U.S. patent application number 16/144627 was filed with the patent office on 2019-07-04 for manufacturing plant for high-pressure ethylene polymerization and method for emergency shutdown.
This patent application is currently assigned to Basell Polyolefine GmbH. The applicant listed for this patent is Basell Polyolefine GmbH. Invention is credited to Michael Deuerling, Andre-Armand Finette, Danir Khayrullin, Dieter Littmann, Juergen Peter Mohrbutter, Christoph Wolf.
Application Number | 20190201865 16/144627 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 60971980 |
Filed Date | 2019-07-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20190201865 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Littmann; Dieter ; et
al. |
July 4, 2019 |
MANUFACTURING PLANT FOR HIGH-PRESSURE ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION AND
METHOD FOR EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing plant for
high-pressure polymerization having a layered tubular reactor and a
method for an emergency shutdown in said manufacturing plant. The
present disclosure also relates to a process for manufacturing LDPE
using said layered tubular reactor.
Inventors: |
Littmann; Dieter; (Muecke,
DE) ; Finette; Andre-Armand; (Koeln, DE) ;
Wolf; Christoph; (Pulheim-Dansweiler, DE) ;
Deuerling; Michael; (Weilerswist, DE) ; Mohrbutter;
Juergen Peter; (Alfter, DE) ; Khayrullin; Danir;
(Bruehl, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Basell Polyolefine GmbH |
Wesseling |
|
DE |
|
|
Assignee: |
Basell Polyolefine GmbH
Wesseling
DE
|
Family ID: |
60971980 |
Appl. No.: |
16/144627 |
Filed: |
September 27, 2018 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08F 210/02 20130101;
C08F 210/16 20130101; B01J 2219/00263 20130101; C08F 2/01 20130101;
B01J 2219/00162 20130101; B01J 19/2415 20130101; C08F 2/34
20130101; F16L 3/23 20130101; B01J 3/042 20130101; B01J 19/242
20130101; B01J 19/002 20130101; B01J 2219/00033 20130101; B01J
2219/00159 20130101; B01J 2219/0027 20130101; F16L 43/001 20130101;
C08F 2500/08 20130101; C08F 10/02 20130101; C08F 2/01 20130101;
B01J 19/2415 20130101; B01J 19/2435 20130101; C08F 2/02 20130101;
C08F 10/02 20130101; C08F 2/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B01J 19/24 20060101
B01J019/24; C08F 210/02 20060101 C08F210/02; C08F 210/16 20060101
C08F210/16; F16L 3/23 20060101 F16L003/23; F16L 43/00 20060101
F16L043/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 2, 2018 |
EP |
18150014.1 |
Claims
1. A manufacturing plant for high-pressure ethylene polymerization
comprising a layered tubular reactor, the layered tubular reactor
comprising interconnected first tubings for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture, wherein the first tubings are
straight first tubes or first bends, wherein the interconnected
first tubings form at least one meandering first pipeline and at
least one first pressure relief valve is connected to said first
pipeline, the layered tubular reactor further comprising
interconnected second tubings for conveying a high-pressure
reaction mixture, wherein the second tubings are straight second
tubes or second bends, wherein the interconnected second tubings
form at least one meandering second pipeline and at least one
second pressure relief valve is connected to said second pipeline,
wherein the at least one first pipeline is arranged in a vertical
first layer and the at least one second pipeline is arranged in a
vertical second layer, and wherein the first layer is spatially
separated from the second layer.
2. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing
plant has a flooring and the first pressure relief valve is
attached to a first support structure which is fastened to the
flooring and/or wherein the second pressure relief valve is
attached to a second support structure which is fastened to the
flooring.
3. The manufacturing plant of claim 2, wherein the first and second
support structures comprise or are concrete slabs and/or metal
plates anchored to said flooring.
4. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein at least some of the
first bends connect straight first tubes arranged at different
distances from the flooring and/or wherein at least some of the
second bends connect straight second tubes arranged at different
distances from the flooring.
5. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the first tubings
have a first average tube inside diameter and the first bends are
shaped in a semicircle having a first centerline radius, wherein
the first centerline radius is not more than the tenfold of the
first average tube inside diameter and/or the second tubings have a
second average tube inside diameter and the second bends are shaped
in a semicircle having a second centerline radius, wherein the
second centerline radius is not more than the tenfold of the second
average tube inside diameter.
6. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein a transit pipe for
conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture connects the first layer
with the second layer and the first layer and the second layer are
arranged side by side and/or next to each other.
7. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the first tubings
intersect a first plane along their cavities for conveying a
reaction mixture and/or the second tubings intersect a second plane
along their tube cavities for conveying a reaction mixture.
8. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the one or more
first pipelines are connected to a first scaffold anchored to the
flooring and the one or more second pipelines are connected to the
first scaffold or to a second scaffold anchored to the flooring,
wherein the first pressure relief valve and the second pressure
relief valve are spaced apart from said first scaffold and/or
second scaffold.
9. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the first pressure
relief valve and the second pressure relief valve are connected to
a pressure-relief compartment comprising a cooling agent and a
vent.
10. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the manufacturing
plant further comprises interconnected third tubings for conveying
a high-pressure reaction mixture and the interconnected third
tubings form at least one meandering third pipeline, and wherein
the manufacturing plant also comprises interconnected fourth
tubings for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture and the
interconnected fourth tubings form at least one meandering fourth
pipeline, wherein the at least one third pipeline is arranged in a
third vertical layer and the at least one fourth pipeline is
arranged in a fourth vertical layer, wherein the third layer is
spaced at a distance from the first, second and fourth layer, and
the fourth layer is spaced at a distance from the first, second and
third layer.
11. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the first layer has
an upper end pointing away from the flooring as well as a lower end
pointing towards the flooring and a stationary first side end and
an adaptive second side end, wherein the stationary first side end
is closer to the first pressure relief valve than the adaptive
second side end and/or one first tubing located at the stationary
first side end is connected to the first pressure relief valve,
wherein the adaptive second side end is mounted in such a way that
it can expand and/or stretch away from the stationary first side
end when the temperature increases.
12. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, further comprising a
pre-heater having interconnected pre-heating tubings for conveying
a high-pressure reaction gas composition, wherein the pre-heating
tubings are straight pre-heating tubes or pre-heating bends,
wherein the interconnected pre-heating tubings form a pre-heating
pipeline and at least one pre-heating pressure relief valve is
connected to said pre-heating pipeline, wherein the pre-heating
pipeline is arranged in a vertical pre-heating layer comprising a
pre-heating zone, wherein the pre-heating pressure relief valve is
attached to a pre-heating support structure that is fastened to the
flooring.
13. The manufacturing plant of claim 1, wherein the first layer
comprises pipelines of at least one first reaction zone and the
second layer comprises pipelines of at least one second reaction
zone.
14. A method for carrying out an emergency shutdown in the
manufacturing plant of claim 1, comprising the steps of I)
polymerizing ethylene or copolymerizing ethylene and one or more
comonomers at a temperature of 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and
a pressure of 110 MPa to 500 MPa, II) stopping the feeding of the
reaction gas composition into the first pipeline, III) reducing the
pressure within the one or more first pipelines and the one or more
second pipelines using the first pressure relief valve and the
second first pressure relief valve, wherein the first pressure
relief valve and the second pressure relief valve release a
reaction mixture comprising ethylene into a pressure-relief
compartment having a cooling agent.
15. A process for preparing an ethylene polymer in a manufacturing
plant comprising a layered tubular reactor, comprising polymerizing
ethylene or copolymerizing ethylene and one or more comonomers at a
temperature of 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and a pressure of
110 MPa to 500 MPa, wherein the layered tubular reactor comprises
interconnected first tubings for conveying a high-pressure reaction
mixture, the first tubings are straight first tubes or first bends,
the interconnected first tubings form at least one meandering first
pipeline and at least one first pressure relief valve is connected
to said first pipeline; the layered tubular reactor further
comprises interconnected second tubings for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture, the second tubings are straight
second tubes or second bends, the interconnected second tubings
form at least one meandering second pipeline and at least one
second pressure relief valve is connected to said second pipeline;
the at least one first pipeline is arranged in a vertical first
layer and the at least one second pipeline is arranged in a
vertical second layer; and the first layer is spatially separated
from the second layer.
16. The process of claim 15, wherein the manufacturing plant has a
flooring and the first pressure relief valve is attached to a first
support structure which is fastened to the flooring and/or wherein
the second pressure relief valve is attached to a second support
structure which is fastened to the flooring.
17. The process of claim 15, wherein at least some of the first
bends connect straight first tubes arranged at different distances
from the flooring and/or wherein at least some of the second bends
connect straight second tubes arranged at different distances from
the flooring.
18. The process of claim 15, wherein the first pressure relief
valve and the second pressure relief valve are connected to a
pressure-relief compartment comprising a cooling agent and a
vent.
19. The process of claim 15, wherein the manufacturing plant
further comprises interconnected third tubings for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture and the interconnected third tubings
form at least one meandering third pipeline, and wherein the
manufacturing plant also comprises interconnected fourth tubings
for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture and the
interconnected fourth tubings form at least one meandering fourth
pipeline, wherein the at least one third pipeline is arranged in a
third vertical layer and the at least one fourth pipeline is
arranged in a fourth vertical layer, wherein the third layer is
spaced at a distance from the first, second and fourth layer, and
the fourth layer is spaced at a distance from the first, second and
third layer.
