U.S. patent application number 16/285971 was filed with the patent office on 2019-06-20 for wound dressing monitoring systems including appurtenances for wound dressings.
The applicant listed for this patent is Elwha LLC. Invention is credited to Paul Duesterhoft, Nicholas Dykstra, Daniel Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Jordin T. Kare, Eric C. Leuthardt, Elizabeth L. Schubert, Clarence T. Tegreene, Lowell L. Wood, JR..
Application Number | 20190183683 16/285971 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51653546 |
Filed Date | 2019-06-20 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190183683 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Duesterhoft; Paul ; et
al. |
June 20, 2019 |
WOUND DRESSING MONITORING SYSTEMS INCLUDING APPURTENANCES FOR WOUND
DRESSINGS
Abstract
Appurtenances to a wound dressing and systems for monitoring
wound dressings are described. In some embodiments, a system for
monitoring a wound dressing includes: an appurtenance to a wound
dressing, wherein the appurtenance includes a sensor unit, an
electronic identifier, and a transmitter unit operably attached to
the sensor unit and to the electronic identifier; and a local unit
including a receiver for the transmitter unit, a processor operably
attached to the receiver, and a communication unit operably
attached to the processor.
Inventors: |
Duesterhoft; Paul;
(Issaquah, WA) ; Dykstra; Nicholas; (Seattle,
WA) ; Hawkins; Daniel; (Pleasanton, CA) ;
Hyde; Roderick A.; (Redmond, WA) ; Kare; Jordin
T.; (Seattle, WA) ; Leuthardt; Eric C.; (St.
Louis, MO) ; Schubert; Elizabeth L.; (Bellevue,
WA) ; Tegreene; Clarence T.; (Mercer Island, WA)
; Wood, JR.; Lowell L.; (Bellevue, WA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Elwha LLC |
Bellevue |
WA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
51653546 |
Appl. No.: |
16/285971 |
Filed: |
February 26, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14252136 |
Apr 14, 2014 |
10265219 |
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16285971 |
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13445174 |
Apr 12, 2012 |
10158928 |
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14252136 |
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13445220 |
Apr 12, 2012 |
9084530 |
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13445174 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61M 2230/50 20130101;
A61M 2205/3592 20130101; A61M 2205/3553 20130101; A61M 1/0025
20140204; G16H 40/67 20180101; G06F 19/00 20130101; A61B 5/445
20130101; A61M 1/0088 20130101; A61M 2205/3382 20130101; G16H 40/63
20180101; G01N 33/00 20130101; A61B 5/0022 20130101; A61M 2205/3344
20130101; A61B 5/002 20130101; A61B 5/14539 20130101; A61F 13/00051
20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61F 13/00 20060101
A61F013/00; A61B 5/00 20060101 A61B005/00; G16H 40/67 20060101
G16H040/67; A61M 1/00 20060101 A61M001/00 |
Claims
1. An appurtenance to a wound dressing, comprising: an enclosure
including at least one external surface of a size and shape to mate
with a surface of a wound dressing; a sensor unit affixed to the
enclosure, the sensor unit configured to sense a condition of the
wound dressing; an electronic identifier affixed to the enclosure;
and a transmitter unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to
the electronic identifier, the transmission unit including
circuitry configured to transmit information associated with the
sensor unit and the electronic identifier.
2. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the enclosure includes one
or more apertures in the at least one external surface.
3. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
at least two sensors of different types.
4. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a resonance sensor positioned to detect a change in the resonance
of the wound dressing.
5. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a resonance sensor positioned to detect a change in the resonance
of the enclosure.
6. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a chemical sensor.
7. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a pressure sensor.
8. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a temperature sensor.
9. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a pH sensor.
10. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
at least one antibody configured to bind to a target molecule.
11. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
at least one aptamer configured to bind to a target molecule.
12. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a plurality of sensors within the sensor unit.
13. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
a sensor; circuitry for accepting data from the sensor; circuitry
for processing the accepted data; and circuitry for sending the
processed data to the transmission unit.
14. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises:
one or more fasteners of a size and shape for attachment to the
substrate.
15. The appurtenance of claim 14, wherein the one or more fasteners
include one or more reversible fasteners.
16. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the electronic identifier
comprises: an RFID unit.
17. The appurtenance of claim 1, wherein the electronic identifier
comprises: an electronic code.
18. The appurtenance of claim 1, comprising: at least two sensor
units, the sensor units positioned on opposing ends of the
enclosure.
19. The appurtenance of claim 18, comprising: a divider positioned
between each of the sensor units.
20. The appurtenance of claim 18, comprising: a divider positioned
between at least two of the sensor units.
21. The appurtenance of claim 1, comprising: at least one aperture
in the enclosure, the aperture positioned adjacent to the sensor
unit.
22. The appurtenance of claim 1, comprising: a plurality of
apertures in the enclosure.
23. The appurtenance of claim 1, comprising: at least one wire
connector positioned between the sensor unit and the transmission
unit; and at least one wire connector positioned between the
electronic identifier and the transmission unit.
24. The appurtenance of claim 1, further comprising: a desiccant
material positioned entirely within the enclosure, the desiccant
material in fluid communication with the wound dressing.
25. The appurtenance of claim 1, further comprising: an aperture in
the enclosure; a channel including a first end affixed to the
enclosure and a second end affixed to the sensor unit; one or more
walls forming a gas-sealed chamber adjacent to the channel, the
gas-sealed chamber with an internal gas pressure below atmospheric
pressure; an aperture in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed
chamber at a position adjacent to the channel; a breakable seal at
the aperture in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed chamber; an
aperture in the channel at a position corresponding to the aperture
in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed chamber; and a seal
between the aperture in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed
chamber and the aperture in the channel.
26. The appurtenance of claim 1, further comprising: a flange
affixed to a first end of the enclosure; and an end cap affixed to
a second end of the enclosure, wherein the second end is distal to
the first end.
27. The appurtenance of claim 1, further comprising: a fluid
transport film affixed to the enclosure.
28. The appurtenance of claim 1, further comprising: a fluid
control film affixed to the enclosure.
29. A wound dressing monitoring system, comprising: an appurtenance
to a wound dressing, wherein the appurtenance includes a sensor
unit including a resonance sensor, an electronic identifier, and a
transmitter unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to the
electronic identifier; and a local unit including a receiver for
the transmitter unit, a processor operably attached to the
receiver, and a communication unit operably attached to the
processor.
30. The appurtenance of claim 29, wherein the resonance sensor
includes a passive RFID unit including a cavity resonator of a size
and shape to be dampened when the wound dressing is substantially
saturated with fluid, and further comprising: a passive RFID
including a unique identifier and a self-compensating antenna
calibrated for use with the wound dressing.
31. A method of monitoring a wound dressing, comprising: accepting
a signal by a receiver of a local unit from a transmitter unit of
an appurtenance to a wound dressing; processing the received signal
into data; classifying a subset of the received data as originating
from an electronic identifier of the appurtenance; classifying a
subset of the received data as originating from a sensor unit of
the appurtenance; comparing the subset of the received data
classified as originating from the sensor unit of the appurtenance
with data in memory; and initiating a signal to a system user in
response to the comparison.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the accepting a signal by a
receiver of a local unit from a transmitter unit of an appurtenance
to a wound dressing comprises: receiving a RFID signal.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein the accepting a signal by a
receiver of a local unit from a transmitter unit of an appurtenance
to a wound dressing comprises: receiving a near field communication
signal.
34. The method of claim 31, wherein the processing the received
signal into data comprises: identifying subgroups of signals within
the received signal.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein the classifying a subset of the
received data as originating from an electronic identifier of the
appurtenance comprises: identifying a subset of the data as
including an identifier of an appurtenance; and denoting the subset
of data including an identifier of an appurtenance in stored
memory.
36. The method of claim 31, wherein the classifying a subset of the
received data as originating from a sensor unit of the appurtenance
comprises: identifying a subset of the data as including an
identifier of a sensor; and denoting the subset of data including
an identifier of a sensor in stored memory.
37. The method of claim 31, wherein the classifying a subset of the
received data as originating from a sensor unit of the appurtenance
comprises: identifying a subset of the data as including an
identifier of a sensor unit; identifying the type of sensor
included in the sensor unit from stored memory; and denoting the
subset of data including an identifier of a sensor unit in stored
memory.
38. The method of claim 31, wherein the initiating a signal to a
system user in response to the comparison comprises: identifying
the comparison result; identifying a signal type associated with
the identified comparison result in stored memory; and initiating
the local unit to begin the identified signal type.
39. The method of claim 31, comprising: initiating a signal by a
communication unit of the local unit in response to the received
data.
40. The method of claim 31, comprising: initiating a signal by the
local unit in response to the received data.
41. The method of claim 31, comprising: classifying at least one
subset of the received data; comparing one or more classified
subsets of the received data with data in memory in the local unit;
and initiating a signal from the local unit in response to the
comparison.
42. The method of claim 31, comprising: classifying two or more
subsets of the received data; comparing the two or more subsets of
the received data with data in memory in the local unit;
prioritizing results from the comparisons; and initiating a signal
from the local unit in response to the prioritized results.
43. The method of claim 31, comprising: adding a time stamp to the
received data; comparing the time stamp with data in memory in the
local unit to generate an elapsed time value; prioritizing results
from the comparisons and the elapsed time value; and initiating a
signal from the local unit in response to the prioritized
results.
44. The method of claim 31, comprising: classifying two or more
subsets of the received data; comparing the two or more subsets of
the received data with data in memory; prioritizing results from
the comparisons into a binary output; and initiating a signal by
the local unit based on the binary output.
Description
[0001] If an Application Data Sheet (ADS) has been filed on the
filing date of this application, it is incorporated by reference
herein. Any applications claimed on the ADS for priority under 35
U.S.C. .sctn..sctn. 119, 120, 121, or 365(c), and any and all
parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of such
applications, are also incorporated by reference, including any
priority claims made in those applications and any material
incorporated by reference, to the extent such subject matter is not
inconsistent herewith.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] The present application claims the benefit of the earliest
available effective filing date(s) from the following listed
application(s) (the "Priority Applications"), if any, listed below
(e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than
provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC
.sctn. 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all
parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the
Priority Application(s)).
PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
[0003] The present application constitutes a divisional of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/252,136, APPURTENANCES FOR REPORTING
INFORMATION REGARDING WOUND DRESSINGS, naming Paul Duesterhoft,
Nicholas Dykstra, Daniel Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Jordin T. Kare,
Eric C. Leuthardt, Elizabeth L. Schubert, Clarence T. Tegreene, and
Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 14 Apr. 2014, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/445,174, entitled APPURTENANCES FOR REPORTING INFORMATION
REGARDING WOUND DRESSINGS, naming Paul Duesterhoft, Nicholas
Dykstra, Daniel Hawkins, Roderick A. Hyde, Jordin T. Kare, Eric C.
Leuthardt, Elizabeth L. Schubert, Clarence T. Tegreene, and Lowell
L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed 12 Apr. 2012, which is currently
co-pending or is an application of which a currently co-pending
application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date, and
which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/445,220, entitled COMPUTATIONAL METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR
REPORTING INFORMATION REGARDING APPURTENANCES TO WOUND DRESSINGS,
naming Paul Duesterhoft, Nicholas Dykstra, Daniel Hawkins, Roderick
A. Hyde, Jordin T. Kare, Eric C. Leuthardt, Elizabeth L. Schubert,
Clarence T. Tegreene, and Lowell L. Wood, Jr. as inventors, filed
12 Apr. 2012.
[0004] If the listings of applications provided above are
inconsistent with the listings provided via an ADS, it is the
intent of the Applicant to claim priority to each application that
appears in the Domestic Benefit/National Stage Information section
of the ADS and to each application that appears in the Priority
Applications section of this application.
[0005] All subject matter of the Priority Applications and of any
and all applications related to the Priority Applications by
priority claims (directly or indirectly), including any priority
claims made and subject matter incorporated by reference therein as
of the filing date of the instant application, is incorporated
herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not
inconsistent herewith.
SUMMARY
[0006] In some embodiments, an appurtenance to a wound dressing
includes: a substrate including a surface of a size and shape to
mate with a surface of a wound dressing; a sensor unit affixed to
the substrate; an electronic identifier affixed to the substrate;
and a transmitter unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to
the electronic identifier, the transmission unit including
circuitry configured to transmit information associated with the
sensor unit and the transmitter unit. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance to a wound dressing includes: an enclosure including
at least one external surface of a size and shape to mate with a
surface of a wound dressing; a sensor unit affixed to the
enclosure, the sensor unit configured to sense a condition of the
wound dressing; an electronic identifier affixed to the enclosure;
and a transmitter unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to
the electronic identifier, the transmission unit including
circuitry configured to transmit information associated with the
sensor unit and the electronic identifier.
[0007] In some embodiments, a wound dressing monitoring system
includes: an appurtenance to a wound dressing, wherein the
appurtenance includes a sensor unit, an electronic identifier, and
a transmitter unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to the
electronic identifier; and a local unit including a receiver for
the transmitter unit, a processor operably attached to the
receiver, and a communication unit operably attached to the
processor. In some embodiments, a wound dressing monitoring system
includes: an appurtenance to a wound dressing, wherein the
appurtenance includes a sensor unit including a resonance sensor,
an electronic identifier, and a transmitter unit operably attached
to the sensor unit and to the electronic identifier; and a local
unit including a receiver for the transmitter unit, a processor
operably attached to the receiver, and a communication unit
operably attached to the processor.
[0008] In some embodiments, a method of monitoring a wound dressing
includes: accepting a signal by a receiver of a local unit from a
transmitter unit of an appurtenance to a wound dressing; processing
the received signal into data; classifying a subset of the received
data as originating from an electronic identifier of the
appurtenance; classifying a subset of the received data as
originating from a sensor unit of the appurtenance; comparing the
subset of the received data classified as originating from the
sensor unit of the appurtenance with data in memory; and initiating
a signal to a system user in response to the comparison.
[0009] The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not
intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative
aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further
aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by
reference to the drawings and the following detailed
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0010] FIG. 1 is an illustration of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing in use with a wound.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0012] FIG. 3 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0013] FIG. 4 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0014] FIG. 5A is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0015] FIG. 5B is a schematic of an appurtenance and a wound
dressing.
[0016] FIG. 5C is a schematic of an appurtenance affixed to a wound
dressing.
[0017] FIG. 6A is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0018] FIG. 6B is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0019] FIG. 6C is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0020] FIG. 7 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing.
[0022] FIG. 9 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound dressing
in communication with a local unit.
[0023] FIG. 10 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing in communication with a local unit.
[0024] FIG. 11 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing in communication with a local unit and a central
assembly.
[0025] FIG. 12 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing in communication with a local unit, a central assembly and
a remote device.
[0026] FIG. 13 is a schematic of an appurtenance to a wound
dressing in communication with a local unit, a central assembly and
a remote device.
[0027] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a method.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0028] In the following detailed description, reference is made to
the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the
drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components,
unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments
described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not
meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other
changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of
the subject matter presented here.
[0029] The use of the same symbols in different drawings typically
indicates similar or identical items unless context dictates
otherwise.
[0030] With reference now to FIG. 1, shown is an illustration of an
appurtenance to a wound dressing in use with a wound that may serve
as a context for introducing one or more processes and/or devices
described herein. As shown in FIG. 1, a body part 110, such as a
leg, includes a wound 100. A wound dressing 115, selected by a
medical caregiver as appropriate in size, shape and type for the
wound 100, has an appurtenance 120 attached to generate an
appurtenance affixed to a wound dressing combination unit, 125. The
appurtenance 120 can be attached to the wound dressing 115 with a
mechanical attachment. For example, a mechanical attachment can
include attachments shaped like prongs, barbs, bristles, spikes, or
spurs. The appurtenance 120 can be attached to the wound dressing
115 with a chemical attachment, such as a pressure-sensitive
adhesive, a contact adhesive, or a quick-drying adhesive. The
appurtenance 120 is a separate and distinct element that can be
attached to the wound dressing 115 in a manner sufficient for
operation during the use of a specific wound dressing 115. The
appurtenance 120 is a separate and distinct element that can be
attached to the wound dressing 115 in an irreversible manner. For
example, the appurtenance-wound dressing combination unit, 125, can
be disposed of after use. Immediate disposal after use can be
desirable to minimize biosafety, contamination and biohazard
issues. The appurtenance 120 is a separate and distinct element
that can be attached to the wound dressing 115 in a reversible
manner. For example, the appurtenance-wound dressing combination
unit, 125, can be taken apart into its component wound dressing 115
and appurtenance 120 after use. For example, the appurtenance 120
can be configured for reuse with a new wound dressing 115. In some
embodiments, an appurtenance includes modular elements suitable for
reuse, for example one or more modular sensor units. The
appurtenance 120 can be configured for reuse after treatment, such
as after disinfection, cleaning, or sterilization. In some
embodiments, an appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115 can be
reused in whole or in part, for example, on a succession of wound
dressings 115 used by the same patient.
[0031] The appurtenance 120 is configured for functional use only
when attached to the wound dressing 115. The appurtenance 120 is
designed to function only when attached to a wound dressing 115.
