U.S. patent application number 15/848743 was filed with the patent office on 2019-06-20 for extended absorbance solar leaf and methods of making.
The applicant listed for this patent is International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Scott B. KING, Brandon M. KOBILKA, Joseph KUCZYNSKI, Jason T. WERTZ.
Application Number | 20190185326 15/848743 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 66815563 |
Filed Date | 2019-06-20 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190185326 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KOBILKA; Brandon M. ; et
al. |
June 20, 2019 |
EXTENDED ABSORBANCE SOLAR LEAF AND METHODS OF MAKING
Abstract
A photo-absorbing composition having a structure from the group
consisting of ##STR00001## wherein DASM is a small molecule
comprising one or more electron donor portions and one or more
electron acceptor portions and NG is a nanographene structure, and
m, n, and o are integers greater than or equal to 1.
Inventors: |
KOBILKA; Brandon M.;
(Tucson, AZ) ; WERTZ; Jason T.; (Pleasant Valley,
NY) ; KUCZYNSKI; Joseph; (North Port, FL) ;
KING; Scott B.; (Rochester, MN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
International Business Machines Corporation |
Armonk |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
66815563 |
Appl. No.: |
15/848743 |
Filed: |
December 20, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H01L 51/0068 20130101;
H01G 9/2059 20130101; C01B 2204/32 20130101; C01B 32/194 20170801;
C07D 513/04 20130101; C07D 519/00 20130101; C07D 257/08 20130101;
H01L 31/02167 20130101; H01L 51/0072 20130101; C07D 409/14
20130101; C07D 517/04 20130101; H01L 51/0067 20130101; H01L 51/0071
20130101; H01L 51/0094 20130101; H01L 31/0445 20141201; H01L 51/447
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C01B 32/194 20060101
C01B032/194; C07D 519/00 20060101 C07D519/00; C07D 517/04 20060101
C07D517/04; C07D 513/04 20060101 C07D513/04; C07D 409/14 20060101
C07D409/14; C07D 257/08 20060101 C07D257/08; H01L 31/0216 20060101
H01L031/0216; H01L 31/0445 20060101 H01L031/0445; H01L 51/44
20060101 H01L051/44 |
Claims
1. A photo-absorbing composition having a structure from the group
consisting of ##STR00034## wherein DASM is a small molecule
comprising one or more electron donor portions selected from the
group consisting of ##STR00035## and one or more electron acceptor
portions selected from the group consisting of ##STR00036## wherein
the starred bonds are sites for bonding to other chemical
structures; R is, independently in each instance, an alkyl, alkoxy,
vinyl, aryl group, or fluorinated hydrocarbon group; Q is,
independently in each instance, O, S, or Se; E is, independently in
each instance, Si or Ge; Z is, independently in each instance, a
proton or a fluorine atom; X is, independently in each instance, C
or N; and m, n, and o are integers greater than or equal to 1; and
wherein NG is a nanographene structure selected from the group
consisting of ##STR00037##
2. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least one
DASM is cross-linked.
3. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least one
DASM has more than one donor portion or more than one acceptor
portion.
4. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least one
DASM ends with a terminal donor portion selected from the group
consisting of ##STR00038## wherein the terminal donor portion is
bonded to the NG by a thiophene group.
5. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein the
photo-absorbing composition is a network of DASM and NG groups.
6. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein the
photo-absorbing composition includes more than one NG
structure.
7. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least one
DASM ends with a terminal acceptor portion, and the terminal
acceptor portion is bonded to the NG by a thiophene group.
8.-20. (canceled)
21. A photo-absorbing composition having a structure from the group
consisting of ##STR00039## wherein DASM is a small molecule
comprising one or more electron donor portions selected from the
group consisting of ##STR00040## and one or more electron acceptor
portions selected from the group consisting of ##STR00041## wherein
the starred bonds are sites for bonding to other chemical
structures; R is, independently in each instance, an alkyl, alkoxy,
vinyl, aryl group, or fluorinated hydrocarbon group; Q is,
independently in each instance, O, S, or Se; E is, independently in
each instance, Si or Ge; Z is, independently in each instance, a
proton or a fluorine atom; X is, independently in each instance, C
or N; and m, n, and o are integers greater than or equal to 1; and
wherein NG is a nanographene structure selected from the group
consisting of ##STR00042## and wherein at least one DASM is
cross-linked.
22. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least
one DASM has more than one donor portion or more than one acceptor
portion.
23. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least
one DASM ends with a terminal donor portion selected from the group
consisting of ##STR00043## wherein the terminal donor portion is
bonded to the NG by a thiophene group.
24. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein the
photo-absorbing composition is a network of DASM and NG groups.
25. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein the
photo-absorbing composition includes more than one NG
structure.
26. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least
one DASM ends with a terminal acceptor portion, and the terminal
acceptor portion is bonded to the NG by a thiophene group.
27. A photo-absorbing composition having a structure from the group
consisting of ##STR00044## wherein DASM is a small molecule
comprising one or more electron donor portions selected from the
group consisting of ##STR00045## and one or more electron acceptor
portions selected from the group consisting of ##STR00046## wherein
the starred bonds are sites for bonding to other chemical
structures; R is, independently in each instance, an alkyl, alkoxy,
vinyl, aryl group, or fluorinated hydrocarbon group; Q is,
independently in each instance, O, S, or Se; E is, independently in
each instance, Si or Ge; Z is, independently in each instance, a
proton or a fluorine atom; X is, independently in each instance, C
or N; and m, n, and o are integers greater than or equal to 1;
wherein NG is a nanographene structure selected from the group
consisting of ##STR00047## at least one DASM is cross-linked; and
wherein at least one DASM ends with a terminal donor portion
selected from the group consisting of ##STR00048## wherein the
terminal donor portion is bonded to the NG by a thiophene
group.
28. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least
one DASM has more than one donor portion or more than one acceptor
portion.
29. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein the
photo-absorbing composition is a network of DASM and NG groups.
30. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein the
photo-absorbing composition includes more than one NG
structure.
31. The photo-absorbing composition of claim 1, wherein at least
one DASM ends with a terminal acceptor portion, and the terminal
acceptor portion is bonded to the NG by a thiophene group.
Description
I. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to graphene-based
solar absorbers. This disclosure relates to extending the
absorbance spectrum of such absorbers by coupling other absorbing
species to nanographene structures.
II. BACKGROUND
[0002] Existing solar conversion devices rely on chromophores to
absorb solar radiation at the earth's surface and convert it to
electrical or chemical energy. The bulk of the radiant solar energy
is located in the IR and Visible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Most solar conversion devices tend to absorb in the blue
region of the visible range, leaving a large portion of the solar
spectrum unutilized. Such solar absorbers have poor conversion
efficiency as a result. Consequently, methods and materials to
extend the absorption spectrum of solar conversion and utilize more
of the available solar energy in the red and infrared region of the
solar spectrum is needed.
III. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0003] In one aspect, a photo-absorbing composition is disclosed,
which has a structure from the group consisting of
##STR00002##
wherein DASM is a small molecule comprising one or more electron
donor portions selected from the group consisting of
##STR00003##
and one or more electron acceptor portions selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00004##
wherein the starred bonds are sites for bonding to other chemical
structures; R is, independently in each instance, an alkyl, alkoxy,
vinyl, aryl group, or fluorinated hydrocarbon group; Q is,
independently in each instance, O, S, or Se; E is, independently in
each instance, Si or Ge; Z is, independently in each instance, a
proton or a fluorine atom; X is, independently in each instance, C
or N; and m, n, and o are integers greater than or equal to 1; and
wherein NG is a nanographene structure selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00005##
[0004] In another aspect, a method of making a photo-absorbing
composition is disclosed that includes forming a donor-acceptor
small molecule (DASM) by bonding an electron donor portion selected
from the group consisting of
##STR00006##
to an electron acceptor portion selected from the group consisting
of
##STR00007##
wherein the starred bonds are sites for bonding to other chemical
structures; R is, independently in each instance, an alkyl, alkoxy,
vinyl, aryl group, or fluorinated hydrocarbon group; Q is,
independently in each instance, O, S, or Se; E is, independently in
each instance, Si or Ge; Z is, independently in each instance, a
proton or a fluorine atom; X is, independently in each instance, C
or N; and bonding the DASM to a nanographene structure selected
from the group consisting of
##STR00008##
using a Stille coupling reaction, a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction,
or a C--H activation cross-coupling reaction.