20. The process of claim 15, further comprising a pre-heater having
interconnected pre-heating tubings for conveying a high-pressure
reaction gas composition, wherein the pre-heating tubings are
straight pre-heating tubes or pre-heating bends, wherein the
interconnected pre-heating tubings form a pre-heating pipeline and
at least one pre-heating pressure relief valve is connected to said
pre-heating pipeline, wherein the pre-heating pipeline is arranged
in a vertical pre-heating layer comprising a pre-heating zone,
wherein the pre-heating pressure relief valve is attached to a
pre-heating support structure that is fastened to the flooring.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to European
Patent Application No. 18150014.1 filed on Jan. 2, 2018, which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing plant for
high-pressure ethylene polymerization and a method for an emergency
shutdown in said manufacturing plant. The present disclosure also
relates to a process for manufacturing LDPE (low density
polyethylene) in such a manufacturing plant.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Ethylene polymers may be formed in high-pressure
polymerization processes. Individual steps in such processes are
the compression of the reaction mixture to the reactor pressure,
introduction of an initiator in at least one stage, polymerization
while removing exothermic heat of reaction, product separation and
further processing. For said processes, different types of reactor
design may be used. One class of reactors to form low density
ethylene-based polymers are tubular reactors.
[0004] A common set-up of a plant for preparing low density
polyethylene comprises, besides the polymerization reactor, further
equipment. The reaction components may be pressurized by a
combination of two compressors, a primary compressor and a
secondary compressor. At the end of the polymerization sequence, a
high-pressure polymerization unit may further include apparatuses
like extruders and granulators for pelletizing the obtained
polymer. Furthermore, such a polymerization unit may also comprise
means for feeding monomers and comonomers, free-radical initiators,
chain transfer agents or other substances at one or more positions
to the polymerization reaction. A process and an apparatus for the
manufacture of ethylene polymers and copolymers under high
pressures are for example disclosed in WO 2007/018871 A1.
[0005] Because tubular rectors for manufacturing LDPE are too long
to be constructed as one long straight tube, the tubular reactor
has to be spatially arranged. A common arrangement is that the
tubular reactor is helically constructed; that means, the
compressed reaction mixture advances in a kind of spiraling
movement. One possibility of implementing such a design is that the
tubular rector is located within a rectangular chamber and the
helically arranged reactor tubes are attached to the walls of the
chamber. Another possibility is to erect a scaffold and have the
tubular rector spiraling along the scaffold.
[0006] The polymerization process in a LDPE reactor may be carried
out at temperatures from 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and high
pressures which can reach 350 MPa. Such high temperatures and
pressures require special technology for the process to be handled
in a safe and reliable manner. Technical issues in handling
ethylene at high pressures are, for example, described in Chem.
Ing. Tech. 67 (1995), pages 862 to 864. It is stated that ethylene
decomposes rapidly in an explosive manner under certain temperature
and pressure conditions to give soot, methane and hydrogen. This
undesired reaction occurs repeatedly in the high-pressure
polymerization of ethylene. The drastic increase in pressure and
temperature associated therewith represents a considerable
potential risk for the operational safety of the production
plants.
[0007] A possible solution for preventing a drastic increase in
pressure and temperature of this type involves installing rupture
discs or emergency pressure-relief valves. U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,387
discloses a high-pressure tubular reactor containing a plurality of
tubular sections interconnected in series by means of connection
devices, which reactor contains one or more reaction zones. Within
each reaction zone, a single rupture disc device is positioned from
about 24 to about 40 feet downstream from the reaction zone inlet.
WO 02/01308 A2, for example, discloses a specific hydraulically
controlled pressure relief valve which allows a particularly fast
opening of the pressure relief valve in case of sudden changes in
pressure or temperature. It is technically possible to handle such
thermal runaways or explosive decompositions of ethylene within the
polymerization reactor, although these situations should be avoided
since thermal runaways or explosive decompositions of ethylene
within the polymerization reactor lead to a shut-down of the
polymerization plant with a possible emission of ethylene into the
environment and loss of production.
[0008] Nonetheless, since it is not always possible to prevent
thermal runaways or explosive decomposition, the equipment of the
manufacturing plant has to withstand the mechanical forces which
occur when an emergency shut-down is carried out. Furthermore, the
equipment should allow for compensating the forces which might
apply when the plant is brought into operation or shut down; i.e.
when pressure and temperature are changed between operational state
and ambient conditions.
[0009] There is accordingly a need to provide an improved design
for arranging a tubular reactor of a manufacturing plant for
high-pressure ethylene polymerization. The tubular reactor should
allow efficient preparation of ethylene polymers and the costs of
building, installing and operating the manufacturing plant should
be reduced. It has hence to be ensured that the parts of the
manufacturing plant can withstand the forces which might apply with
respect to putting into operation or shutting down the
manufacturing plant, even in emergency situations, and to
compensate and endure, for example, pressure fluctuations and
vibrations which might occur during regular operation of the
manufacturing plant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The present disclosure provides a manufacturing plant for
high-pressure ethylene polymerization comprising a layered tubular
reactor, the layered tubular reactor comprising interconnected
first tubings for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture, which
first tubings are straight first tubes or first bends, wherein the
interconnected first tubings form at least one meandering first
pipeline and at least one first pressure relief valve is connected
to said first pipeline, the layered tubular reactor further
comprising interconnected second tubings for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture, which second tubings are straight
second tubes or second bends, wherein the interconnected second
tubings form at least one meandering second pipeline and at least
one second pressure relief valve is connected to said second
pipeline, wherein the at least one first pipeline is arranged in a
vertical first layer and the at least one second pipeline is
arranged in a vertical second layer, and wherein the first layer is
spatially separated from the second layer.
[0011] In some embodiments, the manufacturing plant has a flooring
and the first pressure relief valve is attached to a first support
structure which is fastened to the flooring and/or wherein the
second pressure relief valve is attached to a second support
structure which is fastened to the flooring.
[0012] In some embodiments, the first and second support structures
comprise or are concrete slabs and/or metal plates anchored to said
flooring.
[0013] In some embodiments, at least some of the first bends
connect straight first tubes arranged at different distances from
the flooring and/or wherein at least some of the second bends
connect straight second tubes arranged at different distances from
the flooring.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first tubings have a first average
tube inside diameter and the first bends are shaped in a semicircle
having a first centerline radius, wherein the first centerline
radius is not more than the tenfold of the first average tube
inside diameter and/or the second tubings have a second average
tube inside diameter and the second bends are shaped in a
semicircle having a second centerline radius, wherein the second
centerline radius is not more than the tenfold of the second
average tube inside diameter.
[0015] In some embodiments, a transit pipe for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture connects the first layer with the
second layer and the first layer and the second layer are arranged
side by side and/or next to each other.
[0016] In some embodiments, the first tubings intersect a first
plane along their cavities for conveying a reaction mixture and/or
the second tubings intersect a second plane along their tube
cavities for conveying a reaction mixture.
[0017] In some embodiments, the one or more first pipelines are
connected to a first scaffold anchored to the flooring and the one
or more second pipelines are connected to the first scaffold or to
a second scaffold anchored to the flooring, wherein the first
pressure relief valve and the second pressure relief valve are
spaced apart from said first scaffold and/or second scaffold.
[0018] In some embodiments, the first pressure relief valve and the
second pressure relief valve are connected to a pressure-relief
compartment comprising a cooling agent and a vent.
[0019] In some embodiments, the manufacturing plant further
comprises interconnected third tubings for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture and the interconnected third tubings
form at least one meandering third pipeline, and wherein the
manufacturing plant also comprises interconnected fourth tubings
for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture and the
interconnected fourth tubings form at least one meandering fourth
pipeline, wherein the at least one third pipeline is arranged in a
third vertical layer and the at least one fourth pipeline is
arranged in a fourth vertical layer, wherein the third layer is
spaced at a distance from the first, second and fourth layer, and
the fourth layer is spaced at a distance from the first, second and
third layer.
[0020] In some embodiments, the first layer as an upper end
pointing away from the flooring as well as a lower end pointing
towards the flooring and a stationary first side end and an
adaptive second side end, wherein the stationary first side end is
closer to the first pressure relief valve than the adaptive second
side end and/or one first tubing located at the stationary first
side end is connected to the first pressure relief valve, wherein
the adaptive second side end is mounted in such a way that it can
expand and/or stretch away from the stationary first side end when
temperature increases.
[0021] In some embodiments, the manufacturing plant further
comprises a pre-heater having interconnected pre-heating tubings
for conveying a high-pressure reaction gas composition, which
pre-heating tubings are straight pre-heating tubes or pre-heating
bends, wherein the interconnected pre-heating tubings form a
pre-heating pipeline and at least one pre-heating pressure relief
valve is connected to said pre-heating pipeline, wherein the
pre-heating pipeline is arranged in a vertical pre-heating layer
comprising a pre-heating zone, wherein the pre-heating pressure
relief valve is attached to a pre-heating support structure that is
fastened to the flooring.
[0022] In some embodiments, the first layer comprises pipelines of
at least one first reaction zone and the second layer comprises
pipelines at least one second reaction zone.
