U.S. patent application number 16/159478 was filed with the patent office on 2019-04-18 for assistive technology for operating nursing homes and other health care facilities.
The applicant listed for this patent is J. Brasch Co., LLC. Invention is credited to John Brasch, Gordon Smith.
Application Number | 20190110763 16/159478 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 66097204 |
Filed Date | 2019-04-18 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190110763 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Brasch; John ; et
al. |
April 18, 2019 |
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR OPERATING NURSING HOMES AND OTHER HEALTH
CARE FACILITIES
Abstract
A facility for coordinating the safety care of a person is
described. The facility receives sensor output indicating that the
person has departed a place of repose. In response to this
receiving, the facility establishes an alarm identifying the
person, accesses a set of on-duty caregivers, and applies one or
more precedence rules to establish a precedence among at least a
portion of the set of on-duty caregivers. Until a caregiver has
accepted the alarm, for each caregiver in the established
precedence, the facility: causes a mobile device carried by the
caregiver to render a message notifying the caregiver of the alarm
and soliciting the caregiver's acceptance of the alarm; and allows
the caregiver an interval of time of a first predetermined length
in which to accept the alarm before proceeding to the next
caregiver in the established precedence.
Inventors: |
Brasch; John; (Lincoln,
NE) ; Smith; Gordon; (Lincoln, NE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
J. Brasch Co., LLC |
Lincoln |
NE |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
66097204 |
Appl. No.: |
16/159478 |
Filed: |
October 12, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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62572373 |
Oct 13, 2017 |
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62572379 |
Oct 13, 2017 |
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62580928 |
Nov 2, 2017 |
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62643695 |
Mar 15, 2018 |
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62691960 |
Jun 29, 2018 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 2562/0247 20130101;
A61B 5/1117 20130101; G16H 40/20 20180101; A61B 5/0022 20130101;
A61B 2562/0219 20130101; G16H 50/20 20180101; A61B 5/0077 20130101;
A61B 5/746 20130101; A61B 5/1118 20130101; A61B 2505/07 20130101;
A61B 5/1126 20130101; A61B 5/6891 20130101; A61B 5/6889 20130101;
A61B 2562/0257 20130101; A61B 5/6894 20130101; A61B 5/1115
20130101; A61B 2503/08 20130101; A61B 5/002 20130101; A61B 5/7267
20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61B 5/00 20060101
A61B005/00; A61B 5/11 20060101 A61B005/11 |
Claims
1-38. (canceled)
39. A method in a computing system, the method being performed in a
residential health care facility, the method comprising: in a
mobile sensor device that generates information about a state of a
person to whom the sensor is assigned: transmitting a signal in
which the generated information is encoded; in each of two or more
monitoring devices each having a known location in the residential
health care facility: receiving the signal transmitted by the
sensor device; determining an indication of a strength at which the
received signal was received; transmitting to a server one or more
messages collectively containing a representation of the generated
information encoded in the received signal and the determined
indication of the strength at which the received signal was
received; in the server: receiving the messages transmitted by
monitoring devices; using the representation of the generated
information to determine that the mobile sensor device is in an
alarm state; using the strength indications in the received
messages together with the known locations of the monitoring
devices to predict a location in the residential health care
facility of the mobile sensor device; dispatching an alarm to a
caregiver in a way that reflects the predicted location.
40. The method of claim 39 wherein the mobile sensor device is a
pressure sensor that generates information about departure of a
person from a wheelchair presently bearing the mobile sensor
device.
41. The method of claim 39 wherein the dispatching reflects the
predicted location by explicitly identifying the predicted
location.
42. The method of claim 39 wherein the dispatching reflects the
predicted location by selecting a caregiver to whom to dispatch the
alarm who is predicted to be near the location predicted for the
mobile sensor device.
43. The method of claim 42, further comprising: in the server:
using information originated by a mobile device carried by the
selected caregiver to predict that the selected caregiver is near
the location predicted for the mobile sensor device.
44. The method of claim 43, further comprising: in the server:
receiving the information originated by the mobile device from the
mobile device.
45. The method of claim 43, further comprising: in the server:
receiving the information originated by the mobile device from each
of one or more monitoring devices.
46. The method of claim 43 wherein the mobile device is a smart
phone.
47. The method of claim 43 wherein the mobile device is an
identification badge.
48. One or more computer memories collectively having contents
configured to cause a computing system to perform a method for
managing one or more resting place departure monitoring devices in
a residential facility, the comprising: causing to be displayed on
a dynamic display device: visual information identifying one or
more selected monitoring devices in the residential facility, and
controls each corresponding to a configuration setting of the
monitoring devices; receiving input interacting with one of the
displayed controls in order to change one of the monitoring device
configuration settings; in response to receiving the input, for
each of the selected one or more monitoring devices, causing the
monitoring device's configuration to be adapted to be consistent
with the changed monitoring device configuration setting.
49. The computer memories of claim 48, the method further
comprising: causing to be displayed on the dynamic display device a
control for selecting one or more monitoring devices in the
residential facility, and wherein the displayed visual information
identifying one or more selected monitoring devices identifies
monitoring devices selected using the displayed control for
selecting one or more monitoring devices.
50. The computer memories of claim 48 wherein, for a distinguished
one of the one or more monitoring devices, the causing changes the
configuration of the distinguished monitoring device from being
consistent with a present state of a physical configuration control
on the monitoring device to being inconsistent to the present state
of the physical configuration control.
51-62. (canceled)
63. One or more instances of computer-readable medium collectively
having contents configured to cause a computing system to perform a
method for predicting the location of a radio broadcasting device,
the method comprising: for each of three known locations: receiving
an indication of a strength at which a radio broadcast by the
device is received at the location; using the indicated strength to
estimate a range from the location of the device; determining at
least a portion of a circle about the location whose radius is the
estimated range; for each pair of the three locations: determining
a line that passes through both locations of the pair; for each
location of the pair, determining a point at which the determined
line intersects with the at least a portion of a circle determined
about the location; determining a center point between the
determined points; defining a line containing the determined center
point and the location not among the pair of locations; determining
a triangle formed by the intersection of the defined lines;
determining a centroid of the determined triangle; and predicting
that the device is located at the determined centroid.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is related to the following applications,
each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety:
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/572,373, filed on Oct.
13, 2017; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/572,379, filed
on Oct. 13, 2017; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
62/580,928, filed on Nov. 2, 2017; U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 62/643,695, filed on Mar. 15, 2018; and U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,960, filed on Jun. 29,
2018. In cases where the present patent application conflicts with
an application incorporated here by reference, the present
application controls.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Nursing homes (sometimes known by other names, such as "care
facilities" and "care homes") are residential facilities that
provide around-the-clock nursing care for elderly people
("residents," or "patients"). Most residents have health issues
that require regular attention. Many residents have limited
mobility, and are prone to falls. Some residents suffer from
communication deficits or dementia.
[0003] In a care facility, residents can be attended by nurses,
nursing assistants, other caregivers, supervisors, and a variety of
other staff. Such staff can be assigned based on the particular
health needs of individual residents; a physical area of the
facility in which each resident primarily resides; or on a variety
of other bases.
[0004] Conventionally, some residents are monitored to determine
when they leave their beds, such as residents who are prone to
falls. When such a resident's weight leaves the mattress on their
bed, an analog pressure switch opens, causing an attached monitor
device to emit a loud alarm in the resident's room intended to
alert a staff member that the resident has left their bed, and may
be at risk of a fall. The alarm may continue until a staff member
arrives to check on the resident and cancels the alarm.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] FIG. 1 is a network diagram showing a variety of components
that communicate as part of the operation of the facility.
[0006] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing some of the components
typically incorporated in at least some of the computer systems and
other devices on which the facility operates.
[0007] FIG. 3 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to
configure for a particular user the conditions that will trigger an
alarm or warning.