[0005] In yet another aspect, a film is disclosed that includes a
photo-absorbing composition having a structure from the group
consisting of
##STR00009##
wherein DASM is a small molecule comprising one or more electron
donor portions selected from the group consisting of
##STR00010##
and one or more electron acceptor portions selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00011##
wherein the starred bonds are sites for bonding to other chemical
structures; R is, independently in each instance, an alkyl, alkoxy,
vinyl, aryl group, or fluorinated hydrocarbon group; Q is,
independently in each instance, O, S, or Se; E is, independently in
each instance, Si or Ge; Z is, independently in each instance, a
proton or a fluorine atom; X is, independently in each instance, C
or N; and m, n, and o are integers greater than or equal to 1; and
wherein NG is a nanographene structure selected from the group
consisting of
##STR00012##
[0006] Features and other benefits that characterize embodiments
are set forth in the claims annexed hereto and forming a further
part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the
embodiments, and of the advantages and objectives attained through
their use, reference should be made to the accompanying descriptive
matter.
IV. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0007] The present disclosure describes an absorber material for
radiation in the solar spectrum, a solar leaf having extended
absorption spectrum, and methods and materials of making such a
solar leaf. The solar leaf comprises a nanographene-rhenium complex
attached to a photo-absorbing small molecule. The photo-absorbing
small molecule is a combination of one or more electron-poor donor
portions (D) and one or more electron-rich acceptor (A) portions.
The photo-absorbing small molecule has an absorption spectrum in
the visible range stemming from intermolecular charge transfer
between the donor portion and the acceptor portion. The
photo-absorbing small molecule can be referred to as a
donor-acceptor small molecule (DASM). Donor portions that can be
used for a DASM include the following:
##STR00013##
In the structures above, the bonds marked with stars (*) are sites
that bond with other chemical structure. In this case these bonds
attach to acceptor portions.
[0008] Acceptor portions that can be used for a DASM include the
following:
##STR00014##
The starred bonds in these structures are sites that bond with
other chemical structures. In this case these bonds attach to donor
portions such as those listed above. These donor ("D") and acceptor
("A") precursor molecules generally bond to form alternating
donor-acceptor structures such as D-A-D, A-D-A, and higher order
oligomers D-A-D-A-D, A-D-A-D-A, and so on. This structure can be
expressed as
##STR00015##
wherein D is an electron-rich donor unit, A is an
electron-deficient acceptor unit, and n is an integer between 4 and
200,000. In this application, "DASM" refers to any such molecule or
oligomer made of alternating donor and acceptor portions. The R
groups in the structures above can be, independently in each
instance, alkyl, alkoxy, vinyl, aryl groups, or fluorinated
hydrocarbon groups. Q is, independently in each instance, O, S, or
Se. E is, independently in each instance, Si or Ge. Z is,
independently in each instance, a proton (H or hydrogen atom) or a
fluorine atom (F). X is, independently in each instance, C or
N.
[0009] The D-A structures above can be substantially linear, and/or
substantially planar molecules. Alternately, the R groups shown
above can be used as branching or cross-linking points. For
example, if the R group is vinyl, the vinyl groups can be
cross-linked to form a D-A network. In this application, "DASM"
also includes such networks. The D-A structures formed by linking
the above structures are molecules, so the starred bond sites for
terminal donor or acceptor groups will be occupied by protons
(hydrogen atoms). The precursors used for making the D-A structures
are molecule versions of the structures above, where the starred
bond sites are occupied by protons (hydrogen atoms). The reactions
for linking the donor portions with the acceptor portions eliminate
the hydrogen atoms from the starred bond sites and form bonds
between the donor portions and the acceptor portions at the starred
bond sites.
[0010] These structures can be chemically bonded to the following
nanographene absorber structure [1]:
##STR00016##
For simplicity, structure [1] will henceforth be referred to as NG.
The resulting compounds generally have one of the following
structures:
##STR00017##
For simplicity, in this disclosure these structures are
respectively referred to as "dumbbell," "loop," and "chain"
structures.
