U.S. patent application number 16/223469 was filed with the patent office on 2019-06-27 for valve with electrodynamic actuator.
The applicant listed for this patent is Buerkert Werke GmbH & Co. KG. Invention is credited to Johannes Baumann, Christian Hartmann, Sebastian Hettinger, Simone Knauss, Rainer Kuenzler, Christina Ripsam, Ralf Scheibe, Holger Schwab.
Application Number | 20190195382 16/223469 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 66768413 |
Filed Date | 2019-06-27 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190195382 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Scheibe; Ralf ; et
al. |
June 27, 2019 |
VALVE WITH ELECTRODYNAMIC ACTUATOR
Abstract
A valve comprising an electrodynamic actuator having a magnet
arrangement to generate a magnetic field and a drive element
movable relative to the magnet arrangement. The drive element is
pivotally mounted and comprises a current-carrying air coil
disposed in the magnetic field, and which is fixedly coupled to a
coil carrier of a non-magnetic material. Sealing surfaces of
sealing valve seats are arranged on two opposite sides of the drive
element. The drive element is elongated, and wherein a direction of
longitudinal expansion of the drive element extends substantially
along a longitudinal expansion of the coil.
Inventors: |
Scheibe; Ralf; (Ingelfingen,
DE) ; Hettinger; Sebastian; (Ingelfingen, DE)
; Ripsam; Christina; (Ingelfingen, DE) ; Schwab;
Holger; (Ingelfingen, DE) ; Knauss; Simone;
(Ingelfingen, DE) ; Baumann; Johannes;
(Ingelfingen, DE) ; Hartmann; Christian;
(Ingelfingen, DE) ; Kuenzler; Rainer;
(Ingelfingen, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Buerkert Werke GmbH & Co. KG |
Ingelfingen |
|
DE |
|
|
Family ID: |
66768413 |
Appl. No.: |
16/223469 |
Filed: |
December 18, 2018 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F16K 31/0675 20130101;
F16K 31/0627 20130101; F16K 31/0682 20130101; F16K 17/02 20130101;
F16K 27/029 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F16K 31/06 20060101
F16K031/06; F16K 17/02 20060101 F16K017/02 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 22, 2017 |
DE |
10 2017 131 246.3 |
Claims
1. A valve with an electrodynamic actuator comprising: a magnet
device that generates a magnetic field; and a drive element movable
relative to the magnet device, the drive element being pivotally
mounted and comprising a current-carrying air coil (54) that is
arranged in the magnetic field and is fixedly coupled to a coil
carrier made of a non-magnetic material, and wherein sealing
surfaces of sealing valve seats are arranged on two opposite sides
of the drive element, and wherein the drive element is elongated,
wherein a direction of longitudinal extension of the drive element
extends substantially along a longitudinal extension of the
coil.
2. The valve according to claim 1, wherein the drive element is
encased in an elastomer part.
3. The valve according to claim 2, wherein the elastomer part
comprises two sealing sections arranged on the sealing surfaces of
the drive element.
4. The valve according to claim 2, wherein the elastomer part has a
pear-shaped section and a tongue-shaped section, the tongue-shaped
section projecting into the pear-shaped section and encasing the
drive element.
5. The valve according to claim 2, wherein the elastomer part has a
mounting aid.
6. The valve according to claim 1, wherein the sealing valve seats
comprise two valve seats that face each other.
7. The valve according to claim 1, wherein the drive element has a
toothing, the coil carrier being firmly connected to the drive
element via the toothing.
8. The valve according to claim 1, including a housing formed at
least partially from plastic and partially from a metallic
encasement.
9. The valve according to claim 8, wherein the housing comprises at
least two plastic parts which engage in one another, the metallic
encasement being put over the at least two plastic parts in order
to hold the at least two plastic parts together.
10. The valve according to claim 8, wherein the metallic encasement
is formed from a magnetically conductive steel and serves to shield
the valve.
11. The valve according to claim 8, including reinforcing plates
made of a soft magnetic material.
12. The valve according to claim 11, wherein the reinforcing plates
are arranged inside the housing between the metallic encasement and
a permanent magnet, respectively.