[0008] FIG. 4 is a display diagram showing a sample user interface
presented by the facility in some embodiments to permit a staff
member to centrally control the settings on one or more
monitors.
[0009] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing a process performed by the
facility in some embodiments to automatically infer alarm states
and/or warning states from data received about the resident from
sensors of a variety of types.
[0010] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a process performed by the
facility in some embodiments to use machine learning techniques to
associate sensor outputs proximate in time to explicit alarms with
inferred alarm states.
[0011] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a process performed by the
facility in some embodiments to perform silent dispatch of a staff
member in response to a resident alarm or warning.
[0012] FIG. 8 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to allow a
staff member user to specify a hierarchy among the staff for
prompting staff members to respond to resident alarms and
warnings.
[0013] FIG. 9 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to prompt a
staff member to respond to an alarm.
[0014] FIGS. 10A-10E are user interface diagrams showing a sample
user interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to
collect information about a resident alarm or warning and its
resolution from the staff member who responded to the alarm or
warning.
[0015] FIG. 11 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to enable
staff member user to configure alarm attributes for a particular
resident.
[0016] FIG. 12 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to show the
timing of alarms and/or warnings in a particular care facility or
area of a care facility.
[0017] FIG. 13 is a user interface diagram showing a second sample
user interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to show
the timing of alarms, warnings, and special or other types of
events that occur in a particular care facility or area of a care
facility.
[0018] FIG. 14 is a user interface diagram showing a third sample
user interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to show
the timing of alarms, warnings, and special or other events in a
particular care facility or area of a care facility.
[0019] FIG. 15 is a displayed diagram showing a display presented
by the facility in some examples to reflect storage of the second
user's annotations.
[0020] FIGS. 16A-16F are diagrams showing an additional form of
device location-finding used by the facility in some
embodiments.
[0021] FIG. 17 is a flow diagram showing a process performed at the
facility in some embodiments to track and respond to the location
of a resident.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Overview
[0022] The inventors have recognized that nursing homes and health
care facilities of other types would benefit from additional
technological assistance. Accordingly, they have conceived and
reduced to practice a software and/or hardware facility to assist
in the operation of one or more health care facilities ("the
facility"). In various embodiments, the facility provides
information that enables more thorough, effective, and/or efficient
operation of the health care facilities with respect to which it is
operated, facilitating data-driven decision making.
[0023] In some embodiments, the facility includes one or more
high-performance mattress sensor pads that reports a pressure
level--in some cases at each of multiple points or regions on the
pad. In cases where this multi-point pressure information can be
obtained from the pad, the facility uses it to detect restlessness,
the probability of future fall from bed; discern nature of bed
departure; duration and time in place; sleep stage; and assess
repositioning.
[0024] In some such embodiments, a circuit included in the pad
enables the pad to simulate the "open or closed" behavior of a more
basic pad that simply closes a circuit between two conductors if a
threshold weight level is exceeded. In particular, this circuit has
much lower power requirements than the electrical relay that might
otherwise be used.
[0025] In some embodiments, the facility uses a variety of other
sensor types to monitor the patient's location, position, and
safety, such as worn resident tracking device; and/or a fixed
motion sensor, proximity sensor, image sensor, and/or light
sensor.
[0026] In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure for each resident the conditions
that trigger an alarm. Examples of such conditions include entire
resident weight departing bed and/or chair; partial resident weight
departing bed and/or chair; explicit alarm activation by resident;
failure to depart from bed, chair, and/or toilet for more than a
threshold length of time; departure from bed/chair/toilet not
followed by arrival at bed/chair/toilet within a threshold length
of time; departure from room or portion of room; departure from
bed/chair/toilet without returning to a monitored surface for more
than a threshold amount of time; etc.
[0027] In some embodiments, the facility automatically infers alarm
states from data received about the resident from sensors of a
variety of types. In some embodiments, the facility uses machine
learning techniques to associate sensor outputs proximate in time
to explicit alarms with inferred alarm states.
[0028] In some embodiments, the facility automatically infers
warning states reflecting probable imminent resident needs from
data received about the resident from sensors of a variety of
types.
[0029] In some embodiments, the facility responds to an alarm or
warning condition, such as a departure from bed, in a way that
summons a staff member without creating a sensory disturbance for
that resident, or for other people nearby, such as by selectively
prompting staff members using portable devices carried by them. In
some embodiments, the facility uses rules and associated
information to choose the staff member initially summoned, and to
summon additional staff members until a staff member accepts the
alarm. In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure for each resident which staff
members are summoned for alarms raised for the resident, in some
cases differently based on the type of the alarm.
[0030] In some embodiments, after a staff member accepts the alarm,
the facility conducts a survey with the staff member to collect
information about the alarm and its resolution. In some
embodiments, the facility stores the collected information for
further analysis, such as to assess response time and other staff
performance metrics; infer information about the resident such as
bathroom frequency/schedule; referral suggestions in light of
observed resident information; etc.
[0031] In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure alarm attributes for each
resident. Examples of such attributes are silent/audible;
visible/non-visible; volume level; duration; sound type;
speech/non-speech; etc.
[0032] In some embodiments, the facility provides a visual user
interface that shows the alarms (or warnings, or alarms and
warnings) that have occurred over time relative to a timeline. In
various embodiments, these are for a single, selected resident; a
group of residents, such as those who reside in a particular area
of the health care facility, or are in a particular category of
residents based on, for example, their care needs; or all of the
residents in the health care facility.
[0033] In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure voice behavior cues for each
resident to suggest actions to him or her, such as "wait by the
bed" or "use your walker."
[0034] In some embodiments, the facility tracks the physical
location of some or more residents, and uses this information to
assess whether any resident has left or is in the process of
leaving an area in which they should stay. In cases where a
resident is, the facility automatically generates an alarm or
warning to cause the intervention of a staff member. In some
embodiments, the facility tracks the physical location of staff
members in the same or similar ways, such as to monitor their
performance of rounds, alarm and warning responses, and other
responsibilities that involve movement through the health care
facility.
[0035] By performing in some or all of these ways, the facility
assist the operator of a health care facility to provide more
consistent, personalized, and valuable care to its residents.
[0036] Also, in various embodiments, the facility provides
important benefits, as follows:
The SURE.RTM. Monitors Patient Risks, Aids a Nurse's Response, and
Provides Reports and Documentation.
[0037] The SUREnursing.TM. advisor monitors bed, chair, wheelchair,
toilet presence and unexpected movement to rise: It notifies a
nurse when a timely response is needed.
[0038] The SUREnursing informatics are relevant to understanding,
anticipating and responding to patient needs. And reporting
outcomes.
[0039] More, SUREnursing reports gives supervisors and managers at
all levels valuable information they have never seen before about
performance.
8 Ways the SUREnursing.TM. Advisor can Make a Difference
[0040] Enhanced Patient Care; Better Informed Individual Care; More
Proactive Nursing Management; Better Nursing Collaboration; Better
Records, Validation and Reporting; Better General Management;
Reduction in Wasted Cost; and Expected Economic Impact.
Enhanced Patient Care
[0041] Quiet Notifications: Won't startle the resident, the
roommate or the family members. Notifications are received on
responder's handheld device, desktop, or laptop.
[0042] Facilitates Uninterrupted sleep.
[0043] Dignity: Located under the mattress or chair pad, it less
likely to attract awareness or unneeded comment.
[0044] Comfort: Under mattress/chair pad location moves vinyl
sensor away from the skin.
[0045] Validates each nurses response to a notification.
Better Informed Staff for Individual Care
[0046] Shift change dashboard reviews residents past 24-hour
activity pattern. In case of incident, immediate documentation
supports details of event.
[0047] Notifies designated unit nurses of risk events quietly on
their digital device.
