U.S. patent application number 16/141740 was filed with the patent office on 2019-03-28 for method of treating microbial infections.
This patent application is currently assigned to The Regents of the University of California. The applicant listed for this patent is The Regents of the University of California. Invention is credited to Richard L. Gallo, Teruaki Nakatsuji.
Application Number | 20190091232 16/141740 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46673123 |
Filed Date | 2019-03-28 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190091232 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Gallo; Richard L. ; et
al. |
March 28, 2019 |
METHOD OF TREATING MICROBIAL INFECTIONS
Abstract
The disclosure provides for novel antimicrobial agents, methods
of making, and methods of use thereof.
Inventors: |
Gallo; Richard L.; (San
Diego, CA) ; Nakatsuji; Teruaki; (San Diego,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
The Regents of the University of California |
Oakland |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
The Regents of the University of
California
|
Family ID: |
46673123 |
Appl. No.: |
16/141740 |
Filed: |
September 25, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15483101 |
Apr 10, 2017 |
10085997 |
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16141740 |
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14750979 |
Jun 25, 2015 |
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15483101 |
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13985548 |
Aug 14, 2013 |
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PCT/US2012/025044 |
Feb 14, 2012 |
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14750979 |
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61482590 |
May 4, 2011 |
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61443149 |
Feb 15, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 31/04 20180101;
Y02A 50/30 20180101; A61K 31/5365 20130101; A61K 45/06 20130101;
C07D 498/04 20130101; C07D 473/18 20130101; C07D 413/04 20130101;
Y02A 50/475 20180101; A61K 31/4188 20130101; A61K 31/506 20130101;
A61K 31/53 20130101; A61K 31/52 20130101; C07D 487/04 20130101;
A61K 9/0014 20130101; C07D 473/34 20130101; A61K 31/5025 20130101;
A61K 31/519 20130101; A61K 35/74 20130101; A61K 31/5395 20130101;
A61K 31/5365 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/5395 20060101
A61K031/5395; C07D 473/18 20060101 C07D473/18; A61K 31/52 20060101
A61K031/52; A61K 45/06 20060101 A61K045/06; C07D 498/04 20060101
C07D498/04; A61K 9/00 20060101 A61K009/00; A61K 31/4188 20060101
A61K031/4188; A61K 31/5025 20060101 A61K031/5025; A61K 31/519
20060101 A61K031/519; A61K 31/506 20060101 A61K031/506; A61K 35/74
20060101 A61K035/74; A61K 31/53 20060101 A61K031/53; C07D 473/34
20060101 C07D473/34; A61K 31/5365 20060101 A61K031/5365; C07D
413/04 20060101 C07D413/04; C07D 487/04 20060101 C07D487/04 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
[0002] This invention was made with Government support under Grant
No. AI083358, awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The
Government has certain rights in the invention.
Claims
1. A method for inhibiting the growth of a bacterium or fungus
comprising contacting the bacterium or fungus with an inhibiting
effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a
compound that has the structure of Formula II: ##STR00037##
wherein: X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a C, N or
O; R.sup.19-R.sup.34 are each independently selected from the group
comprising H, D, optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl,
optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally
substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and
derivatives or analogs of Formula II thereof, including
pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs; wherein the pharmaceutical
composition inhibits the growth of the bacterium or fungus.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition
comprises a compound that has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5
nitrogen atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, and at least one oxygen
atom and has a structure of Formula II: ##STR00038## wherein:
X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a C, N or O;
R.sup.19-R.sup.34 are each independently selected from the group
comprising H, D, optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl,
optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally
substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the pharmaceutical composition
comprises a compound that has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5
nitrogen atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, and at least one oxygen
atom and has a structure of Formula II(a): ##STR00039## wherein:
X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a C, N or O;
R.sup.19, R.sup.23, R.sup.25, R.sup.27, R.sup.29, R.sup.31, and
R.sup.33 are each independently selected from the group comprising
H, D, optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally
substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the pharmaceutical composition
comprises a compound that has the molecular formula of
C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O and comprises Formula II(a): ##STR00040##
wherein: X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a C, N or
O; R.sup.19, R.sup.23, R.sup.25, R.sup.27, R.sup.29, R.sup.31, and
R.sup.33 are each independently selected from the group comprising
H, D, optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally
substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the composition comprises a
compound that has the molecular formula of C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O
and comprises Formula II(a): ##STR00041## wherein: X.sup.11,
X.sup.13, X.sup.14, X.sup.16, X.sup.18 are C; X.sup.12, X.sup.15,
X.sup.17, X.sup.19 are N; R.sup.27, R.sup.29, R.sup.31, and
R.sup.33 are H; R.sup.23 is either an imine or a nitroso group.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein pharmaceutical composition
comprises a compound that has the structure of: ##STR00042##
7. The method of claim 5, wherein pharmaceutical composition
comprises a compound that has the structure of: ##STR00043##
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the
bacterium or fungus with at least one additional antimicrobial
agent.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting is through topical
administration.
10. A method of treating an infection or a dermatological disorder
comprising administering an effective amount of a pharmaceutical
composition to a subject, the pharmaceutical composition comprising
a compound of Formula II(a): ##STR00044## wherein: X.sup.11,
X.sup.13, X.sup.14, X.sup.16, X.sup.18 are C; X.sup.12, X.sup.15,
X.sup.17, X.sup.19 are N; R.sup.27, R.sup.29, R.sup.31, and
R.sup.33 are H; R.sup.23 is either an oximine or a nitroso
group.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the infection comprises a
bacterial, fungal, parasitic or viral infection.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the dermatological disorders
comprise wounds, diabetic ulcers, acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis,
pyodermas, and burn wounds.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition is formulated
for topical administration.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein the bacterial infection is
MRSA.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 15/483,101, filed Apr. 10, 2017, which is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 14/750,979, filed Jun. 25, 2015, which is
a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/985,548, filed
Aug. 14, 2013, which is a U.S. National Stage application filed
under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 and claims priority to International
Application No. PCT/US2012/025044, filed Feb. 14, 2012, which
application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119 from
Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/443,149, filed Feb. 15, 2011
and from Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/482,590, filed May 4,
2011, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The disclosure relates to anti-microbial agents, methods of
making, and methods of use thereof.
BACKGROUND
[0004] Ogston (1881) coined the genus Staphylococcus to describe
grapelike clusters of bacteria (staphylo=grape, Gr.) recovered in
pus from surgical abscesses. Entering its seventh decade, the era
of antimicrobial therapy has greatly reduced morbidity and
mortality from infectious diseases. However, the emergence of
resistant microorganisms has now reached epidemic proportions and
poses great challenges to the medical community. Worrisome trends
are particularly evident in the pre-eminent Gram-positive bacterial
pathogen S. aureus, which has become increasingly unresponsive to
first-line antibiotic therapies. S. aureus is probably the most
common cause of life-threatening acute bacterial infections in the
world, and is capable of causing a diverse array of diseases,
ranging in severity from a simple boil or impetigo to fulminant
sepsis or toxic shock syndrome. S. aureus is the single leading
cause of bacteremia, hospital-related (nosocomial) infections, skin
and soft tissue infections, wound infections, and bone and joint
infections. It is one of the most common agents of endocarditis and
food poisoning.
[0005] National prospective surveillance of over 24,000 invasive
bacterial isolates show disease-associated S. aureus strains with
methicillin resistance (MRSA) have increased from 22% in 1995 to
57% currently. MRSA are now frequently identified in
community-acquired infections as well as in hospital settings. A
half-century of synthesizing analogs based on <10 antibacterial
scaffolds has resulted in the development and marketing of >100
antibacterial agents but, with the exception of the oxazolidinone
core, no new scaffolds have emerged in the past 30 years to address
the emerging resistance problems.
[0006] Classic antibiotic approaches attempt to kill or suppress
growth of bacteria by targeting essential cell functions such as
cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA replication, RNA
polymerase, or metabolic pathways. These conventional therapies run
a high risk of toxicity since many of these cell functions are also
essential to mammalian cells and require fine molecular distinction
between the microbial target and the host cell counterpart(s).
Second, the repetitive use of the same targets means that when a
bacterium evolves resistance to a particular antibiotic agent
during therapy, it can become simultaneously cross resistant to
other agents acting on the same target, even though the bacterium
has never been exposed to the other agents. Third, conventional
therapies exert a "life-or-death" challenge upon the bacterium, and
thus a strong selective pressure to evolve resistance to the
antimicrobial agent. Finally, many current antibiotics have very
broad spectrums of activity, with the side effect of eradicating
many components of the normal flora, leading to undesired
complications such as Clostridium difficile colitis or secondary
fungal infections (e.g. Candida).
[0007] The emergence of MRSA has compromised the clinical utility
of methicillin and related antibiotics (oxacillin, dicloxacillin)
and all cephalosporings (e.g. cefazolin, cephalexin) in empiric
therapy of S. aureus infections. MRSA often have significant levels
of resistance to macrolides (e.g. erythromycin), beta-lactamase
inhibitor combinations (e.g. Unasyn, Augmentin) and
fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin), and are occasionally
resistant to clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxisol (Bactrim),
and rifampin. In serious S. aureus infection, intravenous
vancomycin is the last resort, but there have now also been
alarming reports of S. aureus resistance to vancomycin, an
intravenous antibiotic commonly used to treat MRSA.
[0008] New anti-MRSA agents such as linezolid (Zyvox.RTM. or
quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid.RTM.), both of which utilize
the traditional target of binding to the ribosomal subunits to
inhibit RNA synthesis are prohibitively expensive.
[0009] Existing antibiotic therapies non-specifically kill the
majority of skin-residing bacteria, disrupting the homeostasis of
skin resident microflora. For example, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is
one of the most frequently used topical medications. BPO strongly
suppresses the growth of S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis contributes
to the skin resident microflora-based defense of the skin
epithelium. The imbalance of microflora could contribute to the
pathogenesis of skin inflammatory diseases, such as atopic
dermatitis, rosacea and acne vulgaris etc.
STATEMENT REGARDING BIOLOGICAL DEPOSIT
[0010] Under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the
International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganism for the
Purposes of Patent Procedure, Staphylococcus epidermidis MO34 was
deposited on Mar. 22, 2018 with the American Type Culture
Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209,
as ATCC Number PTA-125025 (strain designation S.epi-MO34 UCSD
20180315). This deposit will be maintained at an authorized
depository and replaced in the event of mutation, nonviability or
destruction for a period of at least five years after the most
recent request for release of a sample was received by the
depository, for a period of at least thirty years after the date of
the deposit, or during the enforceable life of the related patent,
whichever period is longest. All restrictions on the availability
to the public of these cell lines will be irrevocably removed upon
the issuance of a patent from the application.
SUMMARY
[0011] The disclosure also provides a method of preparing and
substantially purifying a "firmocidin", a compound of the
disclosure. In one embodiment, the method comprises extracting a
flow-through from a 3K cut-off of the media and performing organic
extraction, followed by separating on an NH2-100 column eluted with
a linear gradiant of water in acetonitrile for 25 min. In a more
specific embodiment, the method comprises obtaining S. epidermidis
culture media, collecting the flow-through of the media using a 3K
cut-off membrane, lyophilizing the collected flow through,
resuspending the lyophilized product in methanol and partitioning
in 90% acetonitrile, collecting the organic phase, lyophilizing the
organic phase, resuspending the lyophilized organic phase in an
aqueous media, filtering on a C.sub.18 sep-pak cartridge,
lyophilizing and resuspending in methanol, collecting the
supernatant, lyophilizing, partitioning in acetonitrile and
collecting the supernatant, and separating on Taskgel NH.sub.2-100
column eluted with a linear gradient of 5-20% water in acetonitrile
for 25 min. The disclosure also provides a composition obtained by
the foregoing method, wherein the composition has anti-microbial
activity.
[0012] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
firmocidin compound selected from the group comprising: [0013] (a)
Formula I:
##STR00001##
[0013] wherein: [0014] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0015] R.sup.1-R.sup.18 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0016]
(b) Formula II
##STR00002##
[0016] wherein: [0017] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0018] R.sup.19-R.sup.34 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C6)alkyl, optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally
substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl,
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, ketone,
aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic acid, ester,
hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal, acetal,
orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine, imide,
azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, thiol,
sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid, sulfonic
acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic acid,
phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and no atom
if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0019] (c)
Formula III
##STR00003##
[0019] wherein, [0020] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0021] R.sup.35-R.sup.54 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0022]
(d) Formula IV
##STR00004##
[0022] wherein, [0023] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0024] R.sup.55-R.sup.69 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0025]
derivatives or analogs of Formulas I-IV thereof, including
pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs; and [0026] wherein the compound
has antimicrobial activity.
[0027] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides for compound
comprising at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 nitrogen atoms, at
least 5 hydrogen atoms, and at least one oxygen atom and is
selected from the group comprising: [0028] (a) Formula I:
##STR00005##
[0028] wherein: [0029] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0030] R.sup.1-R.sup.18 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; [0031] (b) Formula II
##STR00006##
[0031] wherein: [0032] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0033] R.sup.19-R.sup.34 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; [0034] (c) Formula III
##STR00007##
[0034] wherein, [0035] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0036] R.sup.35-R.sup.54 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; [0037] (d) Formula IV
##STR00008##
[0037] wherein, [0038] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0039] R.sup.55-R.sup.69 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; [0040] derivatives or analogs of
Formulas I-IV thereof, including pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs;
and [0041] wherein the compound has antimicrobial activity.
[0042] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for
compound comprising at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 nitrogen
atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, and at least one oxygen atom and
is selected from the group comprising: [0043] (a) Formula I(a):
##STR00009##
[0043] wherein: [0044] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0045] R.sup.1, R.sup.3, R.sup.7, R.sup.9,
R.sup.11, R.sup.13, R.sup.15, and R.sup.17 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0046] (b)
Formula II(a)
##STR00010##
[0046] wherein: [0047] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0048] R.sup.19, R.sup.23, R.sup.25, R.sup.27,
R.sup.29, R.sup.31, and R.sup.33 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0049] (c)
Formula III(a)
##STR00011##
[0049] wherein, [0050] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0051] R.sup.35, R.sup.37, R.sup.41, R.sup.43,
R.sup.45, R.sup.47, R.sup.49, R.sup.51, and R.sup.53, are each
independently selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally
substituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0052] (d)
Formula IV(a)
##STR00012##
[0052] wherein, [0053] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently
either a C, N or O; [0054] R.sup.55, R.sup.57, R.sup.59, R.sup.61,
R.sup.63, R.sup.65, R.sup.67, and R.sup.69 are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; [0055]
derivatives or analogs of Formulas I(a)-IV(a) thereof, including
pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs; and [0056] wherein the compound
has antimicrobial activity.