13. The valve according to claim 1, wherein the drive element is
mounted pivotably about an axis of rotation parallel to main
directions of the magnetic fields.
14. A valve with an electrodynamic actuator, comprising: a magnet
arrangement to generate a magnetic field; and a drive element
movable relative to the magnet arrangement, the drive element being
pivotally mounted and comprising a current-carrying air coil which
is arranged in the magnetic field and is fixedly coupled to a coil
carrier made of a non-magnetic material, and wherein sealing
surfaces of sealing valve seats are arranged on two sides of the
drive element which do not lie in one plane, and wherein the drive
element is elongated, wherein a direction of longitudinal extension
of the drive element extends substantially along a longitudinal
extension of the coil.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a U.S. non-provisional application
claiming the benefit of German Application No. 10 2017 131 246.3
filed on Dec. 22, 2017, which is incorporated herein by herein in
its entirety.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The invention relates to a valve with an electrodynamic
actuator.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0003] Valves with electromagnetic actuators are frequently used in
fluid technology. In most of these actuators, an armature made of
magnetic material is moved via a magnetic field generated by a
coil.
[0004] In contrast, the magnetic field strength of electrodynamic
drives depends on the volume of the permanent magnets used in the
drive, whereby a reduction in the volume of the permanent magnets
has a comparatively smaller effect on the magnetic field strength
available in the drive than a reduction in the coil size of an
electromagnetic actuator. Thus, comparatively high magnetic forces
can be generated with an electrodynamic drive. An electrodynamic
actuator, for example, is known from DE 10 2013 110 029 B4.
[0005] Valves are known wherein valve seats are sealed by a
diaphragm, which is pressed onto the respective valve seat by an
actuator. However, the use of a diaphragm limits the maximum
working pressure.
[0006] Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to
provide a valve that allows a high solenoid force, a large stroke,
and a high working pressure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] This is achieved according to the invention by a valve with
an electrodynamic actuator that has a magnet device to generate a
magnetic field and a drive element that is movable relative to the
magnet device. The drive element is pivotally mounted and comprises
a current-carrying air coil that is arranged in the magnetic field
and that is fixedly coupled to a coil carrier of a non-magnetic
material. Sealing surfaces of sealing valve seats are arranged on
two opposite sides of the drive element. The drive element is
elongated, and wherein a direction of longitudinal expansion of the
drive element extends substantially along a longitudinal expansion
of the coil.
[0008] Opposite sides refer to two sides facing in opposite
directions. This means that the sealing surfaces face in opposite
directions. The sides can be parallel to each other or inclined to
each other.
[0009] The invention is based on the basic idea that the Lorentz
force can be used as the driving force for an actuator if the
actuator's drive element has a coil arranged in a magnetic field
that is supplied with current to deflect the drive element. This
concept is implemented particularly effectively in this invention
by using an air coil as the coil, which is firmly coupled to a
non-magnetic coil carrier. An air coil is known to be a wire wound
around a non-soft magnetic material (usually air) without a soft
magnetic core. The non-magnetic coil carrier should not be
magnetizable and may, for example, be made of plastic.
[0010] Since the distance between the air coil and the magnetic
field is constant with the valve according to the invention, the
force does not change due to a change in the stroke. This allows
large strokes with relatively large force transmission to be
achieved, while with conventional solenoid valves the available
force decreases sharply with the stroke. This makes high working
pressures possible, which means that reliable sealing of the valve
seats can be achieved.
[0011] Since the valve seats are sealed directly by the sealing
surfaces arranged on opposite sides of the drive element, there is
no need for a diaphragm.
[0012] According to one embodiment, the drive element is encased in
an elastomer part. This can dampen impact noises so that the valve
is particularly quiet in operation and switching noises are avoided
as far as possible. In this context, it is important to note that
the valve is particularly quiet, as the Lorentz principle does not
allow metal to metal, which is the case with conventional solenoid
valves.
[0013] The elastomer part can comprise two sealing sections
arranged on the sealing surfaces of the drive element. This has the
advantage that the valve seats can be sealed particularly reliably.
Unevenness and manufacturing tolerances on a valve seat or on the
sealing surfaces of the drive element can be compensated by the
sealing sections.