The appurtenance 120 is of a size, shape and material for
functional use only when attached to the wound dressing 115. The
appurtenance 120 is configured to operate in conjunction with the
wound dressing 115. The appurtenance 120 is appended to the wound
dressing 115 to generate an appurtenance-wound dressing combination
unit 125, as illustrated in the lower right region of FIG. 1. In
some embodiments, the appurtenance 120 includes at least one region
that projects into the structure of the wound dressing 115. In some
embodiments, the region that projects into the structure of the
wound dressing 115 is of a size and shape to be entirely enclosed
within the structure of the wound dressing 115. In some
embodiments, the region that projects into the structure of the
wound dressing 115 is of a size and shape to project through the
wound dressing 115, for example to a region adjacent to a wound. In
some embodiments, the region that projects into the structure of
the wound dressing 115 is of a size and shape to project through
the wound dressing 115, for example to a wound bed region. In some
embodiments, the region that projects into the structure of the
wound dressing 115 is of a size and shape to project through a
portion of the wound dressing 115, for example to a sinus or cavity
of the wound bed. In some embodiments, the region that projects
into the structure of the wound dressing 115 is of a size and shape
to project through a portion of the wound dressing 115, for example
to a dressing placed within a sinus or cavity of the wound bed. In
some embodiments, the region that projects into the structure of
the wound dressing 115 is of a size and shape to project through a
portion of the wound dressing 115, for example to a layer placed
adjacent to the wound surface. The appurtenance 120 affixed to the
wound dressing 115 forms an integrated unit of the appurtenance and
the wound dressing as a combination unit 125. In some embodiments,
the wound dressing-appurtenance combination unit 125 is not readily
separable, and the individual wound dressing 115 and appurtenance
120 are not suitable for separation and individual use after they
have been joined together. As illustrated in the lower portion of
FIG. 1, once the appurtenance 120 is affixed to the wound dressing
115, the appurtenance and the wound dressing together as a
combination unit 125 are used to cover and monitor the wound 100.
See also: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/445,174,
"Appurtenances for Reporting Information Regarding Wound
Dressings"; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/445,220,
"Computational Methods and Systems for Reporting Information
Regarding Appurtenances to Wound Dressings"; U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/491,677, "Dormant to Active Appurtenances
for Reporting Information Regarding Wound Dressings"; U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/795,667, "Appurtenances to Cavity Wound
Dressings"; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/252,049, titled
"Appurtenances Including Sensors for Reporting Information
Regarding Wound Dressings," filed on the same day as the instant
application, which are all incorporated herein by reference.
[0032] In some aspects, an appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115
is configured to monitor one or more aspects of a wound 100. An
appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115 can be used by a caregiver
or a patient to monitor a wound 100. In some aspects, an
appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115 is configured to monitor
one or more aspects of a wound dressing 115. For example, in some
embodiments an appurtenance is configured to monitor conditions
within a wound dressing, such as from fluid interstitial to the
fibers of the wound dressing. In some aspects, an appurtenance to a
wound dressing is configured to monitor one or more aspects of a
wound dressing environment. For example, in some embodiments an
appurtenance to a wound dressing is configured to monitor one or
more conditions directly adjacent to the wound dressing, for
example at the surface of a wound dressing, and/or at a wound
dressing-wound interface. For example, in some embodiments an
appurtenance to a wound dressing is configured to monitor one or
more conditions in a periwound region. For example, in some
embodiments an appurtenance to a wound dressing includes a pressure
sensor positioned to detect physical pressure at an interface
between a wound dressing and a wound and/or adjacent skin region.
For example, in some embodiments an appurtenance to a wound
dressing includes a wetness sensor positioned to detect wetness at
an interface between a wound dressing and a wound and/or adjacent
skin region. For example, in some embodiments an appurtenance to a
wound dressing is configured to monitor the interior conditions of
a wound dressing, for example fluid saturation, temperature,
physical pressure, and/or the presence of one or more specific
biological molecules, such as one or more proteins or
carbohydrates. In some embodiments an appurtenance to a wound
dressing is configured to monitor the interior conditions of a
wound dressing with one or more sensors and at least one
transmission unit including circuitry configured to transmit
information associated with the one or more sensor units. For
example, fluid saturation within the fibers of some wound dressings
can indicate that the dressing needs to be changed. For example, an
excess temperature within a wound dressing can indicate
inflammation and/or infection of the adjacent wound tissue in some
circumstances. For example, physical pressure on or within the
wound dressing can indicate swelling of the adjacent tissue, excess
fluid within the wound dressing, and/or a constriction to the wound
dressing that should be addressed. For example, the presence of one
or more biological molecules specific to a bacterial species may
indicate the presence of the bacteria species in the wound dressing
propagated from an infection in the wound.
[0033] An appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115 can be used by a
caregiver, including a patient, to monitor a wound dressing 115. An
appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115 is configured to allow a
user, such as a caregiver or patient, to monitor a wound dressing
and the adjacent wound without disturbing the wound dressing 115
such as through removing the dressing 115 from the patient's wound
100. This approach, inter alia, improves comfort to the patient,
reduces the chance of accidental infection in or contamination from
uncovered wounds, and minimizes time requirements in wound care. In
some aspects, an appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing 115 includes
a transmitter that sends a signal to a device used by a caregiver
or patient to monitor the wound dressing from the same room as the
patient. In some aspects, an appurtenance 120 to a wound dressing
115 includes a transmitter that sends a signal to a device used by
a caregiver remotely, such as through a pager, remote computing
device, cell phone, or dedicated remote signaling device. The
signal transmitter sends a signal containing information associated
a wound and/or adjacent wound dressing such that a caregiver is
able to receive, directly or indirectly, information relating to
monitoring a wound and adjacent wound dressing at a distance from
the patient, without disturbing the patient and with minimal time
spent analyzing the wound 100 or wound dressing 115.
[0034] In some aspects, an appurtenance to a wound dressing is part
of a system configured to automatically process and save
information relating to an appurtenance and the related wound
dressing to a medical record system, such as a medical records
database. In some aspects, an appurtenance to a wound dressing is
part of a system configured to automatically process and save
information relating to an appurtenance and the related wound
dressing to an electronic health record. An automatic process
reduces the potential for accidental loss or error in data entry
regarding wound care, and reduces the time required by a caregiver
in data entry into a record.
[0035] As shown in FIG. 1, the wound dressing with the affixed
appurtenance combination unit 125 is used to cover the wound 100 on
the body part 110. The wound dressing with the affixed appurtenance
combination unit 125 can be secured to the body part 110 in a
routine manner for the type of wound dressing 115 generally, such
as through adhesive integral to the wound dressing 115 or with
additional adhesive, wrappings, tapes or glues as generally
applicable to the type of wound dressing 115 utilized in a given
medical situation. Although not illustrated in FIG. 1, the wound
dressing with the affixed appurtenance combination unit 125 can
similarly be removed using standard removal procedures, such as
with gentle pressure, gentle pulling, unwrapping, allowing it to
loosen over time, or bio-compatible solvents. The appurtenances 120
described herein can be single-use and disposable along with the
affixed wound dressing 115. In some embodiments, the appurtenances
120 described herein can be removed from a first wound dressing and
then reconditioned in whole or in part, such as through cleaning or
sterilization, and reused with a second wound dressing. In some
embodiments, an appurtenance 120 can be reused for multiple wound
dressings used on a single wound from a patient. The appurtenances
120 described herein are generally intended to be operable for the
period of time a given wound dressing 115 is in use under standard
conditions and time periods. After the wound dressing with the
irreversibly affixed appurtenance combination unit, 125 is removed
from the body part 110, it can be disposed of as a unit with
routine disposal methods.
[0036] It is envisioned that the appurtenances described herein
will be utilized while affixed to wound dressings over wounds of a
variety of types, and operable to assist in the monitoring of
wounds of a variety of types. For example, appurtenances can be
used in conjunction with wound dressings to assist in monitoring
acute wounds, such as those resulting from accidental injury or
surgery. For example, appurtenances can be used in conjunction with
wound dressings to assist in monitoring wounds closed by primary
intention. For example, the appurtenances can be used to assist in
monitoring wound dressings over surgical wounds, such as incisions
and surgical stitches. For example, the appurtenances can be used
to assist in monitoring wound dressings over acute wounds from
injury, such as burn injuries, lacerations, or penetrating wounds.
For example, appurtenances can be used in conjunction with wound
dressings to assist in monitoring wounds closed by secondary
intention. The appurtenances can also be used to assist in
monitoring wound dressings over chronic wounds, such as those
arising from chronic medical conditions and situations. For
example, the appurtenances can be used to monitor the status of
wound dressings covering venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers,
pressure ulcers or arterial ulcers. See: "Advances in Wound Healing
Techniques," publication D11A, Frost and Sullivan, 2008; "An
Overview of Ulceration Wounds," Publication M4BB-54, Frost and
Sullivan 2009; and "US Advanced Wound Care Market," Publication
N71A-54, Frost and Sullivan 2010, which are each incorporated
herein by reference. In some embodiments, appurtenances can be used
in conjunction with wound dressings for oral wounds.
[0037] The appurtenances described herein can be useful in
conjunction with an affixed wound dressing as a combination unit to
monitor potential problems with a wound, such as excessive bleeding
or other fluid formation that would be present in the wound
dressing, or the presence of conditions in the dressing that
indicate infection in an adjacent wound. See: Collier, "Recognition
and Management of Wound Infections," World Wide Wounds, pages 1-9,
(January 2004); Gray, "Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment of
Infection," Wounds UK, vol. 7, no. 2, supplement, (2011); and
Mehmood et al., "Review Article: Applications of Modern Sensors and
Wireless Technology in Effective Wound Management," J Biomed Mater
Res part B, published online DOI:10.1002/jbm.b.33063 (2013) which
are each incorporated herein by reference. For example, some types
of wound discharge can indicate infection. See, for example,
Cutting and Harding, "Criteria for Identifying Wound Infection,"
Journal of Wound Care, vol. 3, no. 4, 198-201 (1994), which is
incorporated herein by reference. The appurtenances as part of
combination units 125 and related systems described herein can be
used in conjunction with readily available types of wound dressings
to monitor aspects of the affixed wound dressing, including
parameters that indicate that a person should physically examine
the wound dressing, such as excessive wetness, dryness, an elapsed
period of time, or the presence of specific factors detected by one
or more sensors of the appurtenance. The appurtenances as well as
related systems described herein can be used in conjunction with
readily available types of wound dressings to monitor aspects of
the affixed wound dressing, including indications that the wound
dressing should be changed (i.e. excessively wet, dry, or
soiled).
[0038] The appurtenances described herein include transmission
units configured to transmit signals, and thereby report
information regarding the status of the affixed wound dressing or
wound, to associated systems. The resulting information reporting
can be used, in some embodiments, to supplement the medical record
for a patient in an automated system and automatic process. The
resulting information reporting can be used, in some embodiments,
to automatically notify a caregiver that the status of the wound
dressing has altered, indicating that a person should physically
inspect the wound dressing.
[0039] As used herein, a caregiver includes at least one of a
patient, a caregiver, and medical personnel. A caregiver can
utilize some embodiments of the appurtenances and related systems
described herein in relation with multiple types of wound
dressings. Appurtenances can be fabricated in shapes and sizes to
conform to a variety of standard wound dressing sizes, shapes and
types. Appurtenances can be fabricated with, for example,
transmission units, antennas and sensors appropriate for use with a
variety of wound dressings. Appurtenances can be fabricated with,
for example, transmission units, antennas and sensors appropriate
for different medical situations and monitoring requirements.
Appurtenances can be fabricated with, for example, one or more
projections of a size, shape and material appropriate for use with
a variety of wound dressings. While it is envisioned that every
appurtenance will not be appropriate for use with every wound
dressing (for example due to size, shape or material
compatibility), a given appurtenance is expected to be suitable for
use with a range of potential wound dressings. For example, a given
appurtenance of a specific size, shape and fabrication, including
type of transmission unit, sensors, and projection(s), should be
suitable for use with a variety of wound dressings of conforming
sizes, shapes and types. Generally, any specific appurtenance
embodiment is not expected to only conform to use with a unique
wound dressing of a specific size, shape and type. Instead, it is
expected that a specific appurtenance embodiment will be suitable
for use with a range of wound dressings. Similarly, it is expected
that a specific appurtenance embodiment will be suitable for use
with a range of wound and wound dressing monitoring
requirements.
[0040] In the attached drawings, an appurtenance 120 is often
illustrated as affixed to an outer surface of a wound dressing 115,
for example an outer surface distal to a surface of the body part
110 adjacent to the wound 100. However, in some embodiments, an
appurtenance 120 can be configured to attach to one or more
surfaces of a wound dressing 115 adjacent to a surface of the body
part 110 adjacent to the wound 100. For example, in embodiments
wherein an appurtenance 120 is configured to be attached to a wound
dressing 115 of a substantially rectangular, ovoid, or raised
conformation, an appurtenance 120 can be configured to be attached
to a side surface of the wound dressing 115. For example, in
embodiments wherein an appurtenance 120 is configured to be
attached to a wound dressing 115 with an unusually strong or thick
outer cover layer, the appurtenance 120 can be configured to attach
to an underside of the wound dressing 115. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance is configured to attach to a surface of a wound
dressing 115 in contact with the surface of the body part 110.
[0041] For example, the appurtenances described herein can be
configured to be affixed to a dry gauze dressing, which may or may
not include an outer cover layer. For example, the appurtenances
described herein can be configured to be attached to a dry silicone
or other solid foam dressing, which may or may not include an outer
cover layer. For example, the appurtenances described herein can be
configured to be affixed to a wound dressing used to close a small
or thin wound or surgical incision, such as a butterfly dressing
(e.g. SteriStrip.TM. adhesive strips, available from Nexcare.TM.,
part of 3M Corporation). For example, appurtenances such as those
described herein can be configured to be affixed to a dressing
configured to maintain moisture or other materials adjacent to the
wound surface. For example, appurtenances such as those described
herein can be configured to be used with hydrogel wound dressings,
for example Aquaflo.TM. Hydrogel Wound Dressing by Kendall
Corporation, or Elasto-Gel.TM. Hydrogel Occlusive Dressing by
Southwest Technologies. For example, appurtenances such as those
described herein can be affixed to wound dressings including
hydrocolloids, for example DuoDERM CGF Sterile Hydrocolloid
Dressing manufactured by DuoDERM Corporation. For example,
appurtenances such as those described herein can be configured to
be used with wound dressings containing one or more medicinal
agents, such as antibiotics. For example, appurtenances such as
those described herein can be used with wound dressings impregnated
with PHMB (Polyhexamethylene Biguanide), such as Telfa.TM. A.M.D.
antimicrobial wound dressings, manufactured by Kendall Corporation.
For example, appurtenances such as those described herein can be
configured to be used with wound dressings including ionic silver,
such as Maxorb.TM. Extra Ag wound dressings manufactured by Medline
Corporation. Appurtenances such as those described herein can be
configured to be affixed to wound dressings over wounds wherein the
tissue of the wound is being directly monitored using other
devices, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,963,772 to
Bloom et al., titled "User-retainable Temperature and Impedance
Monitoring Methods and Devices," which is incorporated herein by
reference. Appurtenances such as those described herein can be
configured to be affixed to wound dressings over wounds wherein the
patient is being directly monitored using other devices, for
example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,764 to Smith and
Cooper, titled "Apparatus and Method for Reducing the Risk of
Decubitus Ulcers;" U.S. Pat. No. 7,297,112 to Zhou et al., titled
"Embedded Bio-Sensor System;" U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,372,780, 8,014,234
and 7,813,226 to Braunberger, titled "Timing System and Device and
Method for Making the Same;" U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,151 to Sullivan et
al., titled "Devices and Methods for Passive Patient Monitoring;"
U.S. Pat. No. 7,703,334 to Cochran, titled "Bandage Type Sensor
Arrangement and Carrier Assembly Therefore, and Method of
Manufacture;" and International Patent Publication No. WO
2005/009328 to Nikolic, titled "ABT-Anti-Bedsore Timer," which are
each incorporated herein by reference. Appurtenances such as those
described herein can also be used in conjunction with a system to
monitor assets within a health care facility, for example as
described in US Patent Application No. 2007/0247316 to Wildman et
al., titled "Article Locating and Tracking Apparatus and Method,"
which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0042] Wound dressings such as those described herein are generally
used for a relatively short period of time, on the order of hours
or days, and then removed for disposal. Similarly, a wound dressing
with an affixed appurtenance combination unit should be configured
for use over the course of hours or days and then removed and
disposed of using standard methods. A wound dressing with an
affixed appurtenance is single use and disposable after use. For
example, a caregiver can require a new wound dressing every 24
hours (1 day) for an acute wound. Any wound dressing utilized in
this type of situation would, consequently, be of a size and shape
to remain affixed to the wound region over the course of at least a
24 hour period and then removed for disposal. An appurtenance to a
wound dressing intended for use over the course of a 24 hour time
period, similarly should be of a size, shape, material fabrication,
and capabilities to function while affixed to the wound dressing
over the 24 hour period that the dressing is in use. As an
additional example, a caregiver can decide that for another type of
wound, such as a chronic wound, the wound dressing needs to be
removed and replaced once every 3 days, or every 4 days, or every 5
days, or every 6 days, or every 7 days. Correspondingly, an
appurtenance affixed to a wound dressing intended for use over the
course of at least 3 to 7 days should be of a size, shape, material
fabrication, and capabilities to function while affixed to the
wound dressing over at least the 3 to 7 day period that the
dressing is in use. In embodiments wherein an appurtenance is
intended for reuse, such as reuse on a second or subsequent wound
dressing used over a wound, the appurtenance should be of a size,
shape, material fabrication and capabilities to function during the
entire intended use, including the time period of removal from a
first wound dressing and application to a second wound dressing, as
well as any intermediate refurbishment or cleaning process.
[0043] In some embodiments, an appurtenance to a wound dressing
includes: a substrate including a surface of a size and shape to
mate with a surface of a wound dressing; a sensor unit affixed to
the substrate; an electronic identifier affixed to the substrate;
and a transmitter unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to
the electronic identifier, the transmission unit including
circuitry configured to transmit information associated with the
sensor unit and the transmitter unit. Some embodiments of an
appurtenance include a battery unit. For example, a battery unit
can be affixed to a substrate and connected to a transmitter unit.
In some embodiments, a battery unit is modular, and configured for
removal and replacement. For example, a battery unit can be affixed
to a substrate with one or more reversible fasteners. In some
embodiments, a battery unit is integral to another unit. For
example, a battery unit can be integral to a transmitter unit. For
example, a battery unit can be integral to a sensor unit. For
example, a battery unit can be integral to an electronic
identifier.