[0023] The present disclosure further provides a method for
carrying out an emergency shutdown in a manufacturing plant as
describe in the above, comprising the steps of [0024] I)
polymerizing ethylene or copolymerizing ethylene and one or more
comonomers at a temperature of 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and
a pressure of 110 MPa to 500 MPa, [0025] II) stopping the feeding
of the reaction gas composition into the first pipeline, and [0026]
III) reducing the pressure within the one or more first pipelines
and the one or more second pipelines using the first pressure
relief valve and the second first pressure relief valve, wherein
the first pressure relief valve and the second pressure relief
valve release a reaction mixture comprising ethylene into a
pressure-relief compartment having a cooling agent.
[0027] The present disclosure further provides a process for
preparing an ethylene polymer in a manufacturing plant according to
any of the claims 1 to 13 comprising polymerizing ethylene or
copolymerizing ethylene and one or more comonomers at a temperature
of 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and a pressure of 110 MPa to
500 MPa.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1 shows schematically a set-up for carrying out a
high-pressure polymerization according to the present
disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 2 shows schematically a vertical cross-section of a
manufacturing plant according to the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 3 shows schematically an enlarged part of the
cross-section shown in FIG. 2.
[0031] FIG. 4 shows a schematic floor plan a manufacturing plant
according to the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 5 shows schematically a diagram of the connections in a
layered tubular reactor according to the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0033] The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing plant for
high-pressure ethylene polymerization comprising a tubular reactor
and to a process for preparing an ethylene polymer in such a
manufacturing plant. The high-pressure polymerization may be
carried out at pressures of from 110 MPa to 500 MPa, or at
pressures of from 160 MPa to 350 MPa, or at pressures of from 200
MPa to 330 MPa. The polymerization temperatures may be in the range
of from 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C., or in the range of from
180.degree. C. to 340.degree. C., or from 200.degree. C. to
330.degree. C.
[0034] In an embodiment of the manufacturing plant, the monomers
are brought to the polymerization pressure by one or more
compressors in a sequence of compression stages, the compressed
monomers are optionally passed through a pre-heater or a pre-cooler
and transferred into the polymerization reactor which is optionally
cooled by cooling jackets. In addition, a reaction mixture obtained
by the polymerization leaves the reactor through a pressure control
valve and is optionally cooled by an post reactor cooler, the
reaction mixture is separated into polymeric and gaseous components
in two or more stages, where the gaseous components separated off
in a first stage at an absolute pressure of from 15 MPa to 50 MPa
are recycled to the one or more compressors via a high-pressure gas
recycle line and the gaseous components separated off in a second
stage at an absolute pressure in the range of from 0.1 MPa to 0.5
MPa are recycled to the first stage of the sequence of compression
stages via a low-pressure gas recycle line, and the polymeric
components obtained by the polymerization are transformed into
pellets.
[0035] The high-pressure polymerization may be a homopolymerization
of ethylene or a copolymerization of ethylene with one or more
other monomers, provided that these monomers are free-radically
copolymerizable with ethylene under high pressure. Examples of
copolymerizable monomers for use in the present technology are
.alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated C.sub.3-C.sub.8-carboxylic acids,
derivatives of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated
C.sub.3-C.sub.8-carboxylic acids, e.g. unsaturated
C.sub.3-C.sub.15-carboxylic esters or anhydrides, and 1-olefins. In
addition, vinyl carboxylates, such as vinyl acetate, can be used as
comonomers. In an embodiment, propene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, acrylic
acid, n-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate,
vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate are used as comonomer.
[0036] In the case of copolymerization, the proportion of comonomer
or comonomers in the reaction mixture may be from 1 to 50% by
weight, or from 3 to 40% by weight, based on the amounts of
monomers, i.e. the sum of ethylene and other monomers. Depending on
the type of comonomer, it can be possible to feed the comonomers at
more than one point to the reactor set-up. In an embodiment, the
comonomers are fed to the suction side of the secondary
compressor.
[0037] For the purposes of the present disclosure, polymers or
polymeric materials are substances which are made up of at least
two monomer units. The polymers or polymeric materials may be low
density polyethylenes having an average molecular weight M.sub.n of
more than 20 000 g/mole. The term "low density polyethylene" (LDPE)
includes ethylene homopolymers and ethylene copolymers. The process
can also be the preparation of oligomers, waxes and polymers having
a molecular weight M.sub.n of less than 20 000 g/mole.
[0038] The polymerization may be a radical polymerization carried
out in the presence of free-radical polymerization initiators.
Possible initiators for starting the polymerization in the
respective reaction zones are in general any substances that can
produce radical species under the conditions in the polymerization
reactor, for example, oxygen, air, azo compounds or peroxidic
polymerization initiators. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the
polymerization is carried out by using oxygen, either fed in the
form of pure O.sub.2 or as air. In case of initiating the
polymerization with oxygen, the initiator may be first mixed with
the ethylene feed and then fed to the reactor. In such a case, it
is not only possible to feed a stream comprising monomer and oxygen
to the beginning of the polymerization reactor but also to one or
more points along the reactor creating two or more reaction zones.
Initiation using organic peroxides or azo compounds also represents
an embodiment of the present disclosure. It is possible to use
either individual initiators or mixtures of various initiators. A
large range of initiators, such as peroxides, are commercially
available, for example the products of Akzo Nobel offered under the
trade names Trigonox.RTM. or Perkadox.RTM..
[0039] In the high-pressure polymerization, the molecular weight of
the polymers to be prepared may be altered by the addition of
modifiers which act as chain-transfer agents. Examples of modifiers
for use in the present technology are hydrogen, aliphatic and
olefinic hydrocarbons, e.g. propane, butane, pentane, hexane,
cyclohexane, propene, 1-butene, 1-pentene or 1-hexene, ketones such
as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone), methyl isobutyl
ketone, methyl isoamyl ketone, diethyl ketone or diamyl ketone,
aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or propionaldehyde and
saturated aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol,
isopropanol or butanol. In an embodiment, saturated aliphatic
aldehydes such as propionaldehyde, or 1-olefins such as propene,
1-butene or 1-hexene, or aliphatic hydrocarbons such as propane are
used.
[0040] Appropriate tubular reactors are basically long,
thick-walled pipes, which may be from about 0.5 km to 4 km, or from
1 km to 3 km, or from 1.5 km to 2.5 km long. The inner diameter of
the pipes may be in the range of from about 30 mm to 120 mm, or
from 60 mm to 100 mm. Such tubular reactors may have a
length-to-diameter ratio of greater than 1000, or from 10000 to
40000, or from 25000 to 35000.
[0041] In an embodiment, the tubular reactor is composed of
individual segments. These segments or tubings may be flanged
together. The tubings can be straight tubes or the tubings can be
bends. The straight tubes may have a length of from 15 m to 20 m.
The tubes can be flanged to other tubes, or the tubes can be
flanged to a bend. The bends may be 180.degree. bend bends, i.e.
bends which are shaped in a semicircle. It is also possible that
the bends are formed in a way that more than one bend flanged
together, for example two bends flanged together, form a
semicircle. In an embodiment, the bends have a small radius; i.e.
the centerline radius of the bends is not more than the tenfold of
the average inside diameter of the bends, or the centerline radius
of the bends is not more than the eightfold of the average inside
diameter of the bends, or the centerline radius of the bends is not
more than the fivefold of the average inside diameter of the
bends.
[0042] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the flanges are
arranged such that groups of flanges are aligned on top of each
other. Such a group of flanges may be arranged one atop of the
other and has at least two flanges, or from 3 to 100 flanges, or
from 5 to 60 flanges.
[0043] The tubular reactors may have at least two reaction zones,
or from 2 to 6 reaction zones, or from 2 to 5 reaction zones. The
number of reaction zones is given by the number of feeding points
for the initiator. Such a feeding point can, for example, be a
feeding point for a solution of azo compounds or organic peroxides.
Fresh initiator is added to the reactor, where the initiator
decomposes into free radicals and initiates further polymerization.
The generated heat of the reaction raises the temperature of the
reaction mixture, since more heat is generated than can be removed
through the walls of the tubular reactor. The rising temperature
increases the rate of decomposition of the free-radical initiators
and accelerates polymerization until essentially all of the
free-radical initiator is consumed. Thereafter, no further heat is
generated and the temperature decreases again since the temperature
of the reactor walls is lower than that of the reaction mixture.
Accordingly, the part of the tubular reactor downstream of an
initiator feeding point in which the temperature rises is the
reaction zone, while the part thereafter, in which the temperature
decreases again, is predominantly a cooling zone. The amount and
nature of added free-radical initiators determines how much the
temperature rises and accordingly allows for adjusting that value.
The temperature rise may be set to be in the range of from
70.degree. C. to 170.degree. C. in the first reaction zone and
50.degree. C. to 130.degree. C. for the subsequent reaction zones
depending on the product specifications and the reactor
configuration. In an embodiment, the tubular reactor is equipped
with cooling jackets for removing the heat of the reaction. All
reaction zones of the tubular reactor may be cooled by cooling
jackets.