[0011] To make the compounds described above, a precursor of the NG
complex is synthesized according to known synthetic scheme (1),
below, to yield a polyphenylene-pyrene dione derivative structure
[2]:
##STR00018##
Scheme (1) can start with commercially available
1,2-bis-(4-bromophenyl)ethyne, or the ethyne can be synthesized
from 1-bromo-4-iodobenzene in a mixture of calcium carbide (or
acetylene gas), palladium acetate, triphenylphosphine,
triethylamine, and cyanomethane at 20.degree. C. The ethyne is
mixed with 9,11-diphenyl-10H-cyclopenta[e]pyren-10-one in diphenyl
ether and allowed to react at 240.degree. C. for 1-2 hours. The
polyphenylene-pyrene intermediate
10,11-bis(4-bromoophenyl)-9,12-diphenylbenzo[e]pyrene can be
isolated by cold precipitation and filtering. The
polyphenylene-pyrene intermediate is dissolved in dichloromethane
(DCM), and to the solution is added a solution of sodium iodate
(e.g. 4M) in water followed by ruthenium chloride hydrate in
cyanomethane solution. The mixture is stirred at 40.degree. C. for
one day before quenching with water. Polyphenylene-pyrene dione
structure [2],
10,11-bis-(4-bromophenyl)-9,12-diphenylbenzo[e]pyrene-4,5-dione,
can be isolated from the organic phase by DCM extraction followed
by concentration under reduced pressure and silica gel column
chromatography to yield dione structure [2]. For simplicity,
structure [2] above will henceforth be referred to in text as
PH--Br.sub.2, where PH denotes the divalent polyphenylene-pyrene
dione portion of structure [2].
[0012] Structure [2] above can be coupled to DASM structures by
forming trialkyl tin terminated derivatives of the DASM structures.
DASMs with thiophene end groups can be brominated by reaction with
NBS in appropriate solvent to make (DASM)-(Br).sub.x. The bromine
atoms attach to the thiophene groups at a position alpha to the
thiophene sulfur atom. If the DASM is not originally thiophene
terminated, the DASM can be brominated, and the brominated DASM
then cross-coupled using dithiophene Stille reagents, using the
trimethylstannate version as an example, under normal Stille
coupling conditions, as follows:
##STR00019##
D-terminated DASMs can be brominated by reaction with NBS.
A-terminated DASMs can be brominated using NBS in a polar aprotic
solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF), optionally mixed with
chloroform or tetrahydrofuran (THF), or using a mixture of
quinoxoline and benzothiadiazole bromine in acetic acid. If the two
resulting structures above are referred to in text as DASM-Th and
DASM-(Th.sub.2), the brominated species would be DASM-Th-Br and
DASM-(ThBr).sub.2.
[0013] Trialkyl tin groups can then be added, replacing the Br
atoms by nucleophilic substitution. Scheme (2) illustrates:
##STR00020##
[0014] The brominated DASM is converted into a Stille terminated
DASM that can be coupled to a bromine-terminated molecule in a
subsequent reaction. The brominated, thiophene-terminated DASMs can
likewise be converted into a Stille terminated, thiophenated DASM.
The Stille structures resulting from scheme (2) above are then
reacted with the brominated structure [2] above to complete the
coupling, as follows:
##STR00021##
The polyphenylene-pyrene dione structure PH is then condensed and
reacted with 1,10-phenanthroline diamine under pyridine reflux to
form a precursor of the nanographene complex NG, according to the
general scheme
##STR00022##
The PH--X.sub.2 polyphenylene-pyrene dione structure condenses to
form an NG-dione precursor structure. The NG-dione precursor is
converted to an NG structure by reacting with a suitable diamine,
such as the phenanthroline diamine example above. Thus, the
structure resulting from scheme (3) above are converted to
DASM-nanographene complex structures, according to general scheme
(4), as follows:
##STR00023##
Alternately, the PH precursor can be condensed to an NG precursor
using the reactions of scheme (4) prior to reaction with a
Stille-terminated DASM according to scheme (3). In such cases, the
reactions of scheme (3) would be performed using an NGBr.sub.2
precursor, rather than a PHBr.sub.2 precursor. While the above
reaction schemes are depicted as using a Stille coupling reaction,
it should be noted that the same C--C bonds can be formed, as known
in the art, using Suzuki cross-coupling reactions and C--H
activation cross-coupling reactions.
[0015] The structures resulting from scheme (5) represent solar
leaf materials that can be formed into films comprising
nanographene light-absorber materials and light-absorbing
donor-acceptor small molecules. The films have absorption spectra
broader than that of the nanographene or donor-acceptor materials
alone. The materials can be formed into films by dissolving them in
an appropriate solvent, applying the solution to a surface, and
removing the solvent. A binder material, such as a thermoplastic
polymer material, can be added in some cases to facilitate handling
the film, if necessary. In other cases, the extended solar leaf
material is a polymer that can be extruded onto a surface or blown
into a film.