[0044] FIG. 2 depicts aspects of an embodiment of an appurtenance
120. The embodiment of an appurtenance 120 shown in FIG. 2 includes
a substrate 200 that is a substantially planar structure. The
appurtenance 120 in FIG. 2 is depicted to illustrate aspects of one
of the largest faces of the appurtenance, or an approximately
"top-down" view of the appurtenance as it might be used in
conjunction with a wound dressing. The embodiment illustrated in
FIG. 2 includes a sensor unit 220 attached to the substrate. Some
embodiments include one sensor unit. Some embodiments include two,
three, four, five or more than five sensor units. In some
embodiments, the one or more sensor units attached to the substrate
are directly attached to the substrate. In some embodiments, the
one or more sensor units attached to the substrate are indirectly
attached to the substrate, such as within a frame or similar
structure with reversible fasteners for sensor units that are
modular. In some embodiments, the one or more sensor units are
attached to the substrate within an interior region of the
substrate. For example, the substrate can include two or more walls
and one or more sensor units can be affixed within a region between
the walls. For example, the substrate can include two or more
planar sheets and one or more sensor units can be affixed within a
region between the planar sheets. Some embodiments include at least
one wire connector positioned between each of the one or more
sensor units and the transmission unit. Some embodiments include:
at least one wire connector positioned between a sensor unit and a
transmission unit; and at least one wire connector positioned
between an electronic identifier and a transmission unit. The
sensor unit 220 illustrated in FIG. 2 is connected to a
transmission unit 230 with a wire connector 225. Aspects of the
appurtenance that are illustrated in FIG. 2 may be covered up or
obscured in some embodiments. For example, in some embodiments an
appurtenance includes a cover that would obscure sensor unit 220
and transmission unit 230 as well as associated wire connectors
225.
[0045] Some embodiments include a plurality of projections affixed
to the substrate. The appurtenance 120 shown in FIG. 2 includes a
first end with a first set of the plurality of projections 210
attached to the first end of the substrate 200, and a second end,
with a second set of the plurality of projections 210 attached to
the second end of the substrate 200. In the view shown in FIG. 2,
the left side of the appurtenance 120 can be considered as a "first
end" and the right side of the appurtenance 120 can be considered
as a "second end" for purposes of illustration. The plurality of
projections 120 are collectively referred to as "projections 210"
with reference to the figures herein. The projections 210 are each
substantially conical structures, with a wide end affixed to the
end of the substrate 200 and a narrow end positioned distal to the
substrate 200. In some embodiments, each of the projections 210
include a proximal end and a distal end, with the projections 210
tapering in size from the proximal end to the distal end. In some
embodiments, the plurality of projections extend outward along a
largest linear dimension of the substrate. For example, in the
embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the projections extend outward in
substantially the same plane as the largest plane of the
substrate.
[0046] Depending on the embodiment, the projections can project in
one or more directions substantially away from the surface of the
appurtenance configured to conform with an outer surface of the
wound dressing, or angle in a direction substantially perpendicular
to the surface configured to conform with an outer surface of the
wound dressing of the appurtenance. Some embodiments include a
projection affixed to the substrate, the projection positioned to
affix the surface of the substrate to the surface of the wound
dressing. Some embodiments include at least one projection which is
curvilinear. Some embodiments include at least one projection which
is a composite shape. In embodiments including one or more
projections that are not substantially straight, an angle (e.g. 0)
of the projection can be determined by the angle formed at the base
of the projection immediately adjacent to the surface of the
appurtenance configured to conform with an outer surface of the
wound dressing.
[0047] A projection can be a substantially hollow tubular
structure. A substantially hollow tubular structure of a projection
can include an opening on the distal end of the projection. In some
embodiments projections can be of different shapes and
conformations. For example, a projection can be solid, tubular,
conical, cylindrical, tapered, curved, angular or other shape or
combination of shapes as appropriate to the specific embodiment.
Embodiments including a plurality of projections can include
projections of different sizes and shapes. A projection can be
substantially straight and form a substantially linear internal
channel, or it can be curved and form a substantially curvilinear
internal channel. The drawings illustrated herein are not to scale.
The drawings illustrated herein represent relationships and shapes
of the items described. Although not expressly illustrated herein,
a projection can be relatively large relative to the total size of
the appurtenance. For example, the volume of a projection or a
group of projections attached to an appurtenance can be 51%, 55%,
60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the volume of the
portion of the appurtenance configured to conform with an outer
surface of a wound dressing. Similarly, a projection can be
relatively small relative to the total size of the appurtenance.
For example, the volume of a projection or a group of projections
attached to an appurtenance can be 49%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%,
20%, 15%, 10%, or 5% of the volume of the portion of the
appurtenance configured to conform with an outer surface of a wound
dressing. In some embodiments, a projection is located at an edge
region of the substantially planar region of the appurtenance, and
in some embodiments a projection is located substantially centrally
to the planar surface of the appurtenance configured to conform
with an outer surface of the wound dressing. In some embodiments, a
substantially planar appurtenance includes at least one projection
wherein the entire appurtenance is of a size and shape to be
secured against an external surface of a wound dressing with force,
for example from a human thumb or finger.
[0048] FIG. 2 depicts a transmission unit 230 attached to the
approximate center of the plane of the substrate 200. The
transmission unit 230 is affixed to the substrate 200. A wire
connector 225 operably connects the sensor unit 220 to the
transmission unit 230. The appurtenance 120 includes an electronic
identifier 240 attached to the substrate 200. A wire connector 225
operably connects the electronic identifier 240 to the transmission
unit 230.
[0049] An "electronic identifier," as used herein, refers to a unit
that includes a specific electronic code or similar identifier. In
some embodiments, an electronic identifier is a RFID identifier
code. In some embodiments, an electronic identifier includes an
RFID unit. In some embodiments, an electronic identifier is an
alphanumeric identifier code. In some embodiments, an electronic
identifier is a computer code. For example, in some embodiments an
electronic identifier is a self-contained unit that attaches to a
surface of the substrate and sends signals to the transmission unit
that includes one or more electronic codes that identify a specific
appurtenance. An electronic identifier of an appurtenance can
include an identifier code specific for an individual appurtenance.
For example, an electronic identifier can include a code that
includes a unique identifier code that is associated with a
specific and unique appurtenance. The electronic identifiers can be
associated, for example, with information in a look-up table that
connects information about an appurtenance with a unique identifier
code. The electronic identifiers can be associated, for example,
with information in a database that connects information about an
appurtenance with a unique identifier code. For example, an
electronic identifier can be associated with information such as a
particular patient, a date, a time, a user, and/or a location. An
electronic identifier of an appurtenance can include an identifier
code that includes subparts identifying aspects of the
appurtenance. For example, an electronic identifier can include a
code that includes subparts denoting the make, model, place of
manufacture, date of manufacture, and manufacture line of a
specific appurtenance. In some embodiments, an electronic
identifier includes an electronic code.
[0050] In some embodiments, an appurtenance can be fabricated with
one or more regions configured for the attachment of different
modules. In some embodiments, an appurtenance includes modules that
are configured for removal and replacement. For example, some
embodiments include appurtenances with removable and replaceable
sensor units. During fabrication, a basic appurtenance structure
can be utilized and different specific modules added as desired in
a particular embodiment. For example, an appurtenance can be
fabricated with at least one region configured to attach a
projection. For example, a region configured to attach a projection
can include a region with a surface conforming to an outer surface
of the projection. For example, a region configured to attach a
projection can include a conduit configured to align with the
hollow interior of the projection. The region of the appurtenance
configured to attach a projection can be configured for attachment
of different projection types, depending on the embodiment. For
example, the region of the appurtenance configured to attach a
projection can be configured for attachment of projections of
different lengths or different materials as desired in the
construction of a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance can have multiple regions configured for attachment of
multiple projections of different types. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance can have one or more removable antenna modules. In
some embodiments, an appurtenance can have one or more removable
sensor unit modules. For example, an appurtenance can have one or
more removable power source modules, such as batteries or solar
cells. In some embodiments, a module can include a spacer element,
or a component configured to assist in physically positioning one
or more other modules.
[0051] In some embodiments, an appurtenance includes a barrier
layer, such as a thin film, positioned between the substrate of the
appurtenance and one or more modules of the appurtenance. See: U.S.
Pat. No. 7,914,867, "Medical Gas Barrier Film and Medical Bag Using
the Same" to Mori et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,205 "Gas Barrier
Resin Film" to Yokoyama et al., which are each incorporated by
reference. In some embodiments, an appurtenance includes a barrier
layer, such as a thin film, positioned between the enclosure of the
appurtenance and one or more modules of the appurtenance. The
barrier layer can be positioned, for example, between the substrate
of an appurtenance and one or more removable and replaceable
modules, such as sensor units. The barrier layer can, for example,
reduce the possibility of biological contamination spread within an
appurtenance, or between components of an appurtenance, such as
between sensor units. In some embodiments, a barrier layer is
positioned within an interior region of an enclosure of an
appurtenance, for example adjacent to an interior surface of the
enclosure. In some embodiments, a barrier layer is positioned
within an interior region of an enclosure of an appurtenance, for
example affixed to an interior surface of the enclosure. A barrier
layer can be positioned to reduce the potential for contamination
of a modular component of an appurtenance, for example partially or
entirely surrounding a removable sensor unit.
[0052] In some embodiments, an appurtenance includes a fluid
control material, such as a fluid control film, positioned to
permit directional flow of a liquid from a position external to the
appurtenance to an internal region of the appurtenance, such as a
position adjacent to a sensor unit. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,420,622 to
Johnston et al. "Medical Article Having Fluid Control Film," which
is incorporated herein by reference. For example, some embodiments
include a fluid control film within a conduit or aperture in a
substrate of an appurtenance, the fluid control film positioned to
direct fluid flow from a wound dressing into an interior region of
the substrate, such as through an internal conduit and/or to a
sensor unit. For example, some embodiments include a fluid control
film within a conduit or aperture in an enclosure of an
appurtenance, the fluid control film positioned to direct fluid
flow from a wound dressing into an interior region of the
enclosure, such as to a sensor unit. For example, some embodiments
include a fluid control film within a conduit or aperture in a
projection of an appurtenance, the fluid control film positioned to
direct fluid flow from a wound dressing through an interior region
of the projection and to a connected sensor unit. For example, some
embodiments include a fluid control film within a conduit or
aperture in a projection of an appurtenance, the fluid control film
positioned to direct fluid flow from a wound dressing through an
interior region of the projection and to a connected transmission
unit. In some embodiments, an appurtenance includes a fluid control
film positioned to permit directional flow of a liquid from a
position external to the appurtenance to an internal region of the
appurtenance, such as a position adjacent to a sensor unit.
[0053] An appurtenance can be fabricated from a variety of
materials, as appropriate to an embodiment. An appurtenance can be
fabricated, for example, substantially from a plastic material. For
example, a structural portion, such as a substrate, enclosure,
shell or base can be fabricated from a plastic material. For
example, one or more projections can be fabricated from a plastic
material. An appurtenance can be fabricated, for example, from one
or more acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes and/or
halogenated plastics. An appurtenance can include one or more
projections fabricated, for example, from one or more plastic
materials. An appurtenance can include one or more projections
fabricated, for example, from one or more acrylics, polyesters,
silicones, polyurethanes and/or halogenated plastics. An
appurtenance can be fabricated from one or more bio-compatible
materials, for example bio-compatible plastics, resins, epoxies and
metals. An appurtenance can be fabricated from one or more
materials to achieve a level of flexibility of the appurtenance
relevant to a specific use, for example an appurtenance can be
fabricated from substantially rigid materials or substantially
flexible materials, or a combination thereof to achieve a
particular flexibility of an appurtenance as required for a
specific embodiment. An appurtenance can be fabricated from one or
more composite materials, such as plastic with an overlay of epoxy
or plastic with an overlay of one or more metals. An appurtenance
including a transmission unit can include, for example, one or more
metal components, for example as circuitry or as one or more
antennas. An appurtenance including a transmission unit can
include, for example, stainless steel, copper or zinc alloy. An
appurtenance can be fabricated from one or more ceramic materials,
such as within a transmission unit. Generally, it is envisioned
that materials with low weight will be suitable for a variety of
appurtenance embodiments, so as to reduce weight and associated
physical stress on a wound dressing. Similarly, it is envisioned
that materials with sufficient strength and toughness to be
fabricated into small and thin components will be desirable for
fabrication of appurtenance embodiments. As the appurtenances are
to be affixed to wound dressings, bio-compatible materials can be
preferred. As the appurtenances are to be affixed to wound
dressings and, in some embodiments, disposed of with the wound
dressings, materials that do not require special handling or
disposal are preferable in most embodiments.
[0054] In some embodiments, the appurtenance includes a substrate
or enclosure that is configured to attach to the wound dressing.
For example, the substrate or enclosure can be configured as a
support for other features of the appurtenance. In some
embodiments, the substrate includes a substantially planar
structure wherein the area of surface is less than the area of the
wound dressing. In some embodiments, the substrate or enclosure is
configured to irreversibly attach directly to an external surface
of the wound dressing. For example, some embodiments include: a
substantially planar structure; and a fastener of a size and shape
to affix the surface of the substrate to the surface of the wound
dressing. In some embodiments, the substrate or enclosure includes
an adhesive on a surface conforming to an external surface of the
wound dressing. For example, the surface conforming to an external
surface of a wound dressing can include a glue, epoxy, sealant,
mucilage, paste or other binder material. In some embodiments, the
substrate or enclosure includes at least one chemical adherent
positioned to affix the substrate or enclosure to a wound dressing.
For example, some embodiments include: a medically-compatible
adhesive positioned on the surface of the substrate in an
orientation to adhere the surface of the substrate to the surface
of the wound dressing. In some embodiments, the surface of the
substrate or enclosure conforming to an external surface of a wound
dressing can include an adhesive covered by a removable protective
sheet configured for detachment and exposure of the adhesive when
the appurtenance is attached to the wound dressing. In some
embodiments, the surface of the substrate or enclosure of the
appurtenance configured to conform with an outer surface of the
wound dressing can include barbs, hooks, pins, prongs or other
extensions configured to adhere or fix into the outer surface of
the wound dressing. In some embodiments, the surface of the
substrate or enclosure of the appurtenance configured to conform
with an outer surface of the wound dressing can include a mixture
or combination of any of the above.
[0055] In some embodiments, the substrate or enclosure of an
appurtenance includes a flexible material. For example, the
substrate or enclosure of an appurtenance can include a pliable
plastic, a woven fabric material, soft mesh or other flexible
material. In some embodiments, the substrate or enclosure of an
appurtenance includes a rigid material. For example, the substrate
or enclosure of an appurtenance can include at least one rigid
plastic material in a location configured to provide support for a
portion of the appurtenance. For example, the substrate can include
at least one rigid plastic material at a location configured to
attach a projection, the rigid plastic configured to provide
physical support for the attached projection. In some embodiments,
the substrate or enclosure of an appurtenance includes at least one
bio-compatible material. For example, the substrate or enclosure of
an appurtenance can include one or more bio-compatible plastic
materials, one or more bio-compatible fabric materials, or one or
more bio-compatible metals.
[0056] In some embodiments, an appurtenance to a wound dressing is
substantially sterilized prior to use and the appurtenance is
fabricated from materials that are known to be stable under the
expected sterilizing conditions. For example, the appurtenance can
be treated with one or more chemical disinfectants or UV surface
radiation for a period of time sufficient to substantially
sterilize the appurtenance prior to use. For example, the
appurtenance can be treated with one or more antimicrobial gasses,
for example ethylene oxide (ETO), prior to use. For example, the
appurtenance can be treated with a chemical sterilizing agent, such
as hydrogen peroxide in liquid or vapor form, prior to use. For
example, the appurtenance can be treated with steam as an
anti-infective prior to use. For example, the appurtenance can be
treated with heat prior to use. For example, the appurtenance can
be treated with gamma irradiation prior to use. For example, the
appurtenance can be treated with electron irradiation prior to use.
In some embodiments, one or more components of an appurtenance, for
example a sensor unit, a substrate, or an enclosure, are fabricated
from one or more materials known to be physically stable after
multiple sterilizing treatments. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance to a wound dressing includes a sterile wrapper. For
example, an appurtenance to a wound dressing can be stored and/or
transported within a sterile wrapper, such as a firm paper wrapper
or a plastic film. A sterile wrapper configured for storage and/or
transport of an appurtenance can be treated to minimize
contamination, for example coated with one or more anti-microbial
agents. In some embodiments a wound dressing monitoring system
includes a wrapper sealed to protect the cleanliness and/or
sterility of the wound monitoring system.
[0057] Appurtenances include one or more sensor units. Each sensor
unit includes at least one sensor. In some embodiments, a sensor
unit includes more than one sensor, for example, two sensors, three
sensors or four sensors in a single sensor unit. A sensor unit can
include, for example, two or more sensors of a specific type. Some
embodiments include a sensor unit including at least two sensors of
different types. A sensor unit can include, for example, two or
more sensors wherein each of the sensors is configured to sense a
different parameter, for example including different antibodies or
aptimers configured to bind with distinct target proteins. Sensor
units can include sensors specific for detection of specific
proteins, or related protein families (e.g. MMPs). A sensor unit
can be configured to detect one or more conditions of a wound
dressing, such as temperature, pressure, fluid saturation, and/or
fluid level within the interior of the wound dressing. A sensor
unit can be configured to detect one or more biological molecules
present in a wound dressing, such as biological molecules arising
from one or more bacteria, biological molecules arising from one or
more viruses, biological molecules arising from the wound, and/or
biological molecules arising from tissue adjacent to the wound.
[0058] A variety of sensors can be utilized in different
embodiments of the appurtenances, depending on factors such as the
intended use of the appurtenance, size, weight, cost,
bio-compatibility, safety and ease of disposal. "Sensors," as used
herein, can be of a variety of types depending on the embodiment.
