U.S. patent application number 15/847832 was filed with the patent office on 2019-04-11 for automatic detection of events on online social networks.
The applicant listed for this patent is Facebook, Inc.. Invention is credited to Timothy Jacoby, Aditya Brij Koolwal.
Application Number | 20190108283 15/847832 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 65992592 |
Filed Date | 2019-04-11 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190108283 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Koolwal; Aditya Brij ; et
al. |
April 11, 2019 |
Automatic Detection of Events on Online Social Networks
Abstract
In one embodiment, a method may include receiving, from a client
system of a first user of an online social network, a search query
for event listings where the search query specifies one or more
criteria, identifying first event listings that match the query,
wherein each first event listing is associated with a respective
first event and further associated with one or more predetermined
categories selected from a plurality of categories in a
hierarchical category index and where each category associated with
a first event listing is determined using a machine-learning model
that analyzes the first event listing, identifying second event
listings based on the first event listings, wherein each second
event listing is associated with a predetermined category from an
adjacent category in the hierarchical category index, and sending,
to the client system, instructions for presenting a search-results
interface comprising references to the first and second event
listings.
Inventors: |
Koolwal; Aditya Brij; (San
Francisco, CA) ; Jacoby; Timothy; (Redwood City,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Facebook, Inc. |
Menlo Park |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
65992592 |
Appl. No.: |
15/847832 |
Filed: |
December 19, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62569982 |
Oct 9, 2017 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06N 20/20 20190101;
G06F 16/248 20190101; G06F 16/285 20190101; H04L 51/32 20130101;
G06F 7/24 20130101; G06N 3/0454 20130101; H04L 67/20 20130101; G06F
16/9535 20190101; H04L 51/24 20130101; G06Q 50/01 20130101; G06F
16/24578 20190101; G06N 20/00 20190101; G06N 5/046 20130101; G06N
5/022 20130101; G06F 16/951 20190101; G06N 5/003 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G06F 17/30 20060101
G06F017/30 |
Claims
1. A method comprising, by one or more computing systems of an
online social network: receiving, by the one or more computing
systems from a client system of a first user of the online social
network, a search query for event listings, wherein the search
query specifies one or more criteria; identifying, by the one or
more computing systems, one or more first event listings that match
the query, wherein each first event listing comprises one or more
items of event information associated with a respective first
event, wherein the items of event information include at least one
or more predetermined categories associated with the respective
first event listing, the one or more predetermined categories being
selected from a plurality of categories in a hierarchical category
index that comprises one or more top-level categories and one or
more lower-level categories below the top-level categories, wherein
each category associated with a first event listing is determined
using a machine-learning model that analyzes one or more of the
items of event information provided by a creator of the first event
listing; identifying, by the one or more computing systems, one or
more second event listings based on the first event listings,
wherein each second event listing is associated with a
predetermined category from an adjacent category of the one or more
predetermined categories in the hierarchical category index; and
sending, by the one or more computing systems to the client system
responsive to the search query, instructions for presenting a
search-results interface comprising references to one or more of
the first event listings and one or more of the second event
listings.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, at the one
or more computing systems, one or more event listings corresponding
to one or more events, respectively; for each of the received event
listings, by the one or more computing systems: identifying, using
a machine-learning model, one or more categories for the event
listing based on one or more items of information associated with
the event listing, wherein the categories are selected from the
plurality of categories in the hierarchical category index; and
associating the identified categories with the event listing.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the criteria comprise an event
category.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the criteria comprise an artist
associated with an event.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the criteria comprise a location
or a type of an event.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the references comprises
an event identifier or a link to the referenced event listing.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein each of the references further
comprises a photo associated with the referenced event listing.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjacent category is a parent
category of the predetermined category.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjacent category is a
sub-category of a parent category of the predetermined
category.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the machine-learning model maps
the one or more of the items of event information to each category
associated with the first event listing.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the items of event information
comprise text content, and the text content is provided to the
machine-learning model as input.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the text content comprises one
or more of a title of the event, a time of the event, a geographic
location of the event, an entity associated with the event, or a
description of the event.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the items of event information
comprise: a graphical image, and a hash or embedding computed based
on the graphical image, wherein the hash or embedding is provided
to the machine-learning model as input.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second event
listings are received from one or more of: an external event
system, a user of the online social network, a notification on the
online social network, a message on the online social network, or a
list of search results.
15. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media
embodying software that is operable when executed to: receive, from
a client system of a first user of the online social network, a
search query for event listings, wherein the search query specifies
one or more criteria; identify one or more first event listings
that match the query, wherein each first event listing comprises
one or more items of event information associated with a respective
first event, wherein the items of event information include at
least one or more predetermined categories associated with the
respective first event listing, the one or more predetermined
categories being selected from a plurality of categories in a
hierarchical category index that comprises one or more top-level
categories and one or more lower-level categories below the
top-level categories, wherein each category associated with a first
event listing is determined using a machine-learning model that
analyzes one or more of the items of event information provided by
a creator of the first event listing; identify one or more second
event listings based on the first event listings, wherein each
second event listing is associated with a predetermined category
from an adjacent category of the one or more predetermined
categories in the hierarchical category index; and send, to the
client system responsive to the search query, instructions for
presenting a search-results interface comprising references to one
or more of the first event listings and one or more of the second
event listings.
16. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a
non-transitory memory coupled to the processors comprising
instructions executable by the processors, the processors operable
when executing the instructions to: receive, from a client system
of a first user of the online social network, a search query for
event listings, wherein the search query specifies one or more
criteria; identify one or more first event listings that match the
query, wherein each first event listing comprises one or more items
of event information associated with a respective first event,
wherein the items of event information include at least one or more
predetermined categories associated with the respective first event
listing, the one or more predetermined categories being selected
from a plurality of categories in a hierarchical category index
that comprises one or more top-level categories and one or more
lower-level categories below the top-level categories, wherein each
category associated with a first event listing is determined using
a machine-learning model that analyzes one or more of the items of
event information provided by a creator of the first event listing;
identify one or more second event listings based on the first event
listings, wherein each second event listing is associated with a
predetermined category from an adjacent category of the one or more
predetermined categories in the hierarchical category index; and
send, to the client system responsive to the search query,
instructions for presenting a search-results interface comprising
references to one or more of the first event listings and one or
more of the second event listings.
Description
PRIORITY
[0001] This application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
119(e), of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/569982, filed
9 Oct. 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure generally relates to processing event
listings on online social networks.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A social-networking system, which may include a
social-networking website, may enable its users (such as persons or
organizations) to interact with it and with each other through it.
The social-networking system may, with input from a user, create
and store in the social-networking system a user profile associated
with the user. The user profile may include demographic
information, communication-channel information, and information on
personal interests of the user. The social-networking system may
also, with input from a user, create and store a record of
relationships of the user with other users of the social-networking
system, as well as provide services (e.g., wall posts,
photo-sharing, event organization, messaging, games, or
advertisements) to facilitate social interaction between or among
users.
[0004] The social-networking system may send over one or more
networks content or messages related to its services to a mobile or
other computing device of a user. A user may also install software
applications on a mobile or other computing device of the user for
accessing a user profile of the user and other data within the
social-networking system. The social-networking system may generate
a personalized set of content objects to display to a user, such as
a newsfeed of aggregated stories of other users connected to the
user.
[0005] A mobile computing device--such as a smartphone, tablet
computer, or laptop computer--may include functionality for
determining its location, direction, or orientation, such as a GPS
receiver, compass, gyroscope, or accelerometer. Such a device may
also include functionality for wireless communication, such as
BLUETOOTH communication, near-field communication (NFC), or
infrared (IR) communication or communication with a wireless local
area networks (WLANs) or cellular-telephone network. Such a device
may also include one or more cameras, scanners, touchscreens,
microphones, or speakers. Mobile computing devices may also execute
software applications, such as games, web browsers, or
social-networking applications. With social-networking
applications, users may connect, communicate, and share information
with other users in their social networks.
SUMMARY OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
[0006] In particular embodiments, a social-networking system may
receive external event listings from external sources, such as a
third-party system, a web browser of a client system, a web server,
or other suitable data sources. Each of the external event listings
may describe a corresponding real-world event, and may include
information such as an event name, date, location, or the like. In
particular embodiments, the social-networking system may create,
retrieve, update, and delete internal event listings. The
information in the internal event listings may be based on the
external event listings. The social-networking system may receive
the external event listings and map at least a portion of the
information in the external event listings to one or more of the
internal event listings. The external event listings may be
provided by third-party systems, which may be, for example, ticket
sales organizations, performance venues, event aggregators, or the
like. The third-party systems may access the event listings hosted
by the social-networking system via an API. The API may be
publicly-accessible or accessible by the third-party systems. The
social-networking system may invoke an event aggregator's API to
retrieve the aggregator's and/or partner's event inventory.
[0007] In particular embodiments, duplicate event listings
representing a single real-world event may be identified and linked
together, combined, or otherwise associated with each other to
avoid unnecessary duplication and inconsistency. Two event listings
may be duplicates if both event listings include one or more of the
same information items, though duplicate event listings need not be
identical. Duplicate event listings may be created separately,
e.g., by different users or at different times. A user who creates
a duplicate event listing may be unaware of the existence of an
existing event listing, or a user may purposefully create a
duplicate event listing having one or more additional information
items that are not included in the existing event listing or are to
be kept separate from those in the existing event listing. A
selected duplicate event listing may be designated as a canonical
event listing, and access to each of the other duplicate event
listings, such as registering to attend an event or reading/writing
event information, may be directed to the canonical event listing
unless the access is specifically directed to one of the other
(non-canonical) event listings. For example, a user may create a
duplicate event listing intentionally to share with friends. Access
to that event listing by the user and the user's friends may be
directed to the duplicate event listing instead of the canonical
event listing.
[0008] In particular embodiments, a machine-learning model may be
used to automatically categorize event listings on an online social
network. Event listings may be associated with categories such as
music (jazz, rap), comedy, sports (kickball, ultimate Frisbee),
e-sports (League of Legends, HearthStone), and so on. Such event
categories may be useful for search and discovery features on
online social networks or other user applications, such as specific
event-management applications. For example, a user may click or tap
on a category name in an events application to view events in that
category. Event categories may be related to other event
categories, so that related events may be found by searching
related categories. The event categories may be arranged in a
hierarchy, with the broadest categories at the top of the hierarchy
and the narrowest at the bottom. For example, "entertainment" may
be a top-level category, "music" may be below entertainment, and
"jazz" and "rap" may be below "music." Thus, by automatically
categorizing events, the event system may allow users to more
easily search for and browse events, and to find events in related
categories in the hierarchy.
[0009] The embodiments disclosed herein are only examples, and the
scope of this disclosure is not limited to them. Particular
embodiments may include all, some, or none of the components,
elements, features, functions, operations, or steps of the
embodiments disclosed above. Embodiments according to the invention
are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a
method, a storage medium, a system and a computer program product,
wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g. method,
can be claimed in another claim category, e.g. system, as well. The
dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen
for formal reasons only. However any subject matter resulting from
a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular
multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any
combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and
can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the
attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises
not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached
claims but also any other combination of features in the claims,
wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with
any other feature or combination of other features in the claims.
Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or
depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any
combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted
herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment associated
with an event system on an online social network.
[0011] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an example internal event listing
associated with a user entity of a social-networking system.
[0012] FIG. 3A illustrates an example of updating an internal event
listing by adding an information item from an external event
listing.
[0013] FIG. 3B illustrates an example of updating an internal event
listing by adding a hidden information item from an external event
listing.
[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of updating an internal event
listing by changing an existing information item to have a new
value from an external event listing.
[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of creating a new internal
event listing from an external event listing.
[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an example method for aggregating events
on a social-networking system.
[0017] FIG. 7 illustrates an example in which duplicate event
listings have been identified and linked together to form event
listing clusters.
[0018] FIG. 8A illustrates an example map divided into geographic
map tiles.
[0019] FIG. 8B illustrates an example timeline divided into time
increments.
[0020] FIG. 8C illustrates an example two-dimensional array of map
tiles and time increments.
[0021] FIG. 9 illustrates an example method for de-duplicating
events on a social-networking system.
[0022] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method for retrieving
canonical event listings on a social-networking system.
[0023] FIG. 11A illustrates an event recommendation example in
which a first category associated with a first event listing is
used to identify a second event listing having a second category
related to the first category by a category index.
[0024] FIG. 11B illustrates an example hierarchical category
index.
[0025] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method for identifying event
listings based on a search query and one or more event
categories.
[0026] FIG. 13 illustrates an example social graph.
[0027] FIG. 14 illustrates an example computer system.
DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
System Overview
[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment 100
associated with an online social network. Network environment 100
includes a client system 130, a social-networking system 160, and a
third-party system 170 connected to each other by a network 110.
Although FIG. 1 illustrates a particular arrangement of client
system 130, social-networking system 160, third-party system 170,
and network 110, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
arrangement of client system 130, social-networking system 160,
third-party system 170, and network 110. As an example and not by
way of limitation, two or more of client system 130,
social-networking system 160, and third-party system 170 may be
connected to each other directly, bypassing network 110. As another
example, two or more of client system 130, social-networking system
160, and third-party system 170 may be physically or logically
co-located with each other in whole or in part. Moreover, although
FIG. 1 illustrates a particular number of client systems 130,
social-networking systems 160, third-party systems 170, and
networks 110, this disclosure contemplates any suitable number of
client systems 130, social-networking systems 160, third-party
systems 170, and networks 110. As an example and not by way of
limitation, network environment 100 may include multiple client
system 130, social-networking systems 160, third-party systems 170,
and networks 110.
[0029] This disclosure contemplates any suitable network 110. As an
example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of
network 110 may include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an
extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network
(LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless
WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the
Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN), a cellular telephone network, or a combination of two or
more of these. Network 110 may include one or more networks
110.
[0030] Links 150 may connect client system 130, social-networking
system 160, and third-party system 170 to communication network 110
or to each other. This disclosure contemplates any suitable links
150. In particular embodiments, one or more links 150 include one
or more wireline (such as for example Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
or Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOC SIS)),
wireless (such as for example Wi-Fi or Worldwide Interoperability
for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), or optical (such as for example
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH)) links. In particular embodiments, one or more
links 150 each include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet,
a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a MAN, a portion of the
Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a cellular technology-based
network, a satellite communications technology-based network,
another link 150, or a combination of two or more such links 150.
Links 150 need not necessarily be the same throughout network
environment 100. One or more first links 150 may differ in one or
more respects from one or more second links 150.
[0031] In particular embodiments, client system 130 may be an
electronic device including hardware, software, or embedded logic
components or a combination of two or more such components and
capable of carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented
or supported by client system 130. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a client system 130 may include a computer system such
as a desktop computer, notebook or laptop computer, netbook, a
tablet computer, e-book reader, GPS device, camera, personal
digital assistant (PDA), handheld electronic device, cellular
telephone, smartphone, augmented/virtual reality device, other
suitable electronic device, or any suitable combination thereof.
This disclosure contemplates any suitable client systems 130. A
client system 130 may enable a network user at client system 130 to
access network 110. A client system 130 may enable its user to
communicate with other users at other client systems 130.
[0032] In particular embodiments, client system 130 may include a
web browser 132, such as MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, GOOGLE CHROME
or MOZILLA FIREFOX, and may have one or more add-ons, plug-ins, or
other extensions, such as TOOLBAR or YAHOO TOOLBAR. A user at
client system 130 may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or
other address directing the web browser 132 to a particular server
(such as server 162, or a server associated with a third-party
system 170), and the web browser 132 may generate a Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request and communicate the HTTP request
to server. The server may accept the HTTP request and communicate
to client system 130 one or more Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
files responsive to the HTTP request. Client system 130 may render
a webpage based on the HTML files from the server for presentation
to the user. This disclosure contemplates any suitable webpage
files. As an example and not by way of limitation, webpages may
render from HTML files, Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language
(XHTML) files, or Extensible Markup Language (XML) files, according
to particular needs. Such pages may also execute scripts such as,
for example and without limitation, those written in JAVASCRIPT,
JAVA, MICROSOFT SILVERLIGHT, combinations of markup language and
scripts such as AJAX (Asynchronous JAVASCRIPT and XML), and the
like. Herein, reference to a webpage encompasses one or more
corresponding webpage files (which a browser may use to render the
webpage) and vice versa, where appropriate.
[0033] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
be a network-addressable computing system that can host an online
social network. Social-networking system 160 may generate, store,
receive, and send social-networking data, such as, for example,
user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph information,
or other suitable data related to the online social network.
Social-networking system 160 may be accessed by the other
components of network environment 100 either directly or via
network 110. As an example and not by way of limitation, client
system 130 may access social-networking system 160 using a web
browser 132, or a native application associated with
social-networking system 160 (e.g., a mobile social-networking
application, a messaging application, another suitable application,
or any combination thereof) either directly or via network 110. In
particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may include
one or more servers 162. Each server 162 may be a unitary server or
a distributed server spanning multiple computers or multiple
datacenters. Servers 162 may be of various types, such as, for
example and without limitation, web server, news server, mail
server, message server, advertising server, file server,
application server, exchange server, database server, proxy server,
another server suitable for performing functions or processes
described herein, or any combination thereof. In particular
embodiments, each server 162 may include hardware, software, or
embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such
components for carrying out the appropriate functionalities
implemented or supported by server 162. In particular embodiments,
social-networking system 160 may include one or more data stores
164. Data stores 164 may be used to store various types of
information. In particular embodiments, the information stored in
data stores 164 may be organized according to specific data
structures. In particular embodiments, each data store 164 may be a
relational, columnar, correlation, or other suitable database.
Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular types
of databases, this disclosure contemplates any suitable types of
databases. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces that
enable a client system 130, a social-networking system 160, or a
third-party system 170 to manage, retrieve, modify, add, or delete,
the information stored in data store 164.
[0034] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
store one or more social graphs in one or more data stores 164. In
particular embodiments, a social graph may include multiple
nodes--which may include multiple user nodes (each corresponding to
a particular user) or multiple concept nodes (each corresponding to
a particular concept)--and multiple edges connecting the nodes.
Social-networking system 160 may provide users of the online social
network the ability to communicate and interact with other users.
In particular embodiments, users may join the online social network
via social-networking system 160 and then add connections (e.g.,
relationships) to a number of other users of social-networking
system 160 to whom they want to be connected. Herein, the term
"friend" may refer to any other user of social-networking system
160 with whom a user has formed a connection, association, or
relationship via social-networking system 160.
[0035] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
provide users with the ability to take actions on various types of
items or objects, supported by social-networking system 160. As an
example and not by way of limitation, the items and objects may
include groups or social networks to which users of
social-networking system 160 may belong, events or calendar entries
in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications
that a user may use, transactions that allow users to buy or sell
items via the service, interactions with advertisements that a user
may perform, or other suitable items or objects. A user may
interact with anything that is capable of being represented in
social-networking system 160 or by an external system of
third-party system 170, which is separate from social-networking
system 160 and coupled to social-networking system 160 via a
network 110.
[0036] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
be capable of linking a variety of entities. As an example and not
by way of limitation, social-networking system 160 may enable users
to interact with each other as well as receive content from
third-party systems 170 or other entities, or to allow users to
interact with these entities through an application programming
interfaces (API) or other communication channels.
[0037] In particular embodiments, a third-party system 170 may
include one or more types of servers, one or more data stores, one
or more interfaces, including but not limited to APIs, one or more
web services, one or more content sources, one or more networks, or
any other suitable components, e.g., that servers may communicate
with. A third-party system 170 may be operated by a different
entity from an entity operating social-networking system 160. In
particular embodiments, however, social-networking system 160 and
third-party systems 170 may operate in conjunction with each other
to provide social-networking services to users of social-networking
system 160 or third-party systems 170. In this sense,
social-networking system 160 may provide a platform, or backbone,
which other systems, such as third-party systems 170, may use to
provide social-networking services and functionality to users
across the Internet.
[0038] In particular embodiments, a third-party system 170 may
include a third-party content object provider. A third-party
content object provider may include one or more sources of content
objects, which may be communicated to a client system 130. As an
example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include
information regarding things or activities of interest to the user,
such as, for example, movie show times, movie reviews, restaurant
reviews, restaurant menus, product information and reviews, or
other suitable information. As another example and not by way of
limitation, content objects may include incentive content objects,
such as coupons, discount tickets, gift certificates, or other
suitable incentive objects.
[0039] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 also
includes user-generated content objects, which may enhance a user's
interactions with social-networking system 160. User-generated
content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or
"post" to social-networking system 160. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a user communicates posts to social-networking
system 160 from a client system 130. Posts may include data such as
status updates or other textual data, location information, photos,
videos, links, music or other similar data or media. Content may
also be added to social-networking system 160 by a third-party
through a "communication channel," such as a newsfeed or
stream.
[0040] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
include a variety of servers, sub-systems, programs, modules, logs,
and data stores. In particular embodiments, social-networking
system 160 may include one or more of the following: a web server,
action logger, API-request server, relevance-and-ranking engine,
content-object classifier, notification controller, action log,
third-party-content-object-exposure log, inference module,
authorization/privacy server, search module,
advertisement-targeting module, user-interface module, user-profile
store, connection store, third-party content store, or location
store. Social-networking system 160 may also include suitable
components such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load
balancers, failover servers, management-and-network-operations
consoles, other suitable components, or any suitable combination
thereof. In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160
may include one or more user-profile stores for storing user
profiles. A user profile may include, for example, biographic
information, demographic information, behavioral information,
social information, or other types of descriptive information, such
as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences,
interests, affinities, or location. Interest information may
include interests related to one or more categories. Categories may
be general or specific. As an example and not by way of limitation,
if a user "likes" an article about a brand of shoes the category
may be the brand, or the general category of "shoes" or "clothing."
A connection store may be used for storing connection information
about users. The connection information may indicate users who have
similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies,
educational history, or are in any way related or share common
attributes. The connection information may also include
user-defined connections between different users and content (both
internal and external). A web server may be used for linking
social-networking system 160 to one or more client systems 130 or
one or more third-party system 170 via network 110. The web server
may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for
receiving and routing messages between social-networking system 160
and one or more client systems 130. An API-request server may allow
a third-party system 170 to access information from
social-networking system 160 by calling one or more APIs. An action
logger may be used to receive communications from a web server
about a user's actions on or off social-networking system 160. In
conjunction with the action log, a third-party-content-object log
may be maintained of user exposures to third-party-content objects.
A notification controller may provide information regarding content
objects to a client system 130. Information may be pushed to a
client system 130 as notifications, or information may be pulled
from client system 130 responsive to a request received from client
system 130. Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or
more privacy settings of the users of social-networking system 160.
A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information
associated with a user can be shared. The authorization server may
allow users to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged
by social-networking system 160 or shared with other systems (e.g.,
third-party system 170), such as, for example, by setting
appropriate privacy settings. Third-party-content-object stores may
be used to store content objects received from third parties, such
as a third-party system 170. Location stores may be used for
storing location information received from client systems 130
associated with users. Advertisement-pricing modules may combine
social information, the current time, location information, or
other suitable information to provide relevant advertisements, in
the form of notifications, to a user.
Aggregating Events
[0041] In particular embodiments, a social-networking system 160
may receive external event listings 156 from external sources, such
as third-party system 170, web browser 132 located on a client
system 130, web server 182 located on a server system 180, or other
suitable data sources. Each of the external event listings 156 may
describe a corresponding real-world event, and may include one or
more information items 157, such as an event name, date, location,
or the like. In particular embodiments, the social-networking
system 160 may create, retrieve, update, and delete internal event
listings 154. The information in the internal event listings 154
may be based on the external event listings 156. The
social-networking system 160 may receive the external event
listings 156 and map at least a portion of the information in the
external event listings 156 to one or more of the internal event
listings 154. Each internal event listing 154 may correspond to one
or more external event listings 156 and may include one or more
information items 155, which may be from the corresponding external
event listing 156. As an example, an internal event listing 154 may
be a copy of or reference to a corresponding external event listing
156 received from an external data source. One or more of the
internal information items 155 in each internal event listing 154
may be copies of or references to, or otherwise based on,
information items 157 of the corresponding external event listing
156. The internal event listings 154 may be stored in one or more
data stores 164 of the social-networking system 160 or other
appropriate storage media. Thus, external information items 157 of
the external event listings 156 may be received via the network 150
and stored in the data store 164 as internal event listings
154.
[0042] In particular embodiments, the third-party systems 170,
server system 180, and/or client system 130 may be provided by
third parties such as partners, which may be ticket sales
organizations, performance venues, event aggregators, or the like.
As an example, the third-party systems 170 may access the events
hosted by the social-networking system 160 via an API, which may
involve a web service invocation via the network 110. The API may
be publicly-accessible or accessible by partners of the third
party. The partner may be, for example, TICKETMASTER, BANDSINTOWN,
or other suitable third-party partners. The partner may host the
third-party system 170 and cause internal event listings 154 to be
created via a public API by, for example, sending messages
containing external event listings 156 to a server 162 associated
with the social-networking system 160. The third-party system 170
may maintain external event listings 156 and provide a partner
event Application Programming Interface (API) or other suitable
communication interface via which the social-networking system 160
may request the external event listings 156. The social-networking
system 160 may send the requests to the third-party system 170 via
the network 150, and the third-party system 170 may send the
requested external event listings 156 back to the social-networking
system 160 as responses via the network 110. As another example and
not by way of limitation, the social-networking system 160 may
invoke an event aggregator's API to retrieve the aggregator's
and/or partner's event inventory. The event aggregator's API may
provide operations for requesting external event listings 156
similar to those of the partner event API. Example event
aggregators include BANDS IN TOWN and BOOK MY SHOW.
[0043] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive, from an external event system, one or more external
event listings 156 corresponding to one or more events,
respectively, wherein each external event listing 156 includes one
or more items of event information 157 associated with the
respective event. The one or more events may be, for example,
real-world events that are scheduled to be held at a particular
time and place. The external event system may be, for example, the
client system 130 that hosts the web browser 132, the server system
180 that hosts the web server 182, or the third-party system 170
that may host the partner event API 172.
[0044] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive external event listings 156 from a user 101 of the
social-networking system 160 via a web browser 132 hosted by a
client system 130. For example, the user 101 may enter information
items 157, such as an event name, date, and location in the web
browser 132 or other application executing on the client system
130. An external event listing 156 may be created on the client
system 130 from the information items 157 and sent to the events
API 168 of the social-networking system 160 via the network
150.
[0045] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive external event listings 156 from a web server 182 in
the form of web content, e.g., HTML documents, which may be
received via the network 150. The external event listings 156 may
be in any suitable data format. Each external event listing 156 may
include one or more external information items 157. The
social-networking system 160 may parse the received external event
listings 156 to extract external event information items 157 to be
included in internal event listings 154. In particular embodiments,
the social-networking system 160 may crawl web servers 182 or
perform a web search to identify external event listings 156 that
include external information items 157 located on one or more web
servers 182 and representing or suitable for use in external event
listings 156. The social-networking system 160 may convert such
identified external information to a defined data format or
structure to form external event listings 156. Alternatively or in
addition, the social-networking system may retrieve the external
event listings 156, including information items 157 in the format
in which the external event listings 156 are stored on their host
system. The host system may be, e.g., the third-party system 170,
the server system 180, the client system 130, or other system that
hosts external events 156. The social-networking system 160 may
generate internal event listings 154 based on the external event
listings 156, e.g., by copying or parsing the information items 157
of the external event listings 156 from a defined data format or
structure, and storing the copied or parsed information items 157
in internal event listings 154 in the data store 164.
[0046] In particular embodiments, the network address of the web
server 182 (e.g., a URL) from which to retrieve external event
listings 156 may be identified using a search engine or by an
existing association between the web server 182 and existing event
listings. For example, existing internal event listings 154 may
include information items 155, such as an artist name, genre,
location, date, that can be used to identify particular web sites
that may provide information about additional events. In this
example, one or more web servers 182 that host content referencing
or related to the name of the artist, genre, location, or date of
an existing event may be searched for event information. As another
example, text in the internal information items 155 in the existing
event listings 154 may be used to form search queries in web
searches to identify web servers 182 from which additional event
information may be retrieved. The social-networking system 160 may
retrieve the event information from such web servers 182 and create
internal event listings 154 based on the retrieved information. As
an example and not by way of limitation, the external event
listings 156 may be retrieved from the web server 182 via an
appropriate API. As another example and not by way of limitation,
such event information may be in HTML or other suitable data
format, and may be retrieved from the web server 182 using HTTP or
other suitable protocol.
[0047] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate an example internal event listing
154 associated with a user entity of a social-networking system
160. Although FIGS. 2A and 2B show internal event listings 154,
external event listings 156 may be represented similarly. FIG. 2A
illustrates the name 208 and value 210 components of the
information items 155 of the internal event listing 154. An
information item 155 may be represented as a data value. For
example, the value "Kanye West" may be an information item 155 in
an event listing for a music event. As shown in FIG. 2A, an
information item 155 may have an associated name 208. FIG. 2B shows
the information items 155 as name-value pairs in the format
"name=value." FIGS. 2A and 2B show different representations of
four information items 155: an event name item (Name="Kanye
Concert"), an event date/time item (Date="21 January 2017"), an
event location item, (Location="Levi's Stadium"), and an item
identifying the user who created or is responsible for the event
listing 154 (Created-By="Adam Smith"). The term "time" as used
herein may refer to a time of day, e.g., 5:00 PM, or to a date,
e.g., 21 January 2017, or to a data and time, e.g., 21 January 2017
at 5:00 PM, or "today" at 5:00 PM, or "every day" at 5:00 PM, and
so on. A point in time may include or be associated with a date,
such as 21 January 2017. FIG. 2A shows a first information item 155
having a name-value pair with name="Name" 208 and value="Kanye
Concert" 210, a second information item 155 having name="Date" 208
and value="21 January 2017", a third information item 155 having
name="Location" 208 and value="Levi's Stadium", and a fourth
information item 155 having name="Created-By" 208 and value="Adam
Smith" 210.
[0048] In particular embodiments, an event listing 154 may include
at most one information item 155 having a particular name 208, so
storing a different value 210 in an event listing 154 for an
information item 155 using the same name 208 may have the effect of
replacing the existing value 210. For example, storing the
information item 155 Opening-Act="Travis Scott" in an event listing
154 that has an existing information item 155 Opening-Act="Kendrick
Lamar" may change the value 210 of the existing Opening-Act item
155 to "Travis Scott." Alternatively, an event listing 154 may
include multiple information items 155 having the same name 208, or
multiple values 210 for an information item 155 having the same
name 208. For example, if multiple information items 155 having the
same name are permitted, an internal event listing 154 for an event
having two opening acts may include the information items 155
Opening-Act="Kendrick Lamar" and Opening-Act="Travis Scott."
[0049] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may identify, for each of the external event listings 156 received
from the external event system, one or more entities 161 of the
online social network 160 associated with the external event
listing 156. The entities 161 may be online representations of
people, businesses, groups, and so on, as described with reference
to FIG. 13. Each entity 161 may correspond to an entity node 1304
in a social graph 1300. In particular embodiments, entities 161 may
be identified by data in the external event listings 156, such as
strings, photos, locations, or other type of data identifying
entities.
[0050] In particular embodiments, to identify the entities 161, the
social-networking system 160 may parse the items of event
information 157 of the external event listing 156 to identify one
or more name strings, and identify the entities 161 of the online
social network 160 that correspond to the name strings. The name
strings may be, e.g., names of people, businesses, groups, and so
on. As an example and not by way of limitation, an external event
listing 156 containing an information item Opening-Act="Kendrick
Lamar" may be parsed to extract the string "Kendrick Lamar." The
social graph 1300 may then be searched for an entity named
"Kendrick Lamar." If an entity node 1304 having that name is found,
then that entity node 13404 may be used as an entity 161 associated
with the external event listing. In particular embodiments, the
name of the information item (e.g., "Opening-Act") may be used to
identify a type of edge 1406, and an edge 1406 of the identified
type may be created in the social graph 1300 between an entity node
1304 corresponding to the entity (e.g., "Kendrick Lamar") and a
entity node 1304 (or other appropriate type of node, such as an
event node) corresponding to the event represented by the external
event listing 156. Although external event listings 156 are used in
examples described herein, entities associated with internal event
listings 154 may also be identified. The identified entity may thus
provide a link between the event listings 154, 156 and the
social-networking system 160.
[0051] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive, from a client system 130, content posted to the online
social network by a first user 101 of the online social network.
The content may reference one of the internal event listings 154.
The social-networking system 160 may then send, to one or more
client systems 130, one or more notifications based on the
referenced internal event listing 154 to one or more second users
101. As an example and not by way of limitation, the second users
101 may be users 101 who are listed as attendees of the event
associated with the referenced internal event listing 154. The
attendees list may be associated with the internal event listing
154 in the data store 164 or may be represented as user nodes
linked to an event node that corresponds to the referenced internal
event listing 154 by graph edges, e.g., edges that represent an
"attendee" relationship. As another example, the second users may
be friends of the first user on the online social network. As still
another example, the notifications to the second users may include
recommendations for the event associated with the referenced
internal event listing. The recommendations may include text
recommending that the second user attend the event and a link to or
a copy of one or more of the information items 155 associated with
the corresponding internal event listing 154.
[0052] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive, from the client systems 130, user-submitted
corrections to the one of the internal event listings 154. Each
user-submitted correction may include an updated item of event
information 155. The social-networking system 160 may then update
the event listings 154 to include a particular updated item of
event information 155 when at least a threshold number of
corrections comprising the particular updated item of event
information 155 are received. As an example and not by way of
limitation, if more than the threshold number of instances of the
same correction to an item of event information 155 are received,
and each correction is received from a different user, then the
corrections may be applied to the item of event information 155.
The threshold number may be, e.g., 2, 3, 5, or other appropriate
number. An example correction may be changing the location of an
event to a new location, e.g., from London to San Francisco. If
this particular correction is received for a particular internal
event listing 154, then the correction may be applied to the event
listing by setting the value of the listing's location information
item to "San Francisco."
[0053] In particular embodiments, the one or more external event
listings may be received from an external event system 170, such as
the third-party system 170, the server system 180, or the client
system 130, via an events application programming interface (API)
168. As an example and not by way of limitation, the API 168 may
include a set of instructions defined at the online social network
160, the set of instructions being executable to enable the
external event system to share the external event listings 156 on
the online social network 160. In particular embodiments, the API
may be a partner API 172 that includes a set of instructions
defined at the external event system, the set of instructions being
executable to enable the online social network 160 to retrieve
external event listings 156 from the external event system. In
particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160 may send,
to an external event system, a request for the external event
listings 156 via the partner event API 172, and the external event
listings 156 may be received from the external event system in
response to sending the request.
[0054] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may crawl event pages hosted by a web server 182 of the external
event system (e.g., the web server 182 on the server system 180) to
identify the external event listings 156. As an example and not by
way of limitation, crawling the event pages may include searching
the content of the event pages hosted by the web server 182, as
done by a web search engine. The event pages may be, e.g., web
pages that include information related to events, such information
items 157. The external event listings 156 may be received by the
social-networking system 160 from the external event system in
response to crawling the event pages.