[0048] Records nursing response to resident risk notification while
documenting related nursing presence with the resident.
[0049] Escalates notifications to a second responder when the lead
responder is busy.
[0050] Lets each team member know who is responding.
[0051] Helps supervisors with patient care nursing time management
by showing periods of higher and lower nursing response
activity.
[0052] In case of a fall, a questionnaire for the responder
provides near time event information supporting further
documentation and team collaboration on remedial actions
needed.
[0053] Helps professional staff to assess dementia resident needs:
toileting, hydration, pain, possible UTI, etc.
More Proactive Nursing Management
[0054] It starts shift with a computer screen dashboard for a unit
or a facility of the last 24 hours of resident bed, chair or
wheelchair risk activity with an ability to drill down to specific
time and resident.
[0055] Provides informatics for real time team collaboration and
timely care plan adjustments.
[0056] Provides a view of nurses signed in to the SURE.RTM. system,
and alerts to a supervisor if no one is signed in or confirms an
intended notification response in a timely manner.
[0057] Provides a desk top overview of SURE system units,
availability, location, and functionality, i.e., plugged in,
battery status, etc.
[0058] Notifies supervisors to residents past due for
reposition.
[0059] Helps guide direct staff to better self manage time and work
flow.
[0060] More efficient new-resident care due to immediate baseline
data.
[0061] More comprehensive information to share with physicians and
families.
Better Nursing Collaboration
[0062] Individualized data coupled with the professional intuitive
skills of those closest to the resident or patient facilitates
optimal decision making on a real time basis.
[0063] Finding residents in wheel chairs in designated areas.
[0064] Facilitates the assignment of individual responsibility and
accountability.
[0065] Can help evaluations with individual performance
information.
Better Records, Validation and Reporting
[0066] It starts the day with a computer screen dashboard showing
of the last 24 hours of resident risk activity and nursing
response.
[0067] Helps guide nurse assignments and scheduling by nurse
supervisors. Can facilitate custom nursing assignments by
specialty, patient need and preference.
[0068] Validates daily charting for Medicare and Medicaid
documentation.
[0069] Supports the screening results and confirms MDS coding.
[0070] More efficient new-resident care due to immediate baseline
data.
[0071] More comprehensive information to share with physicians and
families.
Better General Management
[0072] It starts the day with a computer dashboard of a facility,
or group of facilities summarizing data by faculty and units with
the user defined ability to drill down to individual patients and
moments in time. Shows fall sand number of notifications to
reposition. Probable earlier awareness and better documentation for
remedial action.
[0073] Validates daily charting for Medicare and Medicaid
documentation.
[0074] Supports the screening results and confirms MDS coding.
[0075] More timely new-resident care planning due to immediate
baseline data.
[0076] Better data for care plans and survey preparation.
[0077] Ever present ready information to share with physicians and
families.
[0078] Better goal setting and QAPIs related to skin, falls and
risk management.
[0079] Supports the budget process.
Reduces Wasted Cost
[0080] Helps supervisors and DON's with nursing time management by
showing periods of higher and lower resident response activity, and
relative location.
[0081] Provides a focused notification to allow one person to
respond to an alert, and escalation if the designated lead
responder reports as busy.
[0082] With placement of an intelligent sensor pad under a mattress
or chair pad time is saved: repositioning the pad; and cleaning the
pad when it has not been soiled.
Economic Impact
[0083] Creates awareness and documents unnoticed increases in care
levels--increased reimbursement.
[0084] Better records and validation>faster preparation of
MDS--higher star ratings>greater reimbursement>more
admissions.
[0085] Better reputation in the healthcare network>more
admissions>greater revenue.
[0086] Improve nursing efficiencies. Less wasted effort.
[0087] Improved patient outcomes can lead to more private pay
referrals.
[0088] Better nursing management can lead to higher nurse
retention.
Facility Components
[0089] FIG. 1 is a network diagram showing a variety of components
that communicate as part of the operation of the facility. While
connections between these components are shown by unbroken lines,
those skilled in the art will appreciate that components may be
connected by wired connections, wireless radio connections, optical
connections, etc., or multiple of these.
[0090] In some embodiments, the facility includes one or more
pressure sensor pads 121, placed on or in or incorporated into a
bed, a chair, a couch, a daybed, a wheelchair, a toilet seat, a
toilet base, etc. In some embodiments, the pressure sensor pad
incorporates a padding element above the pressure sensors, below
the pressure sensors, or both.
[0091] In some embodiments, the pressure sensor pad has a
calibration unit that is permanently or semi-permanently integrated
into the pad. In some embodiments, the calibration unit is
detachable from the pad, such that the same calibration unit can be
used with multiple pads, including multiple pads that are
simultaneously deployed in multiple locations within the health
care facility, or a series of pads that are deployed in the same
health care facility location over time.
[0092] In some embodiments, the facility automatically resupplies
pressure sensor pads to a health care facility based upon their
predicted or sensed end of life. In some embodiments, the
resupplied pressure sensing pads are labeled with the particular
location in the health care facility of the pad they are to
replace, such as a particular room or bed number. In some
embodiments, the resupplied pads are mailed in individual packages
that are designed to be reused to return the used pad that has been
replaced for refurbishing or disposal. In some embodiments, the
operator of the facility charges the health care facility a fixed
periodic fee for each pad irrespective of when or how frequently
they are replaced.
[0093] These pressure pads communicate with a monitor device 110,
which are in some embodiments provisioned at the level of one for
each resident, one for each pair of residents, one for each room,
etc. The monitor device communicates information from the pressure
pad to a local server 140, where the facility analyzes and
processes this information. For example, the local server may
recognize in the communicated information an alarm condition or a
warning condition, which it uses to notify one or more staff
portable devices 132 of an alarm that requires response, in some
cases via a cloud server 150. The staff portable devices can be,
for example, smart phones, tablets, smart badges or watches, etc.
In some embodiments, the local server also communicates with the
cloud server 150 to notify staff members or for additional
purposes, such as to log information for backup purposes; aggregate
and analyze data collected by multiple local servers at different
locations; etc. In some embodiments, processing burdens are
distributed between the local server and the cloud server on the
basis of needed response time, such that tasks that are needed to
be performed with a small response time are performed on the local
server, while tasks that can tolerate longer response times are
performed on the cloud server.
[0094] In some embodiments, the monitor device also communicates
with additional nearby sensors, such as sensors in the same room:
one or more motion sensors 122; one or more proximity sensors 123;
one or more image sensors 124; one or more light sensors 125; one
or more door contact sensors 126; one or more current or power draw
sensors 127 for sensing the level of current or power being drawn
by an electrical device plugged into a particular outlet; and one
or more third-party devices 128 designed to report information to
and/or through the facility and its network. Output from the
sensors, too, is conveyed to the local server, and the cloud
server, and is there stored and analyzed to identify alarm or
warning conditions.
[0095] In some embodiments, the monitor device also interacts with
the staff portable devices and/or resident tracking devices (such
as a pendant or watch worn by a resident) in order to track the
location of staff members and residents, respectively.
[0096] In some embodiments, some or all of the pressure sensor pads
used by the facility are high-performance mattress sensor pads that
reports a pressure level--in some cases at each of multiple points
or regions on the pad. In various embodiments, these points or
regions are arrayed laterally, longitudinally, in a t-shape, or in
a grid relative to the supportive area of the mattress. In cases
where this multi-point pressure information can be obtained from
the pad, the facility uses it to detect restlessness, the
probability of future fall from bed; discern nature of bed
departure; duration and time in place; and assess repositioning. In
some such embodiments, a circuit included in the pad enables the
pad to simulate the "open or closed" behavior of a more basic pad
that simply closes a circuit between two conductors if a threshold
weight level is exceeded. In particular, this output processing is
performed using a diode network and a transistor, which has much
lower power requirements than the electrical relay that might
otherwise be used.