One or more sensors can include a chemical sensor. For example, one
or more sensors can include a sensor that relies on a chemical
change, such as a chemical reaction, as part of the detection
process. One or more sensors can include at least one sensor
responsive to changes in capacitance, or a measure of the ability
of a configuration of materials to store electric charge. A general
review of biosensors that detect changes in the dielectric
properties of an electrode surface can be found in Berggren et al.,
"Capacitive Biosensors," Electroanalysis vol. 13, no. 3, 173-180,
(2001), which is incorporated herein by reference. For example, one
or more sensors can include a micromechanical biosensor with a
fixed-fixed beam attached to an interdigitated capacitor (see, for
example, Lim et al., "A Micromechanical Biosensor with
Interdigitated Capacitor Readout," Proceedings of the 2011
IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering,
May 22-25, Harbin, China, which is incorporated herein by
reference). Sensors can also include nanowire nanosensors, for
example as described in Cui et al., "Nanowire Nanosensors for
Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Biological and Chemical
Species," Science, vol. 293, 1289-1292 (2001), which is
incorporated herein by reference. Sensors can include those
utilizing antibodies secured to a graphene substrate. See Tehrani
et al., "Detection of Monoclonal Antibodies using Chemically
Modified Graphite Substances," IEEE Sensors 2010 Conference
Proceedings, 428-431, (2010), which is incorporated herein by
reference. In some embodiments, sensors include aptamer-modified
graphene field-effect transistors, see Ohno et al., "Graphene
Field-Effect Transistors for Label-Free Biological Sensors," IEEE
Sensors 2010 Conference Proceedings, 903-906, (2010), which is
incorporated herein by reference. A sensor in an appurtenance can
interact with a sensor present in a wound dressing, for example as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,283,938 to McConnell, titled
"Medicating Bandage and Controllable Permeable Membrane," which is
incorporated herein by reference. A sensor can include a field
effect transistor (FET), such as described in U.S. Pat. No.
7,507,675 to Zuilhof et al., titled "Device Manufacturing Method
and Device," which is incorporated herein by reference. A sensor
can include a nano-cantilever device, such as described in U.S.
Pat. No. 7,612,424 to Espinosa and Ke, titled
"Nanoelectromechanical Bistable Cantilever Device," which is
incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, sensors
include temperature sensors, which can be included in the sensor
units along with a different type of sensor (e.g. a micromechanical
biosensor). In some embodiments, sensors include moisture sensors,
positioned to detect the level of moisture present in a wound
dressing. A moisture sensor can include, for example, a
capacitance-based moisture sensor. In some embodiments, sensors
include resonance sensors, positioned to detect changes in
resonance of a sensor unit in proximity to a wound dressing
relative to the amount of fluid in the wound dressing (i.e. the
"wetness" of the dressing). In some embodiments, sensors include
resonance sensors, positioned to have altered internal resonance,
such as within a cavity resonator of the sensor, relative to the
fluid saturation of the wound dressing.
[0059] In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes a pressure
sensor. For example, a pressure sensor can be positioned to detect
the physical pressure on a wound dressing, such as from swelling of
the dressing or against the surface of the dressing. In some
embodiments, sensors include pressure sensors, positioned to detect
physical pressure on the wound dressing from an external source,
such as a bandage wrap or cover. In some embodiments, sensors
include pressure sensors, positioned to detect physical pressure in
the interface between a surface of the wound dressing and the wound
and/or adjacent skin of the patient. In some embodiments, a sensor
unit includes a temperature sensor. In some embodiments, a sensor
unit includes both a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor. See,
for example, DeHennis and Wise, "A Wireless Microsystem for the
Remote Sensing of Pressure, Temperature, and Relative Humidity,"
Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 14(1): 12-22 (2005),
which is incorporated by reference herein. In some embodiments, a
sensor unit includes a sensor configured to detect one or more
aspects of a fluid within the wound dressing and/or positioned
adjacent to the wound dressing. In some embodiments, a sensor unit
includes a sensor configured to detect one or more aspects of a gas
within the wound dressing or positioned adjacent to the wound
dressing. In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes a pH sensor.
In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes a detector of a
specific chemical, such as nitric oxide. In some embodiments, a
sensor unit includes a detector of a specific biological agent,
such as a bacterial protein. In some embodiments, a sensor unit
includes a sensor including at least one aptimer. In some
embodiments, a sensor unit includes a sensor including at least one
antibody. In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes a plurality
of sensors within the sensor unit. Some embodiments include a
sensor unit including: a sensor; circuitry for accepting data from
the sensor; circuitry for processing the accepted data; and
circuitry for sending the processed data to the transmission unit.
Some embodiments include a sensor unit with reversible fasteners of
a size and shape for attachment to the substrate. For example, an
appurtenance can be configured to attach one or more modular sensor
units.
[0060] Some sensors within sensor units such as those described
herein can be configured to sense fluids. Some sensors within
sensor units such as those described herein can be configured to
sense one or more components of a fluid. Some sensors within sensor
units such as those described herein can be configured to sense one
or more analytes within a fluid. As used herein, fluid includes
both gasses and liquids individually or as mixtures. Some sensors
within sensor units described herein can detect fluids, whether in
gaseous state or liquid state. If the fluid is a liquid, it can be
drawn into an appurtenance through capillary action. If the fluid
is a gas, it can be drawn into the appurtenance through gravity
(i.e. where the appurtenance is oriented on the top of a wound
dressing over a wound). In some embodiments, the appurtenance
includes a micropump positioned to move fluids through a projection
and into the appurtenance in a position adjacent to a sensor within
a sensor unit. In some embodiments, the appurtenance includes a
desiccant material. In some embodiments, the appurtenance includes
a desiccant material positioned to draw fluid from a wound dressing
into an interior of the appurtenance and to a sensor of a sensor
unit. For example, a desiccant material can be positioned, in some
embodiments, within a conduit or channel within an appurtenance.
For example, a desiccant material can be positioned, in some
embodiments, within a dedicated chamber attached to a sensor unit.
In some embodiments, the appurtenance includes a sealed chamber
that is under vacuum and connected to a projection or aperture.
When the seal is broken, it sucks up the fluid into the tube in
response to the low (or negative) air pressure in the tube.
[0061] A "transmission unit," as used herein, can be one or more of
a variety of units that are configured to send and/or receive
signals, such as signals carried as electromagnetic waves. In
embodiments where the appurtenance includes a substrate, the
transmission unit can be attached to a surface of the substrate,
the transmission unit including circuitry and at least one antenna
operably attached to the circuitry, the transmission unit
configured to transmit a signal. In embodiments where the
appurtenance includes an enclosure, the transmission unit can be
attached to a surface of the enclosure, the transmission unit
including circuitry and at least one antenna operably attached to
the circuitry, the transmission unit configured to transmit a
signal. A transmission unit generally includes at least one antenna
and associated circuitry. A transmission unit can include a
transmitter and a receiver. A transmission unit can include
volatile or non-volatile memory. A transmission unit can include a
processor. A transmission unit can be operably connected to an
energy source, such as a battery. In some embodiments of an
appurtenance, it is desirable to include a self-compensating
antenna, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,754 to Forester,
titled "Self-Compensating Antennas for Substrates having Differing
Dielectric Constant Values," which is incorporated herein by
reference. A transmission unit can be operably connected to a
processor. A transmission unit can be operably connected to a
sensor. A transmission unit can be a passive device. A transmission
unit can be an active device. A transmission unit can be a passive
to active device. A transmission unit can be configured to transmit
a signal in response to an interrogation signal. A transmission
unit can include an energy harvesting unit, such as a unit
configured to obtain energy from electromagnetic waves. A
transmission unit can include a transponder utilizing
electromagnetic waves, for example as described in "Fundamental
Operating Principles," in Chapter 3 of the RFID Handbook:
Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and
Identification, Klaus Finkenzeller, John Wiley & Sons, (2003),
which is incorporated herein by reference. A transmission unit can
include an oscillator and encoder configured to generate a
programmable pulse position-modulated signal in the radio frequency
range. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,288 to Walton, titled
"Portable Radio Frequency Emitting Identifier," which is
incorporated herein by reference. A transmission unit can include a
radio frequency identification device (RFID). A transmission unit
can be configured to be a transmitter of signals in the UHF range.
A transmission unit including an RFID device can be configured to
transmit signals in the UHF standard range utilized in a global
region, as illustrated in the "Worldwide RFID UHF Map" by
Intelleflex Corporation (.COPYRGT.2009), which is incorporated
herein by reference. A transmission unit can include a radio
frequency identification device (RFID), which can be a passive RFID
device, a semi-passive RFID device, or an active RFID device,
depending on the embodiment. See, for example, Chawla and Ha, "An
Overview of Passive RFID," IEEE Applications and Practice, 11-17
(September 2007), which is incorporated herein by reference. A
transmission unit can include a battery-assisted passive RFID
device, such as sold by Alien Technology.RTM., Morgan Hill, Calif.,
such as described in the brochure from Alien Technology.RTM. titled
"Battery Assisted Passive Tags" and incorporated herein by
reference. A transmission unit can include an optical transmission
unit. A transmission unit can be configured to transmit at
approximately 13.56 megahertz (MHz), or within the ISO 14443
standard parameters. See Patauner et al., "High Speed RFID/NFC at
the Frequency of 13.56 MHz," presented at the First International
EURASIP Workshop on RFID Technology, pages 1-4, 24-25 Sep. 2007,
Vienna Austria, which is incorporated herein by reference. A
transmission unit can include at least two antennas. A transmission
unit can include a self-compensating antenna system. An antenna can
include dielectric material configured to electrically interact
with one or more antennas. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No.
7,055,754 to Forster, titled "Self-Compensating Antennas for
Substrates Having Differing Dielectric Constant Values," which is
incorporated herein by reference. A transmission unit can include a
hybrid backscatter system configured to function in an RFID, IEEE
802.11x standard and Bluetooth system. See, for example, U.S. Pat.
No. 7,215,976 to Brideglall, titled "RFID Device, System and Method
of Operation Including a Hybrid backscatter-based RFID Protocol
Compatible with RFID, Bluetooth and/or IEEE 802.11x
Infrastructure," which is incorporated herein by reference. A
transmission unit can be configured to transmit at approximately
131 kilohertz (KHz), for example as part of a RuBee.TM. (IEEE
standard 1902.1) system (sold, for example, by Visible Assets.TM.,
Inc.). See for example: the description of RuBee.TM. systems from
the Visible Assets.TM. webpage; Stevens et al., "RuBee (IEEE
1902.1)--The Physics Behind, Real-Time, High Security Wireless
Asset Visibility Networks in Harsh Environments," a white paper
from Visible Assets.TM.; and in US Patent Application No.
2007/0171076 to Stevens and Waterhouse, titled "Low-frequency Radio
Tag Encapsulating System," each of which are incorporated herein by
reference. A transmission unit can include a near field
communication (NFC) device. A transmission unit can include a
Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) device,
manufactured by Intel Corporation, such as described in the "WISP:
Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform" webpage (downloaded
on Oct. 28, 2011) incorporated herein by reference. A transmission
unit can be operably coupled to a sensor, such as a sensor that
detects changes in capacitance (see, e.g. Sample et al., "A
Capacitive Touch Interface for Passive RFID Tags," 2009 IEEE
International Conference on RFID, 103-109 (2009), which is
incorporated herein by reference). A transmission unit can be
operably coupled to a sensor, such as described in: Ruhanen et al.,
"Sensor-enabled RFID Tag and Handbook," from Building Radio
Frequency Identification for the Global Environment (2008); Sample
et al., "Design of an RFID-Based Battery-Free Programmable Sensing
Platform," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,
vol. 57, no. 11, 2608-2615 (2008); Yeager et al.,
"Wirelessly-Charged UHF Tags for Sensor Data Collection," 2008 IEEE
International Conference on RFID, Apr. 16-17, 2008, pages 320-327;
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,904,671 and 6,348,640 to Navot and Botton, each
titled "Tampon Wetness Detection System;" U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,660
to Posamentier titled "Passive Environmental RFID Transceiver;" and
U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,352 to Tremblay and Buckles, titled
"Implantable Passive Bio-Sensor," which are each incorporated
herein by reference. A transmission unit can be operably coupled to
a data storage unit, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No.
7,825,776 to Smith and Haehnel, titled "Device Configuration with
RFID," and US Patent Application No. 2009/0243813 to Smith at al.,
titled "Wireless Programming of Non-Volatile Memory with Near-Field
UHF Coupling," which are each incorporated herein by reference.
[0062] In some embodiments, the transmission unit can include an
acoustic transmitter. For example, a transmission unit can include
a piezoelectric speaker. A variety of suitable piezoelectric
speakers are available, including from Murata Manufacturing Co.,
Ltd., with North American corporate headquarters in Smyrna, Ga.
(see, e.g. the Murata catalog titled "Piezoelectric Sounds
Components" labeled P37E and dated Jan. 28, 2010, which is
incorporated herein by reference). Some embodiments can include
acoustic transmission units such as those manufactured by Advanced
Telemetry Systems (headquartered in Isanti, Minn.) for the Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory (see, e.g. JSATS Acoustic Transmitter
information sheet from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
updated March 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference). In
some embodiments, an appurtenance can include a piezoelectric
speaker configured as part of an acoustic transmitter and also to
act as a signaling device (e.g. to generate a beeping noise in
response to a signal from the processor).
[0063] In some embodiments, the transmission unit can include an
ultrasonic transmitter. In some embodiments, the transmission unit
can include an ultrasonic transducer. Multiple examples of
ultrasonic transmitters and transducers are commercially available,
often marketed under the term "ultrasonic sensors" as it is used in
the industry (see, e.g. the Murata catalog titled "Ultrasonic
Sensor" labeled S15E and dated Oct. 31, 2008, which is incorporated
herein by reference). The transmission unit can be configured as
part of an ultrasonic ranging system. See: Wang, "A Design Method
of Ultrasonic Ranging System with High Accuracy," Journal of
Computational Information Systems, 7: 7 pages 2444-2451 (2011),
which is incorporated herein by reference. The transmission unit
can be configured to communicate with an ultrasonic communication
system. See: Chen and Wu, "Ultrasonic System with Infrared
Communication Technology," Journal of Computers, vol. 6, no. 11,
pages 2468-2475 (2011), which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0064] In some embodiments, the transmission unit can include an
optical transmitter. For example, an optical transmission unit can
include one or more white light emitting diodes (LEDs). For
example, an optical transmission unit can include an infrared
laser. In some embodiments, optical transmission units can be
desirable to minimize interference from nearby electrical
equipment, such as medical equipment. See: Kavehrad, "Sustainable
Energy-Efficient Wireless Applications Using Light," IEEE
Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 12, pages 66-73, (2010); and
Fadlullah and Kavehrad, "Indoor High-Bandwidth Optical Wireless
Links for Sensor Networks" Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.
28, no. 21, pages 3086-3094 (2010), which are incorporated herein
by reference.
[0065] FIG. 3 illustrates aspects of an embodiment of an
appurtenance to a wound dressing. The appurtenance 120 shown in
FIG. 3 includes a substantially planar structure with a first set
of a plurality of projections 210 attached to a first end of a
substrate 200 (e.g. the left side as shown in FIG. 3) and a second
set of a plurality of projections 210 attached to a second end of
the substrate 200 (e.g. the right side as shown in FIG. 3). In the
embodiment illustrated, each set of projections includes five
projections.
[0066] Some embodiments include one or more sensor units positioned
on opposing ends of a substrate. The embodiment of an appurtenance
120 to a wound dressing shown in FIG. 3 includes a first sensor
unit 220 affixed to the substrate 200. In the embodiment shown, the
first sensor unit 220 is affixed to the substrate 200 at a position
adjacent to the first end of the substrate 200. The appurtenance
120 includes a transmission unit 230 affixed to an approximate
center point on the planar surface of the substrate 200. The first
sensor unit 220 is operably attached to the transmission unit 230
with a wire connector 225. The appurtenance 120 includes an
electronic identifier 240 affixed to the substrate 200. The
electronic identifier 240 is operably attached to the transmission
unit 230 with a wire connector 225. The embodiment of an
appurtenance 120 illustrated in FIG. 3 also includes a second
sensor unit 300 affixed to the surface of the substrate 200. In the
embodiment shown, the second sensor unit 300 is affixed to the
substrate 200 at a position adjacent to the second end of the
substrate 200. The second sensor unit 300 is operably attached to
the transmission unit 230 with a wire connector 225.
[0067] Some embodiments include sensor units positioned on a
substrate over regions of a wound dressing that are of particular
interest. For example, in some situations a region of a wound may
be at an increased risk for infection due to contamination or other
conditions. In some embodiments, a wound dressing includes one or
more appurtenances including sensor units with temperature sensors
and/or sensors configured to detect proteins indicative of
infection (e.g. bacterial proteins) affixed to one or more
locations on a wound dressing intended to be positioned adjacent to
a region of a wound at increased risk of infection. For example,
the regions of skin adjacent to a wound can be at risk for
maceration due to fluids of the wound. In some embodiments, a wound
dressing includes one or more appurtenances including sensor units
with wetness sensors and/or resonance sensors positioned at one or
more positions on a substrate that are intended to be positioned on
a wound dressing over a region of skin adjacent to a wound. Some
embodiments include sensor units positioned on a substrate affixed
to a wound dressing over regions of a wound that are of particular
interest in monitoring through the wound dressing.
[0068] In some embodiments, all or a subset of the plurality of
projections include substantially hollow structures including a
proximal end affixed to an edge of the substrate, and a distal end
including an aperture. In some embodiments, an aperture of a
substantially hollow projection is positioned adjacent to a sensor
unit. Some embodiments include at least one substantially hollow
projection affixed to the substrate, the projection including a
distal end with an aperture and a proximal end with an aperture,
the proximal end positioned adjacent to the sensor unit. In some
embodiments, some of the plurality of projections of the
appurtenance include a channel internal to at least one of the
plurality of projections, the channel attached to a first aperture
at a distal end of the projection, the channel attached to a second
aperture positioned adjacent to the substrate, and an enclosed
tubular structure attached to the substrate, the enclosed tubular
structure affixed to the second aperture at a first end, the
tubular structure affixed to a sensor unit at a second end. Some
embodiments further include: one or more walls forming a gas-sealed
chamber attached to the enclosed tubular structure, the gas-sealed
chamber including an internal gas pressure below atmospheric
pressure; and a breakable seal between the gas-sealed chamber and
the enclosed tubular structure. Some embodiments include
projections with an internal channel as well as projections without
an internal channel. In some embodiments, all of the projections
include internal channels.