[0016] It should be noted that, in the event a cross-linked DASM
network is used as the starting point for any of the reactions
above, articulated structures having multiple branches of DASM-NG
linkages and loops can result. For example, if a DASM has the
structure
##STR00024##
where the donor molecules are cross-linked by a vinyl group, each
acceptor portion can be bonded to an NG group, as follows:
##STR00025##
While cross-linking is shown above between two donor portions
(where R is a vinyl group, for example), cross-linking may occur
between two acceptor portions and/or between donor and acceptor
portions, so long as a cross-linkable group is included in one or
more donor or acceptor groups. The structures above illustrate that
cross-linking of DA structures can lead to networked solar leaf
structures that mix nanographene absorber structures with DA
absorber structures in extended matrices. The absorption spectrum
of such matrices can be tailored by selecting the content and type
of absorbers and donors used. In this way, a photo-absorbing
composition can be made having the general structure
##STR00026##
where DASM and NG are defined as above, and m, n, and o are
integers greater than or equal to 1. This structure is a polymer
network of DASM and NG groups, which can have any proportion of
DASM to NG groups, and may be random, pseudo-random (appearing
random at one scale and non-random at another scale), pseudo-block
(appearing block at one scale and non-block at another scale), or
block.
[0017] Another nanographene structure that can be used in place of
structure [1] (i.e. as the "NG" group for all the structures and
schemes herein) is as follows:
##STR00027##
Structure [3] is made in a reaction scheme similar to scheme (4)
using 1,2-benzenediamine in place of the phenanthroline diamine
reagent. Other aromatic and polyaromatic ortho-diamines can also be
used in the same scheme. Mixtures of different types of NG groups
can be used in one photo-absorbing composition, in different
molecules and in the same molecule.
[0018] An exemplary synthesis using the dithienosilole donor and
the thiadiazole acceptor in an ADA format small molecule
follows:
##STR00028##
For the monovalent-functionalized DASM above, the final step is as
follows:
##STR00029##
For the divalent-functionalized DASM above, one example product of
the final step in the synthesis is as follows:
##STR00030##
Other products are -DASM-NG- chains. Another exemplary synthesis,
using an A-D-A structure with the tetrazine acceptor and the
substituted benzene donor, is as follows:
##STR00031##
For simplicity of drawings, the loop structure
##STR00032##
is shown as the product, but it should be understood that chain
structures, as described herein, will also be made in this
synthesis, and that dumbbell structures can be made by starting
with less NBS in the initial bromination step to yield
mono-brominated species of the DASM. It should also be noted that
mixtures of the loop, chain, and dumbbell structures can be
obtained using mixtures of mono- and di-brominated species. It
should also be noted that, if the R groups are vinyl groups, the
DASM can be cross-linked, as described above, prior to performing
the synthesis above, to yield the polymer network structure
##STR00033##
described above.
[0019] The photo-absorbing compositions described herein can be
formed into a solar leaf by forming a film from the photo-absorbing
composition, or including the photo-absorbing composition. In
general, these compositions can be formed into a film by dissolving
or suspending any of the compositions described above in a suitable
solvent, such as dichloromethane, THF, chloroform, benzene,
toluene, dioxane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, DMF, xylenes, or
mixtures thereof, to form a solution, applying the solution to a
surface, and removing the solvent by low-temperature evaporation
(for example under vacuum or other evaporating atmosphere) to form
a film on the surface. Process aids such as chloronaphthalene,
diiodooctane, or 1,8-octanedithiol can be used in amount of 5-10%
or less to promote formation of high-quality films. Solvent removal
can also be performed at ambient conditions for slower film
crystallization to promote a more ordered film structure. If the
surface is a solid, such as a glass plate, the film can be peeled
off the surface. Alternatively, the film may be formed on a liquid
surface, such as an aqueous pool, and the resulting film can be
easily lifted from the aqueous surface. Finally, films can be
formed by spin-coating, doctor blading, or ink jet printing.
[0020] The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is
provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the
disclosed embodiments. Various modifications to these embodiments
will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the
generic principles defined herein may be applied to other
embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the
embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope
possible consistent with the principles and features as defined by
the following claims.
* * * * *