U.S. patent application number 16/249014 was filed with the patent office on 2019-05-16 for substrate-independently surface-coated polymer by aromatic-amine compound and coating method thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is Core Biosystems Inc.. Invention is credited to John S. Althaus, Gareth M. Fotouhi, Shinnosuke Inoue, Myoung-Han Kim, Kyong Hoon Lee.
Application Number | 20190144620 16/249014 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 60158784 |
Filed Date | 2019-05-16 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190144620 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Althaus; John S. ; et
al. |
May 16, 2019 |
Substrate-Independently Surface-Coated Polymer By Aromatic-Amine
Compound and Coating Method Thereof
Abstract
Disclosed herein is a substrate-independently surface-coated
polymer by aromatic-amine compound and a coating method thereof,
and in particular to a substrate-independently surface-coated
polymer and a coating method thereof wherein an aromatic compound
in which two or more amines are substituted on benzene, is
substrate-independently surface-coated. The substrate-independently
surface-coated polymer characterized in that the surface of a
polymer substrate is coated in such a way to react, using a surface
modifier, an aromatic compound of the following structural formula
on at least one surface of the polymer substrate having a
nucleophilic functional group or an electrophilic functional
group.
Inventors: |
Althaus; John S.; (Saline,
MI) ; Lee; Kyong Hoon; (Redmond, WA) ;
Fotouhi; Gareth M.; (Seattle, WA) ; Inoue;
Shinnosuke; (Seattle, WA) ; Kim; Myoung-Han;
(Seongsma, KR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Core Biosystems Inc. |
Redmond |
WA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
60158784 |
Appl. No.: |
16/249014 |
Filed: |
January 16, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
15192567 |
Jun 24, 2016 |
10214623 |
|
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16249014 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/180 ;
428/36.91 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08J 2379/00 20130101;
C08J 2479/00 20130101; C08J 7/0427 20200101; C08J 2400/00 20130101;
C08J 7/16 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C08J 7/04 20060101
C08J007/04 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Apr 28, 2016 |
KR |
10-2016-0051876 |
Claims
1. A substrate-independently surface-coated polymer by an aromatic
amine compound characterized in that the surface of a polymer
substrate is modified in such a way to react, using a surface
modifier, an aromatic amine compound of the following structural
formula on at least one surface of the polymer substrate having a
nucleophilic functional group or an electrophilic functional group,
##STR00005## wherein R.sub.1 is any of H, NH.sub.2 and NH-acyl.
2. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the surface modification is
carried out in such a way that the aromatic compound is inputted in
an aqueous solution and is oxidized, and is reacted with a
nucleophilic functional group of the polymer substrate, thus
modifying the substrate surface into the following structure.
##STR00006##
3. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the surface modification is
carried out in such a way that the aromatic compound is inputted in
an aqueous solution and is reduced into the structural formula, and
is reacted with an electrophilic functional group of the polymer
substrate, thus modifying the substrate surface into the following
structure. ##STR00007##
4. The substrate of claim 2, wherein the aqueous solution is any of
an acidic solution, a neutral solution and an alkaline
solution.
5. The substrate of claim 3, wherein the aqueous solution is any of
an acidic solution, a neutral solution and an alkaline
solution.
6. The substrate of claim 2, wherein the aromatic amine compound of
the modified substrate surface is polymerized into a polymer since
it is polymerized with another aromatic amine compound.
7. The substrate of claim 3, wherein the aromatic amine compound of
the modified substrate surface is polymerized into a polymer since
it is polymerized with another aromatic amine compound.
8. The substrate of claim 1, wherein the polymer substrate is a
solid mass formed in any of a bead shape, a plate shape, a tube
shape and a spherical shape.
9. The substrate of claim 2, wherein a biochemical substance
including a cell, a protein, a hexane or a synthesized polymer is
fixed, using a linker molecule, on the modified substrate
surface.
10. The substrate of claim 3, wherein a biochemical substance
including a cell, a protein, a hexane or a synthesized polymer is
fixed, using a linker molecule, on the modified substrate
surface.