[0044] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the cooling
jackets are arranged on straight tubes. Each of the straight tubes
may be equipped with a cooling jacket. Water may be used as a
cooling medium. In an embodiment, not each of the straight tubes is
supplied individually with the cooling medium but some adjacent
straight tubes form a group, for example a group of two, three,
four, five or six straight tubes, and this group of straight tubes
is supplied with the cooling medium. The cooling medium is then
conveyed to the cooling jacket of one of the straight tubes of the
group and thereafter passed through the cooling jackets of the
other members of the group of straight tubes before being taken
away from the tubular reactor.
[0045] The compression of the reaction gas composition to the
polymerization pressure may be carried out by one or more
compressors in a sequence of compression stages, where a primary
compressor may first compress the reaction gas composition to a
pressure of from 10 MPa to 50 MPa and a secondary compressor, which
is sometimes designated as a hyper compressor, further compresses
the reaction gas composition to the polymerization pressure of from
110 MPa to 500 MPa. In an embodiment, the primary compressor and
the secondary compressor are multistage compressors. It is further
possible to separate one or more stages of one or both of these
compressors and divide the stages into separated compressors, or a
series of one primary compressor and one secondary compressor is
used for compressing the reaction gas composition to the
polymerization pressure. In such cases, sometimes the whole primary
compressor is designated as primary compressor. However, it is also
common to designate the one or more first stages of the primary
compressor, which compress the recycle gas from the low-pressure
product separator to the pressure of the fresh ethylene feed, as
the booster compressor and then the one or more subsequent stages
as the primary compressor, although the booster compressor and the
subsequent stages are part of one apparatus.
[0046] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the production
line comprises a pre-heater upstream of the tubular reactor for
heating the reaction gas composition to a temperature capable of
initiating the polymerization. The pre-heater may be composed of
individual segments. These segments or tubings may be flanged
together. The pre-heating tubings can be straight tubes or the
tubings can be bends. In an embodiment, the straight tubes have a
length of from 15 m to 20 m. The tubes can be flanged to other
tubes, or the tubes can be flanged to a bend. The bends may be
180.degree. bend bends, i.e. bends which are shaped in a
semicircle. It is also possible that the bends are formed in a way
that more than one bend is flanged together, for example two bends
flanged together, to form a semicircle. In an embodiment, the bends
have a small radius; i.e. the centerline radius of the bends is not
more than the tenfold of the average inside diameter of the bends,
or the centerline radius of the bends is not more than the
eightfold of the average inside diameter of the bends, or the
centerline radius of the bends is not more than the fivefold of the
average inside diameter of the bends. In an embodiment of the
present disclosure, the flanges are arranged such that groups of
flanges are aligned on top of each other. Such a group of flanges
may be arranged one atop of the other and may have at least two
flanges, or from 3 to 50 flanges, or from 5 to 30 flanges.
[0047] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the entire
reaction gas composition provided by the secondary compressor is
fed via a pre-heater to the inlet of the tubular reactor. In
another embodiment of the present disclosure, a part of the
reaction gas composition compressed by the secondary compressor is
fed via the pre-heater to the inlet of the tubular reactor and the
remainder of the reaction gas composition compressed by the
secondary compressor is fed as one or more side streams to the
tubular reactor downstream of the inlet of the tubular reactor. In
such a set-up, from 30 to 90% by weight, or from 40 to 70% by
weight of the reaction gas composition provided by the secondary
compressor may be fed to the inlet of the tubular reactor and from
10 to 70% by weight, or from 30 to 60% by weight of the reaction
gas composition provided by the secondary compressor are fed as one
or more side streams to the tubular reactor downstream of the inlet
of the tubular reactor.
[0048] The production line for carrying out the polymerization of
the present disclosure comprises, beside the polymerization
reactor, two or more gas recycle lines for recycling unreacted
monomers into the polymerization process. The reaction mixture
obtained in the polymerization reactor is transferred to a first
separation vessel, regularly called high-pressure product
separator, and separated into a gaseous fraction and a liquid
fraction at an absolute pressure of from 15 MPa to 50 MPa. The
gaseous fraction withdrawn from the first separation vessel is fed
via a high-pressure gas recycle line to the suction side of the
secondary compressor. In the high-pressure gas recycle line, the
gas may be purified by several purification steps for removing
undesired components such as entrained polymer or oligomers. The
liquid fraction withdrawn from the first separation vessel, which
may still comprises dissolved monomers such as ethylene and
comonomers in an amount of about 20 to 40% of weight, is
transferred to a second separation vessel, regularly called a
low-pressure product separator, and further separated, at reduced
pressure, such as at an absolute pressure in the range of from 0.1
MPa to 0.5 MPa, in polymeric and gaseous components. The gaseous
fraction withdrawn from the second separation vessel is fed via a
so-called low-pressure gas recycle line to the primary compressor,
for example to the foremost of the stages. Also, the low-pressure
gas recycle line may comprise several purification steps for
purifying the gas from undesired components. The production line
can further comprise additional separation steps for separating
additional gaseous fractions from the reaction mixtures and
additional gas recycle lines for feeding such additional gaseous
fractions comprising not reacted monomers to one of the
compressors, for example in-between the first separation step and
the second separation step operating at an intermediate
pressure.
[0049] In an embodiment, the recycled gas coming from the
low-pressure gas recycle line is compressed by the first stages of
the primary compressor to the pressure of the fresh feed of
ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as ethylene, and
thereafter combined with the fresh gas feed and the combined gases
are further compressed in the primary compressor to the pressure of
from 10 MPa to 50 MPa. The primary compressor may comprise five or
six compression stages, two or three before adding the fresh gas
and two or three after adding the fresh gas. The secondary
compressor may have two stages; a first stage, which compresses the
gas from about 30 MPa to about 120 MPa, and a second stage, which
further compresses the gas from about 120 MPa to the final
polymerization pressure.
[0050] The pressure within the polymerization reactor may be
controlled by a pressure control valve, which is arranged at the
outlet of the polymerization reactor and through which the reaction
mixture leaves the reactor. The pressure control valve can be any
valve arrangement which can reduce the pressure of the reaction
mixture leaving the reactor to the pressure within the first
separation vessel.
[0051] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the production
line comprises a post reactor cooler downstream of the
polymerization reactor for cooling the reaction mixture. The post
reactor cooler can be arranged upstream of the pressure control
valve or the post reactor cooler can be arranged downstream of the
pressure control valve. The post reactor cooler may be arranged
downstream of the pressure control valve. The post reactor cooler
may be composed of individual segments. These segments or cooling
tubings can be flanged together. The cooling tubings can be
straight tubes or the tubings can be bends. In an embodiment, the
straight tubes have a length of from 15 m to 20 m. The tubes can be
flanged to other tubes, or the tubes can be flanged to a bend. The
bends may be 180.degree. bends, i.e. bends which are shaped in a
semicircle. It is also possible that the bends are formed in a way
that more than one bend flanged together, for example two bends
flanged together, form a semicircle. In an embodiment, the bends
have a small radius; i.e. the centerline radius of the bends is not
more than the tenfold of the average inside diameter of the bends,
or the centerline radius of the bends is not more than the
eightfold of the average inside diameter of the bends, or the
centerline radius of the bends is not more than the fivefold of the
average inside diameter of the bends. In an embodiment of the
present disclosure, the flanges are arranged such that groups of
flanges are aligned on top of each other. Such a group of flanges
may be arranged one atop of the other and may have at least two
flanges, or from 3 to 80 flanges, or from 5 to 60 flanges.
[0052] The tubular reactor may be located in a chamber having a
surrounding protective wall.
[0053] The polymeric components obtained by the polymerization are
finally transformed into pellets, for example by apparatuses like
extruders or granulators.
[0054] FIG. 1 shows schematically a set-up of a manufacturing plant
for high-pressure ethylene polymerization comprising a tubular
reactor which is continuously operated.
[0055] The fresh ethylene, which may be under a pressure of 1.7
MPa, is firstly compressed to a pressure of about 30 MPa by means
of a primary compressor (1a*) and then compressed to the reaction
pressure of about 300 MPa using a secondary compressor (1b*). Chain
transfer agents (CTA) may be added to the primary compressor (1a*)
together with the fresh ethylene. Comonomer may be added upstream
of the secondary compressor (1b*). The reaction mixture leaving the
secondary compressor (1b*) is fed to a pre-heater (2*), where the
reaction mixture is preheated to the reaction start temperature of
from about 120.degree. C. to 220.degree. C., and then conveyed to
the inlet (3*) of the tubular reactor (4*).
[0056] The tubular reactor (4*) is basically a long, thick-walled
pipe with cooling jackets to remove the liberated heat of reaction
from the reaction mixture by means of a coolant circuit (not
shown).
[0057] The tubular reactor (4*) shown in FIG. 1 has four spatially
separated initiator feeding points (5a*), (5b*), (5c*) and (5d*)
for feeding initiators or initiator mixtures PX1, PX2, PX3 and PX4
to the reactor and accordingly also four reaction zones. By feeding
free-radical initiators, which decompose at the temperature of the
reaction mixture, to the tubular reactor the polymerization
reaction starts.
[0058] The reaction mixture leaves the tubular reactor (4*) through
a pressure control valve (6*) and passes a post reactor cooler
(7*). Thereafter, the resulting polymer is separated off from
unreacted ethylene and other low molecular weight compounds
(monomers, oligomers, polymers, additives, solvent, etc.) by means
of a first separation vessel (8*) and a second separation vessel
(9*), discharged and pelletized via an extruder and granulator
(10*).