[0097] In some embodiments, the high-performance pad incorporates a
micro controller (MCU) that has one or more Analog to Digital
Converters ("ADCs"). Initialization: The MCU, coming out of its
reset state, starts with a clean slate and has no knowledge of past
pressures. In order to initialize itself, the MCU takes a reading
of the pad pressure. The following variables are then defined and
all are set to the current reading: [0098] lastReading: Working
value which always contains the last known pad reading [0099]
averageReading: A rolling average of the last four reading to
provide data smoothing [0100] recordHigh: Upper threshold
representing the lowest pressure recorded (dynamically adjusted) as
calibrated by a user [0101] recordLow: Lower threshold representing
the highest pressure recorded (dynamically adjusted)
[0102] Once initialized, the facility places the MCU into a sleep
mode in which it wakes up on a periodic basis, such as once per 256
milliseconds.
[0103] Wake Reading and Check: On wake the MCU performs the
following operations: [0104] Perform a new pad reading and set the
lastReading variable to this value [0105] Set the
averageReading=((3*lastReading)+averageReading)/4 [0106] If the
lastReading is less than the recordLow then set
recordLow=lastReading
[0107] This updates all variables in order to be prepped for the
remaining logic. At this point, the MCU makes a decision if it has
gathered enough data in order to execute the remaining logic or if
it needs to go back to sleep; a newly initialized MCU will have a
recordHigh=recordLow=averageReading, and if they aren't exactly
equal, they are often very close in value, which creates an error
condition. In this state a large enough range of pressures have not
been recorded therefor an in bed or out of bed cannot be
determined, which causes the system to default to the failsafe
deactivated condition. In order to adapt to different
responsivenesses of pad materials, a hard upper limit is set to 2%
of the total range from 0 to recordHigh. This allows a signal that
is slowly approaching recordHigh without even reaching it to be
recaptured and encoded as an out of bed signal. This allows the
dynamic calibration system to avoid endlessly adjusting to a very
slowly decaying signal that manages to keep within the
Transitioning region.
[0108] Region Calculation: Once the MCU has determined the
recordHigh and recordLow values have diverged sufficiently, the
facility executes the pressure regions logic. In this step, the MCU
calculates three regions:
TABLE-US-00001 Region Calculation Percentage Deactivated High
recordHigh 15% Deactivated Low recordHigh - ((recordHigh - 15%
recordLow)*0.15) Transitioning High recordHigh - ((recordHigh - 70%
recordLow)*0.15) Transitioning Low recordLow + ((recordHigh - 70%
recordLow)*0.15) Activated High recordLow + ((recordHigh - 15%
recordLow)*0.15) Activated Low recordLow 15%
[0109] Pad State Determination: The Deactivated and Activated
regions comprise the upper and lower 33% respectfully of the
observed values. While averageReading is in the Activated region
the pad outputs a Pad Activated signal that someone is on the pad.
While averageReading is in the Deactivated region the pad outputs a
Pad Deactivated signal that someone is not on the pad. The last
region, Transitioning, is ignored in this step of the logic, but
used later to dynamically calibrate to new conditions. Typically
the averageReading travels through the Transitioning region quickly
to one of the other two.
[0110] Dynamic Calibration: In an ideal situation the above stated
steps would be sufficient for full pad operation. If this was the
case recordHigh would be the tare weight of the mattress and
recordLow would represent the weight of the patient plus mattress.
During real-world usage, events sometimes occur which push the
recordHigh and recordLow briefly to extremes which do not represent
their intended representations. This could results from a staff
member remaking a bed and accidentally leaning too hard on the
mattress while tucking in the far corner. If these outlier events
were not accounted for, the pad would function for a time, but
could slowly become less and less reliable. In order to rectify
this comment some embodiments the facility uses the Transition
region calculated earlier to adjust the record values. For every
wake cycle in which the averageReading is within the Transitioning
region the following adjustments are made:
recordLow=recordLow+((recordHigh-recordLow)/64)
[0111] Transitioning region is recalculated form the formulas
above
[0112] This moves each record value .about.1.5% of their difference
towards each other, narrowing the distance between these values. If
a much lower high or much high low is observed than previously
these record values will start to converge until the averageReading
is once again within either the Activated or Deactivated region. In
some cases this convergence may take a minute, but it avoids a need
for the staff to always manually intervene in the calibration
process.
[0113] In some embodiments, the pad maintains a data connection to
the SURE Monitor that enables calibration and region data to be
transmitted to the cloud server for storage and later analysis. As
this is a 2-way data connection, the cloud server is capable of
sending reconfiguration commands via the monitor to the pad's MCU.
This allows the formula and timings above to be reconfigured on the
fly, enabling the usage of pads for special applications, such as
detecting seizures or other medical or behavioral conditions.
[0114] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing some of the components
typically incorporated in at least some of the computer systems and
other devices on which the facility operates. In various examples,
these computer systems and other devices 200 can include server
computer systems, desktop computer systems, laptop computer
systems, netbooks, mobile phones, personal digital assistants,
televisions, cameras, automobile computers, electronic media
players, etc. In various examples, the computer systems and devices
include zero or more of each of the following: a central processing
unit ("CPU") 201 for executing computer programs; a computer memory
202 for storing programs and data while they are being used,
including the facility and associated data, an operating system
including a kernel, and device drivers; a persistent storage device
203, such as a hard drive or flash drive for persistently storing
programs and data; a computer-readable media drive 204, such as a
floppy, CD-ROM, or DVD drive, for reading programs and data stored
on a computer-readable medium; and a network connection 205 for
connecting the computer system to other computer systems to send
and/or receive data, such as via the Internet or another network
and its networking hardware, such as switches, routers, repeaters,
electrical cables and optical fibers, light emitters and receivers,
radio transmitters and receivers, and the like. While computer
systems configured as described above are typically used to support
the operation of the facility, those skilled in the art will
appreciate that the facility may be implemented using devices of
various types and configurations, and having various
components.
Configurable Alarm and Warning Conditions
[0115] In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure for each resident the conditions
that trigger an alarm, and a warning. Examples of such conditions
include entire resident weight departing bed and/or chair; partial
resident weight departing bed and/or chair; weight shift in the
lateral dimension in bed or in the depth dimension in a chair; or
explicit alarm activation by resident; failure to depart from bed,
chair, and/or toilet for more than a threshold length of time;
departure from bed/chair/toilet not followed by arrival at
bed/chair/toilet within a threshold length of time; departure from
room or portion of room; etc.
Per Patient-Type Configurations
[0116] FIG. 3 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to
configure for a particular user the conditions that will trigger an
alarm or warning. The user interface 300 includes information 310
identifying the resident. A staff member user can use interaction
table 320 to specify warning and alarm conditions. In particular,
column 321 of the table identifies events, many of which are based
upon sensor output. For each event, the user can check the
corresponding box in warning column 322 to incorporate that event
as a warning condition for the resident. The user can similarly
check the corresponding box in alarm column 323 to incorporate that
event as an alarm condition for the resident. For example, it can
be seen in rows 332-334 that, in the resident's bed, a weight shift
or a partial departure triggers a warning, while a full departure
triggers an alarm. Further, row 331 shows that explicit alarm
activation events always result in alarm. Once the user has
adjusted the checkboxes in columns 322 and 323 to reflect the
appropriate warning alarm conditions for this resident, the user
can activate submit control 390 to update the alarm and warning
conditions for this resident. In some embodiments, these settings
are also applied to an area of rooms in order to more efficiently
and quickly setup an entire wing or unit in a health care facility
with better default values.
[0117] In some embodiments, the facility permits each room, bed, or
resident to be configured for various monitoring modes, such as
fall monitoring, activity monitoring, combined fall and activity
monitoring, or standby (monitoring disabled). For residents who are
a fall risk, the fall monitoring mode alerts staff members that
such a resident is standing or walking unassisted, or if sensor
readings predict that they are attempting to rise to their feet.