11. A method for preparing a surface-independently modified
multifunctional polymer substrate, comprising: inputting an
aromatic amine compound of the following structural formula in an
aqueous solution in order to make an oxidation and reduction
reaction; modifying at least one surface of a polymer substrate
having a nucleophilic functional group or an electrophilic
functional group in such a way to contact it with the aqueous
solution wherein the aromatic amine compound in the aqueous
solution is oxidized and reacts with the nucleophilic functional
group of the polymer substrate, and the aromatic amine compound in
the aqueous solution is reduced and reacts with the electrophilic
functional group of the polymer substrate; washing the
surface-modified substrate; and drying the washed substrate,
##STR00008## wherein R.sub.1 is any of H, NH.sub.2 and NH-acyl.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the aqueous solution is any of
an acidic solution, a neutral solution and an alkaline
solution.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the polymer substrate is a
solid mass formed in any of a bead shape, a plate shape, a tube
shape and a spherical shape.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein in the step for modifying the
surface, the aromatic amine compound of the modified substrate
surface is polymerized into a polymer since it is polymerized with
another aromatic amine compound.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein a biochemical substance
including a cell, a protein, a hexane or a synthesized polymer is
fixed, using a linker molecule, on the modified substrate surface.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/192,567 filed Jun. 24, 2016, which claims
under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(a) the benefit of priority to Korean
Patent Application No. 10-2016-0051876 filed on Apr. 28, 2016,
which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to a substrate-independently
surface-coated polymer by aromatic-amine compound and coating
method thereof, and in particular to a substrate-independently
surface-coated polymer and coating method thereof wherein an
aromatic compound in which two or more amines are substituted on
benzene, is substrate-independently surface-coated.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] The chemical modification of any substrates is a critical
success factor in chemical, biological and material sciences,
engineering and applied technology. The primary method for such a
chemical modification may include a surface treatment chemistry and
other physicochemical techniques, whereby desired chemical and/or
physical properties are created on non-functional substrates.
Molecular species serving this purpose mostly have chemical
function groups on both ends, in which one end is bound to given
substrates and the other end offers chemical functionality to the
substrate surface.
[0004] The Korean patent laid-open No. 10-2003-0009732 describes an
organic molecular substrate the surfaces of which are coated with a
multiplex amino ethyl molecular layer. This patent discloses an
organic polymer substrate and a preparation method thereof, wherein
a substrate formed of various organic polymers or oligomers
containing nucleophilic functional groups react with aziridine or a
derivative thereof, thus forming a multiplex amino ethyl molecular
layer which consists of a high density polymer, whereby a
physiochemical property can be changed. This technique discloses a
method for modifying the surface of a substrate in such a way to
react an aziridine compound with an organic polymer substrate.
[0005] The substrates available for conventional surface
modification chemistry, however, are highly limited. This in turn
causes the following issues for chemical modification of a
substrate; (1) chemical specificity between surface modifying
chemical species and substrates is required; (2) the substrate
size/shape is often limited; (3) instrumentation is often required;
(4) multi-step procedures, resulting in the lowered success rate
and reliability, are required.
[0006] As a solution to this problem, a substrate-independent
surface modification technique was invented, in which dopamine or
other similar compounds containing both of catechol and amine
functional groups was used under an alkalinene solution. The method
employs a biomimrnetic mechanism of mussels to generate a natural
surface-independent adhesive. Mussels attach to virtually all types
of inorganic and organic substrates, including even
adhesion-resistant materials such as Teflon (aka
polytetrafluoroethylene; PTFE). With the aforementioned techniques,
various surface modification applications could be made.
[0007] The U.S. Pat. No. 8,541,060 describes a multifunctional
coating and an application thereof, wherein the surface can be
modified surface-independently. This patent discloses a coating
method wherein the surface can be modified in such a way to contact
a dopamine or a dopamine-like compound with a substrate in an
alkaline solution using a surface modifier.
[0008] The U.S. Pat. No. 8,999,452 describes a multifunctional
coating and an application thereof. This patent discloses a method
for modifying a substrate surface in such a way to contact a
surface modifier, for example, dopamine, with a substrate in an
alkaline state.