[0069] For example, FIG. 4 illustrates a projection at the center
left of the substrate 200 including an interior hollow channel 400
positioned along the main axis of the projection 210. The interior
hollow channel 400 has a distal end terminating at an aperture in
the projection at a location substantially corresponding to the tip
of the conical projection. The interior hollow channel 400 has a
proximal end affixed to the edge of the substrate 200. The proximal
end of the hollow channel 400 of the projection 210 is affixed to
an enclosed tubular structure 410 attached to the substrate 200.
The enclosed tubular structure 410 has a first end affixed to the
hollow channel 400 of the projection 210, and a second end attached
to a first sensor unit 220. Similarly, the appurtenance 120
illustrated in FIG. 4 includes a projection at the center right of
the substrate 200 including an interior hollow channel 420
positioned along the main axis of the projection 210. The interior
hollow channel 420 has a distal end terminating at an aperture in
the projection at a location substantially corresponding to the tip
of the conical projection. The interior hollow channel 420 has a
proximal end affixed to the edge of the substrate 200. The proximal
end of the hollow channel 420 of the projection 210 is affixed to
an enclosed tubular structure 430 attached to the substrate 200.
The enclosed tubular structure 430 has a first end affixed to the
hollow channel 420 of the projection 210, and a second end attached
to a second sensor unit 300. An electronic identifier 240 is also
attached to the substrate 200. A wire connector 225 operably
connects the electronic identifier 240 to the transmission unit
230.
[0070] In some embodiments, an appurtenance to a wound dressing
includes: a channel internal to at least one of the plurality of
projections, the channel attached to a first aperture at a distal
end of the projection, the channel attached to a second aperture
positioned adjacent to the substrate; and an enclosed tubular
structure attached to the substrate, the enclosed tubular structure
affixed to the second aperture at a first end, the tubular
structure affixed to a sensor unit at a second end. Some
embodiments further include: one or more walls forming a gas-sealed
chamber attached to the enclosed tubular structure, the gas-sealed
chamber including an internal gas pressure below atmospheric
pressure; and a breakable seal between the gas-sealed chamber and
the enclosed tubular structure.
[0071] Some embodiments include desiccant material within one or
more of the channels internal to at least one of the plurality of
projections. Some embodiments include desiccant material within an
enclosed tubular structure attached to the substrate. For example,
a desiccant material can be selected and positioned to encourage
fluid flow along the channel of a projection 210 or along an
enclosed tubular structure attached to the substrate 200. A
desiccant material can be selected as suitable for a particular
embodiment based on its cost, mass, or efficiency. For example, in
some embodiments a desiccant material includes one or more of:
activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, or a
zeolite. Some embodiments include sorbent material within one or
more of the channels internal to at least one of the plurality of
projections. Some embodiments include sorbent material within an
enclosed tubular structure attached to the substrate. For example,
a sorbent material can be selected and positioned to encourage
fluid flow along the channel of a projection or along an enclosed
tubular structure attached to the substrate. A sorbent material can
be selected as suitable for a particular embodiment based on its
cost, mass, or efficiency of sorption of wound fluid. For example,
in some embodiments a sorbent includes one or more of: a cellulose
fiber, a polypropylene fiber, or a hydrophilic gel material.
[0072] FIG. 5A illustrates an appurtenance 120 including a
substrate 200 that is a substantially planar structure. The view of
FIG. 5A shows the appurtenance in a side view (i.e. substantially
at right angles to the view of FIGS. 3 and 4). The substrate
includes a surface 500 of a size and shape to reversibly mate with
a surface of a wound dressing. Some embodiments include an
appurtenance including at least one substantially planar surface of
a size and shape to reversibly mate with a substantially planar
surface of a wound dressing. Some embodiments include an
appurtenance including at least one surface of a size and shape to
reversibly mate with a surface of a wound dressing, wherein the
surface of the wound dressing is a substantially non-planar
surface. For example, the surface of a wound dressing may include
one or more regularly spaced ridges, grooves, bumps or indentations
and the surface of an appurtenance can include corresponding
ridges, grooves, bumps or indentations as required to reversibly
mate with the wound dressing surface. Some embodiments include a
plurality of projections extending outward along a largest linear
dimension of the substrate. For example FIG. 5A illustrates a
substrate 200 at a side view along the longest axis (e.g. right to
left in the illustration) and projections 210 with their longest
axes substantially positioned along the same plane as the longest
axis of the substrate 200.
[0073] FIG. 5B depicts an appurtenance 120 including a substrate
200 and a wound dressing 115. The view of FIG. 5B is a side view,
similar to the view of FIG. 5A. The wound dressing 115 illustrated
includes dressing layer 520 and an outer layer 510. Not all wound
dressings 115 should be expected to include multiple layers, and it
is to be expected that some wound dressings 115 substantially
include only a wound dressing material and not additional layers,
structures or coverings. However, as illustrated in FIGS. 5B and
5C, in some embodiments wound dressings 115 include a plurality of
layers. For example, a wound dressing 115 can include one or more
outer layers configured to protect and isolate the wound dressing
layer(s) from microbes, external dirt and debris, dryness, wetness
or other external factors. An outer layer can be fabricated from
materials such as firm plastics or mesh materials. An outer layer
can include a surface larger than the surface of the wound dressing
layer, and can include adhesives on that surface configured to
adhere the entire wound dressing to a body surface. A wound
dressing can include one or more layers of wound dressing
materials, such as gauze, films, foams, or sponges. A wound
dressing can include one or more layers of hydrogels, colloid gels,
and medicinal agents impregnated within one or more layers of the
wound dressing or on a surface of the wound dressing configured to
face a wound.
[0074] The appurtenance 120 illustrated in FIG. 5B is a flexible
structure along a long axis of the substrate 200. Although the
illustrated embodiment is expected to generally be a flat or
substantially planar structure in the absence of external force, in
the view of FIG. 5B the appurtenance 120 has been flexed or bent in
response to an external force (e.g. pressure from a person's
fingers) so that each side of the appurtenance is bent by angle
.theta. relative to a midline of the appurtenance. In some
embodiments, an angle .theta. can be a range of degrees. For
example, in some embodiments, an angle .theta. can be between
approximately 20 and approximately 50 degrees. For example, in some
embodiments, an angle .theta. can be approximately 20 degrees,
approximately 25 degrees, approximately 30 degrees, approximately
35 degrees, approximately 40 degrees, approximately 45 degrees, or
approximately 50 degrees. The appurtenance 120 is bent with surface
500 facing the interior angle to reversibly mate with a surface 530
of the wound dressing 115. In some embodiments, during application
of an appurtenance to a wound dressing, a flexible appurtenance is
bent by a user, after which time the sets of projections affixed to
opposing ends of the substrate are placed adjacent to the exterior
surface of the wound dressing. When the user releases the
appurtenance, it then flexes back to a substantially planar
structure, with the sets of projections extending into the interior
of the wound dressing (see, e.g. FIG. 5C). In some embodiments, the
substrate is flexible and each of the plurality of projections
include a proximal end and a distal end, with the projections
tapering in size from the proximal end to the distal end. The
distal end of the projections are positioned at the surface of the
wound dressing while the appurtenance is bent, such that when the
appurtenance is released it flexes back to a planar shape and the
projections are forced into the surface of the wound dressing.
[0075] FIG. 5C illustrates an appurtenance 120 similar to those
shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, with the appurtenance affixed to a wound
dressing to create an appurtenance affixed to a wound dressing
combination unit, 125. Surfaces of the appurtenance 120 and the
outer layer 510 are mated at a junction 540 interior to the
appurtenance affixed to a wound dressing combination unit, 125. The
sets of projections 210 affixed to the ends of the appurtenance 120
include distal ends that are embedded in the wound dressing. The
ends of the projections 210 traverse the outer layer 510 of the
wound dressing into the dressing layer 520. During use, fluid in
the dressing can flow into the ends of the projections 210 that
include an internal channel, as shown by the dotted lines in FIG.
5C.
[0076] FIG. 6A shows aspects of an embodiment of an appurtenance
120 to a wound dressing. The appurtenance 120 includes a substrate
200 that is a substantially planar structure shown in a "top-down"
viewpoint. The substrate is bisected along its short diameter by a
divider 610, positioned to separate the substrate 200 into a first
section 620 and a second section 630. A transmission unit 230 is
positioned within the line of the divider 610. In some embodiments,
a divider is positioned within the substrate structure in a
location that separates the interior of the substrate into a series
of regularly-sized compartments. In some embodiments, a divider is
positioned within the substrate structure in a location that
separates the interior of the substrate into a series of
compartments of approximately similar sizes. In some embodiments, a
divider is positioned within the substrate structure in a location
that separates the interior of the substrate into a series of
compartments of differing sizes. In some embodiments, there is at
least one flexible divider internal to the substrate, the flexible
divider positioned between a first sensor unit and a second sensor
unit. A flexible divider, for example, can be fabricated with
sufficient strength to maintain its position and integrity even
when the entire substrate structure is bent or flexed (e.g. see
FIG. 5B). A first sensor unit 220 is affixed to the substrate in
approximately the center of the first section 620. A second sensor
unit 300 is affixed to the substrate in approximately the center of
the second section 620. Some embodiments include at least two
sensor units, the sensor units positioned on opposing ends of the
substrate. Some embodiments further include a divider positioned
between each of the sensor units. Wire connectors 225 connect each
of the sensor units 220, 300 to the transmission unit 230. An
electronic identifier 240 is also attached to the substrate 200 in
the second section 620. A wire connector 225 operably connects the
electronic identifier 240 to the transmission unit 230.
[0077] A "divider" to an appurtenance, as discussed herein, is an
internal structure positioned within the substrate. For example, in
embodiments including a substrate with at least two walls, a
divider can be positioned between the walls, with a first edge of
the divider affixed to a first wall and a second edge of the
divider attached to a second wall of the substrate. In embodiments
including a substrate with at least two walls and sorbent or
desiccant material positioned between the walls, a divider is
positioned to separate a first section of sorbent or desiccant
material and a second section of sorbent or desiccant material. In
embodiments wherein a substrate is a foam structure, a divider can
include a structure within the foam that partitions one section of
the foam from an adjacent section. A divider can be fabricated, for
example, from a thin plastic material, such as a thin plastic
sheet. A divider can be fabricated, for example, from a thin
polyester material, such as a thin PET sheet. A divider can be
fabricated, for example, from a thermally reflective material, such
as a metalized boPET sheet. In some embodiments, a divider is
fabricated from the same material as the associated substrate. A
divider is positioned to internally separate sections of the
substrate, for example to minimize wound fluid wicking through the
interior of the substrate. A divider material, depending on the
embodiment, is selected to be non-porous to wound fluid within the
substrate structure. A divider material, depending on the
embodiment, is selected to be thermally reflective.
[0078] FIG. 6B illustrates aspects of an appurtenance 120. The view
shown in FIG. 6B is a substantially "bottom up" view of the
appurtenance, so that the surface 400 configured to reversibly mate
with the surface of a wound dressing is visible. For purposes of
illustration, internal structures are shown with dotted lines. The
substrate 200 has two projections (see, e.g. as shown in FIG. 6C)
at the surface 500 configured to reversibly mate with the surface
of a wound dressing. Each of the two projections is positioned
substantially in the center of a section 620, 630 of the substrate
200, with an internal divider 610 separating the substrate 200 into
two approximately equally-sized sections. The substrate 200
includes two projections, each of which terminate with an aperture
600 A, 600 B. A first projection with an aperture 600 A is
positioned approximately in the center of the first section 620. A
first sensor unit 220 is positioned adjacent to the first
projection and its aperture 600 A. The first sensor unit 220 is
connected to a centrally-positioned transmission unit 230 with a
wire connector 225. A second projection with an aperture 600 B is
positioned approximately in the center of the second section 630. A
second sensor unit 300 is positioned adjacent to the second
projection and its aperture 600 B. The second sensor unit 300 is
connected to the centrally-positioned transmission unit 230 with a
wire connector 225. An electronic identifier 240 is affixed to the
substrate 200 at a position within the second section 630. The
electronic identifier 240 is operably attached to the transmission
unit 230 with a wire connector 225.
[0079] FIG. 6C illustrates aspects of an embodiment of an
appurtenance 120. The appurtenance 120 shown in FIG. 6C is a
substantially planar appurtenance, shown at an edge view with some
interior structures depicted with dotted lines for purposes of
illustration. The embodiment includes a substrate 200 with walls
surrounding an interior space. A divider 610 is positioned within
the interior space, the divider 610 including a first end attached
to a first wall and a second end attached to a second wall of the
substrate 200. The divider 610 separates the interior of the
substrate 200 into a first section 620 and a second section 630. A
transmission unit 230 is centrally positioned within the interior
space. The substrate includes projections 210 positioned on the
surface 500 configured to reversibly mate with a surface of a wound
dressing. Each of the projections 210 is positioned approximately
at the center of a section 620, 630 of the substrate 200. Each of
the projections 210 ends with a distal aperture 600 A, 600 B. A
first sensor unit 220 is positioned within the first section 620 of
the substrate 200, the first sensor unit 220 positioned adjacent to
the aperture 600A of the projection 210. A second sensor unit 300
is positioned within the second section 620 of the substrate 200,
the second sensor unit 300 positioned adjacent to the aperture 600B
of the projection 210. The first sensor unit 220 is separated from
the second sensor unit 300 by the divider 610. A connector, such as
a wire connector, operably connects each of the sensor units to the
transmission unit.
[0080] Some embodiments include an appurtenance to a wound
dressing, including: an enclosure including at least one external
surface of a size and shape to reversibly mate with a surface of a
wound dressing; a sensor unit affixed to the enclosure; an
electronic identifier affixed to the enclosure; and a transmitter
unit operably attached to the sensor unit and to the electronic
identifier.
[0081] For example, FIG. 7 illustrates an appurtenance 120
including an enclosure 700. The view shown in FIG. 7 includes a
substantially cross-section view of an appurtenance 120 to
illustrate internal features of the appurtenance. The enclosure 700
substantially defines the exterior surface of the appurtenance 120.
The enclosure 700 includes a flange 710 positioned at an edge of
the enclosure. In some embodiments, a flange 710 includes a surface
715 positioned to contact a surface of a wound dressing when the
appurtenance 120 is in use with a wound dressing. An aperture 770
is positioned within the enclosure 700. Some embodiments include a
single aperture in the enclosure. For example, some embodiments
include a single aperture at an end region of the appurtenance.
Some embodiments include a plurality of apertures in the enclosure.
For example, some embodiments include a plurality of apertures
positioned at regular intervals around the surface of the
enclosure.
[0082] Some embodiments are configured for a user to press into an
aperture in a wound dressing. Some embodiments are configured for a
user to press into a slit or channel in a wound dressing. Some
embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure is a
substantially cylindrical structure. Some embodiments include an
appurtenance wherein the enclosure is a substantially conical
structure. Some embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the
enclosure is a substantially elliptical structure. Some embodiments
include an appurtenance wherein the at least one external surface
of a size and shape to reversibly mate with a surface of a wound
dressing is substantially smooth. Some embodiments include an
appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes at least one external
surface of a size and shape to reversibly mate with the surface of
an aperture within the wound dressing. Some embodiments include an
appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes at least one external
surface of a size and shape to reversibly mate with the surface of
the wound dressing, wherein the surface is a curved surface. Some
embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes
at least one external surface of a size and shape to reversibly
mate with the surface of the wound dressing, wherein the surface is
a flexed surface. Some embodiments include an appurtenance wherein
the enclosure includes at least one external surface of a size and
shape to reversibly mate with the surface of the wound dressing,
wherein the surface is a substantially non-planar surface. Some
embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes
at least one external surface including at least one chemical
adherent positioned to affix the wound dressing to the enclosure.
Some embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure is
of a height and width to fit substantially through an aperture in
the wound dressing, the enclosure including at least one surface
configured to reversibly mate with a surface of the aperture within
an interior region of the wound dressing. Some embodiments include
an appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes one or more
protuberances affixed to the at least one external surface. Some
embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes
one or more indentations in the at least one external surface. Some
embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes
one or more apertures in the at least one external surface. Some
embodiments include an appurtenance wherein the enclosure includes
a desiccant material within the enclosure.
[0083] An enclosure for an appurtenance can be fabricated from a
variety of materials, depending on the embodiment. For example, in
some embodiments an enclosure of an appurtenance is fabricated from
a plastic material. For example, in some embodiments an enclosure
of an appurtenance is fabricated from a metal. For example, in some
embodiments an enclosure of an appurtenance is fabricated from a
paper-based material of sufficient toughness for the required
durability of an embodiment. Some embodiments include a fluid
transport film affixed to the enclosure. For example, some
embodiments include a fluid transport film affixed to an interior
surface of the enclosure. For example, some embodiments include a
fluid transport film affixed to an interior surface of the
enclosure adjacent to one or more apertures, with the fluid
transport film positioned to direct fluid into the interior of the
enclosure through at least one aperture. Some embodiments include a
fluid control film affixed to the enclosure. For example, some
embodiments include a fluid control film affixed to an interior
surface of the enclosure. For example, some embodiments include a
fluid control film affixed to an interior surface of the enclosure
through the interior surface, with apertures in the fluid control
film corresponding to apertures in the enclosure of the
appurtenance. For example, some embodiments include a fluid control
film affixed to an interior surface of the enclosure adjacent to
one or more sensor units, with the fluid control film positioned to
isolate a surface of the one or more sensor units from a flow of
wound fluid internal to the appurtenance.
[0084] FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment with a sensor unit 760
positioned adjacent to the single aperture 770 in the enclosure.
Some embodiments include a plurality of apertures in the enclosure.