[0014] The elastomer part preferably has a pear-shaped section and
a tongue-shaped section, the tongue-shaped section projecting into
the pear-shaped section and encasing the drive element. The
pear-shaped section of the elastomer part can be used to seal
housing parts that can be joined together to form a valve housing.
Because the tongue-shaped section encases the drive element, the
elastomer part is reliably attached to the drive element and cannot
be unintentionally detached from it even if the drive element
moves.
[0015] According to one embodiment, the elastomer part has a
mounting aid. The mounting aid, for example, is molded onto the
elastomer part, in particular in the form of a bead on the
pear-shaped section of the elastomer part. The mounting aid can,
for example, be clamped between two housing parts during assembly
so that the pear-shaped section is fixed in a fixed position. At
the same time, the mounting aid can be used to correctly position
the elastomer part by aligning the mounting aid to a corresponding
geometry on a housing part.
[0016] Because the valve has two valve seats preferably facing each
other, in particular because the valve seats do not lie in the same
plane, good sealing of the valve seats is possible. By pivoting the
drive element, the opposite valve seats can each be sealed with one
of the sealing surfaces arranged on opposite sides of the drive
element. The drive element can be pressed onto the valve seats with
a relatively high pressure.
[0017] The drive element may have a toothing, the coil carrier
being firmly connected to the drive element via the toothing. In
particular, the drive element can be clawed into the coil carrier
by the toothing, so that the drive element and the coil carrier
cannot be detached from each other without destruction anymore. The
coil carrier and the drive element can thus be advantageously
connected to each other without further connectors. The toothing
can be formed integrally in the drive element.
[0018] The valve preferably has a housing, formed at least partly
from plastic and partly from a metallic encasement. For example,
the housing comprises several plastic parts that can be produced by
injection molding. Fasteners or fluid channels can be formed
particularly easily in the plastic parts. The metallic encasement
serves to shield the valve and also serves as a magnetic guide
plate. For this purpose, the metallic encasement is made of a
magnetically conductive steel, for example. In addition, the
metallic encasement improves heat dissipation.
[0019] For example, the housing comprises at least two plastic
parts that engage with each other, with the metallic encasement
being put over the two plastic parts to hold the plastic parts
together. In particular, the metallic encasement surrounds the at
least two plastic parts in such a way that they cannot separate
from each other. This eliminates the need for fasteners to connect
the housing parts. The housing parts can thus be manufactured
particularly easily, since, for example, no or fewer latching
elements or similar connecting elements are required. According to
one embodiment, reinforcing plates made of a soft magnetic material
are provided.
[0020] The reinforcing plates may be arranged inside the housing
between the metallic encasement and a permanent magnet,
respectively.
[0021] The drive element is preferably mounted pivotably about an
axis of rotation parallel to the main directions of the magnetic
fields. Here, the Lorentz force is optimally used as the driving
force for a pivoting movement. Such a design is particularly
suitable for the alternating opening and closing of two oppositely
arranged valve seats.
[0022] According to one embodiment, a first half of the air coil is
arranged in a first magnetic field with a first main direction and
a second half of the air coil is arranged in a second magnetic
field with a second main direction opposite to the first main
direction. In such a configuration, the different polarity
(north/south pole) of adjacent permanent magnets can be effectively
used to utilize a large portion of the winding sections to generate
the driving force. Since most of the current in the winding halves
of the air coil flows in opposite directions, a Lorentz force is
generated in both cases which acts in the same direction, resulting
in a large total driving force.
[0023] Particularly advantageous is the use of an air coil which
generally has the shape of an oval with a longitudinal axis,
preferably the shape of two complementary semicircles spaced apart
with a linear center piece connecting the semicircles, the
longitudinal axis dividing the air coil into the two halves through
which oppositely oriented magnetic fields pass. An oval shape of
the air coil has the advantage that larger winding sections can be
achieved than with a circular coil which contribute to force
generation. This means that more force is available in the
direction of movement of the drive element. In principle, however,
circular or angular coils can also be used.