Activity monitoring mode monitors for detrimental activities and
warns staff members when they occur. This can help staff members,
for example, reduce the likelihood of decubitus ulcers by warning
when a resident has been sitting too long, or has been lying in the
same position for an extended period of time. In an independent
living scenario, this same activity monitoring can be used to
determine unusual resident activity such as a resident getting up
in the middle of the night for a bathroom visit, but not returning
to bed after 20 minutes. In a rehabilitation center, this mode can
be used to notify staff of those residents who are spending too
much time sitting or lying around when they should be up and about.
In these scenarios, the facility uses threshold warnings in which a
staff member sets a timer for either activity or lack of activity;
if the timer expires, a staff member is warned. Staff can also
enable a second tier warning that triggers after additional time
from the first timer. For example, a staff member may set a primary
timer to alert if a pressure injury patient sits for more than 2
hours. A secondary escalated warning can be set to activate at
1.1.times. the original timer--or 12 minutes after the 2 hours--if
not attending to correctly from the first warning.
[0118] The facility also or instead permits staff members to
interact with physical controls to configure a particular monitor
assigned to a resident to the particular needs of that resident.
For example, in some embodiments, each monitor has a set of
physical controls--such as a DIP switch array inside the monitor's
battery cover--that allows for the configuration of settings such
as alert delay, voice playback enabled, bed/floor pad toggle,
latching/nonlatching alarms, tone selection, volume level, etc. In
some embodiments, the facility permits staff members to override
these physical controls via a computing system, such as via web
site. This can be done for individual rooms or beds, or for groups
of rooms or beds. In some embodiments, the facility logs these
modifications, making them traceable to the user who made the
change.
[0119] FIG. 4 is a display diagram showing a sample user interface
presented by the facility in some embodiments to permit a staff
member to centrally control the settings on one or more monitors.
In the user interface 400, an area name control 401 enables the
user to identify an area of the health care facility whose monitors
are affected by the monitor setting changes made using the user
interface. The user interface further includes a devices
configuration heading 402 under which device configurations can be
changed. The user interface further includes a monitor heading 403
under which monitor settings can be altered. The user interface
further includes control 404 that can be used to specify a mode in
which the pad is to operate; in some embodiments, these include:
(1) Fall Monitoring--intended for individuals classified as a fall
risk by the care facility. All sensors are actively monitored for
movement and recorded. Departure from a surface without a staff
member's assistance, or other similar sensor indicated risky
movements, will result in an alert being generated and sent to
devices carried by staff members. This mode also includes the
additional Activity Monitoring items below; (2) Activity
Monitoring--intended for individuals not classified as a fall risk
and therefor does not produce surface departure alerts to staff
members. Sensor data is monitored and recorded for movement
recording and trending purposes, primarily to be used to generate
warnings for staff members of undesirable situations (e.g. in a
chair too long which could be causing skin breakdown, detection of
restless sleep, etc.). This mode can also be used to provide better
individualized care as patterns can be identified which assist
staff members in better times for toileting, check-ins, meals,
etc.; and (3) Standby--intended to completely disable the
monitoring and recording of sensor data. No alerts or warnings will
be generated from this monitor. This mode allows the monitor to
remain plugged in when not needed which helps maintain the
integrity of the mesh data network.
[0120] The user interface further includes a pad type control 405
that can be used to specify the type of pad deployed, such as "Bed
Pad," "Floor Pad," or "Chair Pad." The user interface further
includes a control 406 that can be used to specify whether, for
each of the monitors in the area identified by the user using the
area name control, the tab is disabled; a control 407 that can be
used to specify whether the alarms are latching or nonlatching; a
control 408 that can be used to specify a period of time before the
alert is signaled; and a control 409 that can be used to specify
the type of alert that is to be signaled. The user interface
further includes a save control 410 to save the setting changes
made using the user interface, and a cancel control 411 to cancel
the setting changes made using the user interface.
Inferred Alarm and Warning Conditions
[0121] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing a process performed by the
facility in some embodiments to automatically infer alarm states
and/or warning states from data received about the resident from
sensors of a variety of types. In act 501, the facility accesses
sensor outputs for the resident, such as those collected from one
or more monitors by the local server. In act 502, the facility
applies inference rules to sensor outputs in order to obtain
inferred alarm and/or warning states. In act 503, the facility
creates alarms and/or warnings for the resident based upon the
states inferred in act 502. After act 503, this process
concludes.
[0122] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the acts shown
in FIG. 5 and in each of the flow diagrams discussed below may be
altered in a variety of ways. For example, the order of the acts
may be rearranged; some acts may be performed in parallel; shown
acts may be omitted, or other acts may be included; a shown act may
be divided into subacts, or multiple shown acts may be combined
into a single act, etc.
[0123] As one example, the facility observes a particular resident
over the course of 30 days to identify the following behavioral
baseline: [0124] Resident is in bed at night 7 hours 35 minutes
(.+-.14 minutes) [0125] Resident wake up 6 times (.+-.1) per night.
[0126] Resident gets out of bed 2 times (.+-.1) per night for 4
minutes (.+-.3 minutes)
[0127] Once the facility establishes this baseline, in some
embodiments it draws the following inferences from the following
further observation of this resident: [0128] Resident gets up 11
times in the middle of the night (83% increase from normal). [0129]
Resident average time in bed per night has dropped 4% night after
night for 4 nights. Last night's time in bed was only 5 hours 52
minutes: infer sleep disorder, and inform nurses. [0130] As of 2 am
resident has woken up 16 times (166% increase over typical full
night). Warn nurses something is keeping the resident from sleeping
soundly (pain related, new medication, etc.)
[0131] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing a process performed by the
facility in some embodiments to use machine learning techniques to
associate sensor outputs proximate in time to explicit alarms with
inferred alarm states. In act 601, the facility accesses
information about alarms and/or warnings created for a resident,
such as information about alarms and/or warnings stored on the
local server. In act 602, the facility accesses sensor outputs for
the resident that are proximate in time to the created alarms and
warnings whose information was accessed in act 601. In act 603,
four sensor outputs having strong correlation to the alarms or
warnings, the facility creates inference rules that infer the alarm
a warning from the correlated sensor outputs. After act 603, this
process concludes.
[0132] In some embodiments, the facility predicts an imminent
resident need using a pattern from a single sensor over a period of
time; in some embodiments, the facility uses a pattern observed
among an array of sensors, including such sensors as pressure pads
in beds, chairs, wheelchairs, and sofas; door contact sensors on
exterior doors, bedroom door, and bathroom door; and motion sensors
in major travel areas.
[0133] An example of using patterns in data from a single sensor to
predict imminent resident need involves a multiple-zone bed
pressure pad sensor, which can detect where a patient is in the bed
and how they are moving around. This sensor splits the width of the
bed into section with each section reporting its relative pressure.
By observing the pattern of the data from these sections, the
facility makes predictions for a patient getting into bed,
restlessness, turning or lack thereof, and movement indicative of
imminent bed exit as follows: [0134] 1. Gets into bed from the
right side sitting on the edge. [0135] 2. Lays down into the middle
of the bed. [0136] 3. Rolls to the far left side of the bed. [0137]
4. Rolls back to the middle and begins to fidget [0138] 5. Exits
the bed on the right side Between events 4 and 5, the facility uses
prior patterns of observations to predict the resident's exit, and
alerts staff members to attend to the resident.