[0055] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may determine, for each of the external event listings, whether the
external event listing corresponds to an internal event listing on
the online social network based on an analysis of the event
information associated with the respective external event listing.
As an example and not by way of limitation, the social-networking
system 160 may compare the information items 157 in the received
external event listing 156 to the information items 155 in each
internal event listing 154 to determine whether one of the internal
event listings 154 is likely to correspond to the same real-world
event as the external event listing 156. This determination may be
made based on similarities between the information items 155, 157
in the two event listings 154, 156 being compared, e.g., by
computing probabilities that the event listings 154, 156 represent
the same real-world event, and selecting the internal event listing
154, 156 that has the highest probability and/or satisfies a
threshold condition, e.g., that the probability is greater than a
threshold value such as 90%, 95%, 99%, or other appropriate
value.
[0056] In particular embodiments, if the social-networking system
160 identifies a "matching" internal event listing 154 that likely
represents the same real-world event as the external event listing
156, e.g., is likely a duplicate event listing, then differences
between the internal and external event listings, if any, may be
resolved. The operations performed to resolve duplicates may depend
on the type of source that created the existing internal event
listing 154. In particular embodiments, if the existing internal
event listing 154 is created by the same source as the new external
event listing 156, then the existing internal event listing 154 may
be updated as shown in FIG. 4. In particular embodiments, if the
existing internal event listing 154 is created by a partner, e.g.,
BANDSINTOWN or other third-party partners, e.g., through a partner
event API, then performer (e.g., artist) information from the new
external event listing 156 may be appended to the existing internal
event listing 154 as follows. Information items 157 from the
external event listing 156 that are not present in the matching
internal event listing 154 may be added to the internal event
listing 154. Alternatively, a new internal event listing 154 may be
created, and may include information items 155 copied from
information items 157 of the external event listing 156. The new
internal event listing 154 may also include redirection information
that identifies the new internal event listing 154 as being in an
event cluster with the existing internal event listing 154. The
redirection information may also identify a canonical event listing
in the event cluster to which the other event listings in the
cluster are redirected. Redirection is described further with
reference to FIG. 7. In particular embodiments, if the existing
internal event listing is created by a user 130, then duplication
may not be performed, e.g., the existing internal event listing 154
may not be updated.
[0057] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may, for each of the external event listings 156, if the external
event listing 156 corresponds to an internal event listing 154,
update the internal event listing 154 to include one or more items
of event information 155 based on (e.g., copied from) corresponding
items of event information 157 associated with the external event
listing 156. The internal event listing 154 may be associated with
one or more entities of the social-networking system 160. As an
example and not by way of limitation, when the social-networking
system 160 receives an external event listing 156 that corresponds
to an existing internal event listing 154 with greater than a
threshold probability, the existing internal event listing 154 may
be updated to include additional information items 155 from the
received external event listing 156 that are not present in the
existing internal event listing 154. The additional information
items 155 may be associated with or stored in the internal event
listing 154. For example, one or more of the information items 155
shown in FIG. 2A may have been added to the internal event listing
154 as additional information items subsequent to its creation. In
particular embodiments, additional information items 155 may be
added to or otherwise associated with the internal event listing
154 as hidden information items 206. Hidden information items 206
may be hidden from (e.g., not visible to) users who do not satisfy
certain criteria. For example, hidden information items 206 may
ordinarily not be displayed or otherwise presented to users who are
not the creator of the hidden information items 206. As another
example, hidden information items 206 may be visible to users who
are first-degree friends of the user who created them.
[0058] In particular embodiments, internal event listings 154
having hidden information items 206 may be identified by event
searches that match the hidden information items 206, but the
hidden information items 206 are not presented to users. That is,
event listings 154 having hidden information items 206 matching a
search query may be presented as search results, though the hidden
information items 206 are not displayed with the search results and
are not otherwise accessible to the user who performed the search.
In other embodiments, the hidden information items 206 may be
presented to particular users, e.g., to a user who submitted the
information that became the hidden information items 206. In still
other embodiments, the hidden information items 206 may be shown to
users if a condition is satisfied, e.g., if a user specifically
requests that hidden information be displayed. The hidden
information items 206 may be shown with an indication that the
items 206 are potentially unreliable or not applicable to the user
viewing them. In particular embodiments, a user who submits
information that becomes one or more hidden information items 206
may specify associated permissions, e.g., that the hidden
information items 206 are not to be presented to other users, or
are only to be presented to the submitting user's friends, for
example.
[0059] In particular embodiments, a user 101 may request that an
internal event listing 154 be created or updated. The user 101 may
also specify one or more information items 155 to be included in
the internal event listing 154. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a user interface provided by a web browser 132 and/or
web server 182 may provide a command, e.g., a button or the like,
to create an internal event listing 154 using one or more
user-specified information items 155. The user interface may
receive one or more information items 155 and, optionally,
additional information identifying an existing internal event
listing 154, such as a name or unique identifier for the existing
internal event listing 154. The user interface may send the
information items 155 and optional identifying information to the
social-networking system 160, e.g., by invoking operations of the
events API 168 over the network 110. If an internal event listing
154 corresponding to the specified information items 155 already
exists in the social-networking system 160 (e.g., is present in the
data store 164), then the user interface may request the
social-networking system 160 to update the existing internal event
listing 154 to include the user-specified information items 155,
and notify the user when the existing event listing 154 has been
updated. The user-specified information items 155 may be added to
the existing event listing as searchable-only items, as
publicly-visible items, or as items having other suitable access
restrictions. The user interface may notify the user about the
access restrictions associated with the information items 155, if
any. The particular access restrictions may be specified by a
system administrator or by the user, for example.
[0060] In particular embodiments, if a received external event
listing 156 does not correspond to an internal event listing 154,
then the social-networking system 160 may create a new internal
event listing 154 based on the one or more items of event
information 157 associated with the external event listing 156. The
new internal event listing 154 may be associated with the one or
more identified entities 230 associated with the external event
listing 156. The user interface may notify the user 101 that the
new internal event listing 154 has been created. For example, a
user 101 may request that an internal event listing 154 be created
with the following two information items: Name="Kanye Concert" and
Opening-Act="Kendrick Lamar." The user's request may include at
least one "existing" information item 155 having the same value as
an information item 155 in existing event listing 154, such as the
event name "Kanye Concert." The user's request may also include at
least one "new" information item 155 having a value that is not
included in the existing event listing 154, such as an opening act
name "Kendrick Lamar." As another example, the user may specify an
"update" information item 155 having a different value for an
existing information item 155 in the existing event listing 154.
For example, the date stored in the internal event listing 154 for
the "Kanye Concert" event may be changed from 21 January 2017 to 28
January 2017 by a user command, such as an operation performed by
the user in a user interface setting the date of the event to 28
January 2017.
[0061] FIG. 3A illustrates an example 300 of updating an internal
event listing 154 by adding an information item 155a from an
external event listing 156. The external event listing 156 may be
received by the server 162 via the events API or other interface to
the network 150. The external event listing 156 includes
information items 157, including a Name item ("Kanye Concert"), a
Date item ("21 January 2017"), a Location item ("Levi's Stadium"),
an Opening-Act item 157a ("Kendrick Lamar"), which represents an
opening act for the event, and a Created-By item 157b ("Adam
Smith"), which represents an entity who created (e.g., performed an
action that resulted in creation of) the external event listing
156. Upon receiving the external event listing 156, the
social-networking system 160 may determine whether there is an
existing internal event listing corresponding to the external event
listing 156. In this example, there is an internal event listing
154 that is sufficiently similar to the external event listing 156
to be used as the existing internal event listing. The internal
event listing 154 may thus be updated based on information items
157 of the external event listing 156 that are not present in the
internal event listing 154. The Opening-Act item 157a and the
Created-By item 157b are not present in the internal event listing
154. (The Opening-Act item 155a is underlined to indicate that is
not initially present and is being added to the internal event
listing 154.) The Opening-Act item 157a is thus added to the
internal event listing 154 as an additional Opening-Act information
item 155a ("Kendrick Lamar"). The social-networking system 160 may
determine whether to make the additional information item 155a a
hidden item.
[0062] In this example, the determination of whether the additional
information item 155a is added as a hidden item may be based on
whether the user who created the external event listing 156 is the
administrator of the internal event listing 154. If so, the
additional information item 155a may be added as an ordinary
(non-hidden) item. If not, the additional information item 155a may
be added as a hidden item. Since the user who created the external
event listing 156 ("Adam Smith") is the administrator of the
internal event listing 154 according to the association 232 between
the internal event listing 154 and the administrator 230 ("Adam
Smith"), the Opening-Act information item 155a ("Kendrick Lamar")
may be added as an ordinary (non-hidden) item. The Created-By item
157c is not added to the internal event listing 154 as an
information item 155 in this example because the internal event
listing 154 was previously created by a different user, whose
identity 230 ("Adam Smith") is associated with the internal event
listing 154 by the administrator association 232.
[0063] FIG. 3B illustrates an example 310 of updating an internal
event listing 154 by adding a hidden information item 155b from an
external event listing 156. The example of FIG. 3B is similar to
that of FIG. 3A, except the Created-By item 157c ("Dave Jones")
indicates that the user who created the external event listing 156
is different from the administrator 230 ("Adam Smith"). Because of
this difference, the additional information item 157a
(Opening-Act="Kendrick Lamar") is added to the internal event
listing 154 as a hidden information item 155b. As described above,
hidden information items are not ordinarily presented to users as
part of the internal event listing 154, though searches for event
listings may access and match the hidden event listing 155b. For
example, a search for "Kendrick Lamar" by a searching user who has
read access permission for the internal event listing 154 may match
the Opening-Act item 155b and return the internal event listing
154. The non-hidden information items (Name="Kanye Concert,"
Date="21 January 2017," and Location="Levi's Stadium") may be
presented to the searching user as part of the internal event
listing 154 matching the search, though the hidden information item
155b ("Kendrick Lamar") may not be presented to the searching user
unless the searching user's identity satisfies a condition. The
condition may be that the searching user is the administrator 230
of the internal event listing 154 or is the user who created the
hidden information item 155b (e.g., "Dave Jones" in this example).
Thus, the information item 155b (Opening-Act="Kendrick Lamar) may
be presented to the user "Adam Smith" or to the user "Dave Jones"
as part of the internal event listing 154 when the internal event
listing 154 is presented to either of those users, e.g., as a
search result or in other situations in which event listings are
presented to users.
[0064] FIG. 4 illustrates an example 400 of updating an internal
event listing by changing an existing information item to have a
new value from an external event listing 156. In the example of
FIG. 4, an external event listing 156 includes an updated value
("28 January 2017") for the Date information item 157d. Since the
existing value for the Date information item 155c in the internal
event listing 154 is different ("21 January 2017"), the Date
information item 155c in the internal event listing 154 is changed
to have the value from the external event listing 156. The updated
value is shown as an updated Date information item 155d having the
value "28 January 2017" and a deleted information item 155c. In
this example, the external event listing 156 has a Created-By item
having the same value as the administrator 234 ("Ticketmerchant"),
so the internal event listing is updated with the new Date value
157d instead of creating a hidden item for the new Date value.
[0065] FIG. 5 illustrates an example 500 of creating a new internal
event listing from an external event listing. The external event
listing 156 includes information items 157, including a Name item
("49ers Football Game"), a Date item ("12 November 2017"), a
Location item ("Levi's Stadium"), and a Created-By item
("Ticketmerchant"), indicating that the external event listing 156
was created by a partner named "Ticketmerchant"). Upon receiving
the external event listing 156, the social-networking system 160
may determine whether there is an existing internal event listing
corresponding to the external event listing 156. In this example,
there is no existing internal event listing 154 sufficiently
similar to the external event listing 156. A new internal event
listing 154 is therefore created based on the information items 157
in the external event listing 156. In this example, the new
internal event listing 154 includes information items 155 that are
the same as (e.g., copies of or references to) the information
items 157 in the external event listing 156. The user
"Ticketmerchant" who created the existing information item 156 is
the administrator of the new internal event listing 154, as shown
by the administrator association 232 between the internal event
listing 154 and the "Ticketmerchant"' user 230. As an example and
not by way of limitation, the administrator association 232 may be
an edge between an event node representing the internal event
listing 154 and a user node representing the "Ticketmerchant"
user.
[0066] In particular embodiments, an existing internal event
listing 154 to be updated may be identified explicitly by the user,
e.g., by being selected in a user interface or of a web browser 132
or referenced in the user interface by an event identifier that
uniquely identifies the existing internal event listing 154 (e.g.,
"Event-2196"). If the user identifies the internal event listing
154 using a system external to the social-networking system 160,
e.g., the client system 130 or the server system 180, then
information identifying the user-identified internal event listing
154 may be sent from the external system to the server 162 of the
social-networking system 160. The identifying information may be
sent as a parameter in an invocation of the events API 168 via the
network 110, for example. In particular embodiments, the existing
event listing 154 may be identified by the social-networking system
160 using at least one item of event information provided by the
user as search criteria (e.g., name="Kanye Concert"). The
identified internal event listing 154 may then be updated to
include the new information items 155. Optionally, the updated
information items 155 may be included in the internal event listing
154 as replacements or additional values for information items 155
having the same name in the internal event listing 154. As an
example, the information items 155 that correspond to and are used
to identify the existing internal event listing 154 may include,
but are not limited to, the event name (e.g., ""Kanye Concert" in
the above example), venue ("Levi's Stadium"), and/or location
("Santa Clara"), date ("21 January 2017").
[0067] In particular embodiments, the event system 161 may
determine whether particular information items 155 correspond to an
existing internal event listing 154 by calculating a probability
based on the information items 155 and the existing internal event
listing 154 as described below. If the probability satisfies a
threshold condition, such as being greater than a threshold value,
a corresponding internal event listing 154 already exists and may
be updated to subsequently include the information items.
[0068] In particular embodiments, if no existing internal event
listing 154 corresponds to the specified information items 155, a
new internal event listing 154 that includes the specified
information items 155 may be created. For example, the new event
listing 154 may include the name of the opening act and any other
specified information items 155. Examples of information items 155
that may be associated with existing internal events 154 include
ticket URL, artist, ticket provider, and ticket price tags.
[0069] In particular embodiments, internal event listings 154 that
are automatically-created may be referred to herein as "ingested
events" and may be unowned, e.g., not associated with a user 101 or
other type of entity, at the time they are created, or may be owned
by the online social network. Ingested events may be presented to
users by the social-networking system 160 and may be discoverable
through discovery interfaces or surfaces, such as an events search
results page that lists events identified in response to a search
query. Performers who are detected as performing on an event may
confirm that they are on (e.g., associated with) the event. In
particular embodiments, any page on the social-networking system
160 may add an ingested event to a page. A notification or news
feed update referencing or including the event may be sent to users
associated with the page, e.g., to fans associated with the page or
fans of the performer. Alternatively, unowned internal event
listings 154 or internal event listings owned by the online social
network may not ordinarily distributed (e.g., presented) to users
until an action, such as an intentional action by a user 101
referencing the unowned internal event listings 154, causes them to
be distributed to one or more users. As an example, unowned
internal event listings 154 may be distributed to users when a user
action related to a page associated with the unowned internal event
listing 154 occurs. Particular internal unowned event listings 154
may be distributed to users by, e.g., adding the events to the
users' feeds.
[0070] In particular embodiments, internal event listings 154 may
not be presented to users 101 unless an action occurs in the
social-networking system 160 that causes a particular internal
event listing 154 to be presented to users. In particular
embodiments, an internal event listing 154 may be presented to
users when one of the following actions occurs: a user adds the
internal event listing 154 to a page, such as one of the user's
pages, thereby implicitly claiming ownership of the internal event
listing 154 and becoming its administrator, or a user 101
specifically searches for the event, e.g., using a search query
that matches an information item of the internal event listing 154.
A user 101 who claims ownership of an internal event listing 154
may then maintain, promote, and encourage people to engage with the
internal event listing 154. That is, the user 101 may become an
administrator of the claimed internal event listing 154. Performers
who confirm that they are performing on an event may maintain and
edit the event on the confirmed event. In particular embodiments,
any user may promote an event. Notifications referencing a claimed
internal event listing 154 may be generated, e.g., notifications
may be sent to the venue and artist associated with the internal
event listing 154 requesting that they claim the event.
[0071] In particular embodiments, when a user 101 adds an internal
event listing 154 to a page, such as one of the user's pages,
notifications that refer to or include the internal event listing
154 can then be sent to users 101 who like the page. As another
example, if a user performs an action on the internal event listing
154, then a story or notification can be generated. Users who
indicate that they "like" the page may see the event in a story.
For example, when a venue lists an event on their page, the
internal event listing 154 may be distributed via the venue's page
to users who view the page. As another example, an "Add to
Calendar" action may be displayed on an event page, and the
internal event listing 154 may be distributed to users once it is
on the user's calendar and visible to other users. In another
example, a page owner may access an internal event listing and
request that the event show up on their page. Notifications about
the internal event listing 154 may then be sent to followers of the
owner's page.
[0072] In particular embodiments, internal event listings 154 may
contain incorrect information. For example, crawling web sites for
external event listings 156 may identify an event type and venue,
but may identify incorrect values for those information items.