[0057] In yet a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound selected from the group comprising:
##STR00013##
[0058] In a certain embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound selected from the group comprising:
##STR00014##
[0059] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having a structural formula of:
##STR00015##
[0060] In yet another embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having a structural formula of:
##STR00016##
[0061] The disclosure also provides a method to use any one or more
of the compounds above to treat MRSA, as well as group A
streptococcus (GAS) and group B streptococcus (GBS) and
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections, which are the most
common pathogens in human skin. Thus, a firmocidin of the
disclosure can be used for antibiotic treatment to control skin
infections.
[0062] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides for
inhibiting the growth of a bacterium or fungus comprising
contacting the bacterium or fungus with an inhibiting effective
amount of a composition comprising a compound disclosed herein. In
another embodiment, the disclosure provides for contacting the
bacterium or fungus is either in vitro or in vivo, such as where
the contacting in vivo is through topical administration. In a
further embodiment, the disclosure provides for inhibiting the
growth of a bacterium that is either gram positive or gram
negative. In another embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
composition comprising the compound disclosed herein with at least
one additional antimicrobial agent. In yet another embodiment, the
disclosure provides for a composition comprising the compound
disclosed herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0063] As described more fully herein, firmocidin suppresses growth
of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a strain that is highly
resistant to some antibiotics. Existing antibiotic therapies can
non-specifically kill bacteria, which may disrupt the homeostasis
of skin-resident microflora. However, Firmocidin does not affect
the growth of S. epidermidis which contributes normal defense at
the skin epithelium. Firmocidin also did not affect viability of
human keratinocytes and sebocytes. In addition, Firmocidin is
isolated from a microorganism residing in the normal skin
microflora, suggesting low toxicity to the host. Thus, Firmocidin
can be safely used as a pathogen-specific antibiotic therapy for
skin infections.
[0064] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides a method
for treating an infection, including infections caused by bacteria,
fungus, parasites or viruses, or a dermatological disorder,
including dermatological disorders such as, wounds, diabetic
ulcers, acne, rosacea, atopic dermatitis, pyodermas, and burn
wounds, by administering an effective amount of a firmocidin
compound disclosed herein. The disclosure also provides for a
composition formulated for systemic or topical administration.
[0065] In another embodiment, the Firmocidin of the disclosure
comprises an NMR spectra as set forth in FIGS. 9 and 10. The
firmocidin NMR did not match any previously characterized
antimicrobial agents, suggesting firmocidin is a novel
antimicrobial component. In vitro bactericidal assays revealed that
firmocidin showed antimicrobial activity against Group A
streptococcus, Group B streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus,
which are the most common pathogens in the human skin.
[0066] The disclosure provides for a firmocidin compound that has
approximately the physical and structural properties as presented
in FIGS. 1-10 and the biological properties as presented in FIGS.
12-14.
[0067] In a certain embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a firmocidin compound disclosed herein further comprises
one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In another
embodiment, the disclosure provides for a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound disclosed herein which is
formulated for oral, parenteral, or topical administration. In
another embodiment, the disclosure provides for a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound disclosed herein for topical
administration wherein the topical dosage form is either in the
form of a cream, ointment, gel, spray or lotion.
[0068] In a certain embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
composition comprising a compound disclosed herein and further
comprises one or more additional therapeutic agents, including
antibiotics, sepsis treatments, steroidal drugs, anti-fungal
agents, and antipruritics. Examples of antibiotics, include, but
are not limited to, amoxicillin, ampicillin, arsphenamine,
azithromycin, aztreonam, azlocillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin,
cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole, cefazolin, cephalexin, cefdinir,
cefditorin, cefepime, cefixime, cefoperazone, cefotaxime,
cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cefprozil, ceftazidime, ceftibuten,
ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, cilastin,
ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, clofazimine,
cloxacillin, colistin, dalfopristan, demeclocycline, dicloxacillin,
dirithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, enafloxacin, enviomycin,
ertepenem, ethambutol, flucloxacillin, fosfomycin, furazolidone,
gatifloxacin, geldanamycin, gentamicin, herbimicin, imipenem,
linezolid, lomefloxacin, loracarbef, mafenide, moxifloxacin,
meropenem, metronidazole, mezlocillin, minocycline, mupirozin,
nafcillin, neomycin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin,
oxytetracycline, penicillin, piperacillin, platensimycin, polymixin
B, prochlorperazine, prontocil, quinupristine, rifabutin,
roxithromycin, spectinomycin, sulfacetamide, sulfamethizole,
sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, telithromycin, tetracycline,
thioacetazone, thioridazine, ticarcillin, tobramycin, trimethoprim,
troleandomycin, trovafloxacin, and vancomycin.
[0069] In yet another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method
for the treatment, prevention, or amelioration of one or more
symptoms of an infection by a foreign agent or a dermatological
disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective
amount of a firmocidin compound disclosed herein. Examples of
foreign agents, include, but are not limited to, bacterium,
parasite, virus, or fungus. Bacteria that can be affected by the
use of a compound, derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt and prodrug forms, include both gram-negative
and gram-positive bacteria. For example, bacteria that can be
affected include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes
(group A), Streptococcus sp. (viridans group), Streptococcus
agalactiae (group B), S. bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic species),
Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus sp.; Gram-negative cocci
such as, for example, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria
meningitidis, and Branhamella catarrhalis; Gram-positive bacilli
such as Bacillus anthraces, Bacillus subtilis, P. acne
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium species which are
diptheroids (aerobic and anerobic), Listeria monocytogenes,
Clostridium tetani, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli,
Enterobacter species, Proteus mirablis and other sp., Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia,
and Campylobacter jejuni. In a preferred embodiment, the bacterium
is selected from the group comprising Group A streptococcus (GAS),
Group B streptococcus (GBS), and S. aureus.
[0070] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a method of
treatment for an infection caused by a fungus by administering a
compound described herein, derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt and prodrug forms. Examples of fungal organisms
may be affected, include for example, Microsporum canis and other
Microsporum sp.; Trichophyton sp. such as T. rubrum, and T.
mentagrophytes, yeasts, e.g., Candida albicans, C. Tropicalis, or
other Candida species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulopsis
glabrata, Epidermophyton floccosum, Malassezia furfur
(Pityropsporon orbiculare, or P. ovale, Cryptococcus neoformans,
Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, and other Aspergillus
sp., Zygomycetes, e.g., Rhizopus, Mucor, Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitides, His toplasma capsulatum,
Coccidioides immitis, and Sporothrix schenckii.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0071] FIG. 1 presents a flow chart for the preparation of
firmocidin from a culture supernatant of S. epidermidis.
[0072] FIG. 2A-B presents the purification of firmocidin from the
culture supernatant of S. epidermidis by HPLC and the activity of
certain indicated fractions. The crude culture supernatant S.
epidermidis was applied to a TaskGel NH.sub.2-100 column (4.5
mm.times.150 mm) and eluted with a 25-min linear gradient of 5-20%
H.sub.2O in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 ml/min; the eluent was
monitored at 270 nm (FIG. 2A). Fractions 26-31 were lyophilized,
reconstituted in PBS and applied on an agar plate inoculated with
GAS (NZ131) (FIG. 2B). Clear zones demonstrate antimicrobial
activity.
[0073] FIG. 3 presents a chromatogram of firmocidin using
high-resolution ESI-FT-MS. The mass spectra indicate that
firmocidin has a molecular mass of 152.0567. Based on the mass
spectrum, firmocidin has a predicted structure of 5 carbon atoms, 5
hydrogen atoms, 5 nitrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
[0074] FIG. 4A-B presents (A) a high-resolution ESI-FT-MS spectrum
verifying that firmocidin has a predicted molecular mass of
152.0567; and (B) ESI positive ion mode MS/MS analysis on the m/z
peak of 152.0567.
[0075] FIG. 5 presents a side by side comparison of the
high-resolution HR-ESI-FT-MS spectra for firmocidin and guanine.
The difference and similarities in the major electron impact
fragmentation of firmocidin versus guanine is readily apparent.
[0076] FIG. 6 presents EI-MS spectra showing the difference between
firmocidin and guanine. The mass spectra show that firmocidin has
fragment peaks that are present and not present in the guanine
chromatogram.
[0077] FIG. 7 presents mass spectrum and major electron impact
fragmentation of guanine. Wherein, fragment peaks at 69.2 and 110.1
of the guanine mass spectrum are not present in the mass spectrum
for firmocidin.
[0078] FIG. 8 presents structural models demonstrating select
electron impact fragments that are common to both fimocidin and
guanine and electron impact fragments that are guanine specific.
Atoms encompassed in the dashed ovals represent the major fragment
observed along with the predicted mass of the fragment. The guanine
specific fragment m/z peak at 110.1 is a singular fragment
containing the atoms resulting from the combination of the two
dashed ovals.
[0079] FIG. 9 presents a .sup.1H NMR spectrum of firmocidin. The
chemical shifts obtained are identical to an adenine-N-oxide.
[0080] FIG. 10 presents a .sup.1H NMR spectrum of firmocidin. The
characteristic nuclear shifts of a benzene ring appear at 8.0-8.5
ppm.
[0081] FIG. 11 provides that compounds labeled 1-7, which have the
molecular formula of C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O, but were not
antimicrobial agents for GAS. Each compound was dissolved or
suspended in PBS at 2 mg/mL and 5 mL was applied on an agar plate
inoculated with GAS (NZ131).
[0082] FIG. 12 presents data demonstrating firmocidin inhibits
growth of various pathogens but not S. epidermidis. The data also
show that firmocidin antimicrobial activity is superior to benzoyl
peroxide (BPO). HPLC-purified firmocidin was incubated with various
bacteria (1.times.10.sup.6 CFU/mL) in the indicated medium for 7
hrs. BPO was used as a positive control. After incubation,
OD.sub.600 was determined to estimate bacteria growth.
[0083] FIG. 13 presents data showing firmocidin's bactericidal
activity against GAS and bacteristatic activity against GBS and S.
aureus, but not S. epidermidis. Various bacteria (1.times.10.sup.6
CFU/mL) were incubated with HPLC-purified firmocidin (0, 20 and 60
mg/mL) in the indicated medium. Colony-forming unit (CFU) of the
bacteria was determined at the indicated times by plating serial
dilutions of bacteria suspension.
[0084] FIG. 14 presents data demonstrating that firmocidin does not
have a deleterious effect on the cell viability of human
keratinocytes and sebocytes. The immortalized human HaCaT
keratinocytes and SZ95 sebocytes (1.times.10.sup.5 cells/well) were
incubated with indicated concentrations of firmocidin for 24 hr at
37.degree. C. As a background, Triton X-100 (0.1% (v/v)) was added
to achieve 0% cell viability. After incubation, cell viabilities
were determined with a MTT assay.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0085] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular
forms "a," "and," and "the" include plural referents unless the
context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to
"a compound" includes a plurality of such compounds and reference
to "the cell" includes reference to one or more cells and so
forth.
[0086] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
Although any methods and reagents similar or equivalent to those
described herein can be used in the practice of the disclosed
methods and compositions, the exemplary methods and materials are
now described.
[0087] Also, the use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated
otherwise. Similarly, "comprise," "comprises," "comprising"
"include," "includes," "including," "have," "haves," and "having"
are interchangeable and not intended to be limiting.
[0088] It is to be further understood that where descriptions of
various embodiments use the term "comprising," those skilled in the
art would understand that in some specific instances, an embodiment
can be alternatively described using language "consisting
essentially of" or "consisting of."
[0089] All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by
reference in full for the purpose of describing and disclosing the
methodologies, which are described in the publications, which might
be used in connection with the description herein. However, with
respect to any similar or identical terms found in both the
incorporated publications or references and those expressly put
forth or defined in this application, then those terms definitions
or meanings expressly put forth in this application shall control
in all respects. The publications discussed above and throughout
the text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the
filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be
construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to
antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior disclosure.
[0090] The term "alkyl", refers to an organic group that is
comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms that contains single
covalent bonds between the carbons. Generally, an "alkyl" as used
in this disclosure, refers to an organic group that contains 1 to
20 carbon atoms, unless stated otherwise. Wherein if there is more
than 1 carbon, the carbons may be connected in a linear manner, or
alternatively if there are more than 2 carbons then the carbons may
also be linked in a branched fashion so that the parent chain
contains one or more secondary, tertiary, or quaternary carbons. An
alkyl may be substituted or unsubstituted, unless stated otherwise.
Substituted alkyl groups include among others those which are
substituted with aryl groups, which in turn can be optionally
substituted. Specific alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, cyclobutyl,
n-pentyl, branched-pentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, branched hexyl,
and cyclohexyl groups, all of which are optionally substituted.
Specific substituted alkyl groups include haloalkyl groups,
particularly trihalomethyl groups and specifically trifluoromethyl
groups.
[0091] The term "alkenyl", refers to an organic group that is
comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms that contains at least one
double covalent bond between two carbons. Generally, an "alkenyl"
as used in this disclosure, refers to organic group that contains 1
to 20 carbon atoms, unless stated otherwise. While a
C.sub.1-alkenyl can form a double bond to an atom of a parent
chain, an alkenyl group of three or more carbons can contain more
than one double bond. It certain instances the alkenyl group will
be conjugated, in other cases an alkenyl group will not be
conjugated, and yet other cases the alkenyl group may have
stretches of conjugation and stretches of nonconjugation.
Additionally, if there is more than 1 carbon, the carbons may be
connected in a linear manner, or alternatively if there are more
than 3 carbons then the carbons may also be linked in a branched
fashion so that the parent chain contains one or more secondary,
tertiary, or quaternary carbons. An alkenyl may be substituted or
unsubstituted, unless stated otherwise. Substituted alkenyl groups
include among others those which are substituted with alkyl or aryl
groups, which groups in turn can be optionally substituted.
Specific alkenyl groups include ethenyl, prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl,
but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, pent-1-enyl, pent-2-enyl, branched
pentenyl, hex-1-enyl, branched hexenyl, all of which are optionally
substituted.
[0092] The term "alkynyl", refers to an organic group that is
comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms that contains a triple
covalent bond between two carbons. Generally, an "alkynyl" as used
in this disclosure, refers to organic group that contains 1 to 20
carbon atoms, unless stated otherwise. While a C.sub.1-alkynyl can
form a triple bond to an atom of a parent chain, an alkynyl group
of three or more carbons can contain more than one triple bond.
Where if there is more than 1 carbon, the carbons may be connected
in a linear manner, or alternatively if there are more than 4
carbons then the carbons may also be linked in a branched fashion
so that the parent chain contains one or more secondary, tertiary,
or quaternary carbons. An alkynyl may be substituted or
unsubstituted, unless stated otherwise.
