environment to produce more rich and complex data
content to enhance security and reading efficiency. One physical
area can include a combination of the plurality of various
different forms of markers and indicia that emit or reflect light
signals, thermal properties, olfactory properties and other energy
in unique or standard patterns for machine readability. Use of
combinations of such markers in an integrated way, can produce
denser more complex information, providing benefit to users in
information security, streamlined user process training, and a
reduced packaging landscape for marking, among other
advantages.
[0050] Physical objects can be identified through machine-readable
means by capturing, dissecting and measuring energy emissions from
either their inherent spectral, thermal, radio frequency,
olfactory, DNA or other compositional makeup or through indicia
placed on them such as bar codes, inks, polymer compounds and more.
The energy can be captured through optical or other analog means,
digitized via electronics, and then processed through software to
convert the data into a form readable and manipulable by host
computers. There are many physical embodiments for these reader
instruments with associated electronics such as a spectrometer,
thermal analyzer, bar code reader, radio frequency identification
(RFID) readers and the like and more. It is proposed that these
markers and indicia be combined or integrated in such a way as to
produce intelligence from their combined pattern. For example FIG.
1 shows a spectral compound applied to a predetermined area of a
bar code or image. This approach may be used to not only assist in
locating the compound marker which may be invisible to the human
eye, but also to indicate specific information due to its position.
For example, in FIG. 1 below, the spectral compound is located on
the second bar of the bar code and could be used to represent a
particular item of data, such as for instance, the 2nd month of the
year. The device(s) reading the marker or indicia would be able to
identify the addition of the compound by its spectral profile and
therefore discount it in the processing of the bar code reflection
signal. The complexity, and therefore security, of the marking
could be increased by combining such other approaches, such as that
shown in FIG. 1 using thermally-sensitive paper that produces a
known profile when exposed to a known heat source; using
thermally-sensitive ink or other compound in a visible or invisible
pattern that produces a known profile when exposed to a known heat
source; adding a compound to the object, label or ink with a known
olfactory emission for human and/or machine detection. The reader
instrument capable of determining and extracting data from this
multiplicity of markers and indicia in a single device can be a
portable or handheld reader instrument. Alternatively, more than
one reader instrument can be used to each read one or more
different markers or indicia and send the digitized information to
a common computer system for further processing.
[0051] The present inventive concept also provides a method for
reducing the number of reading devices and associated costs and
complexities described above in an environment wherein items are
uniquely identifiable with a variety of marker and indicia types.
The invention leverages common circuitry and software code for the
digital data processing, computing and communications capabilities
of the various marker and reader instrument technologies emitting
light signals, thermal profiles, olfactory emissions and other such
emissions; as well as their hardware components such as housing,
accessories, display and other associated elements. Fewer devices
with more commonality provide benefits to users by simplifying
inventory management of the devices and user training, and make
support and repair processes more efficient, and generally improve
business processes.
[0052] Bar code readers, image-capture devices, cameras,
spectrometers, and other devices capture reflected or inherent
light from a bar code, object or image; convert the input to an
analog or digital signal; process the analog or digital signal
through software which converts it to a form capable of
manipulation by host computers. There are many physical embodiments
for these electronics.
[0053] Certain chemicals, metals and other compounds or substances
inherently emit light or other energy which can be captured and
dissected into its component spectral or thermal characteristics by
such instruments as a spectrometer, diffraction grating, crystal,
thermal analysis instruments or other means. The captured signals
are translated to a format that is digitized and used within
downstream computing and data storage processes or printed out to
be analyzed.
[0054] These spectral and energy reading device systems can be
combined or integrated where similarities exist and interface to
elements that remain separate. For example a system which accepts
input from multiple types of optical and energy reading mechanisms
which can be in a single unit device or tethered together from
separate devices. Such single unit or separate devices can be
linked to a computer system capable of recording the data exported
from the device(s) onto storage media for further retrieval and
analysis.
[0055] The multiple input reading mechanisms may remain separate,
as each can be optimized to capture light or energy reflected from
or emanating from different types of indicia or markers such as a
bar code, chemical compound, or other detectable substrate.