The sensor unit 760 is positioned and angled to detect properties
of the wound dressing and/or wound fluid in the wound dressing. For
example, the sensor unit can, in some embodiments, be positioned
and/or angled to detect properties including at least one of:
temperature, fluid pressure, moisture, or the presence of one or
more specific proteins (e.g. MMPs). In some embodiments, a sensor
unit includes a chemical sensor. In some embodiments, a sensor unit
includes a resonance sensor. For example, a resonance sensor can be
positioned to detect a change in the resonance of the wound
dressing. In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes a pH sensor.
In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes a sensor including a
detector of a specific biological agent. In some embodiments, a
sensor unit includes at least one antibody. In some embodiments, a
sensor unit includes at least one aptimer. In some embodiments, a
sensor unit includes a temperature sensor. In some embodiments, a
sensor unit includes a plurality of sensors within each sensor
unit. In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes at least two
sensors of different types. In some embodiments, a sensor unit
includes: a sensor; circuitry for accepting data from the sensor;
and circuitry for sending the accepted data to the processor. In
some embodiments, a sensor unit includes: a sensor; circuitry for
accepting data from the sensor; circuitry for processing the
accepted data; and circuitry for sending the processed data to the
transmission unit. In some embodiments, a sensor unit includes:
reversible fasteners of a size and shape for attachment to the
substrate.
[0085] In some embodiments, a resonance sensor includes: a passive
RFID unit including a cavity resonator. Some embodiments include
wherein the resonance sensor includes a passive RFID unit including
a cavity resonator of a size and shape to have dampened resonance
within the cavity resonator when the wound dressing is
substantially saturated with fluid, and further including a passive
RFID including a unique identifier and a self-compensating antenna
calibrated for use with the wound dressing. Since fluid from a
wound, including blood and pus, is a dielectric material, a wound
dressing full of fluid from a wound will have different dielectric
properties when it is dry than it does when it is saturated with
wound fluid. Some embodiments include at least a first RFID unit
that includes a mechanism for compensating for resonance changes in
connection with a dry wound dressing and also when the wound
dressing is substantially saturated, and a second RFID unit with
structure that will be functional in association with the dry wound
dressing and dampened in connection when the wound dressing is
substantially saturated with fluid from the wound. See, for
example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,055,754 to Forster, titled
"Self-Compensating Antennas for Substrates Having Differing
Dielectric Constant Values," which is incorporated herein by
reference.
[0086] Some embodiments include: an aperture in the enclosure; a
channel including a first end affixed to the enclosure and a second
end affixed to the sensor unit; one or more walls forming a
gas-sealed chamber adjacent to the channel, the gas-sealed chamber
with an internal gas pressure below atmospheric pressure; an
aperture in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed chamber at a
position adjacent to the channel; a breakable seal at the aperture
in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed chamber; an aperture in
the channel at a position corresponding to the aperture in the one
or more walls of the gas-sealed chamber; and a seal between the
aperture in the one or more walls of the gas-sealed chamber and the
aperture in the channel. Some embodiments include at least one
desiccant material. Some embodiments include at least one sorbent
material.
[0087] FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment including an electronic
identifier 740. The electronic identifier 740 is positioned within
the enclosure and is connected to the sensor unit 760 with a wire
connector 750. The electronic identifier 740 is affixed to the
enclosure. The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 includes a transmission
unit 720. The transmission unit 720 is connected to the electronic
identifier 740 with a wire connector. Some embodiments include a
battery unit 780 operably connected to the electronic identifier
740. Some embodiments include a battery unit 780 operably connected
to the transmission unit 720. For example, in some embodiments the
transmission unit requires electrical power for full operation,
which is supplied from an associated battery. Some embodiments
include a processor. In some embodiments, a processor includes:
circuitry configured to accept data from at least one of the one or
more sensor units; circuitry configured to process the accepted
data; and circuitry configured to send the processed data to the at
least one transmission unit. In some embodiments, a processor
includes: circuitry configured to accept data from an electronic
identifier; circuitry configured to process the accepted data; and
circuitry configured to send the processed data to the at least one
transmission unit.
[0088] In some embodiments, an appurtenance including an enclosure
includes at least two sensor units, the sensor units positioned on
opposing ends of the enclosure. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance including an enclosure includes at least two sensor
units, the sensor units positioned on opposing ends of the
enclosure and a divider positioned between each of the sensor
units. In some embodiments, an electronic identifier includes an
RFID unit. In some embodiments, an electronic identifier includes
an electronic code. In some embodiments, an electronic identifier
includes a passive device. In some embodiments, an electronic
identifier includes an active device. In some embodiments, an
electronic identifier includes a passive to active device.
[0089] FIG. 8 illustrates aspects of an embodiment of an
appurtenance 120. The appurtenance 120 is illustrated in an
external side view. The appurtenance 120 includes an enclosure 700
that is a substantially cylindrical structure. In some embodiments,
an enclosure is a substantially conical structure. In some
embodiments, an enclosure is a substantially elliptical structure.
The enclosure 700 includes an external surface of a size and shape
to reversibly mate with a surface of a wound dressing. The external
surface of a size and shape to reversibly mate with a surface of a
wound dressing is substantially smooth. The enclosure 700 is of a
height and width to fit substantially through an aperture in a
wound dressing of a particular type (e.g. size and style). The
enclosure 700 includes at least one surface configured to
reversibly mate with a surface of the aperture within an interior
region of the wound dressing. In some embodiments, an enclosure
includes one or more apertures in the external surface. In the view
shown in FIG. 8, the enclosure 700 includes one aperture 770.
[0090] The appurtenance 120 includes a flange 710 attached to a
circumference of the external surface of the enclosure near a first
end of the enclosure (e.g. the top in the view of FIG. 8). The
flange 710 is a planar structure affixed to the exterior surface of
the enclosure at a top edge of the enclosure structure. The view of
FIG. 8 depicts the flange 710 structure as transparent for
illustration purposes. In some embodiments, a flange is flexible.
In some embodiments, a flange is fabricated from a flexible
material, such as a flexible rubber or a flexible plastic material.
In some embodiments, a flange is fabricated from a material with
sufficient flexibility so that the surface 715 of the flange 710
can reversibly move between a position essentially adjacent to the
exterior surface of the enclosure 700 to a position essentially at
right angles to the exterior surface of the enclosure 700 without
damage to the flange 710. Some embodiments include at least one
sensor unit affixed to a surface of the flange adjacent to an
expected position of the wound dressing (e.g. surface 715 in FIG.
8). Some embodiments include a positioning element 800 affixed to
an end of the enclosure. For example, a positioning element can be
of a size and shape to assist a user of the appurtenance to
position the appurtenance relative to a wound dressing during use.
For example, a positioning element can be of a size and shape for a
human finger tips to grasp the appurtenance.
[0091] Some embodiments of an appurtenance include an end cap
attached to the external surface of the enclosure at an end of the
enclosure. For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an appurtenance 120
including an end cap 810 attached to the external surface of the
enclosure 700 at a second end of the enclosure 700. Some
embodiments include an end cap attached to a surface of the
enclosure adjacent to an end distal to the attachment site of a
flange. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the end cap 810 is a
substantially planar structure, affixed to the external surface of
the enclosure 700 substantially perpendicularly to a long axis of
the enclosure 700. The appurtenance 120 includes an end cap 810
affixed to a second end of the appurtenance 120, which is distal to
the positioning element 800. In some embodiments, an end cap is
substantially a disk structure. For example, the enclosure can be
attached to the center region of an end cap that is a disk or
disk-like structure. Depending on the embodiment, an end cap can be
fabricated from the same material as the enclosure and fabricated
as an integral structure with the enclosure. In some embodiments,
an end cap is fabricated from a stiff material, such as a solid
plastic or ceramic material. Some embodiments include a surface
adjacent to an expected position of the wound dressing. For
example, the embodiment of FIG. 8 includes a surface 820 adjacent
to an expected position of the wound dressing. The surface 820
shown in FIG. 8 is a substantially planar surface of a size and
shape to conform with a planar surface of a wound dressing. In some
embodiments, a surface of an end cap adjacent to an expected
position of a wound dressing includes one or more ridges, bumps,
grooves or other structural features positioned to reversibly mate
with a surface of a wound dressing. Some embodiments include at
least one sensor unit affixed to a surface of the end cap adjacent
to an expected position of the wound dressing.
[0092] The embodiment of an appurtenance 120 shown in FIG. 8
includes a first sensor unit 760 A affixed to a surface 715 of the
flange 710 positioned to contact a surface of a wound dressing when
the appurtenance 120 is in use with a wound dressing. For example,
in some embodiments a first sensor unit affixed to the flange can
include one or more of: a temperature sensor, or a pressure sensor.
The first sensor unit 760 A is connected to a processor and a
transmission unit 720 with wire connectors 750, 730. The
appurtenance 120 includes a second sensor unit 760 B positioned
within the enclosure at a location adjacent to the aperture 770.
For example, some embodiments include a sensor unit positioned to
detect characteristics of the wound fluid within a wound dressing.
The second sensor unit 760 B is connected to an electronic
identifier 740 and the transmission unit 720 with a wire connector
750. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8 includes a third sensor
unit 760 C affixed to the end cap 810 on the surface adjacent to an
expected position of the wound dressing. For example, in some
embodiments a sensor unit affixed to the end cap can include one or
more of: a pressure sensor, a sensor unit configured to detect
components of wound fluid, and/or a temperature sensor. Some
embodiments include a processor. Some embodiments include a battery
780 attached to the transmission unit 720 and/or a processor, for
example with a wire connector.
[0093] FIG. 9 illustrates aspects of a system including a wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance combination unit 125. As
shown in FIG. 9, a wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance
combination unit 125 is placed over a wound on a body part 110 of a
patient. For example, the body part 110 may have been subject to a
surgery, and therefore to have an acute wound. For example, the
body part 110 can include an ulcer, and therefore have a chronic
wound. The wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance combination
unit 125 receives signals 910 from a local unit 940 and transmits
signals 910 to the local unit 940. For example, the wound dressing
with an affixed appurtenance combination unit 125 can include a
passive RFID configured to transmit signals 910 after receiving
signals 910 from a proximal RFID reader device in the local unit
940. The appurtenance illustrated in FIG. 9 includes: a sensor
unit, an electronic identifier, and a transmitter unit operably
attached to the sensor unit and to the electronic identifier. In
some embodiments, an appurtenance includes a substrate. In some
embodiments, an appurtenance includes an enclosure. The local unit
940 includes: a receiver for the transmitter unit, a processor
operably attached to the receiver, and a communication unit
operably attached to the processor.
[0094] In some embodiments, a transmitter unit included in an
appurtenance includes: a radio-frequency identification (RFID)
transmitter. In some embodiments, a transmitter unit included in an
appurtenance includes: a near field communication (NFC) device. In
some embodiments, an appurtenance includes non-volatile memory. For
example, an appurtenance can include a RFID transmitter and
associated non-volatile memory. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance includes a receiver. In some embodiments, an
appurtenance includes at least one indicator. For example, in some
embodiments an appurtenance can include a small LED light and
circuitry to illuminate the light when a signal from a local unit
is received by a receiver. For example, in some embodiments an
appurtenance can include a small LED light and circuitry to
illuminate the light when a signal from to local unit is sent by
the transmission unit.
[0095] A local unit 940 can include a handheld device. For example,
the local unit 940 can include a distinct handheld device. For
example, the local unit 940 can be of a size, a shape and a
configuration for portable handheld use. For example, the local
unit 940 can be included as part of a larger handheld unit, for
example a tablet, a laptop, a cell phone, a personal communication
device, or similar types of devices. A local unit can be integrated
with an institutional furnishing, such as a hospital bed, a medical
stand, a bedside table or a surgical cart. A local unit can be of a
size, a shape and a configuration for portable handheld use. A
local unit can be configured to be attached to a mobile unit, such
as the end of a hospital bed, a medical stand, a bedside table, a
wheelchair, or similar device. For example, a local unit can be
integrated with a medical cart, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
7,667,606 to Packert et al., titled "RF Enabled Surgical Cart and
Use of Same in Operating Room Environment," which is incorporated
herein by reference. A local unit can be configured as a wall- or
ceiling-mounted unit. A local unit can be configured to plug into a
wall socket, for example with the addition of utilizing the wall
socket as a power source. A local unit can be configured to be part
of a larger system, such as a facility-wide system in a medical
facility. A local unit can be configured to be integrated into a
furnishing. For example, a local unit can be integrated into a
hospital bed, a bedside hospital monitor, a bedside table, a
medical chair, a medical table, or similar furnishing. A local unit
940 can include a display unit 920. In some embodiments, there can
be a secondary device configured to relay signals to the local
unit, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,986,235 to
Posamentier titled "RFID Receive--Only System," which is
incorporated herein by reference. A local unit can include a
communication unit configured to send signals to a central
assembly. The communication unit of a local unit can include at
least one of: a visual display, a sound generator, a vibrating
unit, and one or more light displays. A local unit can include at
least one user interface, such as a screen, monitor, touchscreen or
voice recognition element. A local unit can include an auditory
signal generator. A local unit 940 can include an input device 930,
for example a keyboard. Although the local unit 940 illustrated in
FIG. 9 includes a keyboard as an input device 930, in some
embodiments the input device 930 can include other types of input
devices, for example a touchscreen, stylus, keypad, or voice
recognition system. A local unit can include a power source. For
example, a local unit can include a solar cell, a battery or
connect to a building power supply through a wire connection. A
user 900, such as a medical caregiver, operates the local unit
940.
[0096] A user 900 can include a medical caregiver, such as a nurse
or doctor, or a patient, patient family member or other individual
monitoring the wound dressing. Although user 900 is shown/described
herein as a single illustrated figure, those skilled in the art
will appreciate that user 900 can be representative of a human
user, a robotic user (e.g., computational entity), and/or
substantially any combination thereof (e.g., a user can be assisted
by one or more robotic agents) unless context dictates otherwise.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in general, the same
can be said of "sender" and/or other entity-oriented terms as such
terms are used herein unless context dictates otherwise. A user 900
may utilize a local unit 940 through a user interface, for example
one or more buttons, a keyboard, a touchscreen, a voice recognition
device, a stylus, or other means.
[0097] A local unit 940 can include a communication device
including at least one transmitter. A local unit 940 can include a
radio-frequency identification (RFID) receiver. A local unit 940
can include a near field communication (NFC) device. A local unit
940 can be configured to send and receive signals from a plurality
of appurtenances. For example, a local unit 940 can be configured
to send and receive signals from multiple appurtenances affixed to
wound dressings on a single individual. For example, a local unit
940 can be configured to send and receive signals from multiple
appurtenances affixed to wound dressings on multiple individuals in
a defined area, such as a single room or region of a room. A local
unit 940 can be configured to send signals to one or more wound
dressings with attached appurtenances 125 automatically. For
example, local unit 940 can be configured to send signals to one or
more wound dressings with attached appurtenances 125 at least one
of: every 30 minutes; every hour; every 2 hours; or every 3 hours.
A local unit 940 can be configured to send signals to one or more
wound dressings with attached appurtenances 125 on a schedule
selected by the user 900. For example, local unit 940 can be
configured to send signals to one or more wound dressings with
attached appurtenances 125 on at least one of: an hourly schedule;
a schedule of every 30 minutes for 4 hours, followed by hourly
signals; or a schedule provided by the user through the user
interface (e.g. the keyboard 930). A local unit 940 can be
configured to send signals to one or more wound dressings with
attached appurtenances 125 on a preset schedule which is selected
by the user 900. For example, local unit 940 can be configured to
send signals to one or more wound dressings with attached
appurtenances 125 on at least one of: a schedule preset to monitor
a wound after surgery; a schedule preset to monitor a chronic
wound; an hourly schedule; a schedule of every 2 hours; a schedule
of hourly during the day and every 2 hours at night; or other
preset schedules.
[0098] The signals 910 sent from the local unit 940 to the wound
dressing with attached appurtenance unit 125 can be radio frequency
signals in a particular wavelength, or range of wavelengths. For
example, the signals can be in the UHF range, such as a UHF
sub-range commonly used in a particular geographic region. See, for
example the "Worldwide RFID UHF Map" by Intelleflex Corporation
(.COPYRGT.2009), which is incorporated herein by reference. For
example, the signals can be in a range of 902-928 MHz. For example,
the signals can be in a range specified by an industry standard.
For example, the signals can be in the approximately 13.56
megahertz (MHz) range, or within the ISO 14443 standard parameters.
For example, the signals can be in the IEEE 802.11x standard or the
Bluetooth standard range. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,215,976
to Brideglall, titled "RFID Device, System and Method of Operation
Including a Hybrid Backscatter-based RFID Protocol Compatible with
RFID, Bluetooth and/or IEEE 802.11x Infrastructure," which is
incorporated herein by reference. For example, the signals can be
in the approximately 131 kilohertz (KHz) range, for example as part
of a RuBee.TM. (IEEE standard 1902.1) system (equipment sold, for
example, by Visible Assets.TM., Inc.). See for example: the
description of RuBee.TM. systems from the Visible Assets.TM.
webpage; Stevens et al., "RuBee (IEEE 1902.1)--The Physics Behind,
Real-Time, High Security Wireless Asset Visibility Networks in
Harsh Environments," a white paper from Visible Assets.TM.; and in
US Patent Application No. 2007/0171076 to Stevens and Waterhouse,
titled "Low-frequency Radio Tag Encapsulating System," each of
which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0099] Similarly, the signals 910 sent from the wound dressing with
attached appurtenance unit 125 to the local unit 940 can be one of
the types described above in relation to signals 910 sent from the
local unit 940. In some embodiments, the wound dressing with
attached appurtenance unit 125 includes a backscatter or reflective
transmission device, and so the signals 910 sent from the wound
dressing with attached appurtenance unit 125 to the local unit 940
can be backscatter or reflective signals. For example, as described
in "Fundamental Operating Principles," in Chapter 3 of the RFID
Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards
and Identification, Klaus Finkenzeller, John Wiley & Sons,
(2003), which is incorporated herein by reference herein.