[0024] According to one embodiment, a reset element is provided
which exerts a bias force on the drive element and forms at least
part of an electrically conductive connection between a winding end
of the air coil and an electrical connection of the actuator. The
reset element thus fulfils a dual function by pretensioning the
drive element to a certain switching position or operating position
on the one hand and on the other hand making an otherwise required
wire connection or the like superfluous.
[0025] Alternatively, contact can also be made via a wire
connection. In this case, care must be taken to ensure that the
flexibility of the wire ends is guaranteed, as they move along
during the switching process. For this purpose, the wire ends can,
for example, be coated with PTFE.
[0026] A leaf spring or a coil spring, for example, is suitable as
a reset element. Several spring elements can also form a reset
element together.
[0027] According to one embodiment, the magnet device and the drive
element of the electrodynamic actuator can be accommodated in an
actuator housing that shields the magnetic fields of the magnet
device. This avoids interference with adjacent electrical and/or
magnetic equipment.
[0028] According to one embodiment, the electrodynamic actuator is
equipped with reinforcing plates, especially yoke plates, made of a
soft magnetic material, which fulfil a double function: On the one
hand they amplify the magnetic fields of the magnet device, and on
the other hand they shield the magnetic fields from the outside.
The use of such yoke plates allows an actuator housing made of
plastic to be provided if a stronger shielding is not
necessary.
[0029] In an exemplary embodiment, the reinforcing plates, in
particular yoke plates, made of soft magnetic material with
magnetic field amplification and shielding properties form the
housing of the actuator.
[0030] In another embodiment, the reinforcing plates are arranged
inside the housing, for example, between the metallic sheathing and
a permanent magnet.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] Further features and advantages of the invention result from
the following description and from the following drawings to which
reference is made. In the drawings:
[0032] FIG. 1 shows a valve according to the invention,
[0033] FIG. 2 shows a view of the inventive valve from below,
[0034] FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of the valve according to the
invention,
[0035] FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal section through the valve along
the line A-A in FIG. 1,
[0036] FIG. 5 shows another longitudinal section through the valve
along the line B-B in FIG. 1,
[0037] FIGS. 6a to 6c show different views of a drive element,
[0038] FIGS. 7a and 7b show different sections of a drive
element,
[0039] FIG. 8 shows a section through a valve body, and
[0040] FIG. 9 shows a casing of the valve housing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] FIG. 1 shows a valve 10, which has a housing 12. The housing
12 consists of several plastic housing parts 14, 16, 18 and a
metallic encasement 20. The metallic encasement 20 comprises two
sheathing parts 22, 24 which are inserted into each other and which
are at least partially inserted over the plastic housing parts 14,
16. A further plastic housing part 18 forms a cover which closes
the housing 12. When assembled, all housing parts 14, 16, 18, 20
form a uniform surface.
[0042] The sheathing parts 22, 24 of the metallic encasement 20
preferably consist of a magnetically conductive steel. They each
have flaps 26 widening in a direction away from their own sheathing
part 22, 24, which engage in corresponding recesses 28 of the
respective other sheathing part 22, 24 in order to fasten the
sheathing parts 22, 24 together.
[0043] In an upper area of the housing 12, in which an actuator 30
is also arranged, the encasement 20 serves as a shield against
magnetic fields. This avoids interference with adjacent electrical
and/or magnetic equipment. The actuator 30 is visible in FIGS. 3 to
5. In addition, the encasement 20 serves as a magnetic guide plate,
which can conduct magnetic fields in a desired direction. In
addition, the encasement 20 serves to dissipate heat.
[0044] In a lower area of the housing 12, the encasement 20 is
designed to save material and mainly has a fastening function. In
particular, extensions 32, 34 of the encasement 20 extend into a
lower portion of the housing 12. Through extensions 32, 34, the
surface area of the encasement 20 is increased so that heat
exchange between the encasement 20 and the environment is
improved.
[0045] FIG. 2 shows the valve 10 in a view from below. A fluid
plate 36 is moulded to the plastic housing parts 14, 16. Fluid
channels 38, 40, 42 are formed in the fluid plate 36. To the fluid
channels 38, 40, 42, fluid lines can be connected. The fluid plate
36 also has stiffening ribs and through-holes for fixing the fluid
plate 36.
[0046] FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of the inventive valve 10 from
FIGS. 1 and 2.