[0009] The aforementioned dopamine-based technologies may have the
following problems in terms of technology. (1) This technique can
be carried out only under an alkaline condition. Most of
experiments are being carried out on a trisaminomethane buffer
solution of 10 mM pH 8.5. This value is close to pKa (dissociation
constant) of the dopamine, which is around pH 9. For this reason,
reactivity might not be controlled as intended. (2) Two different
reaction groups of hydroxyl groups and amine groups of dopamine
compound may make it hard to evenly control surface functionality.
(3) It is hard for amine groups to exist a lot due to a chemical
structure, so the performance of the following applications which
could be carried out based on the modification of the amine
structure, may be limited.
[0010] In order to resolve the aforementioned problems, a
substrate-independent surface modification method is required.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0011] The present invention has been made in an effort to solve
the above-described problems associated with prior art.
[0012] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method
wherein the surface of a solid substrate surface can be chemically
modified irrespective of a substrate in such a way to use an
aromatic compound wherein two or more amines are substituted.
[0013] It is another object of the present invention to provide a
polymer wherein an aromatic compound in which two or more amines
are substituted, is coated.
[0014] To achieve the above objects, there is provided a
substrate-independently surface-coated polymer characterized in
that the surface of a polymer substrate is coated in such a way to
react, using a surface modifier, an aromatic compound of the
following structural formula on at least one surface of the polymer
substrate having a nucleophilic functional group or an
electrophilic functional group,
##STR00001##
[0015] wherein R.sub.1 is any of H, NH.sub.2 and NH-acyl.
[0016] The surface modification is carried out in such a way that
the aromatic compound is inputted in an aqueous solution and is
oxidized in the aqueous solution, and is reacted with a
nucleophilic functional group of the polymer substrate, thus
modifying the substrate surface into the following structure.
##STR00002##
[0017] Moreover, the surface modification is carried out in such a
way that the aromatic compound is inputted in an aqueous solution
and is reduced into the structural formula in the aqueous solution,
and is reacted with an electrophilic functional group of the
polymer substrate, thus modifying the substrate surface into the
following structure.
##STR00003##
[0018] The aqueous solution according to the present invention is
any of an acidic solution, a neutral solution and an alkaline
solution.
[0019] In the present invention, the aromatic amine compound of the
modified substrate surface is polymerized into a polymer since it
is polymerized with another aromatic amine compound.
[0020] In the present invention, the polymer substrate is a solid
mass formed in any of a bead shape, a plate shape, a tube shape and
a spherical shape.
[0021] In the present invention, a biochemical substance including
a cell, a protein, a hexane or a synthesized polymer is fixed,
using a linker molecule, on the modified substrate surface.
[0022] To achieve the above objects, there is provided a method for
preparing a substrate-independently surface-coated polymer by
aromatic amine compound, which may include, but is not limited to,
inputting an aromatic amine compound of the following structural
formula in an aqueous solution in order to make an oxidation and
reduction reaction; modifying at least one surface of a polymer
substrate having a nucleophilic functional group or an
electrophilic functional group in such a way to contact it with the
aqueous solution wherein the aromatic amine compound is used to
surface modifier; washing the surface-modified substrate; and
drying the washed substrate,
##STR00004##
[0023] wherein R.sub.1 is any of H, NH.sub.2 and NH-acyl.
[0024] The aqueous solution according to the present invention is
any of an acidic solution, a neutral solution and an alkaline
solution.
[0025] In the present invention, the polymer substrate is a solid
mass formed in any of a bead shape, a plate shape, a tube shape and
a spherical shape.
[0026] In the step for modifying the surface, the aromatic amine
compound of the modified substrate surface is polymerized into a
polymer since it is polymerized with another aromatic amine
compound.
[0027] In the present invention, a biochemical substance including
a cell, a protein, a hexane or a synthesized polymer is fixed,
using a linker molecule, on the modified substrate surface.
[0028] In the present invention, a mass production is available
since the surface of a solid substrate can be chemically modified
irrespective of the substrate in such a way to use an aromatic
compound wherein two or more amines are substituted.