[0139] In some embodiments, the facility is used in conjunction
with a process for issuing visitor badges to visitors. In various
embodiments, this badge-issuing process is automatic,
semi-automatic, or manual. According to the process, when a visitor
arrives to visit a particular resident, the resident and visitor's
identity are recorded, together with the arrival time. The visitor
is issued a badge that visually identifies the visitor, including
in some cases an identification of the resident being visited, the
arrival time, visitor's name, visitor's photo, etc. In some
embodiments, the badge or a holder in which the badge is placed
contains a tracking mechanism, such as an RFID beacon, a Bluetooth
low energy beacon, etc.
[0140] In some embodiments, the facility identifies some or all of
the sensor outputs for the visited resident during the visit period
that are to be ignored for purposes of generating an alarm; that
are to be ignored for purposes of identifying resident behavior
patterns; or both. In some embodiments, the facility identifies
this period based upon the presence of the tracking device in the
patient's room, near the patient's bed, etc. In some embodiments,
the facility assumes that the visit will last a predetermined
amount of time after the visitor's arrival, such as two hours. In
some embodiments, the process prompts or requires the visitor to
check out on exit, and the period is ended at this time. In some
embodiments, the facility ignores all sensor outputs during the
period for one or both purposes. In some embodiments, the facility
automatically identifies a proper subset of the sensor outputs
during the period to ignore based on, for example, the specific
location and/or movement patterns of the badge beacon; the typical
behavior patterns of the resident; observations made by staff
members about where the visitor is in the room at certain points;
etc.
Silent Dispatch
[0141] In some embodiments, the facility responds to an alarm or
warning condition, such as a departure from bed, in a way that
summons a staff member without creating a sensory disturbance for
that resident, or for other people nearby, such as by selectively
prompting staff members using portable devices carried by them. In
some such embodiments, the facility uses portable devices carried
by staff members--such as smartphones--to selectively prompt a
certain staff member to attend to the resident who is the subject
of the alarm. In some cases, the facility uses a set of rules to
select the staff member who is initially prompted, such as by
selecting a staff member assigned directly to the resident; a staff
member assigned to a physical area where the resident is located,
or in which the resident is assigned to reside; a staff member who
is assigned to a certain type of activity; a staff member whose
present location is nearest the resident; and/or a staff member who
has gone the longest since handling a tracked action. If the
prompted staff member is available to attend to the alarm, s/he can
use his or her portable device to accept the alarm. If the prompted
staff member does not accept the alarm, one or more additional
staff members are summoned. In some embodiments, the facility
provides a mechanism that allows staff members to configure for
each resident which staff members are summoned for alarms raised
for the resident, in some cases differently based on the type of
the alarm.
[0142] In some embodiments, a health care facility organizes its
staff using a tree hierarchy of nested areas. The top of this tree
is a single health care facility whose children are defined by the
organizational strategy of the health care facility in question.
For example, in a tree in particular a health care facility, the
root mode may have four child nodes called wings, each wing having
two child nodes called units, each unit node having four child
nodes called bays, and each bay node having child nodes called
beds. In a simpler instance, a tree health care facility includes a
six root node having units as child nodes, each of those unit nodes
having rooms as child nodes. This hierarchy of areas allows the
device to be assigned at the lowest level--such as rooms--and staff
members to be assigned at any level in the hierarchy.
[0143] Utilizing the nested area hierarchy defined above, when an
alert is generated at a device, the facility assigns that alert to
the area associated with the device. The facility then begins to
look for staff members assigned to that area in order to dispatch a
request for action. If no staff members are found assigned to that
area the area's parent in the hierarchy is found and the
notification system proceeds in a similar manner. If this parent
area also has no staff members assigned its parent is then found
and the process continues until all levels of the hierarchy are
exhausted or somebody is able to address the alarm. In addition to
walking up this escalation hierarchy, in some embodiments the
facility also uses a three tier system of responder levels. Each
staff member is assigned a responder level by their administration.
In a typical scenario, staff members on the floor responding to
alarms are assigned as a first level responder. Unit managers or
managers of the floor staff would be assigned as second level
responders. The Director of Nursing or health care facility wide
administrator would be assigned as a third level responder.
[0144] In some embodiments, the facility walks up the area
hierarchy but for each step it also progresses through the
responder levels from first to second to third. This allows upper
management to only be notified of an alarm if lower level staff
have not responded appropriately.
[0145] The facility typically relies upon the currently logged in
users, the devices they are using to connect, and the connectivity
status of those devices. In some embodiments, only those staff
members who are logged in and activity connected will be included
in the alert escalation system described above.
[0146] In some embodiments, each logged in device checks in with
the servers every 60 seconds. If a device does not check in for 2
minutes, the facility removes the device and the user logged into
that device from the list of staff members available for responding
to an alarm. This typically happens if the device is moved out of
Wi-Fi range, but can also occur due to an Internet outage, an empty
device battery, or someone turning the device off without logging
out. As soon as the device resumes its 60 second check-ins, the
device and user are returned to the list of available staff members
without requiring the user to reauthenticate.
[0147] In the event that no staff members are available to receive
an alert (whether due to lack of logins, or all logged in staff
members being busy), the facility will not have the means to
silently call for help on behalf of the resident. In this scenario,
the facility triggers a failsafe mechanism, signaling the monitor
in the room to ignore the silent mode selection and begin to
audibly alarm in an attempt to get the attention of the physically
closest staff.
[0148] In some embodiments, in the event that no staff members are
available to receive an alert, the health care facility
administrator can be configured to receive emails, text messages,
and/or phone calls. This can help notify health care facility
administration that something is amiss at the location.
[0149] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a process performed by the
facility in some embodiments to perform silent dispatch of a staff
member in response to a resident alarm or warning. In act 701, the
facility detects an alarm or warning condition for a resident. In
act 702, the facility uses a response hierarchy, or other rules, to
select a staff member to prompt to accept and respond to the alarm
or warning. In act 703, the facility uses a portable device of the
selected staff member to prompt this staff member to accept the
resident's alarm warning. In act 704, if the staff member selected
in act 703 accepts the alarm or warning within a threshold period
of time, such as 30 seconds, then the facility continues in act
705, else the facility continues in act 702 to select another staff
member to prompt.
[0150] In act 705, the facility prompts the selected staff member
to close the alarm or warning once the staff member has checked on
the resident and resolved any matters of concern. In act 706, if a
configured amount of time for the prompted staff member to respond
has elapsed since prompting, then the facility continues in act
702, else the facility continues in act 707. In act 707, if the
selected staff member closes the alarm or warning, then the
facility continues in act 708, else the facility continues in act
706. In act 708, the facility prompts the selected staff member to
complete a survey regarding the alarm or warning and its
resolution. In act 709, when the selected staff member completes
such a survey, the facility continues in act 710. In some
embodiments, the facility continues in act 710 even where no survey
is completed. In act 710, the facility stores details of the alarm
warning for later reference and/or analysis. After act 701, this
process concludes.
[0151] FIG. 8 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to allow a
staff member user to specify a hierarchy among the staff for
prompting staff members to respond to resident alarms and warnings.
User interface 800 identifies several groups of one or more staff
members 811-819. For each of these groups, the user may enter a
number indicating the precedence of this group in the staff
prompting cycle for an alarm or warning. Based upon the numbers
shown in the drawing, when an alarm warning occurs, the nursing
assistant on duty who is assigned to the resident is prompted
first. If this nursing assistant affirmatively declines or fails to
accept during the threshold amount of time, then the facility
prompts the nearest nursing assistant, and then other nearby
nursing assistants, and so on.
[0152] FIG. 9 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to prompt a
staff member to respond to an alarm. The user interface 900
includes a prominent indication 910 that the staff members being
prompted about a resident alarm. Information 920 identifies the
resident and/or area who is the subject of the alarm, and her
location. Indications 931-932 reflect the type of the alarm, and
the time at which it was raised. The staff member may activate
control 941 to accept the alarm, or activate control 942 to decline
the alarm. If the staff member does neither for the threshold
amount of time, in some embodiments the facility removes the prompt
from the display, as the prompt is at this time reassigned by the
facility to a different staff member.