[0047] The housing parts 14, 16 have mounting areas 44, 46 with
which the housing parts 14, 16 engage in the metallic encasement
20, in particular in the extensions 32, 34 of the encasement 20.
For example, the housing parts 14, 16 are connected to the
encasement 20 by clamping. For this purpose, elevations 48, for
example in the form of webs, are provided in the mounting areas 44,
46. The height of the elevations 48 is selected such that a
sufficient clamping force is achieved between the housing parts 14,
16 and the encasement 20, such that a secure hold of the encasement
20 on the housing parts 14, 16 is ensured.
[0048] Indentations 50, in particular grooves, are located directly
adjacent to the elevations 48. In the indentations 50, any material
abrasion that may occur when the encasement 20 is placed on the
plastic housing parts 14, 16 may accumulate.
[0049] The electrodynamic actuator 30 is arranged in the housing
12. The actuator 30 comprises a coil carrier 52 made of a
non-magnetic material with an air coil 54 visible in FIGS. 4 and 5,
and a drive element 56 fixed to the coil carrier 52. In addition,
the actuator 30 comprises two return springs 58 and two contacts
60, each connecting the coil ends to a positive and a negative
pole.
[0050] The air coil 54 is firmly connected to the coil carrier 52,
i.e. the coil carrier 52 and the air coil 54 always move together.
The air coil 54 comprises a plurality of windings around a non-soft
magnetic core (air or other non-magnetic material). The windings
give the air coil 54 an essentially oval shape with a longitudinal
axis perpendicular to the centre axis of the air coil 54. In the
example shown, the air coil 54 has the shape of two spaced
complementary semicircles with a straight center piece connecting
the semicircles.
[0051] For sake of better clarity, other parts of actuator 30, for
example permanent magnets 62 and reinforcing plates 64, especially
yoke plates, are not shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 5 shows the complete
actuator 30.
[0052] The air coil 54 can be energized electrically via the
springs 58. For improved contract, a contact lug 66 is arranged at
each end of the coil wire. A coil wire end can be placed on a
contact lug 66 for fastening, and the contact lug 66 can then be
closed and welded. The contact lugs 66 are electrically conductive
and are preferably made of a metallic material. Each spring 58 is
placed on one end of a contact lug 66.
[0053] The coil carrier 52, in particular the drive element 56, can
be loaded by the springs 58 into a position in which a valve seat
is sealed when the valve 10 is de-energized.
[0054] When the air coil 54 is supplied with direct current via the
contacts 60, a Lorentz force acts on the air coil 54. This allows
the drive element 56 to be pivoted such that a second valve seat is
closed. As soon as the current is switched off, the Lorentz force
is omitted and a reset element in the form of springs 58 pushes the
drive element 56 back to its initial state.
[0055] The coil carrier 52 is pivoted via a bolt 68 in the housing
parts 14, 16.
[0056] The housing parts 14, 16 have complementary extensions or
grooves, which interlock when the housing parts 14, 16 are
assembled. The bolt 68 is enclosed between the housing parts 14, 16
and rotatably mounted. Two pins 70, each inserted in coaxially
arranged holes in the housing parts 14, 16, secure the connection
of the two housing parts 14, 16 to each other.
[0057] FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal view along the line A-A in FIG.
1.
[0058] A valve seat 72, 74 is arranged in each case at the ends of
the fluid channels 38, 40 lying in the interior of the valve 10, in
particular in the interior of the housing parts 14, 16, with the
valve seats 72, 74 facing each other.
[0059] The course of the fluid channels 38, 40, 42 corresponds at
least approximately to the course of a circular path, especially in
the area of a deflection. This results in a particularly good flow
rate. A rectangular deflection would be easier to make. However, a
rectangular deflection would have a negative effect on the flow
rate.
[0060] The valve seats 72, 74 can each be closed by sealing
surfaces 76, 78 arranged on opposite sides of the drive element 56
when the air coil 54 is energized.
[0061] The drive element 56 is elongated, with a direction of the
longitudinal extent of the drive element 56 extending substantially
along the coil longitudinal extent. The drive element 56 preferably
has a metallic core 80.