[0093] The term "cylcloalkyl", as used in this disclosure, refers
to an alkyl that contains at least 3 carbon atoms but no more than
12 carbon atoms connected so that it forms a ring. A "cycloalkyl"
for the purposes of this disclosure encompass from 1 to 7
cycloalkyl rings, wherein when the cycloalkyl is greater than 1
ring, then the cycloalkyl rings are joined so that they are linked,
fused, or a combination thereof. A "cycloalkyl" can also include
bicyclic and tricyclic-based groups. A cycloalkyl may be
substituted or unsubstituted, or in the case of more than one
cycloalkyl ring, one or more rings may be unsubstituted, one or
more rings may be substituted, or a combination thereof.
[0094] The term "cylcloalkenyl", as used in this disclosure, refers
to an alkene that contains at least 3 carbon atoms but no more than
12 carbon atoms connected so that it forms a ring. A "cycloalkenyl"
for the purposes of this disclosure encompass from 1 to 7
cycloalkenyl rings, wherein when the cycloalkenyl is greater than 1
ring, then the cycloalkenyl rings are joined so that they are
linked, fused, or a combination thereof. "Cycloalkenyl" can include
bicyclic and tricyclic-based groups. A cycloalkenyl may be
substituted or unsubstituted, or in the case of more than one
cycloalkenyl ring, one or more rings may be unsubstituted, one or
more rings may be substituted, or a combination thereof. Specific
alkenyl groups include cycloprop-1-enyl, cyclobut-1-enyl,
cyclobut-2-enyl, cyclopent-1-enyl, cyclohexenyl, all of which are
optionally substituted.
[0095] The term "aryl", as used in this disclosure, refers to a
conjugated planar ring system with delocalized pi electron clouds
that contain only carbon as ring atoms. An "aryl" for the purposes
of this disclosure encompass from 1 to 7 aryl rings wherein when
the aryl is greater than 1 ring the aryl rings are joined so that
they are linked, fused, or a combination thereof. An aryl may be
substituted or unsubstituted, or in the case of more than one aryl
ring, one or more rings may be unsubstituted, one or more rings may
be substituted, or a combination thereof Substituted aryl groups
include among others those which are substituted with alkyl or
alkenyl groups, which groups in turn can be optionally substituted.
Specific substituted aryl groups include mono-, di-, tri, tetra-
and pentahalo-substituted phenyl groups; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-,
penta-, hexa-, and hepta-halo-substituted naphthalene groups; 3- or
4-halo-substituted phenyl groups, 3- or 4-alkyl-substituted phenyl
groups, 3- or 4-alkoxy-substituted phenyl groups, 3- or
4-RCO-substituted phenyl, 5- or 6-halo-substituted naphthalene
groups. More specifically, substituted aryl groups include
acetylphenyl groups, particularly 4-acetylphenyl groups;
fluorophenyl groups, particularly 3-fluorophenyl and 4-fluorophenyl
groups; chlorophenyl groups, particularly 3-chlorophenyl and
4-chlorophenyl groups; methylphenyl groups, particularly
4-methylphenyl groups, and methoxyphenyl groups, particularly
4-methoxyphenyl groups. Specific aryl groups include phenyl groups,
biphenyl groups, and naphthyl groups, all of which are optionally
substituted.
[0096] The term "heterocycle", as used in this disclosure, refers
to ring structures that contain at least 1 noncarbon ring atom. A
"heterocycle" for the purposes of this disclosure encompass from 1
to 7 heterocycle rings wherein when the heterocycle is greater than
1 ring the heterocycle rings are joined so that they are linked,
fused, or a combination thereof. A heterocycle may be a hetero-aryl
or nonaromatic, or in the case of more than one heterocycle ring,
one or more rings may be nonaromatic, one or more rings may be
hetero-aryls, or a combination thereof. A heterocycle may be
substituted or unsubstituted, or in the case of more than one
heterocycle ring one or more rings may be unsubstituted, one or
more rings may be substituted, or a combination thereof Typically,
the noncarbon ring atom is N, O, S, Si, Al, B, or P. In case where
there is more than one noncarbon ring atom, these noncarbon ring
atoms can either be the same element, or combination of different
elements, such as N and O. Examples of heterocycles include, but
are not limited to: a monocyclic heterocycle such as, aziridine,
oxirane, thiirane, azetidine, oxetane, thietane, pyrrolidine,
pyrroline, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, pyrazoline, dioxolane,
sulfolane 2,3-dihydrofuran, 2,5-dihydrofuran tetrahydrofuran,
thiophane, piperidine, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine, piperazine,
morpholine, thiomorpholine, pyran, thiopyran, 2,3-dihydropyran,
tetrahydropyran, 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane,
dioxane, homopiperidine, 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepine
homopiperazine, 1,3-dioxepane, 4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepin, and
hexamethylene oxide; and polycyclic heterocycles such as, indole,
indoline, isoindoline, quinoline, tetrahydroquinoline,
isoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,4-benzodioxan, coumarin,
dihydrocoumarin, benzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, isobenzofuran,
chromene, chroman, isochroman, xanthene, phenoxathiin, thianthrene,
indolizine, isoindole, indazole, purine, phthalazine,
naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, pteridine,
phenanthridine, perimidine, phenanthroline, phenazine,
phenothiazine, phenoxazine, 1,2-benzisoxazole, benzothiophene,
benzoxazole, benzthiazole, benzimidazole, benztriazole,
thioxanthine, carbazole, carboline, acridine, pyrolizidine, and
quinolizidine. In addition to the polycyclic heterocycles described
above, heterocycle includes polycyclic heterocycles wherein the
ring fusion between two or more rings includes more than one bond
common to both rings and more than two atoms common to both rings.
Examples of such bridged heterocycles include quinuclidine,
diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
[0097] The terms "heterocyclic group", "heterocyclic moiety",
"heterocyclic", or "heterocyclo" used alone or as a suffix or
prefix, refers to a heterocycle that has had one or more hydrogens
removed therefrom.
[0098] The term "heterocyclyl" used alone or as a suffix or prefix,
refers a monovalent radical derived from a heterocycle by removing
a hydrogen therefrom. Heterocyclyl includes, for example,
monocyclic heterocyclyls, such as, aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl,
azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl,
imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, dioxolanyl, sulfolanyl,
2,3-dihydrofuranyl, 2,5-dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,
thiophanyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridinyl, piperazinyl,
morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl,
2,3-dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,4-dihydropyridinyl,
1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, dioxanyl, homopiperidinyl,
2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1H-azepinyl, homopiperazinyl, 1,3-dioxepanyl,
4,7-dihydro-1,3-dioxepinyl, and hexamethylene oxidyl. In addition,
heterocyclyl includes aromatic heterocyclyls or heteroaryl, for
example, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, thienyl,
furyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl,
pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl,
1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl,
1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl,
1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, and 1,3,4 oxadiazolyl. Additionally,
heterocyclyl encompasses polycyclic heterocyclyls (including both
aromatic or non-aromatic), for example, indolyl, indolinyl,
isoindolinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,
tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, coumarinyl,
dihydrocoumarinyl, benzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl,
isobenzofuranyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, xanthenyl,
phenoxathiinyl, thianthrenyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl,
purinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl,
cinnolinyl, pteridinyl, phenanthridinyl, perimidinyl,
phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl,
1,2-benzisoxazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl,
benzimidazolyl, benztriazolyl, thioxanthinyl, carbazolyl,
carbolinyl, acridinyl, pyrolizidinyl, and quinolizidinyl. In
addition to the polycyclic heterocyclyls described above,
heterocyclyl includes polycyclic heterocyclyls wherein the ring
fusion between two or more rings includes more than one bond common
to both rings and more than two atoms common to both rings.
Examples of such bridged heterocycles include, but are not limited
to, quinuclidinyl, diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl; and
7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl.
[0099] The term "hetero-aryl" used alone or as a suffix or prefix,
refers to a heterocycle or heterocyclyl having aromatic character.
Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, pyridine,
pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, thiophene, furan, furazan,
pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyrazole, isothiazole,
isoxazole, 1,2,3-triazole, tetrazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole,
1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole,
1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-triazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, and
1,3,4-oxadiazole.
[0100] The term "hetero-" when used as a prefix, such as,
hetero-alkyl, hetero-alkenyl, hetero-alkynyl, or
hetero-hydrocarbon, for the purpose of this disclosure refers to
the specified hydrocarbon having one or more carbon atoms replaced
by non-carbon atoms as part of the parent chain. Examples of such
non-carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, N, O, S, Si, Al,
B, and P. If there is more than one non-carbon atom in the
hetero-based parent chain then this atom may be the same element or
may be a combination of different elements, such as N and O.
[0101] The term "mixed ring system" refers to optionally
substituted ring structures that contain at least two rings, and
wherein the rings are joined together by linking, fusing, or a
combination thereof. A mixed ring system comprises a combination of
different ring types, including cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, and
heterocycle.
[0102] The term "unsubstituted" with respect to hydrocarbons,
heterocycles, and the like, refers to structures wherein the parent
chain contains no substituents.
[0103] The term "substituted" with respect to hydrocarbons,
heterocycles, and the like, refers to structures wherein the parent
chain contains one or more substituents. For example, optionally
substituted hydrocarbons, hetero-hydrocarbons, heterocycles, mixed
ring systems, and the like, can include substitution with one or
more of the following substituents: halogens, CN, --COOR, --OR,
--COR, --OCOOR, --CON(R).sub.2, --OCON(R).sub.2, --N(R).sub.2,
NO.sub.2, --SR, --SO.sub.2R, --SO.sub.2N(R).sub.2 or --SOR groups,
wherein R is selected from the group comprising a hydrocarbon, a
hetero-hydrocarbon, heterocycle, and mixed ring system. Optional
substitution of alkyl groups includes substitution with one or more
alkenyl groups, aryl groups or both, wherein the alkenyl groups or
aryl groups are also optionally substituted. Optional substitution
of alkenyl groups includes substitution with one or more alkyl
groups, aryl groups, or both, wherein the alkyl groups or aryl
groups are also optionally substituted. Optional substitution of
aryl groups includes substitution of the aryl ring with one or more
alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, or both, wherein the alkyl groups or
alkenyl groups are also optionally substituted.
[0104] The term "substituent" refers to an atom or group of atoms
substituted in place of a hydrogen atom. For purposes of this
disclosure, a substituent would include deuterium atoms.
[0105] Optional substituents for hydrocarbons, hetero-hydrocarbons,
heterocycles, mixed ring systems, and the like, include among
others: [0106] --COOR where R is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an
aryl group and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, or phenyl groups all of which are optionally substituted;
[0107] --COR where R is a hydrogen, or an alkyl group or an aryl
groups and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, or phenyl groups all of which groups are optionally
substituted; [0108] --CON(R).sub.2 where each R, independently of
each other R, is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and
more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or
phenyl groups all of which groups are optionally substituted; R and
R can form a ring which may contain one or more double bonds;
[0109] --OCON(R).sub.2 where each R, independently of each other R,
is a hydrogen or an alkyl group or an aryl group and more
specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl
groups all of which groups are optionally substituted; R and R can
form a ring which may contain one or more double bonds; [0110]
--N(R).sub.2 where each R, independently of each other R, is a
hydrogen, or an alkyl group, acyl group or an aryl group and more
specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl or
acetyl groups all of which are optionally substituted; or R and R
can form a ring which may contain one or more double bonds; [0111]
--SR, --SO.sub.2R, or --SOR where R is an alkyl group or an aryl
groups and more specifically where R is methyl, ethyl, propyl,
butyl, phenyl groups all of which are optionally substituted; for
example --SR, R can be hydrogen; [0112] --OCOOR where R is an alkyl
group or an aryl groups; [0113] --SO.sub.2N(R).sub.2 where R is a
hydrogen, an alkyl group, or an aryl group and R and R can form a
ring; and [0114] --OR where R.dbd.H, alkyl, aryl, or acyl; for
example, R can be an acyl yielding --OCOR* where R* is a hydrogen
or an alkyl group or an aryl group and more specifically where R*
is methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or phenyl groups all of which
groups are optionally substituted.
[0115] As used herein, a wavy line intersecting another line that
is connected to an atom indicates that this atom is covalently
bonded to another entity that is present but not being depicted in
the structure. A wavy line that does not intersect a line but is
connected to an atom indicates that this atom is interacting with
another atom by a bond or some other type of identifiable
association.
[0116] A bond indicated by a straight line and a dashed line
indicates that the bond may be a single covalent bond or
alternatively a double covalent bond. But in the case where a ring
atom's maximum valence would be exceeded by forming a double
covalent bond with another ring atom, then the bond would be a
single covalent bond.
[0117] For the purposes of this disclosure, in the instance that a
ring atom designated as X would exceed its maximum valence by
binding a group designated by R, then the group designated by R
would be absent.
[0118] The term "antimicrobial" as it relates to treatments,
agents, and compounds refers to an agent that can be used to
suppress, attenuate, ameliorate, any symptom caused by or resulting
from an infection by a foreign agent. For the purposes of this
disclosure a foreign agent includes, but is not limited to,
bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi.
[0119] Infections from organisms such as Group A Streptococcus
(GAS, Streptococcus pyogenes) or Staphylococcus aureus range from
superficial to invasive, and collectively represent a severe
societal burden, only escalating with the increase of resistance to
pharmaceutically derived antibiotics (Jones, 2003; Carapetis et
al., 2005; McCaig et al., 2006). Increasing the understanding of
innate host-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offers an
alternative to the development of treatment of such infections, as
AMPs have retained the capacity to provide protection against
infections by GAS, S. aureus, and other microbes (Dorschner et al.,
2001; Nizet et al., 2001; Di Nardo et al., 2008), and have not lost
their antimicrobial relevance as in the case of many pharmaceutical
antibiotics.
[0120] A surprising recent revelation is that the AMPs that occupy
the surface of the skin are made not only by the host cell, but
also in prokaryotic organisms that inhabit the host's epidermis. A
large number of Gram positive bacteria such as Lactococcus,
Streptococcus and Streptomyces species have been known to produce
factors to inhibit other bacteria (Bastos et al., 2009).
Proteinaceous factors produced by bacteria with bactericidal
activity against the growth of similar or closely related bacterial
strains are called bacteriocins. S. epidermidis, the dominant
commensal bacterium found in the skin microflora, produces various
types of bacteriocins. Most of these peptides are encoded in
plasmids. Epidermin, Pep5 and epilancin K7 are the most
characterized bacteriocins isolated from S. epidermidis (Bastos et
al., 2009). Because of their potential to kill pathogens in vitro,
these bacteriocins may possess the capacity to provide
antimicrobial protection against pathogens on the skin surface.