Further, when event listings are ingested from a partner, the
information from the partner does not ordinarily reference
social-networking system pages for entities such as artists and
venues. The information from the partner merely includes the names
of such entities. The names are matched to the social-networking
system page IDs, and there is a possibility that the matching is
incorrect. In particular embodiments, information associated with
an internal event listing 154 may be corrected by a user 121, the
administrator of the internal event listing 154, or another user
associated with the internal event listing 154, such as an artist
associated with the event listing. If the information is incorrect,
the administrator of the page, e.g., the artist, can report the
error. The information can be reviewed and corrected manually on
the social-networking system 160. If a user has claimed to be the
owner of the event, that user may be permitted to edit the
information. For events that nobody has claimed, users who view the
event may be asked if the information is correct, and if not, to
correct the error, e.g., by suggesting corrections. The suggested
corrections may be sent to other users through crowdsourcing. Users
may then vote on whether the corrections are accurate and should be
applied to the internal event listing.
[0073] In particular embodiments, one or more items of event
information 155 included in the internal event listing 154
associated with the external event listing 156 are may be
inaccessible by users of the online social network 160. Such items
of event information 155 included in the internal event listing 154
associated with the external event listing 156 may be accessible by
one or more search-engine systems and may be referred to herein as
hidden information items 155. As an example and not by way of
limitation, the items of event information 155 may be accessible as
metadata on the web page for the internal event listing 154, e.g.,
located on the web server 182. As another example, the metadata may
be extracted by an external search engine (not shown).
Alternatively, the metadata may be metadata associated with the
internal event listing 154 that is not on the web page, but instead
internally associated with the internal event listing 154 and
therefore only accessible to searches of the data store 164
performed by an internal search engine in the social-networking
system 160, e.g., by the server 162.
[0074] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may send, to one or more client systems 130, one or more
notifications to the one or more identified entities 161 associated
with the internal event listings. Each notification may indicate
the associated event listing has been updated or created. A client
system 130 associated with one of the entities 161 may receive the
notifications and present the notifications on an output device.
For example, when the location information item 155 of an internal
event listing 154 is updated to a new value (e.g., changed from
"London" to "San Francisco"), then a notification of the update may
be sent to one or more client systems 130 associated with one or
more entities 161 that are in turn associated with the internal
event listing. A user 101 associated with a client system 130 may
be, e.g., a user who is logged into the client system 130, a user
who is or has recently been using or carrying the client system
130, or a user 101 who most recently used the device 130. A user
101 associated with an internal event listing 154 may be, e.g., a
user 101 who is registered to attend the corresponding event, a
user 101 who is an administrator of the corresponding event, or a
user 101 who is an artist associated with the event (e.g., "Kanye
West").
[0075] As an example and not by way of limitation, when at least
one of the notifications is sent to an administrator of the
internal event listing 154, the notifications may include a request
for the administrator to approve the update to the internal event
listing 154. As another example, the notification may indicate that
the associated internal event listing 154 has been created, and
that the entity 161 can claim the associated internal event listing
154 as administrator. That is, the entity 161 may perform
administrative operations on the associated internal event listing
154, such as updating the event listing 154, deleting the event
listing 154, or sending the event listing 154 to other users 101 of
the social-networking system 160.
[0076] FIG. 6 illustrates an example method 600 for aggregating
events on a social-networking system 160. The method may begin at
step 610, where the social-networking system 160 may receive, from
an external event system, one or more external event listings. At
step 620, the social-networking system 160 may identify one or more
entities of the online social network associated with each external
event listing. At step 630, the social-networking system 160 may
determine whether the external event listing corresponds to an
internal event listing on the online social network based on an
analysis of the event information associated with the respective
external event listing. At step 640, the social-networking system
160 may determine whether the external event listing corresponds to
an internal event listing. At step 650, if the external event
listing corresponds to an internal event listing, then the
social-networking system 160 may update the internal event listing
to include one or more items of event information associated with
the external event listing. At step 650, if the external event
listing does not correspond to an internal event listing, then the
social-networking system 160 may create a new internal event
listing based on the one or more items of event information
associated with the external event listing. At step 670, the
social-networking system 160 may send, to one or more client
systems, one or more notifications to one or more identified
entities associated with the internal event listings indicating the
associated internal event listing has been updated or created.
[0077] Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the
method of FIG. 6, where appropriate. Although this disclosure
describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 6
as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates
any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 6 occurring in any
suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and
illustrates an example method for aggregating events on a
social-networking system including the particular steps of the
method of FIG. 6, this disclosure contemplates any suitable method
for aggregating events on a social-networking system including any
suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the steps
of the method of FIG. 6, where appropriate. Furthermore, although
this disclosure describes and illustrates particular components,
devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of the method of
FIG. 6, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of
any suitable components, devices, or systems carrying out any
suitable steps of the method of FIG. 6.
De-Duping the Event System
[0078] In particular embodiments, duplicate event listings 154
representing a single real-world event may be identified and linked
together, combined, or otherwise associated with each other to
avoid unnecessary duplication and inconsistency. Two event listings
154 may be duplicates if both event listings 154 include one or
more of the same information items 155, though duplicate event
listings 154 need not be identical. Duplicate event listings 154
may be created separately, e.g., by different users 101 or at
different times. A user 101 who creates a duplicate event listing
154 may be unaware of the existence of an existing event listing
154, or a user 101 may purposefully create a duplicate event
listing 154 having one or more additional information items 155
that are not included in the existing event listing 154 or are to
be kept separate from those in the existing event listing 154. A
selected duplicate event listing 154 may be designated as a
canonical event listing 154, and access to each of the other
duplicate event listings 154, such as registering to attend an
event or reading/writing event information items 155, may be
directed to the canonical event listing 154 unless the access is
specifically directed to one of the other (non-canonical) event
listings 154. For example, a user 101 may create a duplicate event
listing 154 intentionally to share with friends. Access to that
event listing 154 by the user and the user's friends may be
directed to the duplicate event listing 154 instead of the
canonical event listing 154.
[0079] In particular embodiments, an event bucketization technique
may be used to identify event listings 154 that are likely to
correspond to a particular event. The identified event listings 154
may be processed further by a classifier, e.g., to determine their
similarity scores. Event listings 154 that are not identified as
being likely to correspond to a particular event may be ruled out,
and thus need not be evaluated by the classifier. For example, two
event listings 154a, 154f having locations separated by a
substantial distance and times separated by a substantial amount of
time are unlikely to correspond to the same event. The event
bucketization technique may assign event listings 154 to buckets
based on event listing information items 155 that have ranges of
values such that different values imply different events. Examples
of such information items 155 include event listing time and event
location. When two event listings 154 are to be evaluated to
determine whether they refer to the same real-world event, the
buckets that correspond to the event listings 154 may be compared.
If the event listings 154 correspond to different buckets, then the
event listings are unlikely to correspond to the same events, and
the classifier need not be used for those two event listings
154.
[0080] In particular embodiments, each bucket may be associated
with a range of values of one or more items of event information
155, such as start time and location. A particular event listing
154 may correspond to the bucket(s) associated with the range(s)
that include the event listing's particular information item
values. As an example, for start time, time may be discretized into
1-hour time slots, and each time slot associated with one of 24
time buckets. Each event listing 154 may be placed into (e.g.,
associated with) multiple buckets that cover a range of values near
the values of the event's corresponding information items 155. For
example, an event listing 154 may be placed into three time
buckets: a bucket for the event listing's start hour (which is the
hour that includes the event's start time), a bucket for the hour
immediately preceding the event listing's start hour, and a bucket
for the hour immediately after the event listing's start hour.
[0081] As another example, for event location, geographic locations
may be discretized into tiles, and each tile may be associated with
a portion of a geographic map. A given latitude and longitude may
be mapped to a tile on the geographic map. The sizes of the tiles
may be configured according to a desired level of sensitivity
(i.e., granularity) of event matching. Each event listing 154 may
be placed into nine location buckets: a bucket for the event's
location (which is the tile that includes the event listing's
latitude and longitude coordinates), and buckets for the eight
tiles surrounding the event listing's location. Thus each event
listing 154 may be associated with 27 different buckets: 3
different hours and 9 different tiles. The buckets may be thought
of as a hash table for which the key is a combination of the time
bucket and the space bucket for particular event listing 154. When
a new event listing 154 is created or an existing event listing 154
is moved in time or location, the classifier may be run for only
the event listings in the 27 buckets associated with the new or
changed event listing 154. The length of the time window used for
event listing comparison may be changed by changing the lengths of
the time buckets.
[0082] In particular embodiments, two event listings 154 having
sufficiently similar information items, e.g., having a sufficiently
close similarity score, may be classified as duplicates. To
determine whether two event listings 154 are duplicates, a first
step may be performed in which candidate event listings 154 that
are close in time and space are identified, and a second step may
be performed in which the classifier algorithm is run to determine
similarity scores for event listings that are identified as being
close in time and space, e.g., probabilities that two event
listings 154 correspond to the same real-world event. Two event
listings 154 having a similarity score of at least a threshold
value may be considered duplicates.
[0083] In particular embodiments, even if there is a large number
of event listings 154, e.g., 100 million, when a new event listing
154 is created, each bucket for the event listing 154 ordinarily
contains a small number of events, e.g., 2, 3, 10, etc., which may
be the existing event listings 154 in the relatively small temporal
and geographic area around the new event listing. The classifier
may be run on event listing pairs formed from those 2-10 other
event listings 154 (and other affected pairs, e.g., in adjacent
hours and adjacent map tiles) to re-calculate their similarity
scores. After the calculation, the similarity score may be cached.
Subsequently, a canonical event listing 154 may be identified using
a cache lookup. Each cached similarity score may be stored on or
otherwise associated with the canonical event listing 154 for which
it was calculated. Event listings 154 may be stored in a database,
and there may be a database entry for each event listing 154. The
entry may include information items 155 such as the venue, start
time, author, which other event listings are duplicates of this
one, and their similarity scores (e.g., with respect to the
canonical event listing 154 and/or with respect to other event
listings 154). An indication of which event listing 154 is the
canonical one may also be stored. Thus, a previously-identified
canonical event listing 154 may be identified from cached
information, without looking up the buckets or running the
classifier again. The buckets and classifier may be used when an
event listing 154 is created or moved in time or space, in which
case the similarity scores for buckets associated with the moved
event listing 154 may be recomputed, and the recomputed similarity
scores and/or the identity of the canonical event listing 154 may
be cached. In the example of 27 buckets, the event listings 154 in
the 27 buckets may be recomputed and the similarity scores cached
by storing them in the database.
[0084] FIG. 7 illustrates an example 700 in which duplicate event
listings 154 have been identified and linked together to form event
listing clusters 702. One of the duplicate event listings 154a-d in
a cluster 702a may be designated as a canonical event listing 154a.
In particular embodiments, a social-networking system 160 may
identify two or more event listings 154a-d that are likely to
correspond to the same real-world event, and generate associations
identifying the event listings 154b-d as duplicates of a canonical
event listing 154a. Subsequently, requests to accesses the other
duplicate event listings 154b-d in the cluster 702a, such as to
retrieve or update information items 155, may be redirected to the
associated canonical event listing 154a. Such requests may be
redirected by default, unless the requests specifically indicate
that the requested duplicate event listing itself, e.g., event
listing 154b, is to be accessed. If such requests are not
redirected or otherwise processed to control access to duplicate
event listings 154a-d, inconsistencies and unnecessary duplication
of event listing information may occur. Requests to access separate
ones of the duplicate event listings 154a-d that correspond to the
same event may be generated by users 101 who obtain one or more of
the duplicate event listings 154a-d from searches, e.g., using two
different queries that match the respective duplicate event
listings 154a-d, by receiving links to the duplicate event listings
154 from other users via messages, or the like. In particular
embodiments, duplicate event listings 154a-d may be identified when
they are created, or subsequently to being created, e.g., when they
are identified by a search query, referenced in a notification or
message, presented to a user, or sent to an external system
170.
[0085] In particular embodiments, duplicate event listings 154 are
not necessarily identical. Two or more event listings 154 that have
one or more information items in common, e.g., the same name,
location, and date, may be duplicates even if they also have
different information items, e.g., different start times. Thus two
or more event listings that identify and correspond to the same
real-world event may be duplicates even if there are differences
between the two event listings.
[0086] In particular embodiments, duplicate event listings 154 may
be created inadvertently, e.g., as a result of actions by one or
more users or entities. A user who creates a duplicate event
listing 154b may be unaware of an existing event listing 154a that
could have been used instead of creating a new event listing. A
selected one of the duplicate event listings, which may be the
existing event listing 154a or one of the subsequent duplicate
event listings 154b, may be designated as a canonical event
listing, and an access request for each of the other duplicate
event listings 154b,c,d, such as a request to retrieve or modify an
event listing, may be directed to the canonical event listing 154a
unless the access request satisfies particular criteria for
accessing the non-canonical event listing. Such criteria may be,
e.g., that the user 101 requesting access is the creator of the
non-canonical event listing 154a or a friend of the creator, as
described below.
[0087] In particular embodiments, duplicate event listings 154 may
be created intentionally by a user or entity, e.g., to maintain a
separate copy of an event listing. For example, a user may
intentionally create a private event listing for use by the user
and his or her friends, in which case the user may request that
accesses to the private event listing not be redirected to a
canonical event listing. As another example, a user 101 may create
a duplicate event listing intentionally 154b to share with friend,
and access to that event by the user 101 and the friends may be
directed to the duplicate event listing 154b instead of the
canonical event listing 154a, while other users who are not friends
of the user may be directed to the canonical event listing 154 if
they attempt to access the duplicate event listing 154b. As another
example, a duplicate event listing 154b may have one or more
additional information items 155 that are not included in the
existing event 154a or are to be kept separate from those in the
existing event 154a, e.g., in case of subsequent changes to the
duplicate event 154b that the user wishes to keep separate from or
does not have permission to make to the existing event. For
example, information items 155 of a duplicate event 154b that
differ from information items in another otherwise similar event
154a may be of use to users, so the duplicate event 154b may be
identified, linked to an event 154a of which it is a duplicate,
stored in the data store 164, and made accessible by users (though
access may be provided conditionally).
[0088] Note that the term "event listing" 154 used without an
"internal" or "external" qualifier may refer to either an internal
event listing 154 or an external event listing 154. The techniques
described herein with reference to event listings 154 may be
applied to either internal event listings 154 or external event
listings 156.
[0089] The example 700 illustrates three event clusters 702a,b,c.
Each event cluster 702a,b,c includes two or more event listings
154, one of which is a respective canonical event listing 154a,e,i,
and the other(s) of which are duplicates of the canonical event
listing 154a,e,i and contain redirection information 704 to the
canonical event listing in their cluster 702a,b,c. As introduced
above, in particular embodiments, different event listings 155 for
the same real-world event may be created in a social-networking
system 160 by, for example, different users 101, or by a single
user at different times. Duplicate events may also be created by
different external sources 130, 170, 180. As an example, a
third-party system 170, a server system 180, and one or more client
systems 130 operated by users 101 may create different event
listings 154 for a Beyonce concert event. Each event listing 154
may include one or more items of event information 155, such as an
event name, date, location, and so on.
[0090] In particular embodiments, the quality of an event listing
154 may be determined based on the information items 155 included
in the event listing 154. For example, in a news feed, a user may
join, e.g., register to attend, a Beyonce event listing 154 of low
quality, e.g., an event listing 154 that has few details, but there
may be another event listing 154 of higher quality, e.g., having
more details, for the same real-world Beyonce event. The
higher-quality event listing 154 may be considered more desirable,
and should be presented to users instead of the lower-quality event
listing 154, particularly when the higher-quality event listing 154
contains a superset of the information in the lower-quality event
listing 154.
[0091] In particular embodiments, a canonical event listing 154a
may be, for example, the most accurate, complete, or reliable of
the duplicate event listings 154a-d. Users should see and be able
to join the canonical event listing 154a for a particular
real-world event, even if other duplicate event listings 154c-d
have been created for the real-world event. Further, search results
should ordinarily show the same canonical event listing 154a for a
particular real-world event, regardless of how many duplicate
events 154b-d representing the real-world event exist. When a user
101 requests to create a new online event, but a canonical event
listing 154a already exists for the same real-world event, the
canonical event 154a may be presented to the user, and the user
informed that the new event listing may be a duplicate 154b, and
asked to confirm that the new event listing is still to be
created.
[0092] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may present one or more event listings 154 to a user 101 in
response to a search query. For example, the user 101 may search
for event listings 154 that contain a particular query term, such
as the name of an artist (e.g., Kanye West), venue (e.g., Levi's
Stadium), location (e.g., Santa Clara), or other information item
of an event listing 155. If there are duplicate event listings
154a-d in the event system (e.g., stored in an event database), the
search query may match one or more of the duplicate event listings.
For a particular real-world event, the search results may include
the canonical event listing 154a but not the other duplicate event
listings 154b,c,d. Alternatively, the search results may include
the canonical event listing 154a and one or more of the duplicate
event listings 154b-d, in which case the canonical event listing
154a may be the highest-ranked search result, and the other
duplicate event listings 154b-d may be ranked below the canonical
event listing 154a.
[0093] FIG. 8A illustrates an example geographic map 800 divided
into geographic map tiles. The map 800 is divided into nine large
tiles 802-818, eight of which are adjacent to a large center tile
810. The large tiles are divided by solid lines. The map is also
divided into 36 small tiles, which are divided by dashed and solid
lines. Each large tile is identified by a numeric reference number
and divided into four small tiles, which are identified by the
numeric reference number of the large tile followed by a letter A,
B, C, or D. For example, the large tile 802 is divided into small
tiles 802A-D by dashed lines. The large tiles correspond to a first
resolution in which the large tiles are increments, and the small
tiles correspond to a second resolution in which the small tiles
are increments that are smaller but more densely arranged than
those of the first resolution. Note that although FIG. 8A
illustrates map tiles of particular sizes, this disclosure
contemplates map tiles of any suitable sizes. For example, the map
tiles could be of differing sizes based on object density, as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,914,393, issued on 16 Dec. 2014, which
is incorporated by reference herein.