Post-Alarm Survey
[0153] In some embodiments, after a staff member accepts the alarm,
the facility conducts a survey with the staff member to collect
information about the alarm and its resolution. In some
embodiments, the facility stores the collected information for
further analysis, such as to identify physical hazards that lead to
frequent falls, assess response time and other staff performance
metrics; infer information about the resident such as bathroom
frequency/schedule; referral suggestions in light of observed
resident information; etc.
[0154] In some embodiments, after a staff member declines an alarm,
that staff member is marked a busy for the next several minutes.
Staff members who accept an alarm are also marked as busy until the
alarm they accepted is resolved. This allows subsequent alarms to
skip these staff members so that they can complete whatever task
they are activity working on with fewer interruptions. This also
speeds the process of alarm escalation by targeting staff members
most likely to be available to respond.
[0155] FIGS. 10A-10E are user interface diagrams showing a sample
user interface presented by the facility in some embodiments to
collect information about a resident alarm or warning and its
resolution from the staff member who responded to the alarm or
warning. FIG. 10A shows a first display 1010 containing a question
about why the resident left their bed or chair. The staff member
user can select any of reasons 1011-1016, which are configurable by
the health care facility. In response, the facility transitions to
a second display of the user interface.
[0156] FIG. 10B shows the second display 1020 containing a question
about whether the resident fell to the floor. The user can select a
positive response 1021 or negative response 1022. In response, the
facility transitions to a third display of the user interface.
[0157] FIG. 10C shows the third display 1030 containing a question
about the reason for the fall. The user can select any of reasons
1031-1036, or may enter another reason into box 1037 and activate
control 1038. In response, the facility transitions to a fourth
display of the user interface.
[0158] FIG. 10D shows the fourth display 1040 containing a question
about whether the resident was injured when s/he fell. The user can
select a positive response 1041 or negative response and 42. In
response, the facility transitions to a fifth display of the user
interface.
[0159] FIG. 10E shows the fifth display 1050 containing a summary
of the responses to the survey's questions. If the listed
information is accurate, the user can activate a submit control
1051 in order to complete the survey. If any information is
inaccurate, the user can activate a back control 1052 to revise his
or her responses.
Per-Patient Alarm Attributes
[0160] In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure alarm attributes for each
resident. Examples of such attributes are silent/audible;
visible/non-visible; volume level; duration; sound type;
speech/non-speech; etc.
[0161] FIG. 11 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to enable
staff member user to configure alarm attributes for a particular
resident. The user interface 1100 includes identifying and location
information 1110 for the resident. It further lists alarm
attributes 1121-1128, which the user may select for the user. For
example, as shown, silent alarms are selected for this resident,
and visible alarms are also selected.
Timeline View of Alarms
[0162] In some embodiments, the facility provides a visual user
interface that shows the alarms (or warnings, or alarms and
warnings) that have occurred over time relative to a timeline. In
various embodiments, these are for a single, selected resident; a
group of residents, such as those who reside in a particular area
of the health care facility, or are in a particular category of
residents based on, for example, their care needs; or all of the
residents in the health care facility. In some cases, certain types
of alarms (and/or warnings) are shown in their own color or
pattern. In some embodiments, a staff member can click on a point
in the timeline view to display additional detail about the alarms
and warnings to which that point relates.
[0163] FIG. 12 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to show the
timing of alarms and/or warnings in a particular health care
facility or area of a health care facility. The user interface 1200
includes a heading 1201 indicating that the user interface shows
the timing of alarms that occurred in a "Wing C" area of a health
care facility on Aug. 15, 2017. The user interface shows a timeline
1210 representing the span of time during that day, and contains
stacks of rectangles such as stack 1211 at various points on the
timeline showing alarms that occurred at that time. Taller stack
reflect larger numbers of alarms at the same time. In some
embodiments, the facility causes certain rectangles to have colors,
patterns, etc. reflecting different alarm attributes, such as alarm
type, alarm resolution type, alarm resolution time, alarm versus
warning, etc. In some embodiments, the user can select a rectangle
or stack rectangles to display more detailed information about the
corresponding alarm or group of alarms.
[0164] FIG. 13 is a user interface diagram showing a second sample
user interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to show
the timing of alarms, warnings, and special or other types of
events that occur in a particular health care facility or area of a
health care facility. The user interface 1300 shows a per-room
timeline view reflecting what occurs in each of multiple rooms over
the course of a period of time, such as a day. Timeline 1350 for
the resident in room 107P shows that this resident had a very
restful morning with no interruptions, and woke about 7:30 a.m. On
the other hand, timeline 1360 for the resident in room 501A shows
that this resident had a very restless night with many sleep
interruptions, many of which are accompanied by bed exists that
lasted several minutes before returning to bed. Timeline 1370 shows
activity in room 5088, which is having sensor hardware or sensor
network issues, as it has not maintained a reliable data connection
for the majority of the day shown. In some embodiments, in
response, the facility generates a trigger for staff to investigate
this issue.
[0165] FIG. 14 is a user interface diagram showing a third sample
user interface provided by the facility in some embodiments to show
the timing of alarms, warnings, and special or other events in a
particular health care facility or area of a health care facility.
In user interface 1400, events are aggregated across a group of
rooms, such as all of the rooms in a health care facility, across
the course of a day. This can be effective to identify peak time of
the day for alerts, and determining what number of these were
attended by staff as opposed to residents returning to a bed or
chair on their own.
Resident Behavior Cues
[0166] In some embodiments, the facility provides a mechanism that
allows staff members to configure voice behavior cues for each
resident to suggest actions to him or her, such as "wait by the
bed" or "use your walker."
[0167] FIG. 15 is a user interface diagram showing a sample user
interface provided by the facility some embodiments to enable a
staff member user to configure a voice behavior Q4 particular
resident. User interface 1500 includes information 1510 identifying
the resident and her location. It further includes a field 1520
into which the user can enter a voice behavior cue to be issued to
the resident in certain circumstances, such as when she departs her
bed. In some embodiments, the facility uses a text-to-speech
capability of the monitor device to output this voice cue to the
resident. In some embodiments (not shown), a particular resident's
monitor device stores passages of speech recorded specifically for
this resident, such as by a relative of the resident. In such
embodiment, this user interface shows a summary or transcription of
each of these passages, and allows the user to select among them.
After specifying the voice cue for the resident, the user activates
a submit control 1590 in order to complete the configuration.
Patient and Staff Member Location Tracking
[0168] In some embodiments, the facility tracks the physical
location of some or more residents, such as by performing
trilateration with respect to a radio beacon broadcast by a
transmitter embodied in an object worn by a resident, such as using
radio receivers such as those incorporated into monitor devices. In
some embodiments, the facility also uses radio repeaters for this
purpose. In some embodiments, the facility recurringly compares
each resident's location to regions of the health care facility in
which the resident should or should not be present, and uses the
results of these comparisons to generate alarms or warnings where
the resident has departed a region in which s/he should be present
or is on a path to do so, and/or where the resident has entered a
region in which s/he should not be present or is on a path to do
so.
[0169] Some devices move about the health care facility, including
wheelchair fall monitors installed in wheelchairs, and call
pendants worn around the neck of residents. Because these devices
are mobile they are not assigned to a static location within the
health care facility's location hierarchy. Some embodiment, the
facility identifies the location of these devices using the
wireless radios contained inside of them. When an alarm is
generated, the data is sent to the server for processing and a
local radio broadcast is sent to all mesh devices in the immediate
area in order to determine approximate distances. The associated
statically-assigned device ids and approximate distances are then
sent to the server where an algorithm determines the approximate
location of the alarming device using trilateration or weighted
average calculations. This estimated location is then correlated to
the health care facility map to determine which nested area it is
contained within. This allows the system to notify staff members in
the immediate vicinity of the alarm instead of sending the message
to where the device was originally provisioned. This also provides
a marker on the health care facility map to aid staff members in
quickly location the alarm.