Research has shown unique peptides phenol-soluble modulin
(PSM).gamma. and PSM.delta. produced by S. epidermidis could be
beneficial to the host and thus serve as additional AMPs on normal
skin surface (Cogen et al., 2010). These peptides selectively
exhibited bactericidal activity against skin pathogens, such as
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and
Escherichia coli, whereas they are not active against S.
epidermidis. Moreover, inoculating PSMs on the mouse skin surface
reduced GAS but not the survival of S. epidermidis. This selective
activity is likely to be an important part of a normal microbial
defense strategy against colonization.
[0121] Staphylococcus epidermis (S. epidermidis) is a major
constituent of microflora on healthy human skin. Recent studies
indicate that S. epidermidis protect human skin by preventing
pathogenic infections by producing phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs),
which function as antimicrobial peptides. In addition, lipoteichoic
acid produced by S. epidermidis benefits human skin by suppressing
skin inflammation during wound repair.
[0122] The disclosure provides a novel antimicrobial molecule from
culture supernatant of a clinically isolated strain of S.
epidermidis (MO34). The predicted molecular formula is
C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O. The compound is referred to herein as
"firmocidin." Firmocidin exerts antimicrobial activities against
group A streptococcus (GAS) and group B streptococcus (GBS) and
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which are most common pathogens
in human skin. Thus, firmocidin can be used as an antimicrobial
treatment to control skin infections.
[0123] NMR spectra data of firmocidin did not match any previously
characterized antimicrobial agents, suggesting firmocidin is a
novel antimicrobial component (see, e.g., FIGS. 3, 9 and 10). In
vitro bactericidal assays revealed that firmocidin showed
antimicrobial activity against GAS, GBS and Staphylococcus aureus,
which are most common pathogens in the human skin (see, e.g., FIG.
12). Most notably, firmocidin suppresses growth of
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a strain that is highly
resistant to some antibiotics (see, e.g., FIG. 12).
[0124] Existing antibiotic therapies are non-specific bactericidals
that may disrupt the homeostasis of skin-resident microflora.
However, firmocidin does not affect the growth of S. epidermidis,
which contributes normal defense at the skin epithelium. Firmocidin
also did not affect viability of human keratinocytes and sebocytes
(see, e.g., FIG. 14). In addition, firmocidin is isolated from a
microorganism residing in the normal skin microflora, suggesting
low toxicity to the host. Thus, firmocidin can be safely used as a
pathogen-specific antimicrobial therapy for skin infections.
[0125] The disclosure also provides a procedure for purification of
firmocidin from culture supernatant of S. epidermidis (see e.g.,
FIG. 1). The sample was purified by HPLC using a Taskgel
NH.sub.2-100 column (Tosoh) with a linear gradient of 5-20% water
in acetonitrile (see e.g., FIG. 2). A peak at the fraction #28
showed antimicrobial activity (see, e.g., FIG. 2). High-resolution
ES-MS analysis gave the molecular formula C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O
(calculated exact mass for [M+H].sup.+=152.0567, observed
mass=152.0567) (see, e.g., FIG. 3). Antimicrobial activity of the
authentic compounds possessing the molecular formula of
C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O were tested, but none of them showed
antimicrobial activity against GAS (see e.g., FIG. 11).
[0126] According to the preliminary data from NMR structural
determination, the NMR spectra for firmocidin did not match to any
of authentic antimicrobial agents. This suggests that firmocidin is
a novel antimicrobial compound that suppresses the growth of GAS,
GBS, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and MRSA, but not S.
epidermidis (see, e.g., FIG. 12) and Gram negative bacteria. Its
antimicrobial activity was stronger than benzoyl peroxide (BPO),
which is a frequently used topical medication. Furthermore, kinetic
study of antimicrobial activity showed that firmocidin exhibits
bactericidal activity against GAS and bacteristatic activity
against GBS and S. aureus (see, e.g., FIG. 13), but not against S.
epidermidis. However, firmocidin did not affect the viabilities of
human keratinocytes and sebocytes (see, e.g., FIG. 14), suggesting
low toxicity to the host. Thus, firmocidin is pathogen-specific and
safe antimicrobial therapy for infections arising from GAS, GBS and
S. aureus. Firmocidin, however, is likely to exert similar
antimicrobial activity against other pathogens.
[0127] Methods and compositions useful for treatment of microbial
infections are provided. In one embodiment the disclosure provides
compositions and methods useful for treating a microbial infection
wherein the methods and compositions comprise firmocidin, a
derivative or salt thereof. For example, methods and compositions
useful for the treatment of S. aureus infections, including those
produced by methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant strains, are
provided. The methods and compositions of the disclosure can be
used alone or in combination with traditional antimicrobials and
antibiotics to treat such infections. In addition, the methods and
compositions disclosed herein can be used in settings such as
foreign-body, catheter or endovascular infections, chronic
osteomyeletis, hospital acquired or post-operative infections,
recurrent skin infections, or for S. aureus infections in the
immunocompromised host.
[0128] In a certain embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound that is comprised of one or more ring structures that is
comprised of at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, at
least 5 nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen atom, wherein the
ring structures are optionally substituted and selected from the
group comprising cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl,
heterocycle, and mixed ring system. In another embodiment, the
disclosure provides for a compound that is comprised of one or more
ring structures that is comprised of 5 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen
atoms, 5 nitrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom, wherein the ring
structures are optionally substituted and selected from the group
comprising cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl,
heterocycle, and mixed ring system. It should be understood for a
heterocycle-, and a mixed ring system-based compound that while it
may be preferable that one or more hetero-ring atoms is an N and/or
O, the disclosure also provides for additional heteroatoms,
including, but not limited to, N, O, S, Si, Al, B, and P. Likewise,
it should also be understood for a compound comprised of a
cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a cycloalkynyl, or an aryl, that while
it may be preferable that these rings be substituted with either
one or more oxygen containing functional groups, nitrogen
containing functional groups, or a combination thereof, the
disclosure also provides for a compound comprised of a cycloalkyl,
a cycloalkenyl, a cycloalkynyl, or an aryl, being substituted with
functional groups which do not contain oxygen and/or nitrogen
atoms.
[0129] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula I
##STR00017##
wherein, [0130] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently either a C,
N or O; [0131] R.sup.1-R.sup.18 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence.
[0132] In an additional embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula I:
##STR00018##
wherein, [0133] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently either a C,
N or O; [0134] R.sup.1-R.sup.18 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; and [0135] wherein the compound
has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, at least 5
nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen atom.
[0136] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula I(a)
##STR00019##
wherein, [0137] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently either a C,
N or O; [0138] R.sup.1, R.sup.3, R.sup.7, R.sup.9, R.sup.11,
R.sup.13, R.sup.15, and R.sup.17 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0139]
wherein the compound has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5
hydrogen atoms, at least 5 nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen
atom.
[0140] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula I(a):
##STR00020##
wherein, [0141] X.sup.1-X.sup.10 are each independently either a C,
N or O; [0142] R.sup.1, R.sup.3, R.sup.7, R.sup.9, R.sup.11,
R.sup.13, R.sup.15, and R.sup.17 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0143]
wherein the compound has 5 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, 5
nitrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
[0144] In yet a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound selected from the group comprising
##STR00021##
[0145] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides a
compound having structural Formula II
##STR00022##
wherein, [0146] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0147] R.sup.19-R.sup.34 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence.
[0148] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound
having structural Formula II
##STR00023##
wherein, [0149] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0150] R.sup.19-R.sup.34 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; and [0151] wherein the compound
has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, at least 5
nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen atom.
[0152] In yet another embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula II(a):
##STR00024##
wherein, [0153] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0154] R.sup.19, R.sup.23, R.sup.25, R.sup.27, R.sup.29,
R.sup.31, and R.sup.33 are each independently selected from the
group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0155]
wherein the compound has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5
hydrogen atoms, at least 5 nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen
atom.
[0156] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula II(a):
##STR00025##
wherein, [0157] X.sup.11-X.sup.19 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0158] R.sup.19, R.sup.23, R.sup.25, R.sup.27, R.sup.29,
R.sup.31, and R.sup.33 are each independently selected from the
group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0159]
wherein the compound has 5 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, 5
nitrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
[0160] In a certain embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound of selected from the group comprising
##STR00026##
[0161] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula III:
##STR00027##
wherein, [0162] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0163] R.sup.35-R.sup.54 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence.
[0164] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula III:
##STR00028##
wherein, [0165] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0166] R.sup.35-R.sup.54 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; and [0167] wherein the compound
has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, at least 5
nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen atom.
[0168] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula III(a)
##STR00029##
wherein, [0169] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0170] R.sup.35, R.sup.37, R.sup.41, R.sup.43, R.sup.45,
R.sup.47, R.sup.49, R.sup.51, and R.sup.53, are each independently
selected from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0171]
wherein the compound has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5
hydrogen atoms, at least 5 nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen
atom.
[0172] In yet a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula III(a):
##STR00030##
wherein, [0173] X.sup.20-X.sup.30 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0174] R.sup.35, R.sup.37, R.sup.41, R.sup.43, R.sup.45,
R.sup.47, R.sup.49, R.sup.51, and R.sup.53, are each selected from
the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0175]
wherein the compound has 5 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, 5
nitrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
[0176] In yet a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having the structure of
##STR00031##
[0177] In a particular embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula IV:
##STR00032##
wherein, [0178] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0179] R.sup.55-R.sup.69 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)alkynyl, halogen,
hydroxyl, ketone, aldehyde, acyl halide, carbonate, carboxylic
acid, ester, hydroperoxide, peroxide, ether, hemiacetal, hemiketal,
acetal, orthoester, orthocarbonate ester, amide, amine, imine,
imide, azide, diimide, cyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso,
thiol, sulfide, disulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfinic acid,
sulfonic acid, thicyanate, thione, thial, phosphine, phosphonic
acid, phosphate, phosphodiester, boronic acid, boronic ester, and
no atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence.
[0180] In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound
having structural Formula IV:
##STR00033##
wherein, [0181] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0182] R.sup.55-R.sup.69 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, ester, ether, amide, amine, imine, imide,
nitrate, nitrile, nitro, nitroso, and no atom if bound to X that
has reached its maximum valence; and [0183] wherein the compound
has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5 hydrogen atoms, at least 5
nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen atom.
[0184] In yet another embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula IV(a):
##STR00034##
wherein, [0185] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0186] R.sup.55, R.sup.57, R.sup.59, R.sup.61, R.sup.63,
R.sup.65, R.sup.67, and R.sup.69 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0187]
wherein the compound has at least 5 carbon atoms, at least 5
hydrogen atoms, at least 5 nitrogen atoms, and at least 1 oxygen
atom.
[0188] In a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having structural Formula IV(a):
##STR00035##
wherein, [0189] X.sup.31-X.sup.38 are each independently either a
C, N or O; [0190] R.sup.55, R.sup.57, R.sup.59, R.sup.61, R.sup.63,
R.sup.65, R.sup.67, and R.sup.69 are each independently selected
from the group comprising H, D, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl, optionally substituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, optionally substituted
hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkyl, hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkenyl,
optionally substituted hetero-(C.sub.1-C.sub.2)alkynyl, hydroxyl,
ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, amine, imine, nitrile, nitroso, and no
atom if bound to X that has reached its maximum valence; and [0191]
wherein the compound has 5 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, 5
nitrogen atoms, and 1 oxygen atom.
[0192] In yet a further embodiment, the disclosure provides for a
compound having the structure of
##STR00036##
[0193] In yet a further embodiment, a compound disclosed herein
that contains an acidic or basic moiety may also be disclosed as a
pharmaceutically acceptable salt (See, Berge et al., J. Pharma.
Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19; and "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts,
Properties, and Use," Stah and Wermuth, Ed.; Wiley-VCH and VHCA,
Zurich, 2002).
[0194] Suitable acids for use in the preparation of
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, include, but are not limited to,
aceptic acid, 2,2-dichoroacetic acid, acylated amino acids, adipic
acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic
acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, boric acid,
(+)-camphoric acid, camphorsulfonic acid,
(+)-(1S)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid,
caprylic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid,
cyclohexanesulfamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid,
ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid,
2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid,
galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic
acid, D-glucuronic acid, L-glutamic acid, .alpha.-oxo-glutaric
acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric
acid, hydroiodic acid, (+)-L-lactic acid, (+/-)-DL-lactic acid,
lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, (-)-L-malic acid,
malonic acid, (+/-)-DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid,
naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid,
1-hydroxy-2-naphtoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid,
orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, perchloric
acid, phosphoric acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, saccharic acid,
salicyclic acid, 4-amino-salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic
acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tannic acid, (+)-L-tartaric
acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, undecylenic acid,
and valeric acid.
[0195] Suitable acids for use in the preparation of
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, include, but are not limited to,
inorganic bases, such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide; and
organic bases, such as primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary, aliphatic and aromatic amines, including L-arginine,
benethamine, benzathine, choline, deanol, diethanolamine,
diethylamine, dimethylamine, dipropylamine, diisopropylamine,
2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylamine,
ethylenediamine, isopropylamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine,
1H-imidazole, L-Lysine, morpholine, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine,
methylamine, piperidine, piperazine, propylamine, pyrrolidine,
1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinuclidine, quinoline,
isoquinoline, secondary amines, triethanolamine, trimethylamine,
triethylamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine,
2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, and tromethamine.
[0196] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts comprise
pharmaceutically-acceptable anions and/or cations.
Pharmaceutically-acceptable cations include among others, alkali
metal cations (e.g., Li+, Na+, K+), alkaline earth metal cations
(e.g., Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+), non-toxic heavy metal cations and
ammonium (NH.sub.4.sup.+) and substituted ammonium
(N(R').sub.4.sup.+, where R' is hydrogen, alkyl, or substituted
alkyl, i.e., including, methyl, ethyl, or hydroxyethyl,
specifically, trimethyl ammonium, triethyl ammonium, and triethanol
ammonium cations). Pharmaceutically-acceptable anions include among
other halides (e.g., Cl--, Br--), sulfate, acetates (e.g., acetate,
trifluoroacetate), ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, citrates, and
lactate.
[0197] A compound disclosed herein may also have a prodrug form. A
prodrug is a functional derivative of the compound disclosed herein
and is readily convertible into the parent compound in vivo.
Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be
easier to administer than the parent compound. They may, for
instance, be bio-available by oral administration whereas the
parent compound is not. The prodrug may also have enhanced
solubility in pharmaceutical compositions over the parent compound.
A prodrug may be converted into the parent drug by various
mechanisms, including enzymatic processes and metabolic hydrolysis.
Various examples and forms of prodrugs are well known in the art.