However, if ergonomic, electrical, and other similarity exists, the
elements can be combined into one element. The energy captured from
the various input mechanisms are sent to a common microprocessor
(software/firmware/hardware) module for processing the analog
signal into digital information that is captured, stored and
further processed by one or more common host computing systems.
This combination of two or more readers, each transmitting the
energy signal to the same digital processing circuitry and beyond
simplifies processing, eliminates the cost of requiring multiple
devices and brings maximum efficiency to business process
management.
[0056] In one embodiment, a single device contains an ultraviolet
and an infrared light source to detect, analyze and report the
identity of a marker using a material which reflects or emits known
energy profiles in these wavelength bands upon exposure to or
excitation by an energy source in these bands. The device reports
the results to the user through audio and/or visual means.
[0057] FIG. 2 shows in concept three types of input reading
mechanisms, each optimized for capturing light or other energy
emanating from different types of markers. They may represent the
types of analog light or energy capture commonly done as part of
devices known as bar code laser scanners, cameras, CCD camera based
readers, spectrometers, thermo-analyzers and others. These input
reading mechanisms may be embodied in one continuous housing or
operate as modules tethered to a common housing for follow-on
processing. The energy is further processed from analog to digital
form with some shared electronic and software components.
[0058] In one embodiment, the multi-mode reader instrument of the
invention is capable of detecting data from a signal from two,
three, four or more markers, indicia or taggants on an object. The
markers, indicia or taggants may include a bar code, such as a one
dimensional or a two dimensional bar code; a QR code, an RFID, an
optical compound such as a dye or a pigment; a fluorescent
compound, a luminescent compound, a phosphorescent compound, a DNA
taggant, an upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical dye, a
digitized image, a an alpha particle, a beta particle and a gamma
wave emitted from a radioactive compound or a thermal emission from
the object. The multi-mode reader instrument can be a multi-mode
reader instrument capable of detecting and recording data from a
light signal such as visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light or
infrared light. Alternatively, the multi-mode reader instrument can
be a multi-mode reader instrument capable of detecting and
recording data from a radio signal such as the signal from an RFID
tag. In one embodiment the multi-mode reader instrument can emit a
signal that is received by the RFID tag and the RFID tag then may
emit a radio frequency signal that can be detected by the
multi-mode reader instrument.
[0059] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
accessing data from an object, the method includes: obtaining data
from a multi-mode reader instrument reading signals from one or
more markers, indicia or taggants on an object, the markers,
indicia or taggants being selected from a bar code, a QR code, an
RFID, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a phosphorescent
compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical
dye, a digitized image, a radioactive compound and a thermal
emission from the object. The DNA taggant can include labeled DNA,
such as for instance and without limitation a fluorescently labeled
DNA. The multi-mode reader instrument can be used at DNA marking
facilities for quality control and at approved entities within the
supply chain such as distributors and prime contractors for quick
detection of DNA marks at various handling points such as
receiving, warehousing and field inspection. Verification of DNA
sequences can be at an approved DNA analysis facility (e.g. at
Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., Stony Brook, N.Y.).
[0060] One example of the efficiencies of the multi-mode reader
instrument is shown in an embodiment wherein all input signals are
collected and processed for noise using the same electronics and
software where possible, and are then converted to a digital code
library based on two indices: one representing its position on the
energy spectrum, and one representing its relative intensity
level.
[0061] FIG. 3 shows the increase in unique coding capacity as a
function of number of wavebands (corresponding to the number of
filters) and number of intensity levels discriminated. The number
of unique codes is derived by formula I:
K=(N_levels).sup.N.sup._.sup.colors-(N_levels-1).sup.N.sup._.sup.colors
(I)
[0062] wherein N_colors is the number of colors or wavebands
[0063] and N_levels is the number of intensity or amplitude
levels
[0064] Thus, an instrument having detectors in nine wavebands and
capable of discriminating four different intensity levels can
distinguish between 242,461 unique codes. That is, a counterfeiter
has less than one chance in two hundred and forty thousand of
duplicating the authentic code. (See FIG. 3). This arrangement
allows for a huge number of data points to be encoded in a single
image or spectrum.