[0094] In particular embodiments, the locations of event listings
154 on the map 800 may be used to place the event listings 154 in
buckets that correspond to the map tiles, and the resulting
bucketization may be used to identify event listings 154 that are
likely to correspond to the same events because of the geographic
proximity between the event listings 154. Two event listings may be
more likely to correspond to the same event if the two event
listings are in the same tile or adjacent tiles, and less likely
(e.g., unlikely) to correspond to the same event if the two event
listings 154 are in non-adjacent tiles (e.g., tiles whose edges do
not touch and whose corners do not touch). Thus, a first event
listing 154a is more likely to correspond to the same real-world
event as a second event listing 154b if the second event listing
154b is located in the same tile as the first event listing 154a or
in one of the eight tiles surrounding the first event listing's
tile, and less likely to correspond to the second event 154b if the
second event listing 154b is not located in one of those nine tiles
according to this bucketization criteria. In this example, in the
first resolution, eight large tiles are adjacent to any particular
large tile, while in the second resolution, eight small tiles are
adjacent to any particular small tile.
[0095] In particular embodiments, the choice of which resolution to
use may be made based on factors such as the density of event
locations on the map or the number of candidate event listings 154
identified for processing by the classifier. If the density of
event locations is low, then a "lower" resolution with larger tiles
may be used, since each the average number of events in each tile
may be relatively low, and vice-versa. Smaller tile sizes are more
likely, on the average, to exclude nearby event listings from being
passed on to the classifier, and thus may generate fewer candidates
for processing by the classifier than larger tile sizes. Thus,
smaller tile sizes may be used to reduce the amount of
computational resources used by the classifier to score and cluster
event listings 154. The tile size may also be selected based on the
geographical area of interest to the user. For example, if the user
has selected a map resolution at the neighborhood level or
frequently attends events in a particular neighborhood, then small
map tiles that divide up a neighborhood may be selected.
Alternatively, if the user selects or searches a map resolution at
the city level, or frequently attends events located throughout a
city, then larger map tiles that divide up a city but may include
entire neighborhoods may be selected. The tile size may be based on
any other suitable factors. For example, if a large percentage of
the event listings 154 are often placed in a single tile, then the
tile size may be decreased. If few event listings 154 (e.g., 0 or
1) are placed in each tile, then the tile size may be
increased.
[0096] In the example of FIG. 8A, the locations and times of
several example event listings are shown on the map 800. A "Cadet
Concert" event 822 starting on 8 Oct. 2017 is located at
"Roundhouse" 820 in map tile 802A. A "Lunch" event 826 starting on
8 Oct. 2017 is located at "Pret a Manger" 824 in tile 804D. A "DJ
Shadow" event 830 starting on 8 Oct. 2017 is located at "Electric
Ballroom" 828 in tile 810B. An "Oktoberfest" event 834 starting on
8 Oct. 2017 located at "Proud Camden" 832 is in tile 810D. Another
"Lunch" event 838, this one starting on 10 Oct. 2017, is located at
"Pret a Manger" 836 in tile 818. The events may be placed into
location buckets according to their geographical locations.
[0097] In the large-tile resolution, the "Cadet Concert" event 822
is placed in tile 802, the "Lunch" event 826 is placed in tile 804,
the "DJ Shadow" event 830 and the "Oktoberfest" 834 event are
placed in tile 810, and the "Lunch" event 838 is placed in tile
818. Thus, if only the location dimension is used to identify event
listings 154 that are unlikely to correspond to the same event,
then, evaluating each event, the "Cadet Concert" event 822 in tile
802 may correspond to the same event as any of (1) the "Lunch"
event 826 in tile 804, (2) the "DJ Shadow" event 830 in tile 810,
or (3) the "Oktoberfest" event 834 in tile 810. The "Lunch" event
in tile 818 is in a non-adjacent tile and is therefore unlikely to
correspond to the same event as the "Cadet Concert" event 822.
Thus, when identifying event listings that may correspond to the
same event as the "Cadet Concert" event 822, the three events 826,
830, and 834 may be evaluated further, e.g., by computing their
similarity scores relative to event 822 using the classifier. The
"Lunch" event 826 in tile 804 may be evaluated similarly to obtain
the same result. The two event listings 830, 834 in the large
center tile 810 are located adjacent to all of the other large
tiles on the map 800, so all of the other events on the map 800 may
be evaluated further when identifying event listings that are
potentially for the same event as each of the two event listings
830, 834. The "Lunch" event 838 in tile 818 is located adjacent to
tile 810, but not to tiles 802 and 804. Thus, the events 830, 834
in tile 810 may be evaluated further when identifying event
listings that are potentially for the same event as the "Lunch"
event listing 838, but the event 822 in tile 802 and the event 826
in tile 804 need not be evaluated further for event listing
838.
[0098] In the small-tile resolution, the "Cadet Concert" event 822
is placed in tile 802A, the "Lunch" event 826 is placed in tile
804D, the "DJ Shadow" event 830 is placed in tile 810B, the
"Oktoberfest" 834 event is placed in tile 810D, and the "Lunch"
event 838 is placed in tile 818D. Thus, if only the location
dimension is used to identify event listings 154 that are unlikely
to correspond to the same event, then, evaluating each event, for
the "Cadet Concert" event 822 in tile 802A, every other event
listing on the map 800 may be excluded from further evaluation
because tile 802A is not adjacent to the tiles of any other events
on the map. For the "Lunch" event 826 in tile 804D, the "DJ Shadow"
event listing 830 is in an adjacent tile (810B) and may thus be
evaluated further (e.g., by the classifier) to determine whether it
may correspond to the same event as the "Lunch" event listing 826.
No other event listings on the map are adjacent to tile 804D, so
there are no other event listings to be evaluated further for the
"Lunch" event 826. Similarly, for the "DJ Shadow" event listing 830
in tile 810B, the "Lunch" event listing 826 in tile 804D and the
"Oktoberfest" event listing 834 in tile 810D are adjacent to tile
810B and may be evaluated further. For the "Oktoberfest" event
listing 834 in tile 810D, the "DJ Shadow" event 830 in tile 810B is
adjacent and may be evaluated further. For the "Lunch" event
listing 838 in tile 818D, there are no adjacent events, so every
other event on the map 800 may be excluded from further evaluation.
In this example, using small tiles has excluded more events from
further evaluation by the classifier than were excluded when using
large tiles on the same map 800, because event listings at
locations more distant than one tile are excluded.
[0099] FIG. 8B illustrates an example timeline 850 divided into
time increments 852-862. Event listings may be placed in, e.g.,
associated with, particular time increments. For example, event
listings may be placed in time increments that correspond to the
start times (or dates) associated with the event listings. On the
example timeline 850, event listings 820, 826, 830, and 834 are
placed in time increment 856 ("8 Oct. 2017") and event listing 838
is placed in time increment 860 ("10 Oct. 2017"). In particular
embodiments, for each event listing, another event listing that is
in the same time increment or an adjacent time increment is more
likely to correspond to the same event, while another event listing
that is not in the same or an adjacent time increment is less
likely to correspond to the same event. Thus, the time increments
in which two event listings are placed may be used to determine
whether to evaluate the two event listings in more detail to
determine if they represent the same event, or to rule out the
possibility that they represent the same event without performing
more detailed evaluation. The time increments bucketization may be
used as the only factor in this determination, or may be combined
with other factors such as map tile location bucketization.
[0100] Two of the time increments, "7 Oct. 2017" 854 and "9 Oct.
2017" 858, are adjacent to the time increment "8 Oct. 2017" 856,
into which four of the events (822, 826, 830, and 834) are placed.
One event (838) is placed in the time increment "10 Oct. 2017"
(860), which is not adjacent to the time increment "8 Oct. 2017."
The remaining event, event 838, occurs on 10 Oct. 2017 and is
placed in time increment 860. Each of the example event listings
may be evaluated with respect to another one of the event listings
to determine whether the two event listings are likely or unlikely
to correspond to the same event.
[0101] In the example of FIG. 8B, for event listing 822, event
listings 826, 830, and 834 are in the same time increment and may
thus be placed in the same bucket as event listing 822. Each of the
event listings 826, 830, 834 is thus more likely to correspond to
the same event as event listing 822, and may be processed further
(e.g., by the classifier). Similarly, for each of the event
listings 836, 830, and 834, the other three events in the 8 Oct.
2017 time increment may be processed further. Further, for each
event listing 822, 826, 830, and 834, the event listing 838 is
unlikely to correspond to the same event, and need not be processed
further.
[0102] Each time increment on the timeline 850 corresponds to one
day. In particular embodiments, the time increment size may be
changed to larger increments such as months, or smaller increments
such as hours. The time increment size may be based on how closely
selected event listings occur in time, for example. The selected
event listings may be the event listings having locations within
nine adjacent tile squares on the map 800. The time increment size
may be determined based on the average time difference between the
selected events, or on any other suitable factors. For example, if
a large percentage of the event listings are often placed in a
single time increment, then the time increment size may be
decreased. If few event listings are placed in each time increment
(e.g., 0 or 1 listings), then the time increment size may be
increased.
[0103] In particular embodiments, with reference to FIGS. 8A-8C,
the social-networking system 160 may receive a first event listing
834 ("Oktoberfest") corresponding to a first event. The first event
listing 834 may be understood as an event listing that has been
received or otherwise identified, e.g., identified as a canonical
event listing. Other event listings may then be evaluated to
determine whether they are duplicates of the first event listing
834. The other event listings being evaluated relative to the first
event listing 834 may be referred to as "candidate" event listings.
Event listing 834 is used as the first event listing in this
example for explanatory purposes. Any of the other event listings
shown in FIGS. 7 and 8A may alternatively be used as the first
event listing.
[0104] The first event listing 834 is shown in further detail as
event listing 154i("Oktoberfest") in FIG. 7. The first event
listing 834 may include one or more items of event information 155
associated with the first event, and the items of event information
155 may include at least a time ("8 Oct. 2017") and a geographic
location ("Proud Camden" and "London").
[0105] FIG. 8C illustrates an example two-dimensional array 880 of
map tiles and time increments. In particular embodiments, a
condition based on the values of two or more event listing
information items, e.g., geographic location and time, may be
evaluated to determine whether to perform further, e.g., more
detailed processing, such as invoking a classifier. When comparing
two event listings, if, for each pair of event listings evaluated,
the values of the information items for the two event listings are
sufficiently close, e.g., in the same or adjacent tiles, the same
or adjacent time increments, or the like, then the two event
listings may be likely to correspond to the same event. In
particular embodiments, a range of values for an event listing
information item may be represented as an array of values. If a
condition having multiple information items is to be evaluated,
then the range of values of each information item may be
represented as a dimension of a K-dimensional array, where K is the
number of information items to be evaluated. As an example, when
the location and time information items are to be evaluated, the
range of location values may be represented as a first array
dimension, and the range of time values may be represented as a
second array dimension, as shown by the array 880 of FIG. 8C. The
array 880 has a location dimension 864 corresponding to a location
information item of event listings and a time dimension 866
corresponding to a time information item of event listings. The
location dimension 864 is shown as nine rows that correspond to map
tiles 802-818, and the location dimension 866 is shown as six
columns that correspond to time increments 852-862.
[0106] In particular embodiments, for a given set of candidate
event listings, a subset of the candidate event listings for which
a similarity score relative to a first event listing is to be
computed may be identified using the two-dimensional array 880. The
subset may be determined by identifying a first bucket of the array
880 in which the first event listing is placed and, for each
candidate event listing, determining whether the value of each of
the two information items of the candidate event listing places the
candidate event listing in the first bucket of the array or in one
of the buckets of the array adjacent to the first bucket. For
example, to determine which of the example event listings 822, 826,
834, 838 are be passed to the classifier for similarity score
calculation relative to a first event listing 830, the event
listings may be placed in buckets of the array 880. Although the
event listing 830 is selected as the first event listing relative
to which the other event listings are evaluated in this example,
any desired event listing may be selected as the first event
listing. The first event listing 830 in this example is placed in
bucket 882c of the array 880 because the location of the event
listing 830 is map tile 810 (the large tiles are used in this
example), and the time of the event listing 830 is time increment
856 ("8 Oct. 2017"), so the first event listing 830 is placed in
bucket 882c, which is referred to as a first bucket. The buckets in
which the candidate event listings are placed in this example are
as follows, as shown in FIG. 8C: event listing 822 is in map tile
802 and time increment 856, so is placed in bucket 882a; event
listing 826 is in map tile 804 and time increment 856, so is placed
in bucket 882b; event listing 834 is in map tile 810 and time
increment 856, so is placed in bucket 882c; and event listing 838
is in map tile 818 and time increment 860, so is placed in bucket
882d.
[0107] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may bucketize the first event listing 834 based on the time and
location of the event by placing the first event listing 834 in a
first bucket 882c of an array 880 (shown in FIG. 8C). A first
dimension 864 of the array 880 may correspond to time increments
852-862, and a second dimension 866 of the array may correspond to
geographic map tiles 802-818. The bucketization may place the first
element in the corresponding bucket 882c based on the first event
listing's map tile 810 and time increment 856. The first bucket
882c may thus correspond to the time increment 856 including the
time of the first event and the geographic map tile 810 including
the geographic location of the first event. A map may be divided
into map tiles (hereinafter simply "tiles"), where each tile
represents a particular geographic area of the map. Thus,
particular locations may be within particular tiles of a map. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a location X may be within a
first tile, and locations Y and Z may be within a second tile. More
information on geographic map tiles may be found in U.S. Pat. No.
8,914,393, issued on 16 Dec. 2014, which is incorporated by
reference herein.
[0108] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may identify one or more second event listings 822, 826, 834, and
838 corresponding to one or more second events, respectively. Each
second event listing may include one or more items of event
information 155 associated with the respective second event. The
items of event information 155 may include at least a time of the
respective second event and a geographic location of the respective
second event. Each second event listing may have a time and
geographic location placing it in the first bucket 882c of the
array or one of the buckets of the array adjacent to the first
bucket 882c. As an example and not by way of limitation, the
adjacency is between map tiles or between time increments, and is
not necessarily between elements of the array 800.
[0109] To determine which of a set of candidate event listings 822,
826, 834, 838 are to be passed to the classifier for similarity
score calculation, for each candidate event listing, the bucket in
which the candidate event listing is placed may be compared to the
first bucket (in which the first event listing is placed). If the
buckets are the same, or are adjacent to each other, then a
similarity score may be calculated for the candidate event listing.
In this example, candidate event listing 834 is in the same bucket
882c as the first event listing 830, so a similarity score may be
calculated between event listing 834 and the first event listing
830. No other candidate event listings are in the same bucket as
the first event listing 830 in this example. However, map tiles 802
and 804 are both adjacent to map tile 810, so candidate event
listings 822 in map tile 802 and candidate event listing 826 in map
tile 804 are in map tiles adjacent to the map tile of the first
event listing 830, and are in the same time increment 856 as the
first event listing 830. Thus, similarity scores may also be
calculated for candidate event listings 822 and 826. Candidate
event listing 838 is in an adjacent tile (tile 818 is adjacent to
tile 810), but is not in an adjacent time interval (interval 862 is
not adjacent to interval 856). Thus, a similarity score need not be
calculated for event listing 838.
[0110] Although the example array 880 has a location dimension
having nine map tile entries and a time dimension having six time
increment entries, other sizes and element types are possible. For
example, the location dimension may alternatively have five entries
corresponding to four map tiles to the north, south, east, and west
of a specified tile 810C and the specified tile 810C itself, or 25
entries corresponding to a 5.times.5 square of map tiles centered
on the specified tile 810C. The time dimension may alternatively
have three entries corresponding to a specified increment 856 and
the two increments 854, 848 adjacent to the specified increment
856, or eleven entries corresponding to the specified increment 856
and five consecutive increments on each size of the specified
increment 856. Increasing the number of entries in the array in
either or both dimensions to include more values may be understood
as increasing the bucket size, and may cause more candidate event
listings to be placed in a bucket and processed further, e.g., by
the classifier.
[0111] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may compute, for each of the second event listings, a similarity
score between the first event listing and the second event listing.
The similarity score may be based on a comparison of the event
information of the first event listing and the event information of
the second event listing.
[0112] In particular embodiments, a trained machine-learning model
referred to herein as an event classifier may identify event
listings 154 that are similar to each other by comparing pairs of
event listings 154 and generating a similarity score based on a
probability that the two event listings 154 correspond to the same
real-world event. Canonical event listings 154a may then be
identified by selecting one of the event listings 154a-d that has
the greatest similarity score of the event listings 154a-d.
Alternatively, or additionally, a set of the highest-ranking event
listings 154 may be selected, and a rule-based system may be used
to identify the canonical event 154a. The rule-based selection is
described in further detail below. In particular embodiments, the
classifier may receive features of two event listings 154a,b as
input and generate a similarity score, which may be based on a
probability that the two event listings 154a,b correspond to the
same real-world event. Given two event listings 154a,b, a list of
features may be generated and provided as input to the classifier,
and the similarity between the two event listings 154a,b may be
determined by the classifier based on the similarities between
their features such as their information items 155. The event
listing features may include: event title, start time, location,
distance between the two events, number of attendees, event host,
how many words or tokens of the titles of the two events match,
what percent of the descriptions are similar, how many people who
joined (e.g., registered to attend) the first event listing 154a
also joined the second event listing 154b, and so on. Note that an
exact match is not needed between the values of certain information
items 155, because different values may represent the same actual
item. For example, for the event location, different addresses or
latitude/longitude coordinates may represent the same place.