[0170] In some embodiments, any fall monitor can be configured into
either a mobile or fixed mode. In the mobile mode, the position of
the monitor can be determined with respect to monitors that are in
the fixed mode. In some embodiments, the mode is selected manually
by staff members. In some embodiments, each monitor infers its mode
using one or more of a variety of approaches, including such
approaches as using an accelerometer incorporated into the monitor;
determining whether the monitor is changing position with respect
to most or all of the other monitors it can observe; whether the
device is battery- or wall-powered; etc.
[0171] In some embodiments, the facility periodically locates each
monitor, call pendant, and other devices used for tracking as a
basis for maintaining and/or recording the location of these
objects over time.
[0172] In some embodiments, the facility uses a trilateralation
process to determine this approximate location. Trilateration is a
geometric process of determining absolute or relative locations of
points by measurement of distances, using the geometry of circles,
spheres or triangles. In addition to its interest as a geometric
problem, trilateration does have practical applications in
surveying and navigation, including global positioning systems
(GPS). In contrast to triangulation, it does not involve the
measurement of angles. In two-dimensional geometry, it is known
that if a point lies on two circles, then the circle centers and
the two radii provide sufficient information to narrow the possible
locations down to two. Additional information may narrow the
possibilities down to one unique location. The facility uses each
room's monitor as a center point of a circle to determine the
location of the roaming device (e.g., wheelchair or pendant). The
"measurement of distances" happens using the Received Signal
Strength Index ("RSSI") of the wireless radio signal from the
surrounding rooms' monitors.
[0173] FIGS. 16A-16F are diagrams showing an additional form of
device location-finding used by the facility in some embodiments.
FIG. 16A shows the locations of three fixed location finding points
within the health care facility, such as points in which there are
fall monitors operating in fixed mode. These locations are shown as
points a.sub.1, a.sub.2, and a.sub.3. In some embodiments, these
points correspond to the known locations of three fall monitors
nearest the tracked device, i.e., those that are receiving the
strongest signals transmitted by the tracked device.
[0174] FIG. 16B shows a first step of range-finding between the
tracked device and each of the fixed fall monitors. With respect to
fall monitor a.sub.1, it can be seen that this fall monitor
observes a signal strength s.sub.1 of 2.0 from the tracked device,
which the facility converts to an estimated radius r.sub.1 of 8
meters. Thus, the facility describes a first arc 1601 corresponding
to this radius about point a.sub.1. Similarly, the facility
determines a signal strength s.sub.2 of 15.6 and an estimated
radius r.sub.2 of 4 meters for point a.sub.2, causing it to
describe arc 1602 about point a.sub.2. Finally, the facility
determines a signal strength sa of 4.6 and a corresponding
estimated radius r.sub.3 of 6 meters for point a.sub.3, causing it
to describe arc 1603 about point a.sub.3s.
[0175] FIG. 16C shows the identification of intersection points
using the described arcs. For each pair of points among the three
points, the facility describes a line containing these two points.
For example, between points a.sub.1 and a.sub.2, the facility
describes line 1613. On each of these lines, the facility
identifies the two points at which an arc having one of these two
points as its center intersects the line. For example, considering
the line defined by points a.sub.1 and a.sub.2, it is intersected
by arc 1601 at point b.sub.3, and by arc 1602 at point
b.sub.3'.
[0176] FIG. 16D shows the process of identifying the midpoint
between a pair of points identified in FIG. 16C on each of the
sides of the triangle. It can be seen that the facility identifies
point c.sub.1 as the midpoint of segment b.sub.1-b.sub.1';
identifies point c.sub.2 as the midpoint of segment
b.sub.2-b.sub.2'; and identifies point c.sub.3 as the midpoint of
segment b.sub.3-b.sub.3'.
[0177] FIG. 16E shows the determination of another triangle. The
facility describes triangle d.sub.1-d.sub.2-d.sub.3 by connecting
a.sub.1 to c.sub.1, a.sub.2 to c.sub.2, and a.sub.3 to c.sub.3.
[0178] FIG. 16F shows the determination of the center point e for
triangle d.sub.1-d.sub.2-d.sub.3. In some embodiments, the facility
determines the center of this triangle as its center of gravity, or
"centroid." In some embodiments, the facility determines the center
by averaging the north-south location of each of the vertices, and
averaging the east-west location of each of the vertices. Based
upon this processing, the facility estimates the location of the
tracked device as point e.
[0179] FIG. 17 is a flow diagram showing a process perform the
facility in some embodiments to track and respond to the location
of a resident. In acts 1701, the facility uses trilateralation
among monitor devices to identify the location of a tracking device
worn by the resident, such as a pendant or bracelet. In act 1702,
the facility compares the location identified in act 1701 to a set
of permitted and forbidden regions established for the resident.
For example, the resident's room and bathroom may be permitted
regions, and a building exit stairway may be a forbidden region. In
act 1703, if the comparison of act 1702 indicates that the resident
is leaving a permitted region or entering a forbidden region, then
the facility continues in act 1704, else this process concludes. In
act 1704, the facility creates an alarm or warning for the resident
reflecting of their leaving of a permitted region or entering a
forbidden region. After act 1704, this process concludes.
[0180] In some embodiments, the facility tracks the physical
location of staff members in the same or similar ways--using mobile
devices carried by staff members, RFID badges worn by staff
members, etc.--such as to monitor their performance of rounds,
alarm and warning responses, and other responsibilities that
involve movement through the health care facility. In some
embodiments, the facility uses various types of interactions by
staff members with monitor devices, such as pressing a button on
the monitor device, passing near the monitoring device carrying a
wireless-enabled portable device such as one actively observing or
broadcasting the Bluetooth Low Energy ("BLE") protocol; receiving
location determined by the portable device using Global Positioning
System ("GPS") or Indoor Positioning System ("IPS"), affirmative
room check-in using an app running on the portable device, or some
combination of some or all of these.
[0181] In some embodiments, the location-tracking of staff members
is used by the facility as a basis for assigning alerts to staff
members, such as by assigning an alert for a particular location
first to the nearest staff member, then to the second-nearest staff
member, etc.
[0182] In some embodiments, the alarm may be prevented entirely by
combining monitor status with staff location. For example, if a
staff member is located in the room and by the bed at the time of a
bed alarm, in some embodiments the facility infers that the staff
member is actively working with the resident in the room. In some
embodiments, in making this inference, the facility relies on
on-body detection by the device being carried by the staff member
to reduce the possibility that a device accidentally left behind
will cause valid alarms to inadvertently be suppressed.
Health Care Facilities
[0183] In various embodiments, the facility operates in health care
facilities of a variety of types, including, for example, nursing
homes, care homes, hospitals, hospice centers, birthing centers,
prison health care centers, independent living centers,
rehabilitation centers, etc.
Home Use
[0184] In some embodiments, a version of the facility is adapted
for home use, such as on behalf of an aged or unhealthy person who
lives alone, or is otherwise at home alone during extended periods.
In some embodiments, when the facility identifies an alarm, it
dispatches it to people outside the home, such as the person's
children, neighbors, friends, or clergy. These alarms may be via
text message, email message, telephone call using a recorded or
synthesized voice, facsimile message, smartphone app, etc. In some
embodiments, some or all of these ad hoc caregivers can access
reports and event histories generated by the facility for the
monitored person, such as via the public web, in some cases subject
to authentication and/or secure transmission protocols.
CONCLUSION
[0185] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the
above-described facility may be straightforwardly adapted or
extended in various ways. While the foregoing description makes
reference to particular embodiments, the scope of the invention is
defined solely by the claims that follow and the elements recited
therein.
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