U.S. patent application number 15/677794 was filed with the patent office on 2019-02-21 for ball bat including a fiber composite barrel having an accelerated break-in fuse region.
The applicant listed for this patent is Wilson Sporting Goods Co.. Invention is credited to Sean S. Epling, Mark A. Fritzke, Ty B. Goodwin, Brent R. Slater.
Application Number | 20190054356 15/677794 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 65360078 |
Filed Date | 2019-02-21 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190054356 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Epling; Sean S. ; et
al. |
February 21, 2019 |
BALL BAT INCLUDING A FIBER COMPOSITE BARREL HAVING AN ACCELERATED
BREAK-IN FUSE REGION
Abstract
A ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis and configured
for testing under an accelerated break-in test. The bat includes a
barrel portion including a proximal region and a distal region. The
barrel portion is formed of a fiber composite material having wall
thickness of at least 0.100 inch. The fiber composite material
includes at least first and second plies. The first ply includes a
first plurality of fibers aligned adjacent to one another and a
first resin, and the second ply includes a second plurality of
fibers aligned adjacent to one another and a second resin. The
first ply includes a first fiber discontinuity and the second ply
includes a second fiber discontinuity. The first and second fiber
discontinuities are generally aligned with each other such that one
of the first and second fiber discontinuities substantially
overlies the other of the first and second fiber discontinuities
creating an ABI fuse region of the barrel portion. The ABI fuse
region forms a crack initiation location when the bat is subjected
to the accelerated break-in test.
Inventors: |
Epling; Sean S.; (Portland,
OR) ; Goodwin; Ty B.; (Vancouver, WA) ;
Slater; Brent R.; (Vancouver, WA) ; Fritzke; Mark
A.; (Portland, OR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Wilson Sporting Goods Co. |
Chicago |
IL |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
65360078 |
Appl. No.: |
15/677794 |
Filed: |
August 15, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 2209/00 20130101;
A63B 59/54 20151001; A63B 60/52 20151001; A63B 2102/18 20151001;
A63B 60/00 20151001; A63B 2209/023 20130101; A63B 2102/182
20151001; A63B 59/51 20151001; A63B 59/52 20151001; A63B 59/56
20151001; A63B 2209/02 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A63B 60/00 20060101
A63B060/00; A63B 59/51 20060101 A63B059/51; A63B 59/54 20060101
A63B059/54; A63B 59/52 20060101 A63B059/52 |
Claims
1. A ball bat extending along a longitudinal axis and configured
for testing under an accelerated break-in test, the bat comprising:
a barrel portion including a proximal region and a distal region,
the barrel portion being formed of a fiber composite material
having wall thickness of at least 0.060 inch, the fiber composite
material including at least first and second plies, the first ply
including a first plurality of fibers aligned adjacent to one
another and a first resin, and the second ply including a second
plurality of fibers aligned adjacent to one another and a second
resin, the first ply including a first fiber discontinuity and the
second ply including a second fiber discontinuity, the first and
second fiber discontinuities being generally aligned with each
other such that one of the first and second fiber discontinuities
substantially overlies the other of the first and second fiber
discontinuities creating an ABI fuse region of the barrel portion,
the ABI fuse region forming a crack initiation location when the
bat is subjected to the accelerated break-in test, each of the
first and second discontinuities forming first and second spaces
between the first and second pluralities of fibers, respectively,
one or both of the first and second resins filling the first and
second spaces.
2. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the at least first and second
plies includes at least the first ply, the second ply and a third
ply, wherein the third ply includes a third fiber discontinuity,
and wherein the third fiber discontinuity is generally aligned with
the first and second fiber discontinuities such that one or both of
the first and second discontinuities substantially overlie the
third discontinuity or the third discontinuity substantially
overlies one or both of the first and second discontinuities.
3. The ball bat of claim 2, wherein the at least first and second
plies includes at least the first ply, the second ply, the third
ply and a fourth ply, wherein the fourth ply includes a fourth
fiber discontinuity, and wherein the fourth fiber discontinuity is
generally aligned with the first, second and third fiber
discontinuities such that one or more of the first, second and
third discontinuities substantially overlie the fourth
discontinuity or the fourth discontinuity substantially overlies
one or more of the first, second and third discontinuities.
4. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first and second fiber
discontinuities extend about a discontinuity plane.
5. The ball bat of claim 4, wherein the discontinuity plane is
angled with respect to the longitudinal axis by an angular amount
within a range of 45 to degrees.
6. The ball bat of claim 4, wherein the discontinuity plane is
substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
7. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first and second fiber
discontinuities define a curved line radially spaced from the
longitudinal axis.
8. The ball bat of claim 7, wherein the curved line is a spiral
line.
9. The ball bat of claim 8, wherein the curved line extends about a
portion of a circumference of the barrel portion within a
longitudinal dimension of 13 inches or less.
10. The ball bat of claim 1, further comprising a stiffening
element positioned within the barrel portion and adjacent the ABI
fuse region.
11. The ball bat of claim 10, wherein the stiffening element is an
annular member.
12. The ball bat of claim 10, wherein the stiffening element is a
circular disc.
13. The ball bat of claim 10, wherein the stiffening element is
longitudinally spaced apart from the ABI fuse region by a distance
within the range of 0.0 inch to 1.0 inch.
14. The ball bat of claim 10, wherein the stiffening element is
longitudinally spaced apart from the ABI fuse region by a distance
within the range of 0.1 to 0.75 inch.