[0100] The signals 910 transmitted from the local unit 940 or
transmitted from the wound dressing with attached appurtenance unit
125 can be sent in a fixed direction from the signal source. The
wound dressing with attached appurtenance unit 125 and the local
unit 940 may each include markings or other visible aspects
directing a user how as to orient the wound dressing with attached
appurtenance unit 125 and the local unit 940 relative to each other
for signal directionality.
[0101] In many embodiments, it is envisioned that the signal
strength of a signal 910 transmitted from either the local unit 940
or transmitted from the wound dressing with attached appurtenance
unit 125 will be such that the signal 910 will not travel a
significant distance. The local unit 940 and the wound dressing
with attached appurtenance unit 125 may, therefore, need to be
placed in reasonably close proximity for signals 910 to travel
between the devices. For example, the signal 910 transmitted from
either the local unit 940 or transmitted from the wound dressing
with attached appurtenance unit 125 can be such that the receiver
of such signals should be within the same room. For example, the
signal 910 transmitted from either the local unit 940 or
transmitted from the wound dressing with attached appurtenance unit
125 can be such that the receiver of such signals should be within
10 feet. For example, the signal 910 transmitted from either the
local unit 940 or transmitted from the wound dressing with attached
appurtenance unit 125 can be such that the receiver of such signals
should be within 3 feet.
[0102] FIG. 10 illustrates aspects of a system including a wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125. As illustrated in
FIG. 10, a wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 is
positioned over a wound on a body part 110 of a patient. The wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 sends and receives
signals 910 from a local unit 940. The local unit 940 can be
utilized by a user 900.
[0103] FIG. 10 illustrates aspects of the local unit 940. The local
unit 940 includes a housing, with connected user interface and
input components (e.g. a display and keyboard). The local unit 940
can include a processor 1000. The local unit 940 can include memory
1010. The memory 1010 can include, for example, volatile and/or
non-volatile memory. The local unit 940 can include at least one
antenna 1020. The local unit 940 can include circuitry 1030,
operably connected to the other components of the local unit. The
local unit 940 can include one or more transmitters 1040. The local
unit 940 can include one or more receivers 1050. The local unit 940
can include one or more power sources 1060, such as a battery, a
solar cell, or a plug-in socket. The local unit 940 can include
logic 1070. The local unit 940 can include other components 1080,
1090 as appropriate to a specific embodiment. The local unit 940
can include, for example, an application specific intelligent
microsensor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,165 to Lind et al.,
titled "Application Specific Intelligent Microsensors," which is
incorporated herein by reference herein.
[0104] In some embodiments, a processor of a local unit includes:
circuitry configured to accept data received by the receiver from
the transmitter unit of the appurtenance; circuitry configured to
classify a subset of the received data as originating from the
electronic identifier of the appurtenance; circuitry configured to
classify a subset of the received data as originating from the
sensor unit of the appurtenance; circuitry configured to compare
the subset of the received data classified as originating from the
sensor unit of the appurtenance with data in memory; and circuitry
configured to initiate a signal to a system user in response to the
comparison. For example, a local unit can include circuitry
configured to identify a subset of the received data.
[0105] In some embodiments, a processor of a local unit includes:
circuitry configured to accept data received by the receiver from
the transmitter unit of the appurtenance; and circuitry configured
to initiate a signal by the communication unit in response to the
received data. For example, the circuitry can be configured to send
a signal to a central assembly in response to the accepted data.
For example, the circuitry can be configured to send a signal
including at least a subset of the received data to a central
assembly. In some embodiments, a processor of a local unit further
includes: circuitry configured to initiate a signal to a user in
response to the received data. For example, a local unit can
include an indicator that is a LED light and include circuitry
configured to illuminate the LED light in response to the received
data.
[0106] In some embodiments, a processor of a local unit includes:
circuitry configured to accept data received by the receiver from
the transmitter unit of the appurtenance; circuitry configured to
classify at least one subset of the received data; circuitry
configured to compare one or more classified subset of the received
data with data in memory; and circuitry configured to initiate a
signal to a user in response to the comparison. For example, a
local unit can include a look-up table including data with
identifiers for specific appurtenances, and include circuitry
configured to initiate a message on a display in response to a
comparison of received data with the data in the look-up table. For
example, a look-up table can include specific patient names in
association with unique electronic identifiers for specific
appurtenances, and the local unit can include circuitry configured
to indicate on a display a reading from the appurtenance associated
with a patient. For example, a local unit can be configured to
display a message such as "Signal from Mr. Jones' wound
dressing-appurtenance combination unit received." For example, a
local unit can be configured to display a message such as "Signal
from appurtenance number 123 received."
[0107] In some embodiments, a processor of a local unit includes:
circuitry configured to accept data received by the receiver from
the transmitter unit of the appurtenance; circuitry configured to
classify two or more subsets of the received data; circuitry
configured to compare the two or more subsets of the received data
with data in memory; circuitry configured to prioritize results
from the comparisons; and circuitry configured to initiate a signal
to a user in response to the prioritized results. For example, a
local unit can include circuitry including a prioritization
schedule for data from multiple sensors in one or more sensor units
of a single appurtenance. A prioritization schedule can be
designed, for example, to prioritize sensor data indicating medical
priorities first. For example, a local unit can include circuitry
configured to prioritize data indicating temperature of a wound
dressing above 100 degrees F. as a higher priority than data
indicating that the wound dressing is dry. For example, a local
unit can include circuitry configured to prioritize data indicating
presence of a specific bacterial protein as a higher priority than
data indicating that the wound dressing is a temperature below 99
degrees F. A prioritization schedule can be designed, for example,
to prioritize sensor data indicating user-defined priorities first.
For example, local unit can include circuitry configured to
prioritize data indicating the patient name associated with a
specific electronic identifier of an appurtenance as a higher
priority than sensor data from the appurtenance.
[0108] In some embodiments, a processor of a local unit includes:
circuitry configured to add a time stamp to the accepted data
received by the receiver from the transmitter unit of the
appurtenance; circuitry configured to compare the time stamp with
data in memory to generate an elapsed time value; circuitry
configured to prioritize results from the comparisons and the
elapsed time value; and circuitry configured to initiate a signal
to a user in response to the prioritized results. For example, a
local unit can include circuitry configured to calculate the
elapsed time that an appurtenance has been in use, and compare the
calculated elapsed time value with a preset value from a system
user regarding a maximum elapsed time value between wound dressing
changes for a particular patient, and display an alert message on a
display of the local unit if the elapsed time value exceeds the
preset maximum elapsed time value. In some embodiments, a processor
of a local unit includes: circuitry configured to accept data
received by the receiver from the transmitter unit of the
appurtenance; circuitry configured to classify two or more subsets
of the received data; circuitry configured to compare the two or
more subsets of the received data with data in memory; circuitry
configured to prioritize results from the comparisons into a binary
output; and circuitry configured to initiate a signal to a user
based on the binary output. For example, a local unit can include
circuitry configured to display an alert message on a display of
the local unit in response to one or more data values, such as a
temperature value from a sensor above a maximum value, a positive
indicator from a wetness sensor, or a detection of a specific
bacterial protein. For example, a signal sent by a local unit to a
user based on the binary output can include a display message such
as "Dressing Change Indicated" or "No Dressing Change Indicated."
For example, a signal sent by a local unit to a user based on the
binary output can be a first message in response to a first binary
output and a second message based on the second binary output.
[0109] A local unit can include a communications unit. For example,
in some embodiments a communications unit of a local unit includes
at least one of: a visual display, a sound generator, a vibrating
unit, and one or more light displays. For example, in some
embodiments a communications unit of a local unit includes at least
one transmitter.
[0110] FIG. 11 shows aspects of a system including a wound dressing
with an affixed appurtenance unit 125. As shown in FIG. 11, a wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 is attached to a
body part 110 of a patient over a wound. The wound dressing with an
affixed appurtenance unit 125 sends and receives signals 910 from a
local unit 940. The local unit 940 can be utilized by a user
900.
[0111] Also as shown in FIG. 11, the local unit 940 may send and
receive signals 1110 from a central assembly 1105. The local unit
940 may send and receive signals 1110 with a wireless connection,
as shown in FIG. 11, or the local unit 940 may send and receive
signals 1110 through a wire connection. A central assembly 1105
includes at least one user interface device (e.g. a keyboard,
touchscreen, display, etc.) which can be utilized by a system user
1100. A system user 1100 can include a medical caregiver, such as a
nurse or doctor, or a patient caregiver, or other individual
monitoring the wound dressing. Although system user 1100 is
shown/described herein as a single illustrated figure, those
skilled in the art will appreciate that system user 1100 can be
representative of a human user, a robotic user (e.g., computational
entity), and/or substantially any combination thereof (e.g., a user
can be assisted by one or more robotic agents) unless context
dictates otherwise. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that,
in general, the same can be said of "sender" and/or other
entity-oriented terms as such terms are used herein unless context
dictates otherwise.
[0112] FIG. 11 illustrates aspects of some embodiments of a central
assembly 1105. A central assembly 1105 can include a processor, a
receiver configured to receive signals from the local unit 940, and
at least one user interface. The central assembly 1105 can include,
for example, at least one transmitter 1120. The central assembly
1105 can include a transmitter configured to send signals 1110 to
the local unit 940. The central assembly 1105 can include a
transmitter configured to send signals to one or more mobile
devices. For example, the central assembly 1105 can include a
transmitter configured to send signals to one or more cell phones,
pagers, PDA devices, or mobile computing devices. For example, the
central assembly 1105 can include a transmitter configured to send
signals of a type received by the communication unit of the local
unit. For example, the central assembly 1105 can include a
transmitter configured to send signals of a type received by one or
more mobile devices. The central assembly 1105 can include, for
example, at least one receiver 1125. In some embodiments, the
receiver of a central assembly is configured to interact with a
computer system. The central assembly 1105 can include, for
example, at least one antenna 1130. The central assembly 1105 can
be configured to receive signals from a plurality of local units
940. For example, a central assembly 1105 can be configured to
receive signals 1110 from all of the local units in a hospital,
nursing home, care facility, or a section thereof. The central
assembly 1105 can be configured to send signals to a plurality of
local units. For example, a central assembly 1105 can be configured
to send signals 1110 to all of the local units in a hospital,
nursing home, care facility, or a section thereof. The central
assembly 1105 can include memory 1135. The central assembly 1105
can include, for example, volatile and/or non-volatile memory. The
central assembly 1105 can include, for example, circuitry 1140. The
circuitry 1140 can be operably connected to other components of the
central assembly 1105. The central assembly 1105 can include, for
example, a power source 1145. A power source 1145 can include, for
example, at least one battery, a plug-in connection, a wireless
power source, or a solar cell. The central assembly 1105 can
include, for example, a processor 1150. The central assembly 1105
can include, for example, logic 1155. The central assembly 1105 can
include, for example, additional components 1160, 1165. The central
assembly 1105 can include at least one display. The central
assembly 1105 can include at least one indicator, such as a visible
or auditory indicator. The central assembly 1105 can, for example,
be coupled to one or more user display units. The central assembly
1105 can, for example, be coupled to one or more light
indicators.
[0113] A central assembly 1105 can be located primarily or mainly
in one or a limited number of machines, for example one or more
computer servers. A central assembly 1105 can be configured to
interact with a computer system. A central assembly 1105 may
interface with, or include, a 2G-RFID-Based E-Healthcare system.
See, for example, Chen et al., "A 2G-RFID-Based E-Healthcare
System," IEEE Wireless Communicationsz, February 2010, pages 37-43,
which is incorporated herein by reference. A central assembly 1105
may interface with, or include, a digital management system, for
example as discussed in: Fisher, "Indoor Positioning and Digital
Management: Emerging Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals" in T.
Monahan (Ed), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and
Power in Everyday Life (pp. 77-88), New York: Routledge (2006); and
Fisher and Monahan, "Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID Systems
in Hospitals," International Journal of Medical Informatics 77
(2008) 176-183, which are each incorporated herein by reference. A
central assembly 1105 may interface with, or include, a drug
tracking system, as described, for example, in "RFID Systems for
Pharmaceutical Distributors to Meet the New FDA Regulations on
Drugs," white paper from Abhisam Software, (2006), which is
incorporated herein by reference.
[0114] FIG. 12 illustrates aspects of a system including a wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125. As shown in FIG.
12, a wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 is
placed over a wound on a body part 110 of a patient. The wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 receives signals 910
from a local unit 940 and transmits signals 910 to the local unit
940. The local unit 940 can be utilized by a user 900.
[0115] Also as shown in FIG. 12, the local unit 940 may send and
receive signals 1110 from a central assembly 1105. A system user
1100 interacts with a user interface device operably attached to
the central assembly 1105. The central assembly 1105 sends signals
1220 to and receives signals 1220 from a remote device 1200.
Although the signals 1220 illustrated in FIG. 12 are wireless
signals 1220, in some embodiments the signals 1220 can be
transmitted through a wire connection. The remote device 1200 can
be, for example, a dedicated remote device 1200. The remote device
1200 can be, for example, integrated with another device, such as a
laptop, cell phone, tablet computing device, pager, PDA, or
personal computing device. The remote device can include
specialized programming and/or circuitry to process the signal
received from the central assembly. The remote device 1200 can be
configured to initiate a warning indicator when it receives a
signal 1220 from the central assembly 1105 regarding the wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125. For example, the
remote device 1200 can be configured to initiate a warning light,
display, auditory message, auditory tone, or vibration when it
receives a signal 1220 from the central assembly 1105 regarding the
wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125.
[0116] The remote device 1200 is configured for use by a remote
user 1210. A remote user 1210 can include a medical caregiver, such
as a nurse or doctor, or a patient caregiver, or other individual
monitoring the wound dressing. Although remote user 1210 is
shown/described herein as a single illustrated figure, those
skilled in the art will appreciate that remote user 1210 can be
representative of a human user, a robotic user (e.g., computational
entity), and/or substantially any combination thereof (e.g., a user
can be assisted by one or more robotic agents) unless context
dictates otherwise. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that,
in general, the same can be said of "sender" and/or other
entity-oriented terms as such terms are used herein unless context
dictates otherwise. The remote user 1210 may initiate the remote
device 1200 to transmit a signal 1220 to the central assembly 1105,
for example a signal 1220 indicating that a message has been
received regarding the wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance
unit 125.
[0117] FIG. 13 illustrates aspects of a system including a wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125. As illustrated in
FIG. 13, a wound dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 is
placed over a wound on a body part 110 of a patient. The wound
dressing with an affixed appurtenance unit 125 sends and receives
signals 910 from a local unit 940. The local unit 940 sends and
receives signals 1110 from a central assembly 1105. The central
assembly 1105 illustrated in FIG. 13 is in a "cloud" format, with a
significant portion of its components distributed on a computer
network. The central assembly 1105 is configured to communicate
with one or more interface devices 1300, for example an individual
computer.
[0118] Depending on the embodiment, a cloud-based central assembly
1105 can include a plurality of components as illustrated in FIG.
13. For example, a central assembly 1105 can include logic 1310.
For example, a central assembly 1105 can include circuitry 1320.
The circuitry 1320 can be operably connected to other components of
the central assembly 1105. For example, a central assembly 1105 can
include memory 1330. For example, a central assembly 1105 can
include one or more power sources 1340. For example, a central
assembly 1105 can include at least one processor 1350. For example,
a central assembly 1105 can include other components 1360.
[0119] Also as illustrated in FIG. 13, a central assembly 1105 may
communicate with a remote device 1200 through signals 1370. Signals
1370 can be sent and received by an aspect of the central assembly
1105. Signals 1370 can be sent and received by the remote device
1200. Although the signals 1370 illustrated in FIG. 13 are wireless
signals, in some embodiments the central assembly 1105 and a remote
device 1200 may communicate through a wired connection. The remote
device 1200 can be, for example, a pager, cell phone, laptop, PDA,
tablet, smart phone or other device. The remote device 1200 can be
operated by a remote system user 1210. Some embodiments include a
plurality of remote devices 1200, which can be operated by a
plurality of remote system users 1210.
[0120] In some embodiments, a wound dressing monitoring system
includes: an appurtenance to a wound dressing, wherein the
appurtenance includes a sensor unit including a resonance sensor,
an electronic identifier, and a transmitter unit operably attached
to the sensor unit and to the electronic identifier; and a local
unit including a receiver for the transmitter unit, a processor
operably attached to the receiver, and a communication unit
operably attached to the processor. In some embodiments, the
resonance sensor includes a passive RFID unit including a cavity
resonator of a size and shape to be dampened when the wound
dressing is substantially saturated with fluid, and further
includes: a passive RFID including a unique identifier and a
self-compensating antenna calibrated for use with the wound
dressing.
[0121] FIG. 14 illustrates aspects of a method utilizing the
appurtenances described herein. As shown in FIG. 14, a method of
monitoring an appurtenance attached to a wound dressing includes
steps. Block 1400 illustrates the start of the method. Block 1410
shows accepting a signal by a receiver of a local unit from a
transmitter unit of an appurtenance to a wound dressing. Block 1420
depicts processing the received signal into data. Block 1430
illustrates classifying a subset of the received data as
originating from an electronic identifier of the appurtenance.
Block 1440 shows classifying a subset of the received data as
originating from a sensor unit of the appurtenance. Block 1450
depicts comparing the subset of the received data classified as
originating from the sensor unit of the appurtenance with data in
memory. Block 1460 illustrates initiating a signal to a system user
in response to the comparison.
[0122] Some embodiments include additional aspects of the method
illustrated in FIG. 14. In some embodiments the method step of
accepting a signal by a receiver of a local unit from a transmitter
unit of an appurtenance to a wound dressing includes receiving a
RFID signal. In some embodiments the method step of accepting a
signal by a receiver of a local unit from a transmitter unit of an
appurtenance to a wound dressing includes receiving a near field
communication signal. For example, a RFID signal and/or a near
field communication signal can be sent by a transmitter unit of the
appurtenance affixed to the wound dressing, and the signal received
by the local unit.
[0123] In some embodiments, the method step of processing the
received signal into data includes identifying subgroups of signals
within the received signal. For example, processing the received
signal into data can include the processor of a local unit
identifying parts of the signal with identifying features of a
subgroup, such as specific signal components or repeated signal
components.