[0029] In addition, the present invention is able to provide a
biochemical substance having a high separation yield and
reliability since a biochemical substance can be fixed based on the
substituted amine and the number of the substituted amines.
[0030] Moreover, workability is good since reactions could be
carried out on any of acidic, neutral and alkaline solution.
[0031] Furthermore, the present invention employs a structure
having a lot of amine groups which are reactive functional groups,
the time for separating biochemical substances can be greatly
reduced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] The above and other features of the present invention will
now be described in detail with reference to certain exemplary
embodiments thereof illustrated the accompanying drawings which are
given hereinbelow by way of illustration only, and thus are not
limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
[0033] FIG. 1 is a view illustrating an oxidation and reduction
reaction of an aromatic amine compound according to the present
invention;
[0034] FIG. 2 is a view for describing a reaction procedure between
an aromatic amine compound and a nucleophilic substrate according
to the present invention;
[0035] FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a polymerization reaction of
an aromatic amine compound bond with a nucleophilic substrate
according to the present invention;
[0036] FIG. 4 is a view for describing a state where an aromatic
amine compound bond with a nucleophilic substrate has been
polymerized according to the present invention;
[0037] FIG. 5 is a view for describing a reaction procedure between
an aromatic amine compound and an electrophilic substrate according
to the present invention;
[0038] FIG. 6 is a view for describing a polymerization reaction of
an aromatic amine compound bound with an electrophilic substrate
according to the present invention; and
[0039] FIG. 7 is a view for describing a state where an aromatic
amine compound bond with an electrophilic substrate has been
polymerized according to the present invention.
[0040] It should be understood that the appended drawings are not
necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified
representation of various preferred features illustrative of the
basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of
the present invention as disclosed herein, including, for example,
specific dimensions, orientations, locations, and shapes will be
determined in part by the particular intended application and use
environment.
[0041] In the figures, reference numbers refer to the same or
equivalent parts of the present invention throughout the several
figures of the drawing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0042] The configuration and operation of an exemplary embodiment
of the present invention will be described with reference to the
accompanying drawings.
[0043] FIG. 1 is a view illustrating an oxidation and reduction
reaction of an aromatic amine compound according to the present
invention, FIG. 2 is a view for describing a reaction procedure
between an aromatic amine compound and a nucleophilic substrate
according to the present invention, FIG. 3 is a view illustrating a
polymerization reaction of an aromatic amine compound bond with a
nucleophilic substrate according to the present invention, FIG. 4
is a view for describing a state where an aromatic amine compound
bond with a nucleophilic substrate has been polymerized according
to the present invention, FIG. 5 is a view for describing a
reaction procedure between an aromatic amine compound and an
electrophilic substrate according to the present invention, FIG. 6
is a view for describing a polymerization reaction of an aromatic
amine compound bound with an electrophilic substrate according to
the present invention, and FIG. 7 is a view for describing a state
where an aromatic amine compound bond with an electrophilic
substrate has been polymerized according to the present
invention.
[0044] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the surface modifier employed in
the present invention is an aromatic amine compound. FIG. 1 is a
view for describing an oxidation and reduction reactions of a
benzene diamine 1 and a benzene diimine 2. As illustrated therein,
during the aforementioned oxidation and reduction reactions, the
benzene diamine 1 is oxidized into the benzene diimine 2, and the
benzene diimine 2 is reduced into the benzene diamine 1. If the
value of pKa is higher, the oxidation reaction of the benzene
diamine may be carried out better. Thus, as the aqueous solution is
gradually changed from the acidic state to the alkaline state, the
oxidation reaction of the benzene diamine 1 may be carried out
better by the chemical property of the amine. More specifically,
since the amine is oxidized based on the degree of ionization,
although the amine can be oxidized in the acidic state which the
degree of ionization is low, the higher the degree of ionization
is, the faster the oxidation of amine can be carried out. H,
NH.sub.2 or NH-acyl may be substituted on an alkyl group (R.sub.1)
of the benzene diamine 1 or the benzene diimine 2 which are the
surface modifiers. The substrate employed in the present invention
may be substrate-independent, but the aforementioned substrate
should have a functional group which can be employed for the sake
of a nucleophilic or electrophilic chemical bond. As the
nucleophilic functional groups, there are --NH.sub.2, --SH, --OH
etc. The benzene diamine 1 will be expressed as a surface
modification monomer.