[0059] The ethylene and comonomers which have been separated off in
the first separation vessel (8*) are fed back to the inlet end of
the tubular reactor (4*) in the high-pressure circuit (11*) at 30
MPa. In the high-pressure circuit (11*), the gaseous material
separated from the reaction mixture is first freed from other
constituents in at least one purification stage and then added to
the monomer stream between primary compressor (1a*) and secondary
compressor (1b*). FIG. 1 shows one purification stage consisting of
a heat exchanger (12*) and a separator (13*). It is however also
possible to use a plurality of purification stages. The
high-pressure circuit (11*) may separate waxes.
[0060] The ethylene which has been separated off in the second
separation vessel (9*), which further comprises, inter alia, the
major part of the low molecular weight products of the
polymerization (oligomers) and the solvent, is worked up in the
low-pressure circuit (14*) at an absolute pressure of from about
0.1 MPa to 0.5 MPa in a plurality of separators with a heat
exchanger being installed between each of the separators. FIG. 1
shows two purification stages consisting of heat exchangers (15*)
and (17*) and separators (16*) and (18*). It is however also
possible to use one purification stage or more than two
purification stages. The low-pressure circuit (14*) may separate
oil and waxes.
[0061] To ensure an efficient preparation of ethylene polymers, the
tubular reactor has to withstand the extreme internal tensions when
the reaction conditions within the system change. When the
manufacturing plant is started or shut down, reaction conditions
change drastically within a short time. This may be due because
reaction gas is inserted or because no more reaction gas is
supplied. Furthermore, when it is needed to open the pressure
relief valves, these valves have also to withstand extreme
conditions. With the present disclosure, a reactor design was found
that uses spatially separated vertical layers of meandering
pipelines, wherein at least two of the layers have at least one
pressure relief valve connected to a pipeline. It was found that
this design is well suited to withstand the conditions as discussed
above.
[0062] The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing plant for
high-pressure ethylene comprising a layered tubular reactor, said
layered tubular reactor comprising interconnected first tubings for
conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture, which form at least one
meandering first pipeline and have at least one first pressure
relief valve connected to said first pipeline, and the layered
tubular reactor further comprises interconnected second tubings for
conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture, which form at least one
meandering second pipeline and have at least one second pressure
relief valve connected to said second pipeline. The first tubings
are straight first tubes or first bends and the second tubings are
straight second tubes or second bends. The at least one first
pipeline is arranged in a first vertical layer, and the at least
one second pipeline is arranged in a second layer, wherein the
first layer is spatially separated from the second layer.
[0063] In an embodiment, the first layer is separated from the
second layer in such a way that the distance between the centers of
the first straight tubes and the centers of the second straight
tubes is at least 1.5 fold as large, or from 3 times to 20 times as
large, as the average outer diameter of the first and/or second
straight tubes including the cooling jackets.
[0064] In some embodiments, the manufacturing plant further
comprises interconnected third tubings for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture, which form at least one meandering
third pipeline and the least one third pipeline is arranged in a
third layer. At least one third pressure relief valve may be
connected to said third pipeline. In some embodiments, the
manufacturing plant further comprises interconnected fourth tubings
for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture, which form at least
one meandering fourth pipeline and the least one fourth pipeline is
arranged in a fourth layer. At least one fourth pressure relief
valve may be connected to said fourth pipeline. In some
embodiments, the manufacturing plant further comprises
interconnected fifth tubings for conveying a high-pressure reaction
mixture, which form at least one meandering fifth pipeline and the
at least one fifth pipeline is arranged in a fifth layer. At least
one fifth pressure relief valve may connected to said fifth
pipeline. In an embodiment, all layers are spaced at a distance
from the other layer. The third layer may be spaced at a distance
from the first, second and optional third, fourth and fifth layers,
and/or the fourth layer may be spaced at a distance from the first,
second, third and optional fourth and fifth layers.
[0065] It was found that with arranging the tubular reactor in
multiple vertical layers, not only is a safe and reliable
production of ethylene polymer possible but also the length of the
reactor can relatively easily be extended if needed, resulting in
prolonged or additional reaction zones. With tubular reactors of a
common design, this would require a very complex change of the
whole design
[0066] In one embodiment, the first layer and the second layer are
arranged next to each other and/or side by side. However, it is
also possible in accordance with the present disclosure to arrange
a third and/or fourth layers and/or any additional layers between
the first and second layers. In an embodiment, the first and the
second layer are the only layers with pressure relief valves and
any in-between layers, e.g. the third, fourth and/or fifth layer,
have no such pressure relief valves. Such a system is cheap and
sufficiently reliable. However, it was found that a system in which
in each layer at least one pressure relief valve is connected to a
pipeline is particularly safe.
[0067] In one embodiment, the first layer is a layer arranged at
the beginning of the reaction zones and the second layer is a last
layer. Additional third, fourth and/or fifth layers may be arranged
between said first and second layers.
[0068] All layers of the manufacturing plant may be spatially
separate from each other. In an embodiment, all layers are arranged
in parallel.
[0069] In some embodiments, at least some of the first bends, or
all of the first bends, connect straight first tubes arranged at
different distances from the flooring, and/or at least some of the
second bends, or all of the second bends, connect straight second
tubes arranged at different distances from the flooring. This
allows for an efficient arrangement within the vertical layer.
[0070] The first tubings may have a first average tubing inside
diameter and a first average tubing outside diameter and the first
bends are shaped in a semicircle having a first centerline radius,
wherein the first centerline radius is not more than the tenfold of
the first average tubing inside diameter, or not more than the
eightfold of the first average tubing inside diameter, or not more
than the fivefold of the first average tubing inside diameter. The
second tubings may have a second average tubing inside diameter and
a second average tubing outside diameter and the second bends are
shaped in a semicircle having a second centerline radius, wherein
the second centerline radius is not more than the tenfold of the
second average tubing inside diameter, or not more than the
eightfold of the second average tubing inside diameter, or not more
than the fivefold of the second average tubing inside diameter.
[0071] The first tubings may intersect a first plane along their
tube cavities for conveying a reaction mixture and/or the second
tubes intersect a second plane along their tube cavities for
conveying a reaction mixture. In an embodiment, any other layers as
described above, e.g. the third, fourth and fifth layers, intersect
a plane along their tube cavities for conveying a reaction mixture
as well. In principle, it is possible to introduce slight
curvatures into layers. However, it was found that a flat design
results in a good combination of stability, cost and space
requirement when a layered design as discussed above is used.
[0072] The number of bends in each pipeline may vary. In some
embodiments, the pipelines have at least three bends, or at least
four bends, or from three to 25 bends. In an embodiment, the
pipelines have tubes arranged at at least four different distances
from the flooring, or at at least five different distances from the
flooring, or at from four to 26 different distances from the
flooring.
[0073] In some embodiments, each layer has 5 to 50 bends, or 10 to
25 bends, and each layer may have tubes arranged at 6 to 51, or at
11 to 26 different distances from the flooring.
[0074] In an embodiment, the flooring is essentially horizontal.
The first and the second layers are oriented vertically, i.e.
parallel to the force of gravitation at the place of the
manufacturing plant. An orientation as described above is to be
assumed when the divergence from an exact vertical orientation is
not more than 10.degree., or not more than 5.degree., or not more
than 1.degree.. The first and/or second layers are may be oriented
orthogonally to the flooring, i.e. there is no intentional
divergence from the orthogonal orientation.
[0075] In some embodiments, all layers, i.e. the first, the second,
the third, the fourth, and the fifth layers, are connected to each
other by transit pipes, for example the first to the second layer
by a first transit pipe, the second to the third layer by a second
transit pipe, the third to the fourth layer by a third transit
pipe, and the fourth to the fifth layer by a fourth transit pipe.
Of course, less and more than five layers are possible. Layers that
are arranged next to each other and/or side by side may be
connected to each other by respective transit pipes, or in such a
way that the reaction mixture can be conveyed from one layer to the
next layer.
[0076] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, some or all
layers comprise more than one pipeline. A pipeline is one
consecutive segment of the tubular reactor which is arranged in one
layer and which is not interrupted by a connection to a pressure
relieve valve or an initiator feeding point. Thus, a pipeline
within the present disclosure is part of the tube of the tubular
reactor thus being designed and configured to convey the reaction
mixture while the ethylene-comonomer mixture is reacting to an
ethylene polymer. In some embodiments, the first layer has two or
three first pipelines that are arranged one above another within
the first layer. In some embodiments, the second layer has two or
three second pipelines that are arranged one above another within
the second layer. In some embodiments, the third layer has two or
three third pipelines that are arranged one above another within
the third layer. In some embodiments, the fourth layer has two or
three fourth pipelines that are arranged one above another within
the fourth layer. It is also possible to have different reaction
zones within a single layer. However, different pipelines may also
contain the same reaction zone.
[0077] Pipelines within a layer may be connected with other
pipelines within the same layer, but also a connection from outside
the layer may connect to said pipelines. This may be a connection
running through an external pressure release device or a connection
that comes from a different layer. Further, layers that are
arranged next to each other and/or side by side may be connected to
each other by one transit pipe, or there may be more than one
transit pipe connecting the more than one pipelines in the
layers.