Similar titles are also likely to refer to the same event.
[0113] Although event listings 154 are described above as being
compared to generate a similarity score, the classifier as
implemented does not necessarily operate directly on two different
event listings 154. Instead, the classifier's input may be a single
"combined" vector for each pair of event listings 154. The vector
may be generated based on pairwise comparisons or combinations of
information items 155 of the two event listings 154, and the
classifier may convert the vector into a similarity score. The
vector may include feature scores generated from the two event
listings 154 being compared. One feature score may be a count of
how many (or what percentage) of the tokens in the descriptions of
the event listings 154 are exactly the same. Other feature scores
may include the difference in seconds between the start times of
the two event listings 154, the difference in miles between the
locations of the two event listings 154, how many administrators
each of the two event listings have, and how many users have joined
both event listings (before they were known to be the same). The
output of the classifier may be a similarity score representing a
probability that the two event listings 154 correspond to the same
real-world event. The similarity score may be in the range 0 to 1,
for example. A threshold similarity score may be used to determine
whether each event listing 154 is one of a set of best-matching
event listings. For example, each event listing 154 that has a
similarity score of 0.9 or greater may be included in the set of
best-matching event listings. The best-matching event listings may
then be ranked in an order, and the top-ranked one selected as the
canonical event 154a.
[0114] In particular embodiments, the classifier may be a
machine-learning model trained using human-labeled event data. A
list of candidate event listings 154 may be generated, which may
include event listings 154 that have similar starting times and are
geographically located near each other. Pairs of the candidate
event listings may be presented to a human editor, who indicates
whether the two event listings in each pair are the same, i.e.,
correspond to the same real-world event. The human editor labels
the pair "yes" if he or she thinks the event candidate listings are
the same, or "no" if not. From the labeled candidate event
listings, the classifier may learn which of the features are
important for deciding whether two event listings 154 are the same,
e.g., correspond to the same real-world event. For example, if the
titles of two event listings 154 are very similar, or the same host
is an administrator for both event listings, the two event listings
154 are likely to be the same. The classifier may be implemented
using a gradient boosted decision tree, for example, or other
suitable machine-learning technique.
[0115] Referring to FIG. 7, to identify the canonical event
listings 154a,e,i, the set of event listings 154a-l may be divided
into clusters 702 by calculating the similarity scores between the
event listings 154a-l and using the similarity scores as input to a
clustering algorithm. The clustering algorithm may be k-means
clustering or other appropriate algorithm. The similarity scores
between each pair of event listings 154a-l may be computed to form
a similarity matrix M, in which entry M(i, j) is the similarity
score between the i.sup.th and j.sup.th event listings 154a-l. For
each cluster, the similarity scores in each cluster 702a,b,c may be
ranked, and the event listing 154 having the top-ranking similarity
score may be designated the canonical event listing 154a,e,i of the
respective cluster.
[0116] In the example shown in FIG. 7, the identified clusters
include a first cluster 702a containing four duplicate event
listings: 154a (name="DJ Shadow Concert"), 154b (name="DJ Shadow
Show"), 154c (name="DJ SHADOW"), and 154d (no name item, but having
other items 155 similar to listings 154a-c). The event listing 154a
("DJ Shadow Concert") includes the following information items: a
name ("DJ Shadow Concert"), a date ("7 Oct. 2017"), a venue ("The
Electric Ballroom"), a location ("London"), an event type or genre
("Rap Concert"), and the name of a user who created the event
listing ("Chad"). The canonical event listing in each cluster 702
may be the highest-ranking event listing 154 in the cluster 702.
The highest-ranking event listings are "DJ Shadow Concert" 154a,
"Cadet Concert" 154e, and "Oktoberfest" 154i in clusters 702a,b,c,
respectively. The other event listings 154b-d in the cluster 702a,
although different from the canonical event listing 154a, are
sufficiently similar to be placed in the same cluster as event
listing 154a (e.g., by a clustering algorithm based on the
similarity scores of the event listings 154a-d). The event listing
154b ("DJ Shadow Show") includes the following information items: a
name ("DJ Shadow Show"), a date ("5 Oct. 2017"), a time ("9:00
PM"), a venue ("Electric Ballroom"), a genre ("Rap"), and a creator
name ("Cheryl"). The event listings 154a, 154b have similar names
("DJ Shadow Concert" and "DJ Shadow Show"), similar dates ("7 Oct.
2017" and "5 Oct. 2017"), a similar venue ("The Electric Ballroom",
"Electric Ballroom"), and similar genres ("Rap", "Rap Concert").
Thus, although there are differences in the values of information
items of the event listings 154a, 154b, the similarities are
sufficient for these event listings to be classified as duplicates
and placed in the same cluster 702a. Similarly, the event listings
154c ("DJ SHADOW") and 154d (no name) are sufficiently similar to
the canonical event listing 154a to be classified as duplicates and
placed in the same cluster.
[0117] A second cluster 702b contains event listings 154e ("Cadet
Concert"), 154f ("Cadet"), 154g ("Cadet Concert"), and 154h ("Kadet
Show"). As in the first cluster 702a, although there are
differences in the values of information items of the event
listings 154e-h, the similarities are sufficient for the two event
listings to be classified as duplicates and placed in the same
cluster 702b. The non-canonical duplicate event listings 154f-h are
configured to be hidden event listings in this example, and so are
not displayed to users except in particular conditions. The
information items of the hidden event listings 154f-h are
searchable, however, so a search for "Kadet" matches the name of
event listing 154h ("Kadet Show"). Since event listing 154h is a
hidden event listing, the corresponding canonical event listing
154e may be displayed as a search result instead of the
non-canonical event listing 154h. As an example of conditions in
which the hidden duplicate event listings 154f-h may be displayed
to users, the user "Amy" who created the non-canonical event
listings 154f and 154g may access the event listings 154f and 154g,
e.g., as search results and make them available to other users,
such as friends or other connections of user "Amy."
[0118] A third cluster 702c contains event listings 154i
("Oktoberfest"), 154j ("Oktoberfest"), 154k ("Octoberfest"), and
154l (no name item, but having other items 155 similar to listings
154i-k). As in the first cluster 702a, although there are
differences in the values of information items of the event
listings 154i-l, the similarities are sufficient for these event
listings to be classified as duplicates and placed in the same
cluster 702c.
[0119] In particular embodiments, event listings 154 may be
discarded from each cluster based on a comparison of the similarity
score of each event listing 154 to a threshold. For example, the
top K event listings 154 in each cluster may be retained, and
listings ranked lower than K may be discarded, for a threshold
value K (e.g., 3, 5, 8, 10, or another suitable value). In FIG. 7,
for example, the value of K may be 4, resulting in the canonical
event listing and three other event listings being retained in each
cluster 702. As another example, each event listing 154 having a
similarity score greater than or equal to a value N may be
retained, and each event listing having a similarity score less
than N may be discarded. The value N may be, e.g., 0.9, 0.8, 0.75,
0.5, 0.333, or other suitable value (where similarity scores range
from 0 (least similar) to 1.0 (most similar)).
[0120] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may update a set of second event listings 154b-d so that each
second event listing having a similarity score greater than a
threshold includes redirection information 704 to a first event
listing 154a. The redirection information 704 may identify the
second event listings as being in an event cluster 702a with the
first event listing 154a. The redirection information may further
identify a canonical event listing in the event cluster to which
the other event listings in the cluster are redirected. In
particular embodiments, to update each second event listing having
a similarity score greater than a threshold score to include
redirection information to the first event listing, the
social-networking system 160 may store a reference to the first
event listing in the canonical event listing. In particular
embodiments, the social-networking system 160 may receive, from a
client system, a request to retrieve an event listing having
specified event information. The social-networking system 160 may
identify the event listing based on the event information, and the
event listing may include the redirection information. The
social-networking system 160 may identify, using the redirection
information, the canonical event listing, and send, to the client
system, instructions for presenting the canonical event listing in
response to the request.
[0121] In particular embodiments, each non-canonical event listing
154 in each cluster 702 may be updated to include redirection
information 704 to the canonical event listing 154 in the cluster.
The redirection information 704 may include a link or reference to
the canonical event listing 154, which may create the association
706 from the non-canonical event listings 154 to the canonical
event listing 154. Further, the redirection information 704 may
identify the cluster of which the event listing 154 is a
member.
[0122] For example, the redirection information 704 in each
non-canonical event listing 154 includes a canonical link item
having a value that references the cluster's canonical event
listing 154. In the example 700, the canonical link value in each
non-canonical event listing 154b-d in the first cluster 702a is set
to "154a" to indicate that event listing 154a is the canonical
event listing linked to the non-canonical event listing. The
canonical link value in the canonical event listing 154a may be set
to a value such as "this" or null to indicate that the event
listing 154a itself is the canonical event listing 154a.
Alternatively, the canonical link value in the canonical event
listing 154a may be set to a value that references the canonical
event listing 154 itself (e.g., 154a). An
implementation-appropriate type of value, such as an event listing
identifier, may be used for the canonical link value in place of
the reference number, which is used for illustrative purposes in
this example. The redirection information 704 may also include a
cluster item that identifies the cluster of which the event listing
154 is a member. In the example 700, the cluster value of each
event listing 154a-d is set to "702a" to indicate that each event
listing is a member of cluster 702a. Although the cluster value is
set to a reference number in this example, the cluster value may be
set to a different type of value that identifies the cluster 702a,
or the event listings in the cluster may be identified by a
different type of association.
[0123] In the example 700, for the second cluster 702b, the
canonical link's value in each non-canonical event listing 154f-h
in the second cluster 702a is 154e to indicate that event listing
154e is the canonical event listing linked to the non-canonical
event listing. Further, the cluster value in each event listing
154e-h is 702b to indicate that each event listing 154e-h is in the
cluster 702b. For the third cluster 702c, the canonical link's
value in each non-canonical event listing 154j-l in the second
cluster 702a is 154i to indicate that event listing 154i is the
canonical event listing linked to the non-canonical event listing.
Further, the cluster value in each event listing 154i-l is 702c to
indicate that each event listing 154i-l is in the cluster 702c.
[0124] The canonical and cluster items in the example redirection
information 704 may be stored as information items 155, and may be
hidden information items 206 so they are not presented to users.
Alternatively, the canonical and cluster values may be represented
as values other than information items 155, e.g., as variables or
other types of attributes of the event listings 154. Alternative
implementations of the redirection information 704 are possible.
For example, a data structure separate from the information items
may be used instead, e.g., a table of clusters that identifies the
event listings 154 in each cluster 702 and identifies which of the
event listings 154 is the canonical event listing 154 in each
cluster 702.
[0125] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may send, responsive to a request to access one of the event
listings in the cluster, instructions for presenting an
event-listing interface comprising a reference to the canonical
event listing. The event-listing interface may be part of a
search-results interface, a newsfeed interface, or other user
interface of the social-networking system 160. The event-listing
interface may include references to the other event listings in the
cluster, and the canonical event listing may be presented at a
higher rank than the other event listings in the cluster in the
event-listing interface. The other event listings in the cluster
may be ranked according to their similarity scores with respect to
the canonical event listing.
[0126] In particular embodiments, the similarity score for each of
the second event listings may be determined using a
machine-learning model. The machine-learning model may receive one
or more feature vectors having one or more feature values including
a first feature value based on the first event listing and a second
feature value based on the second event listing, and compute the
similarity score based on the first and second feature values. The
feature values may include a count of how many strings in the first
event listing are the same as strings in the second event listing,
a difference in time between the start times of the first and
second event listings, a difference in distance between the
locations of the first and second event listings, or other values
based on information items of the event listings.
[0127] In particular embodiments, the second event listings may be
received from an external event system, a user of the online social
network, a notification on the online social network, a message on
the online social network, and/or a list of search results.
[0128] In particular embodiments, a rule-based system may be used
to identify the canonical (e.g., best-matching) event listing by
evaluating rules. The rules may be used instead of or in addition
to other techniques for identifying the canonical event listing,
such as selecting the highest-ranking duplicate event listing as
the canonical event listing as described elsewhere herein. The
rules may be based on one or more information items of each event
listing in the event cluster, and may be evaluated in an order. A
first rule may check whether one of the event listings is an
official event listing that was received from a trusted event
provider, such as TICKETMASTER or a highly-trusted partner. If so,
the event listing may be the canonical event listing.
[0129] In particular embodiments, a second rule may determine
whether the creator of the event listing is a verified user. If so,
then the event listing may be the canonical event listing. As an
example, if the venue of the event listing is the same as the venue
that created the ticket, then the event may be the canonical event
listing. Thus, for example, if the venue Levi's Stadium created a
Beyonce event listing, and the event's location information item
indicates that the event takes place in Levi's Stadium, then that
event listing is the canonical event, and may be assigned a higher
preference than other Beyonce events that take place in Levi's
stadium created by users other than the Levi's Stadium user
account.
[0130] In particular embodiments, a third rule, which may be used
as a fallback, may determine how many people are registered to
attend (e.g., are going to) the event. The event that has the most
attendees may be the canonical event. The first rule may have more
weight than the second rule, and the second rule may have more
weight than the third rule. For example, if a famous artist such as
"50 Cent" has a user account with a verified badge and creates an
event listing, then the event listing created by "50 Cent" may be
ranked higher than another event listing that has more registered
attendees.
[0131] FIG. 9 illustrates an example method 900 for de-duplicating
events on a social-networking system 160. The method may begin at
step 910, where the social-networking system 160 may receive a
first event listing corresponding to a first event, wherein the
first event listing comprises one or more items of event
information that include at least a time of the first event and a
geographic location of the first event. At step 920, the
social-networking system 160 may identify one or more second event
listings including one or more items of event information that
include at least a time and a geographic location placing the
second event listing in the first bucket of the array or one of the
buckets of the array adjacent to the first bucket. At step 930, the
social-networking system 160 may compute, for each of the second
event listings, a similarity score between the first event listing
and the second event listing, wherein the similarity score is based
on a comparison of the event information of the first event listing
and the event information of the second event listing. At step 940,
the social-networking system 160 may update each second event
listing having a similarity score greater than a threshold score to
include redirection information referencing the first event listing
and identifying the second event listings as being in an event
cluster with the first event listing.
[0132] Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the
method of FIG. 9, where appropriate. Although this disclosure
describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 9
as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates
any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 9 occurring in any
suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and
illustrates an example method for de-duplicating events on a
social-networking system including the particular steps of the
method of FIG. 9, this disclosure contemplates any suitable method
for de-duplicating events on a social-networking system including
any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the
steps of the method of FIG. 9, where appropriate. Furthermore,
although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular
components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of
the method of FIG. 9, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems
carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 9.
[0133] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 for retrieving
canonical event listings on a social-networking system 160. The
method may begin at step 1010, where the social-networking system
160 may receive, from a client system, a request to retrieve an
event listing having specified event information. At step 1020, the
social-networking system 160 may identify the event listing based
on the event information, wherein the event listing includes the
redirection information. At step 1030, the social-networking system
160 may identify, using the redirection information, the canonical
event listing. At step 1040, the social-networking system 160 may
send, to the client system, instructions for presenting the
canonical event listing in response to the request.
[0134] Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the
method of FIG. 10, where appropriate. Although this disclosure
describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 10
as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates
any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 10 occurring in any
suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and
illustrates an example method for retrieving canonical event
listings on a social-networking system including the particular
steps of the method of FIG. 10, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable method for retrieving canonical event listings on a
social-networking system including any suitable steps, which may
include all, some, or none of the steps of the method of FIG. 10,
where appropriate. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes
and illustrates particular components, devices, or systems carrying
out particular steps of the method of FIG. 10, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable components,
devices, or systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method
of FIG. 10.
Automatic Detection of Events
[0135] In particular embodiments, a machine-learning model may be
used to automatically categorize event listings 154 on a
social-networking system 160. Event listings 154 may be associated
with categories such as music (jazz, rap), comedy, sports
(kickball, ultimate Frisbee), e-sports (League of Legends,
HearthStone), and so on. Such event categories may be useful for
search and discovery features on online social networks or other
user applications, such as specific event-management applications.
For example, a user may click or tap on a category name in an
events application to view event listings 154 in that category.
Event categories may be related to other event categories, so that
related event listings 154 may be found by searching related
categories. The event categories may be arranged in a hierarchy,
with the broadest categories at the top of the hierarchy and the
narrowest at the bottom. For example, "entertainment" may be a
top-level category, "music" may be below entertainment, and "jazz"
and "rap" may be below "music." Thus, by automatically categorizing
event listings 154, the social-networking system 160 may allow
users to more easily search for and browse event listings 156, and
to find event listings 156 in related categories in the
hierarchy.
[0136] FIG. 11A illustrates an event recommendation example 1101 in
which a category 1110 of an event listing 1154 may be used to
identify a related category 1110 and event listings 1154 in the
related category. In particular embodiments, event listings 1154
may correspond to the internal events 1154 or external events 1156
of FIG. 1, and may be associated with categories 1110 such as music
1102 (e.g., jazz, rap), comedy, sports (e.g., kickball, ultimate
Frisbee), e-sports (e.g., League of Legends, HearthStone), and so
on. Such event categories 1110 are useful for search and discovery
features of user applications. For example, a user 101 may click or
tap on a category name in an events application presented on a
client system 130 to view event listings 1154 in that category
1110. Event categories 1110 may be related to other event
categories 1110, so that related events may be found by searching
related categories 1110. The event categories 1110 may be arranged
in a hierarchy 1100, with the broadest categories 1110 at the top
of the hierarchy and the narrowest categories 1110 at the bottom.