[0045] FIG. 2 is a view illustrating a procedure wherein in a state
(2) where the amine, which is a surface modification monomer, has
been oxidized into an imine, the nucleophilic functional group of
the substrate 10 reacts with a carbon atom while sharing with a
non-shared electron pair, and it is reduced into a surface
modification monomer 1 and is bonded to a substrate. This procedure
is referred to one surface modification monomer 1. If a plurality
of surface modification monomers 1 react with a plurality of
nucleophilic substrates and are bonded to the surface of polymer,
the surface of the polymer may be modified into a substrate having
an amine group, which is a reaction group, by a plurality of the
surface modification monomers 1.
[0046] FIGS. 3 and 4 are views illustrating a procedure wherein the
surface modification monomers 1 are polymerized through a
polymerization reaction. As illustrated therein, the nitrogen atoms
of the surface modification monomers 1 bonded to the substrate will
nucleophilically react with the carbon atoms of other oxidized
surface modification monomers 2 which are in free states, and the
surface modification monomers 2 will be polymerized together into
polymers as illustrated in FIG. 4. The amine group which is a
functional group may be formed condensed in a highly polymerized
compound 3 and may react with a biochemical substance, whereby the
yield that the biochemical substances can be fixed or separated
based on the number of amine groups can be greatly increased. A
plurality of the surface modification monomers 1 or the surface
modification polymers 3, therefore, may be formed on the surface of
the polymer, whereupon the time that the biochemical substances are
separated and extracted, can be greatly reduced. Moreover, if
--NH.sub.2 or NH-acyl is substituted on the alkyl group (R1), more
functional groups can be obtained, by means of which the separation
and extraction functions of the biochemical substance can be more
improved in terms of separation time and yield.
[0047] FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a state where the
electrophilic substrate 10' is reacting with the surface
modification monomer 1. As illustrated therein, the non-shared
electron pair of nitrogen which form an amine group is involved in
the reaction group (R.sub.3) of the electrophilic substrate 10'.
The non-shaped electron pair of the nitrogen of a first amine group
will react with the reaction group (R.sub.3) of the electrophilic
substrate and will lose electrons and will be bonded to the
electrophilic substrate 10'. Moreover, the non-shared electron pair
of nitrogen of a second amine group will react with the reaction
group (R.sub.3) of the electrophilic substrate 10' and will lose
electrons and will be bonded to the electrophilic substrate 10'.
Two amine groups, therefore, will be bonded to the electrophilic
substrate 10', and the amine groups will be substituted on the
remaining alkyl groups (R.sub.1) and will react with the
biochemical substance, whereupon the separation and extraction can
be carried out. For this reason, at least three amine groups should
be substituted on the surface modification monomer 1 which may
operate on the electrophilic substrate 10'. Any of the alkyl groups
(R.sub.1), therefore, should be substituted into an amine group
(NH.sub.2), and the rest thereof may be any of hydrogen, amine and
acylimine. FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a polymerization reaction
with other free surface modification monomers 2 which have been
oxidized after the surface modification monomers 1 are bonded to
the electrophilic substrate. As illustrated therein, the amine
group of the surface modification monomer 1 will nuclephilically
react with the carbon of other oxidized free surface modification
monomers 2, whereupon a polymer 3' as in FIG. 7 can be obtained.
Since the amine group which is a functional group is condensed, the
fixing and extraction of the biochemical substance can be quickly
processed. Moreover, the yield that the biochemical substance, for
example, DNA, etc. is extracted can be greatly increased due to the
condensed amine group.