Examples of prodrugs are found, inter alia, in Design of Prodrugs,
edited by H. Bundgaard, (Elsevier, 1985), Methods in Enzymology,
Vol. 42, at pp. 309-396, edited by K. Widder, et. al. (Academic
Press, 1985); A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, edited by
Krosgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Chapter 5, "Design and
Application of Prodrugs," by H. Bundgaard, at pp. 113-191, 1991);
H. Bundgaard, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 8, p.1-38
(1992); H. Bundgaard, et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Vol. 77, p. 285 (1988); and Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A
Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages
388-392). In a specific example, if a parent compound disclosed
herein has a hydroxyl group, this hydroxyl group may be converted
to an ester in attempts to increase bioavailability, solubility,
injection site pain relief, elimination of an unpleasant taste,
decreased toxicity, decreased metabolic inactivation, increased
chemical stability, and/or prolonged or shortened action of the
hydroxyl containing parent compound. In another specific example,
if a parent compound disclosed herein has an amine group, this
amine group may be converted to a Schiff base in attempts to
increase bioavailability, solubility, injection site pain relief,
elimination of an unpleasant taste, decreased toxicity, decreased
metabolic inactivation, increased chemical stability, and/or
prolonged or shortened action of the hydroxyl containing parent
compound.
[0198] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, can be in a form suitable for
administration to a subject using carriers, excipients, and
additives or auxiliaries. Frequently used carriers or auxiliaries
include magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, lactose, mannitol
and other sugars, talc, milk protein, gelatin, starch, vitamins,
cellulose and its derivatives, animal and vegetable oils,
polyethylene glycols and solvents, such as sterile water, alcohols,
glycerol, and polyhydric alcohols. Intravenous vehicles include
fluid and nutrient replenishers. Preservatives include
antimicrobial, chelating agents, and inert gases. Other
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include aqueous solutions,
non-toxic excipients, including salts, preservatives, buffers and
the like, as described, for instance, in Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 15th ed., Easton: Mack Publishing Co., 1405-1412,
1461-1487 (1975), and The National Formulary XIV., 14th ed.,
Washington: American Pharmaceutical Association (1975), the
contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The pH and
exact concentration of the various components of the pharmaceutical
composition are adjusted according to routine skills in the art.
See Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis for
Therapeutics (7th ed.).
[0199] The pharmaceutical compositions according to the disclosure
may be administered locally or systemically. A "therapeutically
effective dose" is the quantity of an agent according to the
disclosure necessary to prevent, to cure, or at least partially
arrest the symptoms of an infection by a foreign agent. Amounts
effective for this use will, of course, depend on the severity of
the disease and the weight and general state of the subject.
Typically, dosages used in vitro may provide useful guidance in the
amounts useful for in situ administration of the pharmaceutical
composition, and animal models may be used to determine effective
dosages for treatment of infections. Various considerations are
described, e.g., in Langer, Science, 249: 1527, (1990); Gilman et
al. (eds.) (1990), each of which is herein incorporated by
reference.
[0200] As used herein, "administering a therapeutically effective
amount" is intended to include methods of giving or applying a
pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure to a subject that
allow the composition to perform its intended therapeutic function.
The therapeutically effective amounts will vary according to
factors, such as the degree of infection in a subject, the age,
sex, and weight of the individual. Dosage regima can be adjusted to
provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several
divided doses can be administered daily or the dose can be
proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the
therapeutic situation.
[0201] Thus, a "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" is intended to
include solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and
antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the
like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active
substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any
conventional media or agent is incompatible with the pharmaceutical
composition, use thereof in the therapeutic compositions and
methods of treatment is contemplated. Supplementary active
compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
[0202] The principal pharmaceutical composition is compounded for
convenient and effective administration in effective amounts with a
suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an acceptable
dosage unit. In the case of compositions containing supplementary
active ingredients, the dosages are determined by reference to the
usual dose and manner of administration of the said
ingredients.
[0203] The disclosure provides for a compound disclosed herein,
derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms
and prodrug forms, can be administered to any host, including a
human or non-human animal, in an amount effective to inhibit the
growth, spread or infection by a foreign agent. In one embodiment,
the administration results in the inhibition of growth of a
bacterium, virus, parasite and/or fungus. Thus, the methods and
compositions are useful as antimicrobial agents.
[0204] Any of a variety of art-known methods can be used to
administer a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms,
either alone or used in combination with one or more other
therapeutic agents. For example, administration can be parenterally
by injection or by gradual infusion over time. The agent(s) can be
administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly,
subcutaneously, intracavity, by inhalation, or transdermally.
[0205] The pharmaceutical composition can be administered in a
convenient manner, such as by injection (subcutaneous, intravenous,
etc.), oral administration, inhalation, transdermal application, or
rectal administration. Depending on the route of administration,
the pharmaceutical composition can be coated with a material to
protect the pharmaceutical composition from the action of enzymes,
acids, and other natural conditions that may inactivate the
pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition can also
be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Dispersions can
also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and
mixtures thereof, and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage
and use, these preparations may contain a preservative to prevent
the growth of microorganisms.
[0206] In another embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, can
be formulated either alone or in combination with one or more
additional therapeutic agents, including, but not limited to,
antibiotics, antifungal-agents, anti-pruritics, analgesics, and/or
antiviral agents, for topical administration. The topical
administration, as used herein, include (intra)dermal,
conjunctival, intracorneal, intraocular, ophthalmic, auricular,
transdermal, nasal, vaginal, uretheral, respiratory, and rectal
administration. Such topical formulations are useful in treating or
inhibiting infections of the eye, skin, and mucous membranes (e.g.,
mouth, vagina). Examples of formulations in the market place
include topical lotions, creams, soaps, wipes, and the like.
[0207] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be formulated in any dosage form
that is suitable for topical administration for local or systemic
effect, including emulsions, solutions, suspensions, creams, gels,
hydrogels, ointments, dusting powders, dressings, elixirs, lotions,
suspensions, tinctures, pastes, foams, films, aerosols,
irrigations, sprays, suppositories, bandages, dermal patches. The
topical formulation comprising a compound disclosed herein may also
comprise liposomes, micelles, microspheres, nanosystems, and
mixtures thereof.
[0208] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients suitable
for use in the topical formulations disclosed herein include, but
are not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water-miscible vehicles,
non-aqueous vehicles, antimicrobial agents or preservatives against
the growth of microorganisms, stabilizers, solubility enhancers,
isotonic agents, buffering agents, antioxidants, local anesthetics,
suspending and dispersing agents, wetting or emulsifying agents,
complexing agents, sequestering or chelating agents, penetration
enhancers, cryopretectants, lyoprotectants, thickening agents, and
inert gases.
[0209] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may also be administered topically by
electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, sonophoresis and
microneedle or needle-free injection, such as POWDERJECT.TM.
(Chiron Corp., Emeryville, Calif.), and BIOJECT.TM. (Bioject
Medical Technologies Inc., Tualatin, Oreg.).
[0210] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be formulated in the forms of
ointments, creams, sprays and gels. Suitable ointment vehicles
include oleaginous or hydrocarbon vehicles, including such as lard,
benzoinated lard, olive oil, cottonseed oil, and other oils, white
petrolatum; emulsifiable or absorption vehicles, such as
hydrophilic petrolatum, hydroxystearin sulfate, and anhydrous
lanolin; water-removable vehicles, such as hydrophilic ointment;
water-soluble ointment vehicles, including polyethylene glycols of
varying molecular weight; emulsion vehicles, either water-in-oil
(W/O) emulsions or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, including cetyl
alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, lanolin, and stearic acid (see,
Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra). These
vehicles are emollient but generally require addition of
antioxidants and preservatives.
[0211] Suitable cream base can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil.
Cream vehicles may be water-washable, and contain an oil phase, an
emulsifier, and an aqueous phase. The oil phase is also called the
"internal" phase, which is generally comprised of petrolatum and a
fatty alcohol such as cetyl or stearyl alcohol. The aqueous phase
usually, although not necessarily, exceeds the oil phase in volume,
and generally contains a humectant. The emulsifier in a cream
formulation may be a nonionic, anionic, cationic, or amphoteric
surfactant.
[0212] Gels are semisolid, suspension-type systems. Single-phase
gels contain organic macromolecules distributed substantially
uniformly throughout the liquid carrier. Suitable gelling agents
include crosslinked acrylic acid polymers, such as carbomers,
carboxypolyalkylenes, Carbopol.RTM.; hydrophilic polymers, such as
polyethylene oxides, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers,
and polyvinylalcohol; cellulosic polymers, such as hydroxypropyl
cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose,
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, and methylcellulose; gums,
such as tragacanth and xanthan gum; sodium alginate; and gelatin.
In order to prepare a uniform gel, dispersing agents such as
alcohol or glycerin can be added, or the gelling agent can be
dispersed by trituration, mechanical mixing, and/or stirring.
[0213] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be administered rectally,
urethrally, vaginally, or perivaginally in the forms of
suppositories, pessaries, bougies, poultices or cataplasm, pastes,
powders, dressings, creams, plasters, contraceptives, ointments,
solutions, emulsions, suspensions, tampons, gels, foams, sprays, or
enemas. These dosage forms can be manufactured using conventional
processes as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, supra.
[0214] Rectal, urethral, and vaginal suppositories are solid bodies
for insertion into body orifices, which are solid at ordinary
temperatures but melt or soften at body temperature to release the
active ingredient(s) inside the orifices. Pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers utilized in rectal and vaginal suppositories
include bases or vehicles, such as stiffening agents, which produce
a melting point in the proximity of body temperature, when
formulated with the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein;
and antioxidants as described herein, including bisulfite and
sodium metabisulfite. Suitable vehicles include, but are not
limited to, cocoa butter (theobroma oil), glycerin-gelatin,
carbowax (polyoxyethylene glycol), spermaceti, paraffin, white and
yellow wax, and appropriate mixtures of mono-, di- and
triglycerides of fatty acids, hydrogels, such as polyvinyl alcohol,
hydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid; glycerinated gelatin.
Combinations of the various vehicles may be used. Rectal and
vaginal suppositories may be prepared by the compressed method or
molding. The typical weight of a rectal and vaginal suppository is
about 2 to about 3 g.
[0215] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be administered ophthalmically in
the forms of solutions, suspensions, ointments, emulsions,
gel-forming solutions, powders for solutions, gels, ocular inserts,
and implants. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, may be administered
intranasally or by inhalation to the respiratory tract. A
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein,
a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms
and prodrug forms, may be formulated in the form of an aerosol or
solution for delivery using a pressurized container, pump, spray,
atomizer, such as an atomizer using electrohydrodynamics to produce
a fine mist, or nebulizer, alone or in combination with a suitable
propellant, such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane. A pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, may
also be formulated as a dry powder for insufflation, alone or in
combination with an inert carrier such as lactose or phospholipids;
and nasal drops. For intranasal use, the powder may comprise a
bioadhesive agent, including chitosan or cyclodextrin.
[0216] Solutions or suspensions for use in a pressurized container,
pump, spray, atomizer, or nebulizer may be formulated to contain
ethanol, aqueous ethanol, or a suitable alternative agent for
dispersing, solubilizing, or extending release of the active
ingredient disclosed herein, a propellant as solvent; and/or a
surfactant, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, or an
oligolactic acid.
[0217] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be micronized to a size suitable
for delivery by inhalation, such as about 50 micrometers or less,
or about 10 micrometers or less. Particles of such sizes may be
prepared using a comminuting method known to those skilled in the
art, such as spiral jet milling, fluid bed jet milling,
supercritical fluid processing to form nanoparticles, high pressure
homogenization, or spray drying.
[0218] Capsules, blisters and cartridges for use in an inhaler or
insufflator may be formulated to contain a powder mix of the
pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein; a suitable powder
base, such as lactose or starch; and a performance modifier, such
as 1-leucine, mannitol, or magnesium stearate. The lactose may be
anhydrous or in the form of the monohydrate. Other suitable
excipients or carriers include dextran, glucose, maltose, sorbitol,
xylitol, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose. A pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or
analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug
forms, for inhaled/intranasal administration may further comprise a
suitable flavor, such as menthol and levomenthol, or sweeteners,
such as saccharin or saccharin sodium.
[0219] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, for topical administration may be
formulated to be immediate release or modified release, including
delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled-, targeted, and
programmed release.
[0220] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be formulated into liposomes to
reduce toxicity or increase bioavailability. Other methods for
delivery include oral methods that entail encapsulation of the in
microspheres or proteinoids, aerosol delivery (e.g., to the lungs),
or transdermal delivery (e.g., by iontophoresis or transdermal
electroporation). Other methods of administration will be known to
those skilled in the art.
[0221] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be formulated as a modified
release dosage form. As used herein, the term "modified release"
refers to a dosage form in which the rate or place of release of
the active ingredient(s) is different from that of an immediate
dosage form when administered by the same route. Modified release
dosage forms include delayed-, extended-, prolonged-, sustained-,
pulsatile-, controlled-, accelerated- and fast-, targeted-,
programmed-release, and gastric retention dosage forms. The
pharmaceutical compositions in modified release dosage forms can be
prepared using a variety of modified release devices and methods
known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to,
matrix controlled release devices, osmotic controlled release
devices, multiparticulate controlled release devices, ion-exchange
resins, enteric coatings, multilayered coatings, microspheres,
liposomes, and combinations thereof. The release rate of the active
ingredient(s) can also be modified by varying the particle sizes
and polymorphorism of the active ingredient(s). Examples of
modified release include, but are not limited to, those described
in U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123;
4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543;
5,639,476; 5,354,556; 5,639,480; 5,733,566; 5,739,108; 5,891,474;
5,922,356; 5,972,891; 5,980,945; 5,993,855; 6,045,830; 6,087,324;
6,113,943; 6,197,350; 6,248,363; 6,264,970; 6,267,981; 6,376,461;
6,419,961; 6,589,548; 6,613,358; and 6,699,500.
[0222] The pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, that is formulated in
a modified release dosage form may be fabricated using a matrix
controlled release device(see, Takada et al in "Encyclopedia of
Controlled Drug Delivery," Vol. 2, Mathiowitz ed., Wiley,
1999).
[0223] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising
a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof,
including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, in a
modified release dosage form is formulated using an erodible matrix
device, which is water-swellable, erodible, or soluble polymers,
including synthetic polymers, and naturally occurring polymers and
derivatives, such as polysaccharides and proteins.