As an example, "entertainment" (not shown) may be a top-level
category, "music" 1102 may be below "entertainment," and "hip-hop"
1104 may be below "music" 1102. Thus, by automatically categorizing
event listings 1154, the social-networking system 160 may allow
users 101 to more easily search for and browse event listings 1154,
and to find event listings 1154 in related or adjacent categories.
Although users 101 may manually provide categories for events, for
example, by typing in a description in a category-field when
creating an event, or selecting a predetermined category from a
drop-down menu, doing so can be inconvenient or, for large
quantities of event listings 1154 such as those imported from a
third-party system 170, impractical. In particular embodiments, a
category 1110 may be associated with one or more event listings
1154 in a social-networking system 160 by a machine-learning model
that has been trained to identify appropriate categories 1110 for
event listings 1154. The machine-learning model may be, e.g., a
deep neural network or other suitable type of model.
[0137] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive one or more event listings 154 corresponding to one or
more real-world events. The event listings 154 may be received
from, for example, an external event system such as a third-party
system 170, a user 101 of the online social network, e.g., via a
user interface of a client system 130, a notification on the social
networking system 160, a message on the social networking system
160, or a list of search results generated by, e.g., the
social-networking system 160, the third-party system 170, or the
server system 180. For each of the received event listings 154, the
social-networking system 160 may identify, using a machine-learning
model, one or more categories 1110 for the event listing 154 based
on one or more items of information 155 included in the event
listing 154, and associate the identified categories 1110 with the
event listing 154. The identified categories may be selected from
the plurality of categories in the hierarchy 1100. The hierarchy
1100 may also be referred to herein as a hierarchical category
index 1100.
[0138] In particular embodiments, the machine-learning model may
map one or more items of event information 155 in an event listing
1154 to each category 1110 associated with the event listing 1154.
The items of event information 155 may include text content, which
may be provided to the machine-learning model as input. As
described with reference to FIG. 1, the event listing 1154 may
represent a real-world event, and the text content may include a
title 210 of the event, a time 210 of the event, a geographic
location 210 of the event, an entity 230 associated with the event,
a description of the event, or other value 210 of an item 155 of
event information. The items of event information 155 may include a
graphical image and/or a hash or embedding computed based on the
graphical image. The hash or embedding may be provided to the
machine-learning model as input.
[0139] In particular embodiments, a social-networking system 160
may receive, from a first client system 130 of a first user 101 of
the social-networking system 160, a search query for event listings
1154 that are to be identified. The search query may specify one or
more criteria for identifying event listings 1154. For example, the
criteria may include an event category 1110, a value of an
information item 155 associated with an event listing 1154, such as
the name of an artist or location, a type of event, or other
appropriate values of information items 155. In particular
embodiments, one or more categories 1110 may be associated with an
event listing 1154. As an example and not by way of limitation, the
categories 1110 associated with an event listing 1154 may be stored
in the event listing 1154 as items of event information 155 having
a name "Category" 208 and a value 1110 that specifies the name of
the category. Although this disclosure describes associating
categories 1110 with an event listing 1154 in a particular manner,
this disclosure contemplates associating categories 1110 with an
event listing 1154 in any suitable manner.
[0140] In particular embodiments, the categories 1110 associated
with an event listing 1154 may be selected from a set of categories
1110 in a hierarchical category index 1100 that includes one or
more top-level categories, e.g., "music" 1102, and one or more
lower-level categories below the top-level categories. The
lower-level categories in the example of FIG. 11A include "hip-hop"
1104, "rap" 1106, "trap" 1108, and "west coast" 1112. Each category
1110 associated with a first event listing 1154 may be determined
using a machine-learning model that analyzes one or more of the
items of event information 155 provided by a creator of the first
event listing 1155. The machine-learning model may categorize an
event listing 1154 by analyzing content associated with the event
listing 1154, such as the items 155 of information, e.g., the title
and description of the event listing 154, and applying one or more
category labels to the event. The category labels may be, e.g.,
names or identifiers of categories 1110, and may be applied by,
e.g., associating them with the event listing 154. The category
labels may be selected from a set of category labels associated
with Wikipedia topics, which have been manually mapped into a
category hierarchy. There may be numerous labels in the set, e.g.,
thousands of labels. The machine-learning model may also use
computer-vision features from the cover photo image associated with
the event. A hash or an embedding may be computed for an image and
compared to hashes/embeddings for other images, such that if two
hashes/embeddings are similar, then the corresponding two images
are similar. The hash or embedding may be used as an input feature
for the machine-learning model. In one example, this image feature
showed a 10% average improvement in precision across all categories
in a hierarchy. More information on hashes and embedding may be
found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/289,532, filed 10 Oct.
2016, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/847,451, filed 19
Dec. 2017, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
[0141] The machine-learning model used for event categorization may
be a deep-text model, which may perform convolutions over word
embeddings. The model may implement a sequence-modeling system that
takes an input as a series of symbols and maps the input to a
class. Words may be mapped to data, for example. The
machine-learning model may be trained using events for which human
users have provided categories.
[0142] In particular embodiments, similarity scores may be
calculated for graphical images, such as event cover photos or
other images associated with event listings 154, using transfer
learning. An image segmentation system may extract features from
images and produce a hash value based on the extracted features.
The hash value may have, e.g., 255 Boolean values. When comparing
hash values, if most of the Boolean values are the same, then the
images tend to be similar. If most of the values are different, the
images tend to be quite different semantically and content-wise.
The hash from an event's image may be used as an input to the
model, which may learn and generalize based on similarity between
labeled data (e.g., labeled cover photos) and unlabeled data. For
example, music concerts often have artists that are shown in event
cover photos. A cover photo showing music artists may be more
likely to be a music event according to the model. The image model
need not be trained specifically for this purpose. Instead, the
image model may trained for another purpose, and then the output of
that trained image model may be used as input to this model. That
ensemble may be trained specifically on manually-labeled events
data. The model may be trained on images of events, where the
events have been trained by human trainers. For example, an event
may have an associated category of soccer, and a photo associated
with the event is known to be associated with soccer for training
purposes.
[0143] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may identify one or more first event listings 1154 that match the
query. Each first event listing 1154 may include one or more items
of event information 155 associated with a respective first event
1154. A first event listing 1154 may match the query if, e.g., one
or more items of event information 155 associated with the first
event listing 1154 are the same as one or more of the query
criteria. As an example, the query "Kanye" has the value "Kanye" as
query criteria. The "Kanye" query may match the first event listing
1154 because the "Name" information item 155 has the value "Kanye
Concert" 210, which contains the query criteria "Kanye." The
"Kanye" query may also match the first event listing 1154 because
the "Artist" information item 155 has the value "Kanye West" 210,
which matches the criteria "Kanye." The second event listing 1154
does not have any information items 155 containing the query
criteria "Kanye" and so does not match the query "Kanye." Queries
may also include criteria specifying a value for a particular
information item. For example, the query "Artist=Kanye" may match
the first event listing 1154 because the first event listing 1154
includes the information item 155 "Artist=Kanye West." A query may
match multiple event listings 1154. For example, the query
"Concert" may match both the first event listing 1154 an the second
event listing 1154 because both event listings 1154 include
information items 155 having values that include the string
"Concert" and both the first and second event listings 1154 may be
included in search results for the query "Concert."
[0144] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may identify one or more second event listings 1154 based on the
first event listing 1154. In particular embodiments, the first
event listing 1154 may be identified or received from a source such
as an external event system 170, a user 101 of the
social-networking system 160, a notification on the
social-networking system 160, a message on the social-networking
system, a list of search results, or the like. In the example of
FIG. 4, the first event listing 1154 includes four information
items 155: a name ("Kanye Concert"), an artist ("Kanye West"), a
category ("Rap" 1110), and a cover photo (an image 210, e.g., an
image of the artist). The second event listing 1154 includes three
information items 155: a name ("Kendrick Lamar Concert"), an artist
("Kendrick Lamar"), and a category ("West Coast" 1110). The
hierarchical category index 1100 has a "Music" category 1102, which
has a more-specific child category "Hip-Hop" 1104, which in turn
has three more-specific child categories: "Rap" 1106, "Trap" 1108,
and "West Coast" 1112.
[0145] In particular embodiments, each second event listing 1154
may be associated with a predetermined category from an adjacent
category of the one or more predetermined categories in the
hierarchical category index 1100. For example, a first category
1110 associated with a first event listing 1154 may be used to
identify a second event listing 1154 having a second category 1110.
The second category 1110 may related to the first category 1110 by
a category index 1100, and the second event listing 1154 may be
identified by using the category index 1100 to map the first
category 1110 to the second category 1110. Event listings 1154
having the second category may be identified and used as the second
event listings 1154. In particular embodiments, to identify the
second event listings 1154 related to the first event listing 1154,
the social-networking system 160 may select a category 1110 of the
first event listing 1154, then, using the hierarchical category
index 1100, identify one or more second event listings 1154 having
either (a) the same category 1110 as the first event listing 1154
or (b) a "second" category 1112 related to the category 1110 of the
first event listing 1154. In particular embodiments, the same
category 1110 may be selected when there are one or more second
event listings 1154 having the same category 1110 as the first
event listing. If there are no such second event listings 1154, or
each such second event listing 1154 has already been identified in
response to a previous request, then the second category 1112
related to the category of the first event listing 1154 may be
selected, and a second event listing 1154 having the second
category 1112 may be identified.
[0146] As an example and not by way of limitation, upon receiving a
first event listing 1154 ("Kanye Concert") having a category 1110
("Rap"), to identify a second event listing 1154 for use in a
recommendation, the social-networking system 160 may search the
event listings (e.g., in the data store 164) for another event 1154
listing having the same category 1110 ("Rap"). To identify an
additional second event listing 1154 in a different category to
recommend, or if there are no second event listings having the same
category 1110, the social-networking system 160 may select a
category node 1106 ("Rap") in the category index 1100 having the
same category 1110 as the first event listing 1154, then select an
adjacent category node, e.g., node 1108 ("Trap") or 1112 ("West
Coast"), and search the event listings (e.g., in the data store
164) for a second event listing 1154 having the adjacent category.
If the adjacent category node 1112 ("West Coast") is selected, then
the search may identify a second event listing 1154 ("Kendrick
Lamar Concert") having the same category 1110 ("West Coast") as the
adjacent category node 1112. The second event listing 1154 may then
be identified as a result, e.g., for recommendation to a user
101.
[0147] In particular embodiments, to select one or more second
categories 1110 that are related to a given category (such as those
of the first event listing 1154), the social-networking system 160
may find a category node in the hierarchical category index 1100
reachable via a path from the node that corresponds to the given
category. Thus, a second category related to a given category may
be a category adjacent to the given category (e.g., a sibling of
the given category) in the category index 100. That is, an adjacent
category may be a sub-category of a parent category of a given
predetermined category. The second category related to a given
category may alternatively be a parent or child of the given
category, or a sibling of a parent or child of the given category,
or a parent or child of a sibling of the given category. The terms
"parent" and "child" as used herein ordinarily refer to a
first-degree parent or child, though greater degrees are possible
(e.g., the second category may be a grandparent (a second-degree
parent) or a grandchild (a second-degree child)).
[0148] Referring to FIG. 11A, as introduced above, to identify the
related category 1112, the social-networking system 160 may search
the category index 1100 for a node corresponding to the first
category 1110. Upon finding a first node 1106 corresponding to the
first category 1110 in the category index 1100, the
social-networking system 160 may traverse the category index 1100
from the first node 1106 to identify a node corresponding to the
related category 1112. The traversal may identify a node having a
predetermined relationship to the first node 1106 of the first
category 1110, such as being adjacent to the first node 11106. For
example, the traversal may identify an adjacent category node 1112
("West Coast") or 1108 ("Trap"). The choice between multiple
adjacent nodes may be made randomly or based on criteria such as
selecting the closest node. Further, when there are multiple
possible choices, e.g., multiple adjacent nodes, each subsequent
request may be provided with a different node as a response, until
all of the possible choices have been selected in different
subsequent responses, at which point the cycle may begin again,
possibly in a different order. For example, if there are multiple
adjacent nodes from which to choose, the closest node not
previously returned may be selected for each response, in which
case, when selecting nodes adjacent to node 1106 ("Rap), the
closest adjacent node 1108 ("Trap") may be selected in response to
a first request, the next-closest node 1112 ("West Coast") may be
selected in response to a second request, and so on.
[0149] FIG. 11B illustrates an example hierarchical category index
1100, in which nodes correspond to categories. The hierarchical
category index 1100 includes a "Music" category 1102, which is the
top-level category illustrated in FIG. 11B. There may be one or
more parent categories of "Music" 1102, e.g., an "Entertainment"
category (not shown) or the like. The "Music" category 1102 has
three children: a "Hip-Hop" category 1104, a "Rock" category 1114,
and a "Classical" category 1118. In particular embodiments,
categories that are direct (e.g., first-degree) children of the
same node may be referred to herein as adjacent categories. Thus,
"Hip-Hop" 1104, "Rock" 1114, and "Classical" 1118 may be considered
adjacent categories. The "Hip-Hop" category 1104 has three
children: A "Rap" category 1106, a "Trap" category 1108, and a
"West Coast" category 1112, which may be considered adjacent
categories. The "Rock" category 1114 has one child, which is an
"Arena Rock" category 1116. In particular embodiments, "Arena Rock"
1116 is not considered adjacent to "West Coast" 1112 because the
two categories do not have a common first-degree parent category.
The "Classical" category 1118 has two children: an "Orchestra"
category 1120 and a Piano category 1122. The "Orchestra" category
1120 has one child, a "Symphony" category 1124. In particular
embodiments, the hierarchical category index 1100 may be
constructed manually, e.g., by initially analyzing labeled data and
category co-occurrence. A clustering analysis may then be performed
based on category assignment by determining which two categories
are together more often (i.e., co-occurring event labels), and
using the resulting tree to build the hierarchy. For example, users
101 may label the leaves, and a natural order may be derived from
the labeled leaves.
[0150] In particular embodiments, as introduced above, the
hierarchical category index 1100 may be used to identify event
listings 1154 that are related to a given event listing 1154. Given
an event listing, related event listings may be identified by
identifying a category 1112 related to the category 1110 of the
event listing, then identifying second event listings 1154 having
the related category 1112. As an example, for "a Kanye Concert"
event listing 1154, the category of the event listing 154 may be
identified by an information item 155 of the event listing 154,
e.g., by an information item 155 having the value "Rap" 1110.
Alternatively, the category of the event listing 154 may be
identified based on information items 155 such as the artist name
210 or the event listing name 210, instead of or in addition to the
category information item 155. As an example, if an event listing
154 includes an information item Artist="Kanye West," then a
category 1110 associated with "Kanye West" may be identified, e.g.,
from a database or in-memory table that associates artists with
music genres, or by performing a web search for the artist name and
extracting a category from the search results. The determined
category may be "Rap," for example, if the search results mention
"Rap". The hierarchical category index 1100 may then be used to
identify a category related to "Rap," e.g., by identifying the
"Rap" node 1104 in the index 1100 and selecting one of the child
nodes of the "Rap" node 1104, such as "West Coast" 1112, as a
related category 1112.
[0151] In particular embodiments, on an events user interface page,
if a user selects, e.g., taps on, a category, such as Rap 1106,
then a search and discovery user interface may present events from
one or more genres of music that are related to the selected
category (e.g., West Coast 1112 and Hip-Hop 1104). If there are not
enough event listings in the selected category, then related
categories such as adjacent categories may be identified. The
related categories may be selected as described above, and/or based
on relevance to the user, e.g., based on relevance of the
categories to the user's past interactions with the events user
interface, or whether one or more of the user's friends are going
to (e.g., registered to attend) an event associated with the
category.
[0152] In particular embodiments, related categories 1110 may be
identified by traversing up the hierarchical category index 1100
and assigning weights proportionally to the levels. For example,
lower levels may be assigned higher weights, and the weight of each
successively higher level may be lower than the level below. The
operation of retrieving the related categories may be performed by
a distributed system, in which the retrieval may be biased so that
the retrieval is more likely to retrieve elements from a first
category, slightly less likely, to retrieve from a second category,
and even less likely to retrieve from a third category. The first
category may be the highest-weighted, the second category may have
lower weight than the first, and the third category may have lower
weight than the second. As an example and not by way of limitation,
a query for Rap artists may be configured to retrieve an event
listing with 100% probability if the listing's event category is
Rap 1106, to retrieve an event listing with 50% probability if the
listing's category is Hip-Hop 1104, and to retrieve the listing
with 20% probability if the listing's category is Music 1102. In
particular embodiments, the siblings of the queried category ("Rap"
1106), e.g., "Trap" 1108 and "West Coast" 1112, may be assigned the
same retrieval probability as the level above the queried category
("Hip-hop" 1104). For example, a different child category of
Hip-Hop 1104, e.g., Trap or West Coast, may be retrieved with 50%
probability.
[0153] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 130
may send, to the first client system 130 responsive to a search
query, instructions for presenting a search-results interface
comprising references to one or more of the first event listings
1154 and one or more of the second event listings 1154. Search
query results may be sent to the client system 130, and the search
query results may include an event listing 154 or a reference to an
event listing 154. The reference to the event listing 154 may
include a link with a snippet (e.g., the title of the event and a
thumbnail cover photo), which may be selectable in a user interface
on the client system 130 to cause presentation (e.g., display) on
the client system 130 of an event-interface that contains the event
listing 154. As an example and not by way of limitation, each of
the references may include an event identifier for the referenced
event listing 1154, a link to the referenced event listing 1154,
and/or a photo associated with the referenced event listing
1154.