[0065] In one embodiment, one of the wavebands is allocated to a
reference marker, this reference marker may be in a waveband having
a maximum intensity level or amplitude. The remaining wavebands may
be normalized to the reference marker intensity level or amplitude.
One embodiment of the electronics and software required to collect
and process the signals emitted from objects is to use an array of
charged-couple-device imagers preceded by energy bandpass filters
selected to match the field of view, the resolution and the target
energy range for a given environment in which the device will be
used. In another embodiment of the device a transmission grating or
a filter wheel precedes the imager for the collection of varying
energy views. For highest resolution, an embodiment of the device
can be made with a spectrometer based design without bandpass or
any other filtering method.
[0066] In another embodiment, the invention provides a system for
identifying an object, the system includes: a multi-mode reader
instrument capable of detecting data from a signal from one or more
markers, indicia or taggants on an object, the markers, indicia or
taggants being selected from a microdot, a bar code, a QR code, an
RFID, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a phosphorescent
compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor (UCP), a chemical
dye, a digitized image, a radioactive compound, an olfactory
compound and a thermal emission from the object; operatively
connected to a database for storing the data from the multi-mode
reader instrument. The database can be maintained on a
computer-readable medium accessible by a computer for searching and
comparison purposes in order to identify the markers, indicia or
taggants on the object and thereby to validate the object.
[0067] The multi-mode reader instrument of markers and indicia of
the present invention can be usefully employed by those business
entities within the full supply chain of military electronic
components and expanded to additional Federal Supply Group
offerings, including Original Component Manufacturers, Original
Equipment Manufacturers, Authorized and Independent Distributors
and Prime Contractors. Other customers include those business
entities within the full supply chain of commercial goods prone to
counterfeiting, diversion and other brand challenges. These include
but are not limited to pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cash and
valuables, identification documentation and textiles. This device
can be used at final production quality control and by customers
requiring detection of marks in the field. Scenarios determined for
use are quality control laboratories at electronics marking and
commercial facilities of distributors and original manufacturers;
receiving docks of companies who have purchased electronic
components and commercial goods to ensure authenticity or
provenance prior to accepting goods; customs and border patrol;
field based applications whether in warehouses, operational
facilities or retail locations.
[0068] The unique marker compounds to be read by the multimode
reader instrument of the invention, may be deposited in place on
the item to be marked by any suitable method. For instance, pad
printing, inkjet printing, laser printing, thermal transfer
printing, flexographic printing and many commercial production
methods may provide cost-effective placement of the unique markers
onto components for identification. Pad printing and inkjet
printing can be used with a proprietary DNA ink, such as for
instance, SigNature.RTM. DNA ink from Applied DNA Sciences Inc.
Representative methods are described below:
[0069] Laser printing: Laser printing or laser marking generates a
plasma and provides a surface chemistry suitable for promoting the
adhesion or bonding of marker DNA molecules onto the surface of the
item or object to be marked. Laser printing, also known as laser
engraving, uses a coherent beam of photons to chemically and
physically modify the surface for marking, producing visible marks
created by novel microscopic structures that include localized
catalytic surfaces for binding the marker molecules, such as the
proprietary SigNature.RTM. DNA molecules. Furthermore, the
proprietary DNA can be implanted on the laser marked areas. A laser
can also be used to transfer the DNA molecules from a film such as
by laser-induced forward transfer, LIFT. Compatible processes can
be developed for attaching DNA onto marked components in currently
operative laser marking process. For each brand of machine it is
necessary to specify: energy, wavelength, printing speed and
conveyor speed according to machine specifications; and to develop
suitable methods to form the desired patterns on the surface to be
marked.