[0124] In some embodiments, the method step of classifying a subset
of the received data as originating from an electronic identifier
of the appurtenance includes: identifying a subset of the data as
including an identifier of an appurtenance; and denoting the subset
of data including an identifier of an appurtenance in stored
memory. For example, a local unit can identify data as originating
from an electronic identifier as beginning with a specific code or
repeated pattern, such as, for example, "1234." For example, a
local unit can identify data as originating from an electronic
identifier as including an identifier number of a specific length,
such as, for example, 15 numerals long, 20 numerals long, 25
numerals long, or 30 numerals long. In some embodiments, the method
step of classifying a subset of the received data as originating
from an electronic identifier of the appurtenance includes:
identifying a subset of the data as including an identifier of a
sensor; and denoting the subset of data including an identifier of
a sensor in stored memory. For example, data from a sensor type can
include an identifying code. For example, data from a specific
sensor unit can include an identifying code. In some embodiments,
the method step of classifying a subset of the received data as
originating from an electronic identifier of the appurtenance
includes: identifying a subset of the data as including an
identifier of a sensor unit; identifying the type of sensor
included in the sensor unit from stored memory; and denoting the
subset of data including an identifier of a sensor unit in stored
memory. For example, an identifier of a sensor unit in a subset of
data can include a starting and ending code within the data
surrounding the identifier. For example, identifying the type of
sensor included in the sensor unit from stored memory can include
looking up a code denoting a type of sensor unit in a look-up
table. For example, denoting the subset of data including an
identifier of a sensor unit in stored memory can include bracketing
the subset of data including an identifier of a sensor unit with a
machine-readable code. For example, denoting the subset of data
including an identifier of a sensor unit in stored memory can
include storing the subset of data including an identifier of a
sensor unit in a specific location in stored memory.
[0125] In some embodiments, the method step of initiating a signal
to a system user in response to the comparison includes:
identifying the comparison result; identifying a signal type
associated with the identified comparison result in stored memory;
and initiating the local unit to begin the identified signal type.
For example, identifying the comparison result can include
identifying a positive result. For example, identifying the
comparison result can include identifying a negative result. For
example, identifying a signal type associated with the identified
comparison result in stored memory can include looking up a
comparison result in a look-up table in stored memory. For example,
initiating the local unit to begin the identified signal type can
include initiating display of a specific message on a display unit
of the local unit. For example, a specific message can include
"Dressing Change Indicated." For example, a specific message can
include "Dressing Change Not Indicated." A specific message can
include, for example, color and/or graphics.
[0126] In some embodiments, the method steps of a method of
monitoring a wound dressing, as diagrammed in FIG. 14, can include
additional steps. In some embodiments, the method steps of a method
of monitoring a wound dressing can include initiating a signal by
the local unit in response to the received data. For example, the
method can include initiating a signal by a communication unit of
the local unit in response to the received data. For example, in
response to the received data a signal including the received data
can be initiated from the communication unit of the local unit to a
central assembly. For example, in response to the received data a
signal including the received data can be initiated from the
communication unit of the local unit to a repeater unit. For
example, in response to the received data a signal including the
received data can be initiated from the communication unit of the
local unit to a logging unit including memory.
[0127] In some embodiments, the method steps of a method of
monitoring a wound dressing can include: classifying at least one
subset of the received data; comparing one or more classified
subsets of the received data with data in memory in the local unit;
and initiating a signal from the local unit in response to the
comparison. For example, at least one subset of the received data
can include an identifier of a patient, and be classified as such.
This data can then be compared to a look-up table in memory
including patients' names associated with identification codes. A
method can include initiating a signal to a display of the local
unit in response to the comparison, for example "Reading Mrs.
Smith's wound dressing monitor." In a situation wherein a
comparison finds no associated data in memory, a method can include
initiating a signal to a display of the local unit in response to
the comparison, for example "no patient identification
available."
[0128] In some embodiments, the method steps of a method of
monitoring a wound dressing can include: classifying two or more
subsets of the received data; comparing the two or more subsets of
the received data with data in memory in the local unit;
prioritizing results from the comparisons; and initiating a signal
from the local unit in response to the prioritized results. For
example, a look-up table for data from a sensor unit of an
appurtenance can include parameters or standards for data that will
lead to a "check dressing" or "dressing change required" graphic to
be initiated on the local unit display. For example, if a
comparison indicates that some data from a sensor unit is over a
maximum value, then a corresponding message can be initiated on a
display of the local unit. For example, a method and system can be
calibrated to automatically display a "check dressing" or "dressing
change required" graphic if the temperature reading from a sensor
unit of an appurtenance is over 100 degrees F. For example, a
method and system can be calibrated to automatically display a
"check dressing" or "dressing change required" graphic if a fluid
sensor indicates saturation of the wound dressing. For example, a
method and system can be calibrated to automatically display a
"check dressing" or "dressing change required" graphic if a sensor
unit from the appurtenance indicates the presence of a specific
bacterial protein.
[0129] In some embodiments, the method steps of a method of
monitoring a wound dressing can include: adding a time stamp to the
received data; comparing the time stamp with data in memory in the
local unit to generate an elapsed time value; prioritizing results
from the comparisons and the elapsed time value; and initiating a
signal from the local unit in response to the prioritized results.
For example, a wound dressing can be preset by a healthcare
provider as requiring change after a specific time has elapsed for
use of the wound dressing. For example, a healthcare provider can
preset a system for monitoring a wound dressing to send an alert
after the dressing has been in place for 6 hours, 12 hours, 24
hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days or 7
days. For example, a wound dressing can be preset by a healthcare
provider as requiring change a specific point after a medical
intervention. For example, a healthcare provider can preset a
system for monitoring a wound dressing to send an alert after a
surgery has been finished for 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours,
36 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours.
[0130] In some embodiments, the method steps of a method of
monitoring a wound dressing can include: classifying two or more
subsets of the received data; comparing the two or more subsets of
the received data with data in memory; prioritizing results from
the comparisons into a binary output; and initiating a signal by
the local unit based on the binary output. For example, in some
embodiments an appurtenance to a wound dressing includes a
plurality of sensors in one or more sensor units. In addition, a
system can monitor the length of time that an appurtenance has been
in place on a wound dressing over a wound. In response to multiple
types of data coming into a wound monitoring system, a method can
prioritize the data into a binary output (e.g. change
dressing/dressing change not needed) and then initiate the display
of an appropriate message on the local unit. For example, in some
embodiments, data from the sensors can be prioritized by giving
relative scores to the data based on a look-up table including
relative scores for various data values (see, e.g. Table 1),
followed by a calculation of a total score based on the entirety of
the data. A binary output can be calculated based on the total
score, such as being above or below a threshold value for the total
score, and a corresponding signal displayed.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: An Appurtenance Including a Resonance Sensor
[0131] An appurtenance to a wound dressing is fabricated to include
a resonance sensor positioned for detection of substantial
saturation of a wound dressing with wound fluid. The appurtenance
includes a substrate with a surface of a size and shape to
reversibly mate with a substantially planar surface of a wound
dressing. The substrate is fabricated from a polypropylene sheet of
approximately 0.5 mm in thickness. The appurtenance includes an
attachment unit of a size and shape to affix the substrate to the
wound dressing, with the surface of the substrate in direct contact
with the surface of the wound dressing. The attachment unit of the
appurtenance includes a projection of a size and shape to be
affixed to an aperture of a corresponding size and shape in the
wound dressing. The projection of the attachment unit is positioned
at substantially right angles to the surface of the substrate of a
size and shape to reversibly mate with a surface of a wound
dressing. The attachment unit is fabricated from a firm PET
plastic. The attachment unit includes a ring of a size and shape to
mate with the end of the projection and clamp on, thereby securing
the projection within the aperture in the wound dressing.
[0132] A resonance sensor is affixed to the substrate. The
resonance sensor includes a passive RFID unit with a cavity
resonator of a size and shape to come into contact at a surface
with the wound dressing when the appurtenance is in place. The
cavity resonator is of a sufficient size for adjacent fluid in the
wound dressing to dampen the cavity resonance during use. For a
wound dressing that includes a gauze sponge that is a four inch
square (i.e. a "4.times.4") on its largest surface and 12-ply
thickness, a passive RFID unit is selected that includes a cavity
resonator that is one inch square. Prior to use, a 4.times.4,
12-ply gauze sponge wound dressing is selected with a precut
aperture of a size and shape to mate with the exterior surface of
the projection. The projection is pushed through the aperture and
the appurtenance secured in place with the attachment of the ring.
The resonance sensor, including the passive RFID with the cavity
resonator, is positioned against the surface of the wound dressing
away from the surface intended for use with a wound.
Example 2: Test Use of an Appurtenance Including a Resonance
Sensor
[0133] A test device for an appurtenance including a resonance
sensor was constructed including a plastic block with a
substantially planar top surface approximately 4.5 inches square. A
substantially horizontal channel was cut in the side of the block,
and connected to an external section of tubing. Multiple vertical
channels were cut into the block from the top surface to the
substantially horizontal channel internal to the block. During use,
fluid from a syringe attached to the external tubing was pushed
into the block where it flowed through the internal channels and
out of the vertical channels connecting to the top surface of the
block. The fluid flow was used to mimic fluid of a wound under a
wound dressing for testing purposes.
[0134] A metal frame was constructed of aluminum. The metal frame
was fabricated to be a size and shape to reversibly mate with the
external edge of the top surface of the block. The metal frame was
approximately one half inch wide and of sufficient thickness and
mass to hold the edges of a wound dressing in position against the
top surface of the block during testing, while leaving the center
of the wound dressing uncovered.
[0135] A 4.times.4, 12-ply gauze sponge wound dressing with an
attached appurtenance including a resonance sensor as described in
Example 1 was selected for testing. The wound dressing-appurtenance
combination unit was positioned on the top of the block. The metal
frame was placed over the wound dressing edges, securing the lower
surface of the wound dressing against the top surface of the
block.
[0136] A handheld RFID reader was used to scan the dry wound
dressing-appurtenance combination unit on the test block from a
distance of approximately 6 inches. The handheld reader was able to
detect the passive RFID within the resonance sensor affixed to the
dry wound dressing. Software within the reader was configured to
indicate the detection on a screen with the text "dressing OK."
Fluid was then pushed into the block from an attached syringe, and
the wound dressing became visibly wet within 30 seconds. After the
wound dressing was visibly wet, the handheld reader was used to
scan the wet wound dressing-appurtenance combination unit on the
test block from a distance of approximately 6 inches. The handheld
reader was not able to detect the passive RFID within the resonance
sensor affixed to the wet wound dressing. Software within the
reader was configured to indicate the lack of detection on a screen
with the text "check dressing."
Example 3: Hypothetical Evaluation of Data from an Appurtenance
[0137] An appurtenance to a wound dressing is applied to a wound
dressing and then used to cover a patient's wound. Directly after
application of the wound dressing, a healthcare provider uses a
local unit that is a handheld device to scan the appurtenance, and
then to enter the patient's identification into the system in
relation to the appurtenance. Periodically, a healthcare provider
returns to re-scan the wound dressing with the attached
appurtenance using a local unit.
[0138] Data from the appurtenance is transmitted to the local unit,
which receives the transmitted signal and then processes the signal
to generate data from the appurtenance. The local unit also adds a
time value to the processed data to indicate the time that the data
was received. The local unit classifies the received data into
subsets, including subsets of data from: an identifier, data from a
temperature sensor, data from a first sensor including an aptimer
that specifically recognizes a unique bacterial protein, and data
from a second sensor including the aptimer that specifically
recognizes the unique bacterial protein. The data from the
temperature sensor is processed into a received temperature value.
The data from the time associated with the initial scan of the
appurtenance and the time the data was received is used to
calculate an elapsed time, which is compared with a preset maximum
use time. The data from each of the bacterial sensors is processed
into a numerical value, which is expected to be between 1 and 100.
Each of the processed data values is saved in memory in the local
unit, and is accessible as part of the patient's record.
[0139] The local unit then scores the data values for each of the
subsets using a look-up table, reproduced in a readable form as
Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 A Data Scoring Table Data Source Received
Data Value Score Temperature sensor 100 degrees F. or above 1
Temperature sensor Below 100 degrees F. 0 Elapsed time in use Less
than 80% of preset 0 maximum time Elapsed time in use Between 80%
to 100% of 0.5 preset maximum time Elapsed time in use 100% of
preset maximum 1 time or above Sensor 1 X .005X (bacteria protein)
Sensor 2 X .005X (bacteria protein)
[0140] After the data from each subset is given a score based on
the look-up table, the total score for the combined subsets of data
is calculated by adding the total scores. If the total score has a
value of 1 or above, the local unit initiates a "check dressing"
message to a user via the display. If the total score has a value
of less than 1, the local unit initiates a "dressing acceptable"
message to a user via the display. The system generates a simple,
binary response (e.g. yes check/no check) for convenience of a
direct healthcare provider, while retaining the more complex data
values for later evaluation as needed.
[0141] The herein described components (e.g., operations), devices,
objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples
for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration
modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the
specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are
intended to be representative of their more general classes. In
general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be
representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific
components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be
taken limiting.
[0142] The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates
different components contained within, or connected with, different
other components. It is to be understood that such depicted
architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other
architectures may be implemented which achieve the same
functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components
to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such
that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two
components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality
can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired
functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or
intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated
can also be viewed as being "operably connected", or "operably
coupled," to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and
any two components capable of being so associated can also be
viewed as being "operably couplable," to each other to achieve the
desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable
include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or
physically interacting components, and/or wirelessly interactable,
and/or wirelessly interacting components, and/or logically
interacting, and/or logically interactable components.
[0143] In some implementations described herein, logic and similar
implementations may include computer programs or other control
structures. Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more
paths of electrical current constructed and arranged to implement
various functions as described herein. In some implementations, one
or more media may be configured to bear a device-detectable
implementation when such media hold or transmit device detectable
instructions operable to perform as described herein. In some
variants, for example, implementations may include an update or
modification of existing software (e.g., a high-level computer
program serving as a hardware specification) or firmware, or of
gate arrays or programmable hardware, such as by performing a
reception of or a transmission of one or more instructions in
relation to one or more operations described herein. Alternatively
or additionally, in some variants, an implementation may include
special-purpose hardware, software (e.g., a high-level computer
program serving as a hardware specification), firmware components,
and/or general-purpose components executing or otherwise invoking
special-purpose components. Specifications or other implementations
may be transmitted by one or more instances of tangible
transmission media as described herein, optionally by packet
transmission or otherwise by passing through distributed media at
various times.
[0144] Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include
executing a special-purpose instruction sequence or invoking
circuitry for enabling, triggering, coordinating, requesting, or
otherwise causing one or more occurrences of virtually any
functional operation described herein. In some variants,
operational or other logical descriptions herein may be expressed
as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked as an executable
instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example,
implementations may be provided, in whole or in part, by source
code, such as C++, or other code sequences. In other
implementations, source or other code implementation, using
commercially available and/or techniques in the art, may be
compiled/implemented/translated/converted into a high-level
descriptor language (e.g., initially implementing described
technologies in C or C++ programming language and thereafter
converting the programming language implementation into a
logic-synthesizable language implementation, a hardware description
language implementation, a hardware design simulation
implementation, and/or other such similar mode(s) of expression).
For example, some or all of a logical expression (e.g., computer
programming language implementation) may be manifested as a
Verilog-type hardware description (e.g., via Hardware Description
Language (HDL) and/or Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware
Descriptor Language (VHDL)) or other circuitry model which may then
be used to create a physical implementation having hardware (e.g.,
an Application Specific Integrated Circuit). Those skilled in the
art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimize suitable
transmission or computational elements, material supplies,
actuators, or other structures in light of these teachings.
[0145] In an embodiment, several portions of the subject matter
described herein may be implemented via Application Specific
Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays
(FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated
formats. However, some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein,
in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated
circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more
computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more
computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more
processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more
microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination
thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code
for the software (e.g., a high-level computer program serving as a
hardware specification) and or firmware would be well within the
skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
[0146] In a general sense, the various embodiments described herein
can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various
types of electro-mechanical systems having a wide range of
electrical components such as hardware, software (e.g., a
high-level computer program serving as a hardware specification),
firmware, and/or virtually any combination thereof, and a wide
range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such
as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics,
electro-magnetically actuated devices, and/or virtually any
combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein
"electro-mechanical system" includes, but is not limited to,
electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an
actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, a Micro Electro
Mechanical System (MEMS), etc.), electrical circuitry having at
least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having
at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at
least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical
circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by
a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by
a computer program which at least partially carries out processes
and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by
a computer program which at least partially carries out processes
and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a
memory device (e.g., forms of memory (e.g., random access, flash,
read only, etc.)), electrical circuitry forming a communications
device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, optical-electrical
equipment, etc.), and/or any non-electrical analog thereto, such as
optical or other analogs (e.g., graphene based circuitry). Examples
of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a
variety of consumer electronics systems, medical devices, as well
as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory
automation systems, security systems, and/or
communication/computing systems. "Electro-mechanical," as used
herein, is not necessarily limited to a system that has both
electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate
otherwise.
[0147] In a general sense, the various aspects described herein
which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a
wide range of hardware, software (e.g., a high-level computer
program serving as a hardware specification), firmware, and/or any
combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various
types of "electrical circuitry." Consequently, as used herein
"electrical circuitry" includes, but is not limited to, electrical
circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit,
electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit,
electrical circuitry having at least one application specific
integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose
computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general
purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least
partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or
a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least
partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein),
electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of memory
(e.g., random access, flash, read only, etc.)), and/or electrical
circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem,
communications switch, optical-electrical equipment, etc.). The
subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or
digital fashion or some combination thereof.
[0148] All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application
publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign
patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this
specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet, are
incorporated herein by reference, to the extent not inconsistent
herewith.
[0149] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed
herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent. The various
aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of
illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true
scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
* * * * *