[0224] Materials useful in forming an erodible matrix include, but
are not limited to, chitin, chitosan, dextran, and pullulan; gum
agar, gum arabic, gum karaya, locust bean gum, gum tragacanth,
carrageenans, gum ghatti, guar gum, xanthan gum, and scleroglucan;
starches, such as dextrin and maltodextrin; hydrophilic colloids,
such as pectin; phosphatides, such as lecithin; alginates;
propylene glycol alginate; gelatin; collagen; and cellulosics, such
as ethyl cellulose (EC), methylethyl cellulose (MEC), carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC), CMEC, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl
cellulose (HPC), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose propionate (CP),
cellulose butyrate (CB), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), CAP,
CAT, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), HPMCP, HPMCAS,
hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate trimellitate (HPMCAT), and
ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose (EHEC); polyvinyl pyrrolidone;
polyvinyl alcohol; polyvinyl acetate; glycerol fatty acid esters;
polyacrylamide; polyacrylic acid; copolymers of ethacrylic acid or
methacrylic acid (EUDRAGIT, Rohm America, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.);
poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate); polylactides; copolymers of
L-glutamic acid and ethyl-L-glutamate; degradable lactic
acid-glycolic acid copolymers; poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid;
and other acrylic acid derivatives, such as homopolymers and
copolymers of butylmethacrylate, methylmethacrylate,
ethylmethacrylate, ethylacrylate,
(2-dimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate, and
(trimethylaminoethyl)methacrylate chloride.
[0225] In further embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are
formulated with a non-erodible matrix device. The active
ingredient(s) is dissolved or dispersed in an inert matrix and is
released primarily by diffusion through the inert matrix once
administered. Materials suitable for use as a non-erodible matrix
device included, but are not limited to, insoluble plastics, such
as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene,
polybutadiene, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate,
chlorinated polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, methyl acrylate-methyl
methacrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinylacetate copolymers,
ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymers,
vinylchloride copolymers with vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride,
ethylene and propylene, ionomer polyethylene terephthalate, butyl
rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers, ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer,
ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl alcohol terpolymer, and
ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, plasticized
nylon, plasticized polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber,
silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone carbonate
copolymers; hydrophilic polymers, such as ethyl cellulose,
cellulose acetate, crospovidone, and cross-linked partially
hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate; and fatty compounds, such as carnauba
wax, microcrystalline wax, and triglycerides.
[0226] In a matrix controlled release system, the desired release
kinetics can be controlled, for example, via the polymer type
employed, the polymer viscosity, the particle sizes of the polymer
and/or the active ingredient(s), the ratio of the active
ingredient(s) versus the polymer, and other excipients or carriers
in the compositions.
[0227] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, in a modified release dosage form may
be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art, including
direct compression, dry or wet granulation followed by compression,
melt-granulation followed by compression.
[0228] The pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, in a modified release
dosage form may be fabricated using an osmotic controlled release
device, including one-chamber system, two-chamber system,
asymmetric membrane technology (AMT), and extruding core system
(ECS). In general, such devices have at least two components: (a)
the core which contains the active ingredient(s) and (b) a
semipermeable membrane with at least one delivery port, which
encapsulates the core. The semipermeable membrane controls the
influx of water to the core from an aqueous environment of use so
as to cause drug release by extrusion through the delivery
port(s).
[0229] In addition to the active ingredient(s), the core of the
osmotic device optionally includes an osmotic agent, which creates
a driving force for transport of water from the environment of use
into the core of the device. One class of osmotic agents
water-swellable hydrophilic polymers, which are also referred to as
"osmopolymers" and "hydrogels," including, but not limited to,
hydrophilic vinyl and acrylic polymers, polysaccharides such as
calcium alginate, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylene glycol
(PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), poly(2-hydroxyethyl
methacrylate), poly(acrylic) acid, poly(methacrylic) acid,
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), crosslinked PVP, polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA), PVA/PVP copolymers, PVA/PVP copolymers with hydrophobic
monomers such as methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, hydrophilic
polyurethanes containing large PEO blocks, sodium croscarmellose,
carrageenan, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose
(HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), carboxymethyl
cellulose (CMC) and carboxyethyl, cellulose (CEC), sodium alginate,
polycarbophil, gelatin, xanthan gum, and sodium starch
glycolate.
[0230] The other class of osmotic agents are osmogens, which are
capable of imbibing water to affect an osmotic pressure gradient
across the barrier of the surrounding coating. Suitable osmogens
include, but are not limited to, inorganic salts, such as magnesium
sulfate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium chloride,
lithium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphates, sodium
carbonate, sodium sulfite, lithium sulfate, potassium chloride, and
sodium sulfate; sugars, such as dextrose, fructose, glucose,
inositol, lactose, maltose, mannitol, raffinose, sorbitol, sucrose,
trehalose, and xylitol; organic acids, such as ascorbic acid,
benzoic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, maleic acid, sebacic acid,
sorbic acid, adipic acid, edetic acid, glutamic acid,
p-tolunesulfonic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid; urea; and
mixtures thereof.
[0231] Osmotic agents of different dissolution rates may be
employed to influence how rapidly the active ingredient(s) is
initially delivered from the dosage form. For example, amorphous
sugars, such as Mannogeme EZ (SPI Pharma, Lewes, Del.) can be used
to provide faster delivery during the first couple of hours to
promptly produce the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and
continually release of the remaining amount to maintain the desired
level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period
of time. In this case, the active ingredient(s) is released at such
a rate to replace the amount of the active ingredient metabolized
and excreted.
[0232] The core may also include a wide variety of other excipients
and carriers as described herein to enhance the performance of the
dosage form or to promote stability or processing.
[0233] Materials useful in forming the semipermeable membrane
include various grades of acrylics, vinyls, ethers, polyamides,
polyesters, and cellulosic derivatives that are water-permeable and
water-insoluble at physiologically relevant pHs, or are susceptible
to being rendered water-insoluble by chemical alteration, such as
crosslinking. Examples of suitable polymers useful in forming the
coating, include plasticized, unplasticized, and reinforced
cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate,
CA propionate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB),
CA ethyl carbamate, CAP, CA methyl carbamate, CA succinate,
cellulose acetate trimellitate (CAT), CA dimethylaminoacetate, CA
ethyl carbonate, CA chloroacetate, CA ethyl oxalate, CA methyl
sulfonate, CA butyl sulfonate, CA p-toluene sulfonate, agar
acetate, amylose triacetate, beta glucan acetate, beta glucan
triacetate, acetaldehyde dimethyl acetate, triacetate of locust
bean gum, hydroxlated ethylene-vinylacetate, EC, PEG, PPG, PEG/PPG
copolymers, PVP, HEC, HPC, CMC, CMEC, HPMC, HPMCP, HPMCAS, HPMCAT,
poly(acrylic) acids and esters and poly-(methacrylic) acids and
esters and copolymers thereof, starch, dextran, dextrin, chitosan,
collagen, gelatin, polyalkenes, polyethers, polysulfones,
polyethersulfones, polystyrenes, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl
esters and ethers, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes.
[0234] Semipermeable membrane may also be a hydrophobic microporous
membrane, wherein the pores are substantially filled with a gas and
are not wetted by the aqueous medium but are permeable to water
vapor, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,119. Such hydrophobic
but water-vapor permeable membrane are typically composed of
hydrophobic polymers such as polyalkenes, polyethylene,
polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylic acid
derivatives, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones,
polystyrenes, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl
esters and ethers, natural waxes, and synthetic waxes.
[0235] The delivery port(s) on the semipermeable membrane may be
formed post-coating by mechanical or laser drilling. Delivery
port(s) may also be formed in situ by erosion of a plug of
water-soluble material or by rupture of a thinner portion of the
membrane over an indentation in the core. In addition, delivery
ports may be formed during coating process, as in the case of
asymmetric membrane coatings of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,612,059 and 5,698,220.
[0236] The total amount of the active ingredient(s) released and
the release rate can substantially by modulated via the thickness
and porosity of the semipermeable membrane, the composition of the
core, and the number, size, and position of the delivery ports.
[0237] The pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, in an osmotic
controlled-release dosage form may further comprise additional
conventional excipients or carriers as described herein to promote
performance or processing of the formulation.
[0238] The osmotic controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared
according to conventional methods and techniques known to those
skilled in the art (see, Remington: The Science and Practice of
Pharmacy, supra; Santus and Baker, J. Controlled Release 1995, 35,
1-21; Verma et al., Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 2000,
26, 695-708; Verma et al., J. Controlled Release 2002, 79,
7-27).
[0239] In a certain embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are
formulated as AMT controlled-release dosage form, which comprises
an asymmetric osmotic membrane that coats a core comprising the
active ingredient(s) and other pharmaceutically acceptable
excipients or carriers. See, U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,059 and WO
2002/17918. The AMT controlled-release dosage forms can be prepared
according to conventional methods and techniques known to those
skilled in the art, including direct compression, dry granulation,
wet granulation, and a dip-coating method.
[0240] In a particular embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are
formulated as ESC controlled-release dosage form, which comprises
an osmotic membrane that coats a core comprising the active
ingredient(s), a hydroxylethyl cellulose, and other
pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.
[0241] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be administered parenterally by
injection, infusion, or implantation, for local or systemic
administration. Parenteral administration, as used herein, include
intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal,
intraventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial,
intramuscular, intrasynovial, and subcutaneous administration.
[0242] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, may be formulated in any dosage forms
that are suitable for parenteral administration, including
solutions, suspensions, emulsions, micelles, liposomes,
microspheres, nanosystems, and solid forms suitable for solutions
or suspensions in liquid prior to injection. Such dosage forms can
be prepared according to conventional methods known to those
skilled in the art of pharmaceutical science (see, Remington: The
Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra).
[0243] The pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, may include one or
more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients,
including, but not limited to, aqueous vehicles, water-miscible
vehicles, non-aqueous vehicles, antibacterial agents or
preservatives against the growth of microorganisms, stabilizers,
solubility enhancers, isotonic agents, buffering agents,
antioxidants, local anesthetics, suspending and dispersing agents,
wetting or emulsifying agents, complexing agents, sequestering or
chelating agents, cryoprotectants, lyoprotectants, thickening
agents, pH adjusting agents, and inert gases.
[0244] Preparations for parenteral administration of a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein,
a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms
and prodrug forms include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions,
suspensions, and emulsions. Suitable aqueous vehicles include, but
are not limited to, water, saline, physiological saline or
phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride injection, Ringers
injection, isotonic dextrose injection, sterile water injection,
dextrose, lactated Ringers injection, alcoholic/aqueous solutions,
and emulsions or suspensions. Non-aqueous vehicles include, but are
not limited to, injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate, and
fixed oils of vegetable origin, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed
oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame
oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean
oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, palm seed oil.
Water-miscible vehicles include, but are not limited to, ethanol,
1,3-butanediol, liquid polyethylene glycol (e.g., polyethylene
glycol 300 and polyethylene glycol 400), propylene glycol,
glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, and
dimethylsulfoxide. Examples of parenteral vehicles include sodium
chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride,
lactated Ringer's, and fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include
fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as
those based on Ringer's dextrose), and the like. Preservatives and
other additives such as, other antibacterials, anti-oxidants,
cheating agents, inert gases and the like also can be included.
[0245] Suitable antibacterial agents or preservatives include, but
are not limited to, phenols, cresols, mercurials, benzyl alcohol,
chlorobutanol, methyl and propyl p-hydroxybenzates, thimerosal,
benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methyl- and
propyl-parabens, and sorbic acid. Suitable isotonic agents include,
but are not limited to, sodium chloride, glycerin, and dextrose.
Suitable buffering agents include, but are not limited to,
phosphate and citrate. Suitable antioxidants are those as described
herein, including bisulfite and sodium metabisulfite. Suitable
local anesthetics include, but are not limited to, procaine
hydrochloride. Suitable suspending and dispersing agents are those
as described herein, including sodium carboxymethylcelluose,
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Suitable
emulsifying agents include those described herein, including
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monooleate 80, and triethanolamine oleate. Suitable sequestering or
chelating agents include, but are not limited to EDTA. Suitable pH
adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide,
hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and lactic acid. Suitable
complexing agents include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins,
including .alpha.-cyclodextrin, .beta.-cyclodextrin,
hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin,
sulfobutylether-.beta.-cyclodextrin, and sulfobutylether
7-.beta.-cyclodextrin (CAPTISOL.RTM., CyDex, Lenexa, Kans.).
[0246] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms may be formulated for single or
multiple dosage administration. The single dosage formulations are
packaged in an ampule, a vial, or a syringe. The multiple dosage
parenteral formulations must contain an antimicrobial agent at
bacteriostatic or fungistatic concentrations. All parenteral
formulations must be sterile, as known and practiced in the
art.
[0247] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising
a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof,
including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are
formulated as ready-to-use sterile solutions. In another
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are formulated as
sterile dry soluble products, including lyophilized powders and
hypodermic tablets, to be reconstituted with a vehicle prior to
use. In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are
formulated as ready-to-use sterile suspensions. In yet another
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are formulated as
sterile dry insoluble products to be reconstituted with a vehicle
prior to use. In still another embodiment, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or
analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug
forms are formulated as ready-to-use sterile emulsions.
[0248] It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral
compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and
uniformity of dosage. "Dosage unit form" as used herein, refers to
physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the
individual to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined
quantity of pharmaceutical composition is calculated to produce the
desired therapeutic effect in association with the required
pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms
of the disclosure are related to the characteristics of the
pharmaceutical composition and the particular therapeutic effect to
be achieve.
[0249] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, suitable for injectable use include
sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and
sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile
injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein,
a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms
and prodrug forms, should be sterile and should be fluid to the
extent that easy syringability exists. The carrier can be a solvent
or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol,
polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid
polyetheylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and
vegetable oils. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example,
by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of
the required particle size, in the case of dispersion, and by the
use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can
be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for
example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid,
thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be typical to
include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols, such as
mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.
Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought
about by including in the composition an agent that delays
absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0250] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by
incorporating a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug form in the required amount
in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients
enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein,
a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms
and prodrug forms, into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic
dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those
enumerated above.
[0251] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, can be orally administered, for
example, with an inert diluent or an assimilable edible carrier.
The pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms, and other ingredients can also be
enclosed in a hard or soft-shell gelatin capsule, compressed into
tablets, or incorporated directly into the individual's diet. For
oral therapeutic administration, the pharmaceutical composition
comprising a compound disclosed herein, a derivative or analog
thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms, can
be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of ingestible
tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs, suspensions,
syrups, wafers, and the like. Such compositions and preparations
should contain at least 1% by weight of active compound. The
percentage of the compositions and preparations can, of course, be
varied and can conveniently be between about 5% to about 80% of the
weight of the unit.
[0252] The tablets, troches, pills, capsules, and the like can also
contain the following: a binder, such as gum gragacanth, acacia,
corn starch, or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a
disintegrating agent, such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic
acid, and the like; a lubricant, such as magnesium stearate; and a
sweetening agent, such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin, or a
flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry
flavoring. When the dosage unit form is a capsule, it can contain,
in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier.