[0078] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the
manufacturing plant further comprises interconnected pre-heating
tubings for conveying a high-pressure reaction gas composition
which form at least one meandering pre-heating pipeline and the
pre-heating pipeline is arranged in a layer comprising a
pre-heating zone. At least one pre-heating pressure relief valve
may be connected to said pre-heating pipeline. In an embodiment,
the at least one meandering pre-heating pipeline forms a separated
pre-heating layer.
[0079] In a embodiment of the present disclosure, the manufacturing
plant includes a post reactor cooler and further comprises
interconnected cooling tubings for conveying a high-pressure
reaction mixture which form at least one meandering cooling
pipeline, and the cooling pipeline is arranged in a layer
comprising a cooling zone. At least one cooling pressure relief
valve may be connected to said cooling pipeline. In an embodiment,
the at least one meandering cooling pipeline forms a separated
cooling layer. In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the
manufacturing plant does not comprise a separated cooling layer and
the at least one meandering cooling pipelines are part(s) of
another layer. In an embodiment, the first layer includes a first
cooling line for cooling the reaction mixture after the reaction
mixture leaves the last of the reaction zones. The first cooling
line may be arranged further away from the flooring than the at
least one first pipeline, or all first pipelines if more than one
is present. In another embodiment, the second layer also has a
second cooling line for cooling the reaction mixture after the
reaction mixture leaves the last of the reaction zones. The second
cooling line may be arranged further away from the flooring than
the at least one second pipeline, or all second pipelines if more
than one is present. In another embodiment, the third layer also
has a third cooling line for cooling the reaction mixture after the
reaction mixture leaves the last of the reaction zones. The third
cooling line may arranged further away from the flooring than the
at least one third pipeline, or all third pipelines if more than
one is present. In another embodiment, the fourth layer also has a
fourth cooling line for cooling the reaction mixture after the
reaction mixture leaves the last of the reaction zones. The fourth
cooling line may be arranged further away from the flooring than
the at least one fourth pipeline, or all fourth pipelines if more
than one is present. The first, second, third and/or fourth cooling
lines may be connected to each other by transit cooling pipes, or
all cooling lines present in the embodiment. In an embodiment, the
aforementioned cooling lines are meandering cooling lines arranged
within the respective layers. It was found that the mounting of the
cooling lines above the pipelines comprising the reaction zones
allows a very efficient arrangement of the tubings of the
manufacturing plant.
[0080] The pressure relief valves can be connected to the pipelines
in any manner. The pressure relief valves can be installed at
tubings which branch off the pipelines, or the pressure relief
valves are installed in a manner that the reaction mixture passes
the pressure relief valve; that means, the reaction mixture comes
from one pipeline of one layer of the layered tubular reactor,
passes the pressure relief valve and is conveyed to another
pipeline, which is either located within the same layer as the
pipeline preceding the pressure relief valve or which is located
within another layer than the pipeline preceding the pressure
relief valve. In an embodiment, the pressure relief valves are
preceded and succeeded by pipelines which are located within one
layer of the layer tubular reactor. The tubular reactor may be
spatially arranged in a manner that the pressure relief valves are
connected to pipelines which are located in lower parts of the
respective layers. It is further possible that two or more pressure
relief valves are connected to pipelines located within one layer.
For example, two or more first pipelines that can be connected to
two different first pressure relief valves, or two or more second
pipelines are connected to two different second pressure relief
valves, or two or more third pipelines are connected to two
different third pressure relief valves, or two or more fourth
pipelines are connected two different fourth pressure relief
valves, or two or more fifth pipelines are connected to two
different fifth pressure relief valves. Therefore, each layer that
is built in this manner has a particularly efficient pressure
relief and the pressure relief valves can be secured to the
flooring. A reaction mixture coming from one first pipeline may be
lead through a first pressure relief valve to another first
pipeline within the same layer.
[0081] In some embodiments, the first pressure relief valve
comprises a first support structure, such as a first pedestal, that
is fastened to the flooring and/or the second pressure relief valve
comprises a second support structure, such as a second pedestal,
that is fastened to the flooring. Also the third and fourth
pressure relief valves, or all pressure relief valves within the
layered tubular reactor, may be secured to the flooring by such
support structures, or by third, fourth and/or fifth support
structures, such as pedestals, for third, fourth and/or fifth
pressure relief valves. It was found that with the present reactor
design it is possible and sufficient to provide pressure relief
valves at the bottom, i.e. pressure relief valves secured to the
flooring. Common designs of tubular high-pressure reactors often
require relieves valves high above the flooring that are fastened
or part of the pipelines as the tubing system is long and pressure
release at the bottom is not sufficient. The use of pressure relief
valves comprising support structures, such as pedestals that are
directly secured to the flooring, provides that vibrations are
better absorbed and the pressure relief valves can better sustain
the forces of an emergency shut-down. In some embodiments, the
flooring is not prone to significant vibrations; it may be a
concrete floor. Thus, if the pressure relief valves are fastened
directly to said flooring, the relief valves are secured better
against vibrations or shock. With the layered structure of the
present disclosure, reactor design in which the first and the
second pressure relief valve, or all pressure relief valves, are
placed at the bottom can easily be accomplished.
[0082] In some embodiments, the first and second support structures
comprise or are concrete slabs and/or metal plates anchored to the
flooring of the chamber, or a support structure that is a pedestal
comprising at least one concrete slab and/or at least one metal
plate, or both a concrete slab and at least one metal plate. The
third, fourth and fifth support structures may also comprise or be
concrete slabs and/or metal plates anchored to the flooring of the
chamber, or support structures that are pedestals each comprising
at least one concrete slab and/or at least one metal plate, or both
a concrete slab and at least one metal plate. It was found that
such structures are less prone to vibrations and tightly secure the
pressure relief valves. Said support structures can be used to form
fixed-point pressure relief valves as discussed hereinafter.
[0083] In an embodiment, at least one of the pressure relief valves
is fastened to the flooring in such a way that any movement is
prevented. Such an immobile pressure relief valve tightly connected
to the flooring may also be called a fixed-point pressure relief
valve. In an embodiment, each layer, such as the first and the
second layer, is connected to at least one fixed-point pressure
relief valve or at least one fixed pressure control valve. In one
embodiment, the first and/or the second pressure relief valve is
such a fixed-point pressure relief valve, i.e. a first fixed-point
pressure relief valve and/or a second fixed-point pressure relief
valve. Also, the third, fourth and fifth pressure relief valve may
be such a fixed-point pressure relief valve.
[0084] In an embodiment, the one or more first pipelines are
connected to a first scaffold anchored to the flooring and the one
or more second pipelines are connected to the first or to a second
scaffold anchored to the flooring, wherein the first and the second
pressure relief valve are spaced apart from said first scaffold
and/or second scaffold.
[0085] In an embodiment, the first and the second pressure relief
valves are connected to a pressure-relief compartment comprising a
cooling agent, such as water. In case of an emergency shut-down,
reaction mixture released through the pressure relief valves may be
quenched by water for cooling before a resulting gas is released.
Also, the polymers can be retained in this way. The pressure-relief
compartment may have a vent that may be a chimney.
[0086] In an embodiment, at least one layer is connected to a
pressure control valve. In one embodiment, the pressure control
valve is fixed to the flooring, for example in such a way that any
force caused by the pipelines, e.g. due to thermal expansion or
contraction or due to an explosion or combustion, is absorbed.
[0087] In an embodiment, the first layer has an upper end pointing
away from the flooring as well as a lower end pointing towards the
flooring, and a first side end, which is closer to the first
pressure relief valve and/or connected to the first pressure relief
valve, or to the above mentioned first fixed-point pressure relief
valve, and a second side end, which is further away from the
stationary first pressure relief valve. The first side end may be
constructed as a stationary side end, that means the first tubings
at the first side end are tightly mounted and remain essentially in
place, even when the temperature increases and/or pressure applies;
and the second side end is constructed as an adaptive side end,
that means the first tubings at the second side end are mounted in
a sliding manner and the first tubings at the second side end can
expand and/or stretch further, such as away from the first side
end, when the conditions change, for example when the temperature
increases and/or pressure applies. In an embodiment, also the
second layer has an upper end pointing away from the flooring as
well as a lower end pointing towards the flooring, and a first side
end, which is closer to the second pressure relief valve and/or
connected to the second pressure relief valve, or to the above
mentioned second fixed-point pressure relief valve, and a second
side end, which is further away from the stationary second pressure
relief valve. The first side end of the second layer may be
constructed as a stationary side end, that means the second tubings
at the first side end are tightly mounted and remain essentially in
place; and the second side end is constructed as an adaptive side
end, that means the second tubings at the second side end are
mounted in a sliding manner and the second tubings at the second
side end can expand and/or stretch further, such as away from the
first side end, when the conditions change.
[0088] In one embodiment the third, fourth and/or fifth layer, or
all layers, each have a stationary first side end and an adaptive
second side end as discussed above. In some embodiments, the upper
end of the first layer may have the same distance from the flooring
as the upper end of the second, third, fourth and/or fifth layer.
It was found that the pressure release valves that are secured to
the flooring can be better combined with the described layered
design if the other opposing end, i.e. the second side end, is not
secured in the same fashion to the flooring. Thus, the second side
end is movable or at least more flexible than the first side end,
ensuring that when the temperature changes and the layered tubular
reactor thus also changes in size, said change can be compensated
on the side of the second side end. The second side end may be
movable whereas the first side end is immobile in reaction to a
temperature change. Fixed-point pressure relief valves can be used
to keep the stationary ends immobile.