[0070] Pad printing: Pad printers use an elastomeric pad to
transfer an outline containing ink from a template onto a
substrate. These printers use a specially formulated elastic
polymer pad designed to have optimal surface properties for
transferring and releasing inks onto the substrate surfaces. The
pads must also have defined durometer properties that allow the
inks to flow properly during printing. Likewise, for maximal
adhesion and proper wetting of the surfaces, inks are formulated
with adhesion promoter molecules and should be allowed sufficient
time to realign on the ink's surface during the transferring from
the template to the target surface. DNA inks are introduced into
existing ink for specific applications according to the particular
application. For each brand of machine and ink type, it is
necessary to specify the viscosity of the ink and the pad
durometer; and to determine machine specifications: wait time,
marking pressure, speed.
[0071] Inkjet printing: Inkjet printing or inkjet marking may
include techniques such as thermal vaporization, vibration in
conjunction with electric charges and an electric field to
discharge ink droplets onto substrate surfaces to form images or
patterns including marker molecules such as DNA molecules. The inks
designed for inkjets have different chemical properties than inks
used for other printing methods. Due to differences in inkjet
printer machine designs, inks must be compatible with each type of
machine. Inks used by different manufacturers require different
chemical formulations for dispersing ink into defined volumes and
sustaining sufficient amount of charge for use with a particular
printer. The design of the print head can be optimized to produce
unique marking patterns for security printing. For each brand of
machine and ink type it is advisable to specify: ink viscosity;
conveyor speed; pressure; and the high voltage required.
[0072] Curing: For the commercial market, inks cured by air drying
are sufficient. However for the military application, strong
polymer inks require either thermal or radiation for optimal curing
by crosslinking. Thermal ink curing period is long, the order of
many minutes at elevated temperature. Radiation curing using UV
system is short, on the order of seconds at lower temperature than
thermal curing. For energy saving and improving productivity, UV
curing using different bulbs can be employed.
[0073] In FIG. 4 an object of interest 100 is marked with a
combination of markers (a multimode marker) including one or more
taggants independently selected from a microdot, a bar code, a QR
code, an RFID tag, an optical compound, a fluorescent compound, a
phosphorescent compound, a DNA taggant, an upconverting phosphor
(UCP), a chemical dye, a digitized image, a radioactive compound,
an olfactory compound and a thermal attribute of the object. The
taggants can encode information related to the object, such as
serial number, model type, composition, origin, history,
manufacturing time and location data etc. The object including the
multimode marker 110 can be passed into the stream of commerce and
scanned with a multimode reader instrument at any point in transit
or at the final destination at step 120. The image and/or spectral
data obtained by the multimode reader instrument are digitized and
may be stored locally in the instrument for retrieval at any
time.
[0074] Alternatively, or in addition, the data may be transmitted
to a secure server 125 encoding a database of information including
the encoded information in the taggants on the object. The data
transmitted from the multimode reader instrument is compared with
the stored data and if it matches, a signal validating the data may
be transmitted back to the multimode reader instrument, optionally
with additional data related to the object that was stored in the
database. In one embodiment, the multimode reader instrument
transmits the data to a local computer (such as a PC, laptop, or
file server) which is connected to a cloud server via wired or
wireless internet communications. The local computer acts as a
"buffer" to store data captured by the multimode reader and
communicate at a later time to the cloud server; this architecture
enables local operations such as a production line to continue
without interruption should any communications with the cloud
server be interrupted or intermittent.
[0075] In a second alternative, or in addition, the data may be
transmitted to a cloud server 135 encoding a database of
information including the encoded information in the taggants on
the object. The data transmitted from the multimode reader
instrument is compared with the stored data in the cloud database
and if it matches, a signal validating the data may be transmitted
back to the multimode reader instrument, optionally with additional
data related to the object that was stored in the cloud database.
Optionally, the cloud database may transmit the data to another
secure server 145 that may store the received data related to the
object of interest or transmit further data related to the object
of interest to the cloud server 135 and optionally the cloud server
may transmit the further data related to the object of interest to
the multimode reader instrument for local storage and retrieval by
authorized users in step 130.
[0076] Having retrieved data related to the object of interest and
thus preliminarily validated the object, the final authentication
and validation step 140 can be performed by providing a sample of
the taggant for testing for a unique DNA marker by standard
laboratory methods of amplification (by any suitable method, such
as PCR or isothermal amplification), sequence specific
hybridization or DNA sequencing as are well known in the art.