[0048] The aromatic amine compound employed in the present
invention may be 1,2,4-benzene-triamine or
1,2,4,5-benzene-tetraamine (BTA). The 1,2,4,5-benzene-tetraamine
can be called 1,2,4,5-tetraaminebenzene. In case of the
aforementioned benzene-triamine, since it has three amine groups,
one among the alkyl groups (R.sub.1) may be substituted into an
amine group, and the other one may be in a hydrogen state.
Moreover, the benzene-tetraamine is that the alkyl groups (R.sub.1)
all are substituted into amine groups.
[0049] The method for coating the surface modification monomer on
the polymer substrate according to the present invention will be
described. The polymer substrate is formed of an organic polymer
compound and should be a solid polymer substrate which may have a
nucleophilic functional group (R.sub.2) or an electrophilic
functional group (R.sub.3). First of all, a surface modification
monomer 1 with a predetermined concentration is inputted in an
aqueous solution and is mixed well. The polymer substrate to have
nucleophilic functional group react with the surface modification
monomer 1 that imine is oxidized from the amine, and the substrate
to have electrophilic functional group react with the surface
modification monomer 1 that amine is reduced from the imine. The
aforementioned aqueous solution may be any of acidic, neutral and
alkaline solutions, provided that if it is a alkaline solution, the
reaction may be carried out faster since the degree of ionization
is high, which, however, is not limited thereto. The solid
substrate may be dipped in the aqueous solution that the surface
modification monomer 1 makes an oxidation and reduction reaction or
the aqueous solution inputted with the surface modification monomer
1 may be filled in the solid substrate. The aforementioned mixture
is placed in this state for a predetermined time long enough to
react with the solid substrate. The mixture may be heated or
stirred to activate the bonding. Moreover, if it is available to
use catalyst, a predetermined catalyst may be inputted so as to
accelerate reaction. The solid substrate is washed after a
predetermined time has passed, and the surface modification
monomers 1 or any impurities which are not bonded or polymerized
are removed. In case of the coating of polymer, any substances
which are not bonded to the substrate having hydrophilic or
hydrophobic property, are removed through multiple washing steps.
When the monomers 1 or any impurities which are not bonded or
polymerized to the substrate are removed, it is dried and packed in
a vacuum state, thus finishing the preparation of a product. The
solid polymer substrate may be formed in any of various shapes, for
example, a bead shape, a plate shape, a tube shape or a spherical
shape, which, however, is not limited thereto.
[0050] The fixing and separation of a biochemical substance, for
example, DNA, etc. which is carried out using a surface-modified
polymer substrate according to the present invention will be
described. An acidic solution is inputted in the solid polymer
substrate to which a plurality of the surface modification monomers
1 have been bonded or which has been coated with a polymerized
highly polymerized compound. The amine group of the substrate
surface may have proton in the acidic solution and may be
electrified into positive electric charges. In a state where the
acidic solution is inputted, a sample having a biochemical
substance, for example, DNA, etc. is inputted. The solid substrate
surface electrified into the positive electric charges is bonded
with the DNA which has been electrified with the electrons from the
given sample mixture, whereby it is possible to selectively capture
the biochemical substances, for example, DNA, etc. The rest of the
samples is removed in a state where the DNA is captured. An
alkaline solution is inputted in the solid substrate. Since the
amine of the polymer substrate surface loses protons in the
alkaline state, the captured DNA molecules will release from the
surface where the DNA molecules are coated. Likewise, a selective
purification of DNA, etc. is available from the sample mixture.
[0051] Furthermore, since the amine can be modified through a
standard linker reaction using a linker molecule, it is possible to
fix various biological/chemical substances, for example, cells,
proteins, hexanes, synthesized molecules. As a result, the present
invention may be adapted to the purification, separation or
detection of a predetermined target analysis substance.
[0052] The invention has been described in detail with reference to
preferred embodiments thereof. However, it will be appreciated by
those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these
embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the
invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and
their equivalents.
LEGENDS OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
[0053] 1: Aromatic amine [0054] 2: Aromatic imine [0055] 3, 3':
Highly polymerized compound of aromatic amine [0056] 10:
Nucleophilic substrate [0057] 10': Electrophilic substrate
* * * * *