[0154] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method 1200 for identifying
event listings based on a search query and one or more event
categories. The method may begin at step 1210, where the
social-networking system 160 may receive, from a first client
system of a first user of the social-networking system 160, a
search query for event listings, wherein the search query specifies
one or more criteria. At step 1220, the social-networking system
160 may identify one or more first event listings that match the
query, wherein each first event listing includes one or more items
of event information associated with a respective first event, and
the items of event information include at least one or more
predetermined categories selected from a hierarchical category
index. At step 1230, the social-networking system 160 may identify
one or more second event listings based on the first event
listings, wherein each second event listing is associated with a
predetermined category from an adjacent category of the one or more
predetermined categories in the hierarchical category index. At
step 1240, the social-networking system 160 may send, to the first
client system responsive to the search query, instructions for
presenting a search-results interface comprising references to one
or more of the first event listings and one or more of the second
event listings.
[0155] Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the
method of FIG. 12, where appropriate. Although this disclosure
describes and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 12
as occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates
any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 12 occurring in any
suitable order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and
illustrates an example method for identifying event listings based
on a search query and one or more event categories including the
particular steps of the method of FIG. 12, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable method for identifying event listings
based on a search query and one or more event categories including
any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none of the
steps of the method of FIG. 12, where appropriate. Furthermore,
although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular
components, devices, or systems carrying out particular steps of
the method of FIG. 12, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
combination of any suitable components, devices, or systems
carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG. 12.
Social Graphs
[0156] FIG. 13 illustrates example social graph 1300. In particular
embodiments, social-networking system 160 may store one or more
social graphs 1300 in one or more data stores. In particular
embodiments, social graph 1300 may include multiple nodes--which
may include multiple user nodes 1302 or multiple concept nodes
1304--and multiple edges 1306 connecting the nodes. Example social
graph 1300 illustrated in FIG. 13 is shown, for didactic purposes,
in a two-dimensional visual map representation. In particular
embodiments, a social-networking system 160, client system 130, or
third-party system 170 may access social graph 1300 and related
social-graph information for suitable applications. The nodes and
edges of social graph 1300 may be stored as data objects, for
example, in a data store (such as a social-graph database). Such a
data store may include one or more searchable or queryable indexes
of nodes or edges of social graph 1300.
[0157] In particular embodiments, a user node 1302 may correspond
to a user of social-networking system 160. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a user may be an individual (human user), an
entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application),
or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or
communicates with or over social-networking system 160. In
particular embodiments, when a user registers for an account with
social-networking system 160, social-networking system 160 may
create a user node 1302 corresponding to the user, and store the
user node 1302 in one or more data stores. Users and user nodes
1302 described herein may, where appropriate, refer to registered
users and user nodes 1302 associated with registered users. In
addition or as an alternative, users and user nodes 1302 described
herein may, where appropriate, refer to users that have not
registered with social-networking system 160. In particular
embodiments, a user node 1302 may be associated with information
provided by a user or information gathered by various systems,
including social-networking system 160. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a user may provide his or her name, profile
picture, contact information, birth date, sex, marital status,
family status, employment, education background, preferences,
interests, or other demographic information. In particular
embodiments, a user node 1302 may be associated with one or more
data objects corresponding to information associated with a user.
In particular embodiments, a user node 1302 may correspond to one
or more webpages.
[0158] In particular embodiments, a concept node 1304 may
correspond to a concept. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a concept may correspond to a place (such as, for
example, a movie theater, restaurant, landmark, or city); a website
(such as, for example, a website associated with social-networking
system 160 or a third-party website associated with a
web-application server); an entity (such as, for example, a person,
business, group, sports team, or celebrity); a resource (such as,
for example, an audio file, video file, digital photo, text file,
structured document, or application) which may be located within
social-networking system 160 or on an external server, such as a
web-application server; real or intellectual property (such as, for
example, a sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea,
photograph, or written work); a game; an activity; an idea or
theory; an object in a augmented/virtual reality environment;
another suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept
node 1304 may be associated with information of a concept provided
by a user or information gathered by various systems, including
social-networking system 160. As an example and not by way of
limitation, information of a concept may include a name or a title;
one or more images (e.g., an image of the cover page of a book); a
location (e.g., an address or a geographical location); a website
(which may be associated with a URL); contact information (e.g., a
phone number or an email address); other suitable concept
information; or any suitable combination of such information. In
particular embodiments, a concept node 1304 may be associated with
one or more data objects corresponding to information associated
with concept node 1304. In particular embodiments, a concept node
1304 may correspond to one or more webpages.
[0159] In particular embodiments, a node in social graph 1300 may
represent or be represented by a webpage (which may be referred to
as a "profile page"). Profile pages may be hosted by or accessible
to social-networking system 160. Profile pages may also be hosted
on third-party websites associated with a third-party system 170.
As an example and not by way of limitation, a profile page
corresponding to a particular external webpage may be the
particular external webpage and the profile page may correspond to
a particular concept node 1304. Profile pages may be viewable by
all or a selected subset of other users. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a user node 1302 may have a corresponding
user-profile page in which the corresponding user may add content,
make declarations, or otherwise express himself or herself. As
another example and not by way of limitation, a concept node 1304
may have a corresponding concept-profile page in which one or more
users may add content, make declarations, or express themselves,
particularly in relation to the concept corresponding to concept
node 1304.
[0160] In particular embodiments, a concept node 1304 may represent
a third-party webpage or resource hosted by a third-party system
170. The third-party webpage or resource may include, among other
elements, content, a selectable or other icon, or other
inter-actable object (which may be implemented, for example, in
JavaScript, AJAX, or PHP codes) representing an action or activity.
As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party webpage
may include a selectable icon such as "like," "check-in," "eat,"
"recommend," or another suitable action or activity. A user viewing
the third-party webpage may perform an action by selecting one of
the icons (e.g., "check-in"), causing a client system 130 to send
to social-networking system 160 a message indicating the user's
action. In response to the message, social-networking system 160
may create an edge (e.g., a check-in-type edge) between a user node
1302 corresponding to the user and a concept node 1304
corresponding to the third-party webpage or resource and store edge
1306 in one or more data stores.
[0161] In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in social graph
1300 may be connected to each other by one or more edges 1306. An
edge 1306 connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship
between the pair of nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge 1306
may include or represent one or more data objects or attributes
corresponding to the relationship between a pair of nodes. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a first user may indicate
that a second user is a "friend" of the first user. In response to
this indication, social-networking system 160 may send a "friend
request" to the second user. If the second user confirms the
"friend request," social-networking system 160 may create an edge
1306 connecting the first user's user node 1302 to the second
user's user node 1302 in social graph 1300 and store edge 1306 as
social-graph information in one or more of data stores 164. In the
example of FIG. 13, social graph 1300 includes an edge 1306
indicating a friend relation between user nodes 1302 of user "A"
and user "B" and an edge indicating a friend relation between user
nodes 1302 of user "C" and user "B." Although this disclosure
describes or illustrates particular edges 1306 with particular
attributes connecting particular user nodes 1302, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable edges 1306 with any suitable attributes
connecting user nodes 1302. As an example and not by way of
limitation, an edge 1306 may represent a friendship, family
relationship, business or employment relationship, fan relationship
(including, e.g., liking, etc.), follower relationship, visitor
relationship (including, e.g., accessing, viewing, checking-in,
sharing, etc.), subscriber relationship, superior/subordinate
relationship, reciprocal relationship, non-reciprocal relationship,
another suitable type of relationship, or two or more such
relationships. Moreover, although this disclosure generally
describes nodes as being connected, this disclosure also describes
users or concepts as being connected. Herein, references to users
or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer to the
nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected in
social graph 1300 by one or more edges 1306.
[0162] In particular embodiments, an edge 1306 between a user node
1302 and a concept node 1304 may represent a particular action or
activity performed by a user associated with user node 1302 toward
a concept associated with a concept node 1304. As an example and
not by way of limitation, as illustrated in FIG. 13, a user may
"like," "attended," "played," "listened," "cooked," "worked at," or
"watched" a concept, each of which may correspond to an edge type
or subtype. A concept-profile page corresponding to a concept node
1304 may include, for example, a selectable "check in" icon (such
as, for example, a clickable "check in" icon) or a selectable "add
to favorites" icon. Similarly, after a user clicks these icons,
social-networking system 160 may create a "favorite" edge or a
"check in" edge in response to a user's action corresponding to a
respective action. As another example and not by way of limitation,
a user (user "C") may listen to a particular song ("Imagine") using
a particular application (SPOTIFY, which is an online music
application). In this case, social-networking system 160 may create
a "listened" edge 1306 and a "used" edge (as illustrated in FIG.
13) between user nodes 1302 corresponding to the user and concept
nodes 1304 corresponding to the song and application to indicate
that the user listened to the song and used the application.
Moreover, social-networking system 160 may create a "played" edge
1306 (as illustrated in FIG. 13) between concept nodes 1304
corresponding to the song and the application to indicate that the
particular song was played by the particular application. In this
case, "played" edge 1306 corresponds to an action performed by an
external application (SPOTIFY) on an external audio file (the song
"Imagine"). Although this disclosure describes particular edges
1306 with particular attributes connecting user nodes 1302 and
concept nodes 1304, this disclosure contemplates any suitable edges
1306 with any suitable attributes connecting user nodes 1302 and
concept nodes 1304. Moreover, although this disclosure describes
edges between a user node 1302 and a concept node 1304 representing
a single relationship, this disclosure contemplates edges between a
user node 1302 and a concept node 1304 representing one or more
relationships. As an example and not by way of limitation, an edge
1306 may represent both that a user likes and has used at a
particular concept. Alternatively, another edge 1306 may represent
each type of relationship (or multiples of a single relationship)
between a user node 1302 and a concept node 1304 (as illustrated in
FIG. 13 between user node 1302 for user "E" and concept node 1304
for "SPOTIFY").
[0163] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
create an edge 1306 between a user node 1302 and a concept node
1304 in social graph 1300. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a user viewing a concept-profile page (such as, for
example, by using a web browser or a special-purpose application
hosted by the user's client system 130) may indicate that he or she
likes the concept represented by the concept node 1304 by clicking
or selecting a "Like" icon, which may cause the user's client
system 130 to send to social-networking system 160 a message
indicating the user's liking of the concept associated with the
concept-profile page. In response to the message, social-networking
system 160 may create an edge 1306 between user node 1302
associated with the user and concept node 1304, as illustrated by
"like" edge 1306 between the user and concept node 1304. In
particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may store an
edge 1306 in one or more data stores. In particular embodiments, an
edge 1306 may be automatically formed by social-networking system
160 in response to a particular user action. As an example and not
by way of limitation, if a first user uploads a picture, watches a
movie, or listens to a song, an edge 1306 may be formed between
user node 1302 corresponding to the first user and concept nodes
1304 corresponding to those concepts. Although this disclosure
describes forming particular edges 1306 in particular manners, this
disclosure contemplates forming any suitable edges 1306 in any
suitable manner.
Systems and Methods
[0164] FIG. 14 illustrates an example computer system 1400. In
particular embodiments, one or more computer systems 1400 perform
one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated
herein. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems
1400 provide functionality described or illustrated herein. In
particular embodiments, software running on one or more computer
systems 1400 performs one or more steps of one or more methods
described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described
or illustrated herein. Particular embodiments include one or more
portions of one or more computer systems 1400. Herein, reference to
a computer system may encompass a computing device, and vice versa,
where appropriate. Moreover, reference to a computer system may
encompass one or more computer systems, where appropriate.
[0165] This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer
systems 1400. This disclosure contemplates computer system 1400
taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of
limitation, computer system 1400 may be an embedded computer
system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system
(SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or
system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or
notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh
of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital
assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, an
augmented/virtual reality device, or a combination of two or more
of these. Where appropriate, computer system 1400 may include one
or more computer systems 1400; be unitary or distributed; span
multiple locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data
centers; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud
components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more
computer systems 1400 may perform without substantial spatial or
temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods
described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of
limitation, one or more computer systems 1400 may perform in real
time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods
described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 1400
may perform at different times or at different locations one or
more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein,
where appropriate.
[0166] In particular embodiments, computer system 1400 includes a
processor 1402, memory 1404, storage 1406, an input/output (I/O)
interface 1408, a communication interface 1410, and a bus 1412.
Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular
computer system having a particular number of particular components
in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable
components in any suitable arrangement.
[0167] In particular embodiments, processor 1402 includes hardware
for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer
program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute
instructions, processor 1402 may retrieve (or fetch) the
instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory
1404, or storage 1406; decode and execute them; and then write one
or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory
1404, or storage 1406. In particular embodiments, processor 1402
may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or
addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 1402 including
any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where
appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor
1402 may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data
caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs).
Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of
instructions in memory 1404 or storage 1406, and the instruction
caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor
1402. Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory 1404
or storage 1406 for instructions executing at processor 1402 to
operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at
processor 1402 for access by subsequent instructions executing at
processor 1402 or for writing to memory 1404 or storage 1406; or
other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write
operations by processor 1402. The TLBs may speed up virtual-address
translation for processor 1402. In particular embodiments,
processor 1402 may include one or more internal registers for data,
instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor
1402 including any suitable number of any suitable internal
registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor 1402 may
include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core
processor; or include one or more processors 1402. Although this
disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this
disclosure contemplates any suitable processor.
[0168] In particular embodiments, memory 1404 includes main memory
for storing instructions for processor 1402 to execute or data for
processor 1402 to operate on. As an example and not by way of
limitation, computer system 1400 may load instructions from storage
1406 or another source (such as, for example, another computer
system 1400) to memory 1404. Processor 1402 may then load the
instructions from memory 1404 to an internal register or internal
cache. To execute the instructions, processor 1402 may retrieve the
instructions from the internal register or internal cache and
decode them. During or after execution of the instructions,
processor 1402 may write one or more results (which may be
intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal
cache. Processor 1402 may then write one or more of those results
to memory 1404. In particular embodiments, processor 1402 executes
only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal
caches or in memory 1404 (as opposed to storage 1406 or elsewhere)
and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or
internal caches or in memory 1404 (as opposed to storage 1406 or
elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an
address bus and a data bus) may couple processor 1402 to memory
1404. Bus 1412 may include one or more memory buses, as described
below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management
units (MMUs) reside between processor 1402 and memory 1404 and
facilitate accesses to memory 1404 requested by processor 1402. In
particular embodiments, memory 1404 includes random access memory
(RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate. Where
appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM
(SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported
or multi-ported RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM.
Memory 1404 may include one or more memories 1404, where
appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates
particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
memory.
[0169] In particular embodiments, storage 1406 includes mass
storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of
limitation, storage 1406 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a
floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical
disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a
combination of two or more of these. Storage 1406 may include
removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate.
Storage 1406 may be internal or external to computer system 1400,
where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage 1406 is
non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments,
storage 1406 includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate,
this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM),
erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM),
electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a
combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates
mass storage 1406 taking any suitable physical form. Storage 1406
may include one or more storage control units facilitating
communication between processor 1402 and storage 1406, where
appropriate. Where appropriate, storage 1406 may include one or
more storages 1406. Although this disclosure describes and
illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable storage.
[0170] In particular embodiments, I/O interface 1408 includes
hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for
communication between computer system 1400 and one or more I/O
devices. Computer system 1400 may include one or more of these I/O
devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may
enable communication between a person and computer system 1400. As
an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include
a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner,
speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball,
video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two
or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors.
This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any
suitable I/O interfaces 1408 for them. Where appropriate, I/O
interface 1408 may include one or more device or software drivers
enabling processor 1402 to drive one or more of these I/O devices.
I/O interface 1408 may include one or more I/O interfaces 1408,
where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and
illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable I/O interface.
[0171] In particular embodiments, communication interface 1410
includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more
interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based
communication) between computer system 1400 and one or more other
computer systems 1400 or one or more networks. As an example and
not by way of limitation, communication interface 1410 may include
a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for
communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a
wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a
wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure
contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication
interface 1410 for it. As an example and not by way of limitation,
computer system 1400 may communicate with an ad hoc network, a
personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide
area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or
more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of
these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be
wired or wireless. As an example, computer system 1400 may
communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a
BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular
telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network
or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system 1400 may
include any suitable communication interface 1410 for any of these
networks, where appropriate. Communication interface 1410 may
include one or more communication interfaces 1410, where
appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a
particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates
any suitable communication interface.
[0172] In particular embodiments, bus 1412 includes hardware,
software, or both coupling components of computer system 1400 to
each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus 1412
may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics
bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a
front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND
interconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro
Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, a serial advanced technology
attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association
local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or
more of these. Bus 1412 may include one or more buses 1412, where
appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a
particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or
interconnect.
[0173] Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or
media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other
integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable
gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk
drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical
disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives,
floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes,
solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or
drives, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage
media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where
appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may
be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and
non-volatile, where appropriate.
[0174] Herein, "or" is inclusive and not exclusive, unless
expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
Therefore, herein, "A or B" means "A, B, or both," unless expressly
indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover,
"and" is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated
otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, "A
and B" means "A and B, jointly or severally," unless expressly
indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
[0175] The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes,
substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the
example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person
having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of
this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described
or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes
and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including
particular components, elements, feature, functions, operations, or
steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or
permutation of any of the components, elements, features,
functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere
herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would
comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an
apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being
adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to,
operable to, or operative to perform a particular function
encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or
that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as
long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted,
arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.
Additionally, although this disclosure describes or illustrates
particular embodiments as providing particular advantages,
particular embodiments may provide none, some, or all of these
advantages.
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