[0062] The metallic core 80 of the drive element 56 is at least
partially covered by an elastomer part 82. The elastomer part 82 is
composed of a pear-shaped section 84 and a tongue-shaped section
86. This is particularly well seen in FIG. 5 or 7a. Instead of a
pear shape, other geometries are also conceivable. For example, the
elastomer part 82 can also consist of an O-shaped section and a
tongue-shaped section.
[0063] The sealing surfaces 76, 78 of the drive element 56 are
covered by the elastomer part 82, in particular by the
tongue-shaped section 86. This allows a particularly reliable
sealing of the valve seats 72, 74. In particular, the elastomer
part 82 comprises two sealing sections 96, 98 arranged on the
sealing surfaces 76, 78 of the drive element 56. The sealing
sections 96, 98 can be thickenings of the elastomer part 82 in the
tongue-shaped section 86, in particular the sealing sections 96, 98
are formed integrally with the elastomer part 82.
[0064] The pear-shaped section 84 of the elastomer part 82 is used
to seal the housing parts 14, 16. For this purpose, the elastomer
part 82, in particular the pear-shaped section 84 of the elastomer
part 82, is clamped between the housing parts 14, 16.
[0065] The pear-shaped section 84 forms a closed contour
surrounding the drive element 56, in particular the sealing
surfaces 76, 78 of the drive element 56. The pear-shaped section 84
is arranged concentrically around the sealing surfaces 76, 78 at
least in some areas, as shown in FIG. 5, for example. In order to
simplify the positioning or assembly of the elastomer part 82, a
mounting aid 88 is provided which is moulded onto the elastomer
part 82, in particular in the form of a bead. This ensures reliable
sealing of the two housing parts 14, 16.
[0066] FIG. 5 shows a longitudinal view along the line B-B in FIG.
1.
[0067] In this view, the permanent magnets 62 and the reinforcing
plates 64, which serve to amplify the magnetic field, are
visible.
[0068] The drive element 56 is mounted in the coil carrier 52 via
two webs 90. In order to ensure a secure fastening, several teeth
92 are formed on the webs 90, such that the drive element 56 can be
clawed into the coil carrier 52. Preferably, the drive element 56
is made of metal and the coil carrier 52 of plastic. This allows
the teeth 92 to penetrate at least a little into the material of
the coil carrier 52. Teeth 92 can be pointed or rounded.
[0069] The coil carrier 52 is mounted in the housing 12 such that
it can be pivoted about an axis of rotation 95 via the bolts 68.
Thus, the coil carrier 52 can be pivoted to seal the valve seats
72, 74 if the air coil 54 is supplied with the appropriate current.
The axis of rotation 95 is advantageously below the extension of
the elastomer part 82 on the drive element 56. This means that this
extension is not moved when the coil carrier 52 pivots, because the
pear-shaped section 84 should always be rigid between the housing
parts 14, 16 in order to ensure optimum sealing.
[0070] FIGS. 6a to 6c show the drive element 56 together with the
elastomer part 82 in different views. FIGS. 7a and 7b each show a
section through the drive element 56 with the elastomer part
82.
[0071] The elastomer part 82 is geometrically optimized below the
base of the tongue-shaped section 86 at the pear-shaped section 84,
i.e. at the point of movement, in order to avoid cracking. In
particular, an indentation 96 is foreseen in this area. The contour
of the indentation 96 can be elliptical.
[0072] Due to the pear shape, the elastomer part 82 is widened in
the area of the sealing surfaces 76, 78. This allows a fluid to
flow freely through a fluid channel 38, 40 when the corresponding
valve seat 72, 74 is open.
[0073] FIG. 8 shows a sectional view of the connection of the two
housing parts 14, 16 via the pins 70.
[0074] FIG. 9 shows the arrangement of the permanent magnets 62 and
the reinforcing plate 64 on the encasement 20.
[0075] The valve 10 preferably has several permanent magnets 62.
Their magnetic fields can be used most effectively if the permanent
magnets 62 are arranged in such a way that their longitudinal axes
run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the air coil 54.
[0076] In addition, the permanent magnets 62 should be arranged in
such a way that opposing permanent magnets 62 always face opposite
poles.
* * * * *