Various other materials can be present as coatings or to otherwise
modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets,
pills, or capsules can be coated with shellac, sugar, or both. A
syrup or elixir can contain the agent, sucrose as a sweetening
agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye, and
flavoring, such as cherry or orange flavor. Of course, any material
used in preparing any dosage unit form should be pharmaceutically
pure and substantially non-toxic/biocompatible in the amounts
employed.
[0253] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms are disclosed herein, may be
formulated as immediate or modified release dosage forms, including
delayed-, sustained-, pulsed-, controlled, targeted-, and
programmed-release forms.
[0254] A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed
herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt forms and prodrug forms are disclosed herein, may be
formulated as a suspension, solid, semi-solid, or thixotropic
liquid, for administration as an implanted depot. In one
embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound
disclosed herein, a derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt forms and prodrug forms are dispersed in a
solid inner matrix, which is surrounded by an outer polymeric
membrane that is insoluble in body fluids but allows the active
ingredient in the pharmaceutical compositions to diffuse
through.
[0255] Suitable inner matrixes include polymethylmethacrylate,
polybutylmethacrylate, plasticized or unplasticized
polyvinylchloride, plasticized nylon, plasticized
polyethyleneterephthalate, natural rubber, polyisoprene,
polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinylacetate
copolymers, silicone rubbers, polydimethylsiloxanes, silicone
carbonate copolymers, hydrophilic polymers, such as hydrogels of
esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, collagen, cross-linked
polyvinylalcohol, and cross-linked partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl
acetate.
[0256] Suitable outer polymeric membranes include polyethylene,
polypropylene, ethylene/propylene copolymers, ethylene/ethyl
acrylate copolymers, ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, silicone
rubbers, polydimethyl siloxanes, neoprene rubber, chlorinated
polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, vinylchloride copolymers with
vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene and propylene, ionomer
polyethylene terephthalate, butyl rubber epichlorohydrin rubbers,
ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate/vinyl
alcohol terpolymer, and ethylene/vinyloxyethanol copolymer.
[0257] A therapeutically effective amount can be measured as the
amount sufficient to decrease a subject's symptoms (e.g.,
dermatitis or rash by measuring the frequency of severity of skin
sores). Typically, the subject is treated with an amount of a
therapeutic composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, a
derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt forms
and prodrug forms, sufficient to reduce a symptom of a disease or
disorder by at least 50%, 90% or 100%. Generally, the optimal
dosage will depend upon the disorder and factors such as the weight
of the subject, the type of bacteria, virus or fungal infection,
the weight, sex, and degree of symptoms. Nonetheless, suitable
dosages can readily be determined by one skilled in the art.
Typically, a suitable dosage is 0.5 to 40 mg/kg body weight, e.g.,
1 to 8 mg/kg body weight.
[0258] The compounds disclosed herein may also be combined or used
in combination with other agents useful in the treatment,
prevention, or amelioration of one or more symptoms of various
syndromes, disorders, and/or diseases. Or, by way of example only,
the therapeutic effectiveness of one of the compounds described
herein may be enhanced by administration of an adjuvant (i.e., by
itself the adjuvant may only have minimal therapeutic benefit, but
in combination with another therapeutic agent, the overall
therapeutic benefit to the patient is enhanced).
[0259] Such other agents, adjuvants, or drugs, may be administered,
by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, simultaneously
or sequentially with a compound as disclosed herein. When a
compound as disclosed herein disclosed herein is used
contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical
composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound
disclosed herein may be utilized, but is not required. Accordingly,
the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein include those that
also contain one or more other active ingredients or therapeutic
agents (e.g., an inhibitor of TNF, an antibiotic, and the like), in
addition to a compound disclosed herein. Suitable antibiotics
include aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin), beta-lactams (e.g.,
penicillins and cephalosporins), quinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin),
and novobiocin. Generally, the antibiotic is administered in a
bactericidal, antiviral and/or antifungal amount. Their effects can
also be augmented by co-administration with an inhibitor of
flavohemoglobin, (Helmick et al., Imidazole antibiotics inhibit the
nitric oxide dioxygenase function of microbial flavohemoglobin.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2005,49(5):1837-43, and Sud et al.,
Action of antifungal imidazoles on Staphylococcus aureus,
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1982, 22(3):470-4), increasing the
efficacy of NO-based S. aureus killing by macrophages, and
optionally triple combination therapies comprising one squalene
synthase inhibitor, one flavohemoglobin (nitric oxide dioxygenase)
inhibitor such as an azole (miconazole, econazole, clortrimazole,
and ketoconazole) and one antibiotic as described above, may be
applied to a patient in need of therapy. In a certain embodiment, a
compound disclosed herein can be combined with one or more
antibiotics, including, but not limited to, amoxicillin,
ampicillin, arsphenamine, azithromycin, aztreonam, azlocillin,
bacitracin, carbenicillin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefamandole,
cefazolin, cephalexin, cefdinir, cefditorin, cefepime, cefixime,
cefoperazone, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cefprozil,
ceftazidime, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime,
chloramphenicol, cilastin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin,
clindamycin, clofazimine, cloxacillin, colistin, dalfopristan,
demeclocycline, dicloxacillin, dirithromycin, doxycycline,
erythromycin, enafloxacin, enviomycin, ertepenem, ethambutol,
flucloxacillin, fosfomycin, furazolidone, gatifloxacin,
geldanamycin, gentamicin, herbimicin, imipenem, linezolid,
lomefloxacin, loracarbef, mafenide, moxifloxacin, meropenem,
metronidazole, mezlocillin, minocycline, mupirozin, nafcillin,
neomycin, netilmicin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, oxytetracycline,
penicillin, piperacillin, platensimycin, polymixin B,
prochlorperazine, prontocil, quinupristine, rifabutin,
roxithromycin, spectinomycin, sulfacetamide, sulfamethizole,
sulfamethoxazole, teicoplanin, telithromycin, tetracycline,
thioacetazone, thioridazine, ticarcillin, tobramycin, trimethoprim,
troleandomycin, trovafloxacin, and vancomycin.
[0260] In a further embodiment, a compound provided herein can be
combined with one or more sepsis treatments known in the art,
including, but not limited to, antibiotics, vasopressors, and
corticosteroids.
[0261] In yet a further embodiment, a compound provided herein can
be combined with one or more steroidal drugs known in the art,
including, but not limited to, aldosterone, beclometasone,
betamethasone, deoxycorticosterone acetate, fludrocortisone
acetate, hydrocortisone (cortisol), prednisolone, prednisone,
methylprenisolone, dexamethasone, and triamcinolone.
[0262] In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein can be
combined with one or more anti-fungal agents, including, but not
limited to, amorolfine, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, bifonazole,
butenafine, butoconazole, caspofungin, ciclopirox, clotrimazole,
econazole, fenticonazole, filipin, fluconazole, isoconazole,
itraconazole, ketoconazole, micafungin, miconazole, naftifine,
natamycin, nystatin, oxyconazole, ravuconazole, posaconazole,
rimocidin, sertaconazole, sulconazole, terbinafine, terconazole,
tioconazole, and voriconazole.
[0263] The compounds disclosed herein can also be administered in
combination, preferably sequentially, with other classes of
compounds, including, but not limited to, antipruritics;
anticoagulants, such as bivalirudin; thrombolytics, such as
streptokinase; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as
aspirin; antiplatelet agents, such as clopidogrel; norepinephrine
reuptake inhibitors (NRIs) such as atomoxetine; dopamine reuptake
inhibitors (DARIs), such as methylphenidate;
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as
milnacipran; sedatives, such as diazepham; norepinephrine-dopamine
reuptake inhibitor (NDRIs), such as bupropion;
serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine-reuptake-inhibitors (SNDRIs),
such as venlafaxine; monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as
selegiline; hypothalamic phospholipids; endothelin converting
enzyme (ECE) inhibitors, such as phosphoramidon; opioids, such as
tramadol; thromboxane receptor antagonists, such as ifetroban;
potassium channel openers; thrombin inhibitors, such as hirudin;
growth factor inhibitors, such as modulators of PDGF activity;
platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists; anti-platelet agents,
such as GPIIb/IIIa blockers (e.g., abdximab, eptifibatide, and
tirofiban), P2Y(AC) antagonists (e.g., clopidogrel, ticlopidine and
CS-747), and aspirin; anti-coagulants, such as warfarin; low
molecular weight heparins, such as enoxaparin; Factor VIa
Inhibitors and Factor Xa Inhibitors; renin inhibitors; neutral
endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors; vasopepsidase inhibitors (dual
NEP-ACE inhibitors), such as omapatrilat and gemopatrilat; HMG CoA
reductase inhibitors, such as pravastatin, lovastatin,
atorvastatin, simvastatin, NK-104 (a.k.a. itavastatin, nisvastatin,
or nisbastatin), and ZD-4522 (also known as rosuvastatin, or
atavastatin or visastatin); squalene synthetase inhibitors;
fibrates; bile acid sequestrants, such as questran; niacin;
anti-atherosclerotic agents, such as ACAT inhibitors; MTP
Inhibitors; calcium channel blockers, such as amlodipine besylate;
potassium channel activators; alpha-adrenergic agents; diuretics,
such as chlorothlazide, hydrochiorothiazide, flumethiazide,
hydroflumethiazide, bendroflumethiazide, methylchlorothiazide,
trichioromethiazide, polythiazide, benzothlazide, ethacrynic acid,
tricrynafen, chlorthalidone, furosenilde, musolimine, bumetanide,
triamterene, amiloride, and spironolactone; thrombolytic agents,
such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), recombinant tPA,
streptokinase, urokinase, prourokinase, and anisoylated plasminogen
streptokinase activator complex (APSAC); anti-diabetic agents, such
as biguanides (e.g. metformin), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g.,
acarbose), insulins, meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide),
sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glyburide, and glipizide),
thiozolidinediones (e.g. troglitazone, rosiglitazone and
pioglitazone), and PPAR-gamma agonists; mineralocorticoid receptor
antagonists, such as spironolactone and eplerenone; growth hormone
secretagogues; aP2 inhibitors; phosphodiesterase inhibitors, such
as PDE III inhibitors (e.g., cilostazol) and PDE V inhibitors
(e.g., sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil); protein tyrosine kinase
inhibitors; anti-inflammatories; anti-proliferatives, such as
methotrexate, FK506 (tacrolimus, Prograf), mycophenolate mofetil;
chemotherapeutic agents; immunosuppressants; anticancer agents and
cytotoxic agents (e.g., alkylating agents, such as nitrogen
mustards, alkyl sulfonates, nitrosoureas, ethylenimines, and
triazenes); anti-metabolites, such as folate antagonists, purine
analogues, and pyrridine analogues; antibiotics, such as
anthracyclines, bleomycins, mitomycin, dactinomycin, and
plicamycin; enzymes, such as L-asparaginase; farnesyl-protein
transferase inhibitors; hormonal agents, such as glucocorticoids
(e.g., cortisone), estrogens/antiestrogens,
androgens/antiandrogens, progestins, and luteinizing
hormone-releasing hormone anatagonists, and octreotide acetate;
microtubule-disruptor agents, such as ecteinascidins;
microtubule-stablizing agents, such as pacitaxel, docetaxel, and
epothilones A-F; plant-derived products, such as vinca alkaloids,
epipodophyllotoxins, and taxanes; and topoisomerase inhibitors;
prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors; and cyclosporins; cytotoxic
drugs, such as azathiprine and cyclophosphamide; TNF-alpha
inhibitors, such as tenidap; anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF
receptor, such as etanercept, rapamycin, and leflunimide; and
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, such as celecoxib and
rofecoxib; and miscellaneous agents such as, hydroxyurea,
procarbazine, mitotane, hexamethylmelamine, gold compounds,
platinum coordination complexes, such as cisplatin, satraplatin,
and carboplatin.
[0264] The disclosure provides a method for inhibiting a bacterial,
viral, parasitic and/or fungal-associated disorder by contacting or
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound
disclosed herein, derivative or analog thereof either alone or in
combination with other antimicrobial agents to a subject who has,
or is at risk of having, such a disorder. The term "inhibiting"
means preventing or ameliorating a sign or symptoms of a syndrome,
disorder, and/or disease (e.g., a rash, sore, and the like).
Examples of disease signs that can be ameliorated include an
increase in a subject's blood level of TNF, fever, hypotension,
neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, disseminated
intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome,
shock, rash, and organ failure. Examples of subjects who can be
treated in the disclosure include those at risk for, or those
suffering from, a toxemia, such as endotoxemia resulting from a
gram-negative or gram-positive bacterial infection. Other examples
include subjects having dermatitis as well as those having skin
infections or injuries subject to infection with gram-positive or
gram-negative bacteria, a virus, or a fungus. Examples of candidate
subjects include those suffering from infection by E. coli,
Neisseria meningitides, staphylococci, or pneumococci. Other
subjects include those suffering from gunshot wounds, renal or
hepatic failure, trauma, burns, immunocompromising infections
(e.g., HIV infections), hematopoietic neoplasias, multiple myeloma,
Castleman's disease or cardiac myxoma. Those skilled in the art of
medicine can readily employ conventional criteria to identify
appropriate subjects for treatment in accordance with the
disclosure.
[0265] The disclosure also provides a method for inhibiting the
growth of a bacterium by contacting the bacterium with compound,
derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical salt and
prodrug forms, with an inhibiting effective amount. The term
"contacting" refers to exposing the microbe (e.g., bacterium) to an
agent so that the agent can inhibit, kill, or lyse microbe or
render it susceptible to oxidative destruction.
[0266] Contacting can occur in vivo, for example, by administering
the compound, derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt and prodrug forms, to a subject afflicted with
a bacterial infection or is susceptible to a bacterial infection.
In vivo contacting includes both parenteral as well as topical.
"Inhibiting" or "inhibiting effective amount" refers to the amount
of agent that is sufficient to cause, for example, a bacteriostatic
or bactericidal effect. Bacteria that can be affected by the use of
a compound, derivative or analog thereof, including pharmaceutical
salt and prodrug forms, include both gram-negative and
gram-positive bacteria. For example, bacteria that can be affected
include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A),
Streptococcus sp. (viridans group), Streptococcus agalactiae (group
B), S. bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic species), Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Enterococcus sp.; Gram-negative cocci such as, for
example, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and
Branhamella catarrhalis; Gram-positive bacilli such as Bacillus
anthraces, Bacillus subtilis, P. acne Corynebacterium diphtheriae
and Corynebacterium species which are diptheroids (aerobic and
anerobic), Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium
difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Proteus mirablis
and other sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, and Campylobacter jejuni. Infection
with one or more of these bacteria can result in diseases such as
bacteremia, pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis,
sinusitis, arthritis, urinary tract infections, tetanus, gangrene,
colitis, acute gastroenteritis, impetigo, acne, acne posacue, wound
infections, born infections, fascitis, bronchitis, and a variety of
abscesses, nosocomial infections, and opportunistic infections. The
method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria can also include
contacting the bacterium with a compound disclosed herein,
derivative or analog, including pharmaceutical salt and prodrug
forms, thereof in combination with one or more antibiotics.