[0089] The tubular reactors may have at least two reaction zones,
or from 2 to 6 reaction zones, or from 2 to 5 reaction zones, while
the number of reaction zones is given by the number of feeding
points for the initiator. In the context of the present disclosure,
a reaction zone begins at the position where free-radical
initiators such as oxygen and/or peroxides are fed to the tubular
reactor.
[0090] In some embodiments, the first layer comprises some or all
pipelines of a first reaction zone and the second layer comprises
some or all pipelines of a second reaction zone. It may also be
envisioned that the second layer does not comprise a second
reaction zone and continues the first reaction zone.
[0091] In some embodiments, the first and/or the second layer
comprises pipelines of at least two reaction zones within said
layer. In an embodiment, the first layer has only pipelines of one
reaction zone, i.e. the first reaction zone, and the second layer
continues with pipelines of the first reaction zone and also has
pipelines of a second reaction zone.
[0092] The present disclosure also relates to a method for carrying
out an emergency shutdown in a manufacturing plant as described
above comprising the steps of: [0093] I) polymerizing ethylene or
copolymerizing ethylene and one or more comonomers at a temperature
of 100.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. and a pressure of 110 MPa to
500 MPa, [0094] II) stopping the feeding of the reaction gas
composition into the first pipeline, and [0095] III) reducing the
pressure within the one or more first pipelines and the one or more
second pipelines using the first pressure relief valve and the
second pressure relief valve, wherein the first pressure relief
valve and the second pressure relief valve release a reaction
mixture comprising ethylene into a pressure-relief compartment
having a cooling agent. Said pressure relief valves fastened to the
flooring increase security during the shutting down of the
manufacturing plant.
[0096] The present disclosure further relates to a process for
preparing an ethylene polymer in a manufacturing plant as described
above comprising polymerizing ethylene or copolymerizing ethylene
and one or more comonomers at a temperature of 100.degree. C. to
350.degree. C. and a pressure of 110 MPa to 500 MPa. The
manufacturing plant may comprise a layered tubular reactor, which
comprise interconnected first tubings for conveying a high-pressure
reaction mixture, where the first tubings are straight first tubes
or first bends, wherein the interconnected first tubings form at
least one meandering first pipeline and at least one first pressure
relief valve is connected to said first pipeline, and the layered
tubular reactor further comprises interconnected second tubings for
conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture, and where the second
tubings are straight second tubes or second bends, wherein the
interconnected second tubings form at least one meandering second
pipeline and at least one second pressure relief valve is connected
to said second pipeline, wherein the at least one first pipeline is
arranged in a vertical first layer and the at least one second
pipeline is arranged in a vertical second layer, and wherein the
first layer is spatially separated from the second layer.
[0097] In some embodiments, the above process comprises the steps
of: [0098] a) compressing a reaction gas composition, [0099] b)
optionally pre-heating said reaction gas composition, such as using
the pre-heating pipeline described above, [0100] c) inserting the
reaction gas composition into the first layer, wherein a first
initiator is added to a first pipeline thereby starting a first
reaction zone and resulting in a first reaction mixture of gas and
polymer, [0101] d) transferring the first reaction mixture into the
second layer, wherein a second initiator is added to a second
pipeline, thereby starting a second reaction zone and resulting in
a second reaction mixture of gas and polymer, wherein the first
reaction mixture of gas and polymer may be passed through a second
pipeline, which is part of the first reaction zone, before the
second initiator is added, [0102] e) optionally transferring the
second reaction mixture of gas and polymer into a third layer,
wherein a third initiator is added to a third pipeline, thereby
starting a third reaction zone and resulting in a third reaction
mixture of gas and polymer, wherein the second reaction mixture of
gas and polymer may be passed through a third pipeline, which is
part of the second reaction zone, before the third initiator is
added, [0103] f) optionally transferring the third reaction mixture
of gas and polymer into a fourth layer, wherein a fourth initiator
is added to a fourth pipeline, thereby starting a fourth reaction
zone and resulting in a fourth reaction mixture of gas and polymer,
wherein the third reaction mixture of gas and polymer may be passed
through a fourth pipeline, which is part of the third reaction
zone, before the third initiator is added, [0104] g) optionally
transferring the fourth reaction mixture of gas and polymer into a
fifth layer, wherein a fifth initiator is added to a fifth
pipeline, thereby starting a fifth reaction zone and resulting in a
fifth reaction mixture of gas and polymer, wherein the fourth
reaction mixture of gas and polymer may be passed through a fifth
pipeline, which is part of the fourth reaction zone, before the
fifth initiator is added, [0105] h) transferring the second, third,
fourth or fifth reaction mixture of gas and polymer to at least one
cooling line, such as the fourth, third, second and/or first
cooling lines that are part of the fourth layer, the third layer,
the second layer and/or the first layer respectively, and [0106] i)
transferring said cooled second, third, fourth or fifth reaction
mixture of gas and polymer to a high-pressure separator, and
separating residual gas from the polymer.
[0107] Other embodiments of the process comprises the steps of:
[0108] a') compressing a reaction gas composition, [0109] b')
optionally pre-heating said reaction gas composition, for example
using the pre-heating pipeline described above, [0110] c')
inserting the reaction gas composition into the first layer,
wherein a first initiator is added to a first pipeline, thereby
starting a first reaction zone and resulting in a first reaction
mixture of gas and polymer, [0111] d') optionally transferring the
first reaction mixture of gas and polymer into a third layer,
wherein a third initiator is added to a third pipeline, thereby
starting a third reaction zone and resulting in a third reaction
mixture of gas and polymer, wherein the second reaction mixture of
gas and polymer may be passed through a third pipeline, which is
part of the second reaction zone, before the third initiator is
added, [0112] e') optionally transferring the third reaction
mixture of gas and polymer into a fourth layer, wherein a fourth
initiator is added to a fourth pipeline, thereby starting a fourth
reaction zone and resulting in a fourth reaction mixture of gas and
polymer, wherein the third reaction mixture of gas and polymer may
be passed through a fourth pipeline, which is part of the third
reaction zone, before the third initiator is added, [0113] f)
optionally transferring the fourth reaction mixture of gas and
polymer into a fifth layer, wherein a fifth initiator is added to a
fifth pipeline, thereby starting a fifth reaction zone and
resulting in a fifth reaction mixture of gas and polymer, wherein
the fourth reaction mixture of gas and polymer may be passed
through a fifth pipeline, which is part of the fourth reaction
zone, before the fifth initiator is added, [0114] g') transferring
the third, fourth or fifth reaction mixture into a second layer,
wherein a second initiator is added to a second pipeline, thereby
starting a second reaction zone and resulting in a second reaction
mixture of gas and polymer, wherein the first reaction mixture of
gas and polymer may be passed through a second pipeline, which is
part of the first reaction zone, before the second initiator is
added, [0115] h') transferring the second reaction mixture of gas
and polymer to at least one cooling line, such as the fourth,
third, second and/or first cooling lines that are part of the
fourth layer, the third layer, the second layer and/or the first
layer respectively, and [0116] I') transferring said cooled second
reaction mixture of gas and polymer to a high-pressure separator,
and separating residual gas from the polymer.
[0117] The process for manufacturing LDPE and/or the method for
emergency shutdown may be carried out in a manufacturing plant as
described within this disclosure. The manufacturing plant may be a
manufacturing plant as described in detail above. It was found that
the above described benefits of the manufacturing plant apply for
this process for manufacturing LDPE and/or the method for emergency
shutdown.
[0118] FIG. 2 shows a vertical cross-section of a manufacturing
plant (1) for high-pressure ethylene polymerization comprising a
layered tubular reactor, which is situated within a chamber
comprising a flooring (35), a first wall (29) and an opposing
second wall (31). The layered tubular reactor comprises
interconnected first tubings (7, 7', 9, 9', 11, 11') for conveying
a high-pressure reaction mixture. The first tubings (7, 7', 9, 9',
11, 11') form two meandering first pipelines (5, 5'), wherein one
first pipeline (5) is closer to the flooring than the other first
pipeline (5'), and have one first pressure relief valve (13)
connected to said first pipelines (5, 5'). The layered tubular
reactor also comprises interconnected second tubings for conveying
a high-pressure reaction mixture forming at least one meandering
second pipeline that is not shown in FIG. 1. The two pipelines (5,
5') are arranged one above the other in a first vertical layer (3).
The first tubings comprise straight first tubes (7, 7') and first
bends (9, 9', 11, 11'), wherein the first bends (9, 9', 11, 11')
connect first tubes (7, 7') which are arranged at different
distances from the flooring (35).
[0119] A first pressure relief valve (13) is connected by pipes
(15, 15') to the upper and the lower first pipelines (5, 5') and by
another pipe (21) to a pressure-relief compartment (23) comprising
water as cooling agent and a vent (25).
[0120] The first pressure relief valve (13) comprises a first
support structure (19) that is fastened to the flooring (35),
wherein said first support structures comprise a concrete slab and
a metal plate anchored to said flooring (35).