Successful amplifying the taggant DNA from the sample with the
matching primer pairs and/or hybridizing the amplicons with a
specific hybridization probe, or matching the DNA sequence with the
unique taggant marker DNA sequence provides the final gold-standard
authentication of the object of interest.
Example 1: Prototype Handheld Multimode Spectral and Image Reader
Instrument
[0077] A prototype instrument included an LED UV bulb emitting at
375 nm and nine CCD cameras each with a different wavelength band
filter of approximately 20-40 nm bandwidth and centered at 425 nm,
440 nm, 475 nm, 530 nm 581 nm, 615 nm, 640 nm, 680 nm and 708 nm.
The cameras were arranged to have the same field of view of a
20.times.20 mm area. The image can be of any marker, such as a
logo, a trademark, a symbol, a miniature image, or even of an image
invisible to the naked eye, located by the signal revealed by the
instrument. High resolution images were digitized and uploaded to a
PC through a USB port. Images were acquired simultaneously in
exposures from less than 100 ms to 2 seconds. Images in
pseudocolors (electronically transmuted into the visible range
easily discriminated by the human eye) were displayed on a PC
monitor and could be used to adjust the target area to center the
image and maximize the signal. Spectral images were captured from
spot taggants and from text images of alphanumeric characters
formed with multimode marked ink as a taggant. Fluorescence and
phosphorescence signals can be imaged and recorded after
illumination is shut off.
[0078] A scaling function was used to normalize the spectrum to the
candidate library value. This results in lower noise than a simple
division by the maximum amplitude value. Matlab was used to
normalize the amplitudes of the spectral images. The highest
amplitude spectrum was used as a reference signal to normalize the
signals from the other waveband channels. The determined amplitudes
from the marker channels were then compared with a library of
reference marker signals to identify the multimode marker imaged by
the handheld multimode spectral and image reader instrument.
Matches identified the marker as corresponding to the library
marker, which was linked to a particular dataset for authentication
and validation of the object.
Example 2: Another Handheld Multimode Spectral and Image Reader
Instrument
[0079] This prototype handheld multimode spectral and image reader
instrument includes a visible light bulb, an LED UV bulb and nine
CCD cameras each with a different wavelength band filter of
approximately 20-40 nm bandwidth in any suitable band, such as
centered at 425 nm, 450 nm, 475 nm, 525 nm 575 nm, 600 nm, 635 nm,
670 nm and 700 nm. The cameras are arranged to have the same field
of view of about 20.times.20 mm. The image can be of any visible
marker, such as a logo, a trademark, a symbol, a miniature image,
or even of an image invisible to the naked eye, located by the
signal revealed by the instrument. High resolution images are
digitized stored locally within the instrument and can be uploaded
to a PC. Images are acquired simultaneously in exposures from less
than 10 ms to 20 seconds. Images in pseudocolors (i.e.,
electronically transmuted into the visible range easily
discriminated by the human eye) are displayed on a PC monitor and
can be used to adjust the target area to center the image and
maximize the signal. Spectral images are captured from spot
taggants and from text images of alphanumeric characters are formed
with multimode marked ink as a taggant. Fluorescence and
phosphorescence signals are similarly imaged and recorded after
illumination is shut off.
[0080] A scaling function is used to normalize the spectrum to the
candidate library value. An onboard program is used to normalize
the amplitudes of the spectral images to reduce signal noise. The
highest amplitude spectrum is used as a reference signal to
normalize the signals from the other waveband channels. The
amplitudes are determined from the marker channels and are then
compared with a library of reference marker signals to identify the
multimode marker imaged by the handheld multimode spectral and
image reader instrument. Matches identify the marker as
corresponding to a particular library marker, which is linked to a
dataset for authentication, validation and tracking of the object
interrogated by the reader.
[0081] The description and examples provided herein are for
illustration purposes only and are not intended to be taken as
limiting the scope of the invention. The patents, patent
applications and other references cited herein are incorporated by
reference in their entireties. If a term defined herein is in
conflict with its definition as used in one or more references or
patents incorporated herein, the meaning provided in this
specification is intended.
* * * * *