[0267] Fungal organisms may also be affected by a compound
disclosed herein, derivative or analog thereof, including
pharmaceutical salt and prodrug forms, include for example,
Microsporum canis and other Microsporum sp.; Trichophyton sp. such
as T. rubrum, and T. mentagrophytes, yeasts, e.g., Candida
albicans, C. Tropicalis, or other Candida species, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Torulopsis glabrata, Epidermophyton floccosum,
Malassezia furfur (Pityropsporon orbiculare, or P. ovale,
Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus
nidulans, and other Aspergillus sp., Zygomycetes, e.g., Rhizopus,
Mucor, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitides,
Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Sporothrix
schenckii.
[0268] The methods and compositions of the disclosure utilizing
Firmocidin compound, derivative or analog thereof are useful as a
broad-spectrum antimicrobials suitable for tackling the growing
problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains, and for treating
and/or preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases, including
diseases caused by bioterrorism agents like anthrax, plague,
cholera, gastroenteritis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR
TB).
[0269] For use in the therapeutic applications described herein,
kits and articles of manufacture are also described herein. Such
kits can comprise a carrier, package, or container that is
compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials,
tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) comprising one of the
separate elements to be used in a method described herein. Suitable
containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test
tubes. The containers can be formed from a variety of materials
such as glass or plastic.
[0270] For example, the container(s) can comprise one or more
compounds described herein, optionally in a composition or in
combination with another agent as disclosed herein. The
container(s) optionally have a sterile access port (for example the
container can be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a
stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle). Such kits
optionally comprise a compound disclosed herein with an identifying
description or label or instructions relating to its use in the
methods described herein.
[0271] A kit will typically comprise one or more additional
containers, each with one or more of various materials (such as
reagents, optionally in concentrated form, and/or devices)
desirable from a commercial and user standpoint for use of a
compound described herein. Non-limiting examples of such materials
include, but are not limited to, buffers, diluents, filters,
needles, syringes; carrier, package, container, vial and/or tube
labels listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package
inserts with instructions for use. A set of instructions will also
typically be included.
[0272] A label can be on or associated with the container. A label
can be on a container when letters, numbers or other characters
forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container
itself; a label can be associated with a container when it is
present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the
container, e.g., as a package insert. A label can be used to
indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific
therapeutic application. The label can also indicate directions for
use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein. These
other therapeutic agents may be used, for example, in the amounts
indicated in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) or as otherwise
determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The invention is
further illustrated by the following examples:
EXAMPLES
[0273] Initial purification involved 5 steps including three modes
of chromatography. High-resolution ES-mass spectrometry analysis
predicted the antibiotic component to have a molecular formula of
C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O. The chemical shifts obtained by NMR
structural analyses were found to correlate to the shifts of
adenine-N oxide. Based on the structural anlyses, the compound,
firmocidin, did not match any prior known antimicrobial agents.
When S. epidermidis was cultured in the presence of
ammonium-.sup.15N chloride, the isotope was incorporated into
firmocidin, indicating that firmocidin is produced via de novo
synthesis and by the fermentation of culture media. Firmocidin
killed 99.75% of group A streptococcus, 99.12% of group B
streptococcus and 96.84% of Staphylococcus aureus when used at 60
.mu.g/ml for 3 h. Firmocidin also suppressed growth of
methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. Its antimicrobial activity
was stronger in these assays than the antimicrobial, benzoyl
peroxide, which is one of the most frequently used active
ingredients in topically administered therapeutics. However,
firmocidin did not affect the growth of S. epidermidis itself.
Firmocidin also did not affect viability of human keratinocytes and
sebocytes in culture. Thus, firmocidin shows pathogen-specific
activity and low toxicity while maintaining S. epidermidis
viability and potentially a normal microbiome. Our data support the
hypothesis that S. epidermidis contributes to skin innate immune
defense and suggests a novel therapeutic approach to normalize skin
bacterial colonization.
[0274] Purification of firmocidin. Several S. epidermidis strains
were clinically isolated from healty human skin and screened by
radial diffusion antimicrobial assays. Extracts form S. epidermidis
strain MO34 were found to have the highest antimicrobial activity.
Consequently, S. epidermidis strain MO34 was used for all future
studies. S. epidermidis strain MO34 bacteria were cultured in
reduced media comprised of 25% tryptic soy broth (Sigma) at
37.degree. C. for 24 hours. The supernatant was then purified from
the bacterial cells by filtering the bacterial culture through a
0.2 .mu.m filter. After all liquid from the supernatant was removed
in vacuo, the resulting residue was re-suspended in methanol. The
supernatant was centrifuged, dried, and then partitioned by adding
90% acetonitrile/10% water. The organic layer was collected and
dried under nitrogen gas. The resulting residue was dissolved in 2%
acetonitrile/98% water and then loaded onto a C.sub.18 sep-pak
cartridge (10 g; Waters Inc.). The cartridge was washed with 2%
acetonitrile (35 mL), followed by elution with 2% acetonitrile (40
mL). The eluent was dried, and then re-suspended in 100%
acetonitrile. The resulting crude product was then purified by
using HPLC with a Taskgel NH.sub.2-100 column (4.5 mm.times.150 mm;
Tosoh Bioscience) in hydrophilic-interaction (HILIC) mode. The
title product was eluted by using a linear gradient of 5-20% water
in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1 mL/min; the eluent was
monitored at 270 nm. Fractions 26-31 were lyophilized,
reconstituted in PBS and applied on an agar plate inoculated with
GAS (NZ131). Fractions purified from the S. epidermidis strain were
screened by radial diffusion antimicrobial assays. Clear zones on
the agar plates indicate antimicrobial activity of the fractions.
It was found that fraction #28, which correlated to a peak on the
chromatogram, showed significant antimicrobial activity (see e.g.,
FIG. 2). When S. epidermidis straine MO34 was cultured in the
presence of ammonium-.sup.15N chloride, the isotope was
incorporated into firmocidin, indicating that firmocidin is
produced via de novo synthesis and not by fermentation of culture
media. Approximately, 7 mg of the antibiotic component from
fraction #28 was purified from culture supernatant (6 L) for use in
future studies.
[0275] Mass Spectroscopy. High-resolution ES-MS analysis gave the
molecular formula C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O (calculated exact mass for
[M+H].sup.+=152.0567, observed mass=152.0567) (see e.g., FIG. 3-4).
In addition, ESI positive ion mode MS/MS analysis on the peak of
152.0567 predicts that firmocidin has at least one hydroxyl group
(see e.g., FIG. 4B). The fragmentation profile of firmocidin did
not match 6-hydroxyamino purine or guanine in electron-impact mass
spectrometry experiments (see e.g., FIGS. 5-8). While data produced
from mass spectrometry are typically reproducible and consistent,
the data produced, such as the m/z ion framgment peaks, can be
affected by sample preparation, temperature, quality of
calibration, differences in devices utilized, etc. Accordingly, the
data presented in FIGS. 3-8 can potentially vary up to 10 milli
mass units.
[0276] .sup.1H and .sup.12C NMR spectrum. 1H NMR spectra were
recorded at 20.degree. C. at 500 MHz with a Bruker Avance 750 NMR
instrument spectrometer. HPLC-purified firmocidin was dissolved in
deuterium oxide (100%) (Cambridge isotope Inc.) at 2 mg/mL. The
.sup.1H spectrum of firmocidin has nuclear shifts at 8.0-8.5 ppm
suggesting that firmocidin has a benzene ring (see e.g., FIG. 10).
In addition, the chemical shifts from the 2D-NMR studies indicate
that firmocidin is a novel antimicrobial agent, in that the
chemical shifts did not match any previously characterized
antimicrobial agent (see e.g., FIGS. 9-10). The chemical shifts
obtained by NMR structural analyses, however, correlated to the
shifts seen with an adenine-N oxide. While data produced from NMR
are generally reproducible and consistent, the data produced can be
affected by sample preparation, temperature, differences in devices
utilized, etc. Accordingly, the data generated, such as the ppm
peaks, presented in FIGS. 9-10 can vary by plus or minus one
ppm.
[0277] In vitro antibacterial studies. Purified firmocidin was
prepared at minimal bactericidal concentrations. The in-vitro
time-bacteria kill curves were then determined in the presence of
carbonate. But since Group A Streptococcus (GAS) will not grow in
media containing carbonate (Dorschner et al., 2006), the in-vitro
time-GAS kill curves were determined in media (25% Todd-Hewitt
Broth, 75% of 1.times. Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline) that
did not contain carbonate. As a control for the GAS in-vitro
time-bacteria kill curve, GAS and S. epidermidis were grown in the
same medium.
[0278] Purified firmocidin suppresses growth of GAS, group B
streptococcus (GBS), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and MRSA, but
not S. epidermidis (see e.g., FIG. 12) and Gram negative bacteria.
Its antimicrobial activity was stronger than benzoyl peroxide
(BPO), which is an active ingredient in topically applied
medications to treat various conditions, including e.g. acne
vulgaris (see e.g., FIG. 12). Furthermore, the in-vitro
time-bacteria kill curves demonstrate that firmocidin exhibits
bactericidal activity against GAS and bacteristatic activity
against GBS and S. aureus (see FIG. 13), but not against S.
epidermidis. Firmocidin killed 99.75% of group A streptococcus,
99.12% of group B streptococcus and 96.84% of Staphylococcus aureus
when used at 60 .mu.g/ml for 3 h. Firmocidin also suppressed growth
of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. It would be expected
that firmocidin would have similar antimicrobial activity against
other pathogens which have not been tested. Such pathogens,
including but not limited to, Streptococcus sp. (viridans group),
S. bovis, Streptococcus (anaerobic species), Streptococcus
pneumoniae, and Enterococcus sp.; Gram-negative cocci such as, for
example, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and
Branhamella catarrhalis; Gram-positive bacilli such as Bacillus
anthraces, Bacillus subtilis, P. acne Corynebacterium diphtheriae
and Corynebacterium species which are diptheroids (aerobic and
anerobic), Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium
difficile, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, Proteus mirablis
and other sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia, Campylobacter jejuni, Microsporum
canis and other Microsporum sp.; Trichophyton sp. such as T.
rubrum, and T. mentagrophytes, yeasts, e.g., Candida albicans, C.
Tropicalis, or other Candida species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
Torulopsis glabrata, Epidermophyton floccosum, Malassezia furfur
(Pityropsporon orbiculare, or P. ovale, Cryptococcus neoformans,
Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, and other Aspergillus
sp., Zygomycetes, e.g., Rhizopus, Mucor, Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis, Blastomyces dermatitides, Histoplasma capsulatum,
Coccidioides immitis, and Sporothrix schenckii, can be tested by
using the methods provided in this disclosure, or by making obvious
variations thereof, including using pathogen specific growth media,
pathogen specific growth conditions, etc. Such experiments would be
considered routine to one in the skill in the art, in that they are
commonly performed and there is extensive documentation with
respect to the proper growth conditions for specific pathogenic
organisms.
[0279] Cytotoxic effect of firmocidin. The immortalized human HaCaT
keratinocytes and SZ95 sebocytes were grown to 75% confluence
(1.times.10.sup.5 cell/well) and were incubated with various
concentrations of firmocidin for 24 hours. As a background, Triton
X-100 (0.1% (v/v)) was added to achieve 0% cell viability. After
incubation, cell viabilities were determined with a cell viability
assay kit (Promega) according to the instruction provided.
[0280] The cell viability studies indicate that firmocidin is not
cytotoxic to human keratinocytes and sebocytes (see FIG. 14). The
data suggests that firmocidin is safe to use on subjects. Thus,
firmocidin is pathogen-specific, and a safe antimicrobial therapy
for infections caused by GAS, GBS and S. aureus. Furthermore,
additional routine experiments may be performed using the methods
provided herein, to perform in vitro cell viability studies with
other cell lines.
[0281] In vivo Studies in a Murine Model. ED50 evaluations are
carried out in CF1 female mice injected intraperitoneally with
sufficient bacteria to kill 100% of the untreated animals for all
methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains.
C3H/HeN female mice are utilized in the tests for GAS and GBS
studies. Thawed bacterial cultures are suspended in BHI broth which
contained 4-8% dried Brewer's yeast (w/v). The infecting inoculum
(0.2 mL) is adjusted to yield ca. 100 times the 50% lethal dose
(LD50). Concurrently with each trial, the challenge LD50 is
validated by inoculating untreated animals with log dilutions of
the bacteria. Five dosage levels representing a 5 log dilution
range are employed per determination with 10 mice utilized at each
level. A mortality rate of 90-100% is produced in all groups of
untreated mice with the 100.times.LD50 challenge inoculum. Test
compounds are formulated in water or saline, with gentle heating at
higher concentrations, and administered orally or subcutaneously at
1 and 5 hours post-infection. At least five dosage levels of
firmocidin utilizing serial 2-fold dilutions are employed for each
ED50 determination. One treatment group of six mice is used for
each firmocidin dosage level. Deaths in each group following
infection and treatment are monitored daily for at least 6 days.
Following this observation period, cumulative mortality figures are
used to calculate by probit analysis the amount of drug in mg of
drug/kg of body
[0282] Antimicrobial peptides serve as a first line of innate
immune defense against invading organisms such as bacteria and
viruses. The disclosure demonstrates that antibiotics are produced
by a normal microbial resident of human skin, Staphylococcus
epidermidis, which act as an antimicrobial shield and contribute to
normal defense at the epidermal interface. An agent was obtained
with antimicrobial activity from culture supernatant of S.
epidermdis MO34, a strain isolated from healthy human skin surface.
According to the NMR structure analysis, the component was a novel
antibiotic of which chemical formula was C.sub.5H.sub.5N.sub.5O
referred to herein as firmocidin. Firmocidin exhibited bactericidal
activity against group A streptococcus and bacteriostatic activity
against group B streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. Most
notably, firmocidin suppresses growth of methicillin-resistant S.
aureus (MRSA), a strain that is highly resistant to some
antibiotics. However, firmocidin does not affect the growth of S.
epidermidis which contributes normal defense at the skin
epithelium. Firmocidin also did not adversely affect the viability
of human keratinocytes and sebocytes. In addition, firmocidin is
isolated from a microorganism residing in the normal skin
microflora, suggesting low toxicity to the host. Thus, firmocidin
may have potential to be safely used as a pathogen-specific
antibiotic therapy for skin infections.
[0283] A number of embodiments of the invention have been
described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within
the scope of the following claims.
* * * * *