[0121] A compressed and pre-heated reaction gas composition enter
the pipeline (5) at position (61), where also initiator is fed to
the reaction gas composition (not shown). The resulting reaction
mixture leaves pipeline (5) through pipe (15), passes the first
pressure relief valve (13) and enter the pipeline (5') through pipe
(15'). In case the first pressure relief valve (13) opens, the
reaction mixture contained in first pipelines (5, 5') may be
expanded into the pressure-relief compartment (23) via pipe
(21).
[0122] The first layer has an upper end (41) pointing away from the
flooring (35) as well as a lower end (43) pointing towards the
flooring and a stationary first side end (45) and an adaptive
second side end (47), wherein the stationary first side end (45) is
closer to the first pressure relief valve (13), wherein the
adaptive second side end (47) is mounted in such a way that it can
expand and/or stretch further than the stationary first side end
(45) when temperature increases. The first pipelines (5, 5') are
mounted on a metal framework (17).
[0123] FIG. 3 shows a section of the first pipelines (5, 5') of the
first layer (3) depicted in FIG. 2, namely the section of the first
side end (45). Bends (11, 11') and straight first tubes (7, 7') and
different straight first tubes (7, 7') are interconnected
terminally by first pressure flange joints (33).
[0124] Although FIGS. 2 and 3 describe the first layer, it should
be understood that other layers, such as the pre-heating layer, the
second layer, the third layer, the fourth layer and/or the fifth
layer, may be built identically or similarly, i.e. with meandering
pipelines in a flat layer. It is possible to add further
pipelines--arranged on top of existent pipeline, e.g. for cooling
or for further reaction zones. One possible set-up of a combination
of layers can be derived from FIGS. 4 and 5.
[0125] FIG. 4 shows a schematic floor plan of a manufacturing plant
(101) for high-pressure ethylene polymerization having a chamber
comprising a flooring (135), surrounding walls (129, 131, 153, 155)
and a vertically layered tubular reactor (100). The layered tubular
reactor (100) comprises interconnected first tubings (107) for
conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture forming at least one
meandering first pipeline (105) and having a first pressure relief
valve (113) connected to said first pipeline (105). The layered
tubular reactor (100) further comprises interconnected second
tubings (207) for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture
forming at least one meandering second pipeline (205) and having a
second pressure relief valve (213) connected to said second
pipeline (205), wherein the at least one first pipeline (105) is
arranged in a vertical first layer (103) and the at least one
second pipeline (205) is arranged in a second layer (203), wherein
the first layer (103) is spaced at a distance form the second layer
(203) and a transit pipe (133) connects said first layer (103) with
said second layer (203).
[0126] Said manufacturing plant (101) also comprises interconnected
third tubes (307) for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture
forming at least one meandering third pipeline (305) and having a
third pressure relief valve (313) connected to said third pipeline
(305) and wherein the manufacturing plant comprises interconnected
fourth tubes (407) for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture
forming at least one meandering fourth pipeline (405) and having a
fourth pressure relief valve (413) connected to said fourth
pipeline (405) wherein the at least one third pipeline (305) is
arranged in a third layer (303) and the fourth pipeline (405) is
arranged in a fourth layer (403), wherein the third layer (303) is
spaced at a distance form the first, second and fourth layers (103,
203, 403), and the fourth layer (403) is spaced at a distance from
the first, second and third layers (103, 203, 303) and wherein a
second transit pipe (233) for conveying a high-pressure reaction
mixture connects a second pipeline (205) with a third pipeline
(305) and a third transit pipe (333) for conveying a high-pressure
reaction mixture connects a third pipeline (305) with a fourth
pipeline (405). The pressure relief valves (113, 213, 313, 413) may
be fixed-point pressure relief valves.
[0127] Said manufacturing plant (101) also comprises interconnected
fifth tubes (507) for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture
forming at least one meandering fifth pipeline (505) and having a
fifth pressure relief valve (513, 513') connected to said fifth
pipeline (505) arranged in a fifth layer (503), wherein said fifth
layer (503) is spaced at a distance from the first, second, third
and fourth layers (103, 203, 303, 403) and a fourth transit pipe
(433) for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture connects the
fourth pipeline (205) with the fifth pipeline (405). The fifth
pipeline (505) has two fifth pressure relief valves (513, 513') and
between the pressure relief valves (513, 513') there is a pressure
control valve (514) to maintain the pressure within the
above-mentioned pipelines. The pressure control valve (514) may be
a fixed-point valve, i.e. a valve fixed to the flooring in an
immobile position, and the pressure relief valves (513, 513') are
movable in at least one direction, such as a direction parallel to
the layers.
[0128] The reaction gas composition enters the reactor and the
chamber by a pipe (152). The compressor for compressing the
reaction gas composition may be arranged inside or outside of the
chamber. The compressed reaction gas composition passes through a
pressure relief valve (613) before entering a pre-heater having
interconnected pre-heating tubes (607) for conveying a
high-pressure reaction mixture forming at least one meandering
pre-heating pipeline (605) and having the pre-heating pressure
relief valve (613) connected to said pre-heating pipeline (605),
wherein the at least one pre-heating pipeline (605) is arranged in
a pre-heating layer (603) comprising a pre-heating zone. A transit
pipe (633) for conveying a high-pressure reaction mixture connects
a pre-heating pipeline (605) with a first pipeline (105).
[0129] The pipelines are mounted on metal frameworks (117, 317,
517, 617), wherein the first and second pipelines (105, 205) share
the same metal framework (117) and the third and fourth pipeline
(105, 205) share the same metal framework (317). The first layer
(103) is arranged next to and side by side with the second layer
(203), the second layer (203) is arranged next to and side by side
with the third layer (303), the third layer (303) is arranged next
to and side by side with the fourth layer (403), and the fourth
layer (403) is arranged next to and side by side with the fifth
layer (503).
[0130] The pressure relief valves (113, 213, 313, 413, 513, 613)
are connected (connections not shown) to a pressure-relief
compartment (123) comprising a cooling agent and a vent (125). Also
shown is a high-pressure separator (127) into which the reaction
mixture is conveyed via a pipe (149) after having passed the
layered tubular reactor (100). The polymer is afterwards
transmitted by a pipe (151) for further processing to the next
station, e.g. an extruder (not shown).
[0131] FIG. 5 relates to a connection diagram of an exemplary
embodiment which gives a transverse section through the row of
pipes, wherein the top section of FIG. 5 relates to a higher
distance from the flooring (not shown) than the bottom section. It
should be understood that many other arrangements are possible in
accordance with the present disclosure.
[0132] FIG. 5 shows a pre-heating layer (603), a first layer (103),
a second layer (203), a third layer (303), a fourth layer (403),
and a fifth layer (503). A compressed reaction gas composition
enters the reactor and the chamber by a pipe (152), and runs
through a pressure relief valve (613) before entering the
pre-heating layer (603). The reaction gas composition is split at a
junction (671) and runs through two pre-heating pipelines (607,
607') installed in parallel. Afterwards the gas flows are
recombined at a merger (673) and inserted into the first layer
(103). The reaction gas composition is lead out of the first layer
through a first pressure relief valve (113) and reinserted into the
first layer (103). Two adjacent first pipelines, which are both
part of a first reaction zone, (701a, 701b) are separated by the
first pressure relief valve (113). Afterwards the resulting
reaction mixture is transferred into the second layer (203) passing
through a second pressure relief valve (213) and entering a second
pipeline (701c), which is still part of a first reaction zone. A
second reaction zone begins in an upper section of the second layer
(203) in an adjacent second pipeline (703a). The reaction mixture
is then transferred into the third layer (303) in a third pipeline
(703b), which is still part of a second reaction zone. The reaction
mixture is lead out of the third layer (303) through a third
pressure relief valve (313) and reinserted into the third layer
(303) in another third pipeline (703c) which is part of a second
reaction zone. Also, the fourth pipeline (703d) within the fourth
layer (403), into which the reaction mixture is subsequently
transferred, is part of a second reaction zone. The following
fourth pipeline (705a) is part of a third reaction zone.
Subsequently, the reaction mixture is lead out of the fourth layer
(403), passed through a fourth pressure relief valve (413), and
reinserted into a fourth layer (403) in a fourth pipeline (705b),
which is part of a third reaction zone. Also, the fifth pipeline
(705c) within the fifth layer (503), into which the reaction
mixture is subsequently transferred, is part of a third reaction
zone. An adjacent fifth pipeline (707) forms a fourth reaction zone
(707). Initiator is always fed at the beginning of the respective
reaction zones.
[0133] Having passed the reaction zones, the reaction mixture is
lead through two fifth pressure relief valves (513, 513') into an
aftercooler. Between said pressure relief valves (513, 513'), the
pressure control valve (514) is installed. The aftercooler has a
first cooling line (804), a second cooling line (803), a third
cooling line (802) and a fourth cooling line (801), wherein the
reaction mixture first enters the fourth cooling line (801), then
the third cooling line (802), then the second cooling line (803)
and last the first cooling line (804) before being transmitted
through a pipe (149) into a high-pressure separator (127).
[0134] While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other
embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art from
the following detailed description. As will be apparent, certain
embodiments, as disclosed herein, are capable of modifications in
various obvious aspects, all without departing from the spirit and
scope of the claims as presented herein. Accordingly, the drawings
and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in
nature and not restrictive.
* * * * *