15. The ball bat of claim 10, wherein the stiffening element is
formed of a rigid material selected from group consisting of
aluminum, polycarbonate, polyurethane, titanium, other metals,
other polymeric materials and combinations thereof.
16. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and
second fiber discontinuities is a plurality of segmented cuts
generally defining a curved dashed line radially spaced from the
longitudinal axis.
17. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first and second plies
have first and second ply thicknesses, respectively, and wherein at
least one of the first and second fiber discontinuities is a cut
extending through at least 50% of one of the first ply thickness
and the second ply thickness.
18. The ball bat of claim 17, wherein at least one of the first and
second fiber discontinuities is a cut extending through at least
75% of the thickness of at least one of the first and second
plies.
19. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein one of the first and second
fiber discontinuities directly overlies the other of the first and
second fiber discontinuities.
20. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the one of the first and
second fiber discontinuities substantially overlies the other of
the first and second fiber discontinuities such that a longitudinal
dimension between the first and second discontinuities can be
within the range of 0.0 to 0.2 inch.
21. The ball bat of claim 20, wherein the longitudinal dimension
between the first and second discontinuities can be within the
range of 0.0 to 0.1 inch.
22. The ball bat of claim 1, wherein the first ply includes a first
proximal ply portion and a first distal ply portion, and wherein
the first fiber discontinuity separates the first proximal ply
portion from the first distal ply portion.
23. The ball bat of claim 22, wherein the first plurality of fibers
of the first proximal ply portion are generally aligned to define
first proximal angle with respect to the longitudinal axis, wherein
the first plurality of fibers of the first distal ply portion are
generally aligned to define first distal angle with respect to the
longitudinal axis, and wherein the first proximal angle and the
first distal angle vary by at least 10 degrees.
24. The ball bat of claim 22, wherein the first proximal angle and
the first distal angle vary by at least 30 degrees.
25. The ball bat of claim 10, wherein the stiffening element is
longitudinally positioned within the barrel portion such that the
ABI fuse region overlies the stiffening element.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a ball bat including a
fiber composite barrel portion having an accelerated break-in (ABI)
fuse region.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Baseball and softball organizations periodically publish and
update equipment standards and/or requirements including
performance limitations for ball bats. One recently issued standard
is the Bat-Ball Coefficient of Restitution ("BBCOR") Standard
adopted by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ("NCAA") on
May 21, 2009. The BBCOR Standard, which became effective on Jan. 1,
2011 for NCAA baseball, is a principal part of the NCAA's effort,
using available scientific data, to maintain as nearly as possible
wood-like baseball bat performance in non-wood baseball bats.
Although wood ball bats provide many beneficial features, they are
prone to failure, and because wooden ball bats are typically solid
(not hollow), wooden bats can be too heavy for younger players even
at reduced bat lengths. Wood ball bats also provide little or no
flexibility in the design of the hitting or barrel region of the
bat. Non-wood bats, such as bats formed of aluminum, other alloys,
composite fiber materials, thermoplastic materials and combinations
thereof, allow for performance of the bat to be more readily tuned
or adjusted throughout or along the hitting or barrel portion. Such
characteristics enable non-wood bats to provide more consistent
performance, increased reliability and increased durability than
wood bats.
[0003] Other organizations have also adopted the BBCOR Standard.
For example, the National Federation of State High School
Associations (NFHS) has set Jan. 1, 2012 as the effective date for
implementation of the BBCOR Standard for high school play. The
BBCOR Standard includes a 0.500 BBCOR bat performance limit, which
specifies that no point on the barrel or hitting portion of a bat
can exceed the 0.500 BBCOR bat performance limit.
[0004] Another recent example of new bat performance limitations is
the new USA Baseball bat standard (USABat) which also includes
accelerated break-in testing of composite ball bats to ensure that
the bat's performance does increase during or after undergoing a
bat rolling procedure. Effective on Jan. 1, 2018, Little League
Baseball.RTM. will adhere to the new USABat standard, and no bats
previously approved for use in Little League play will be permitted
to be used in any Little League game or practice, or other Little
League event. Other organizations implementing the new USABat
standard include PONY Baseball, Babe Ruth Baseball/Cal Ripken
Baseball, Dixie Youth Baseball, American Amateur Baseball Congress
and Amateur Athletic Union.
[0005] When fiber composite bat barrels are used in a bat design,
many of the new equipment standards and/or requirements also
require the bat to undergo an accelerated break-in test procedure
wherein the bat is repeatedly rolled in a barrel rolling procedure
and then performance tested until the bat fails or shows evidence
of failing.
[0006] Accordingly, a need exists to develop a method and/or system
for forming barrel portions of a ball bat or other cylindrical
portions of a ball bat using fiber composite material that can
satisfy ball bat equipment standards and/or requirements in a cost
effective, reliable and high quality manner. What is needed is a
system or process of developing a ball bat that provides a high
quality cosmetic appearance, is highly durable, and provides the
desired operational characteristics. It would be advantageous to
provide a ball bat, and a system or method for producing a ball bat
including a barrel portion formed of fiber composite material, that
can satisfy performance requirements, such as BBCOR certification
or the USABat standard, without adding too much weight or wall
thickness to the barrel portion. It would be advantageous to
provide a ball bat with a desirable level of barrel stiffness, and
provides exceptional feel and performance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides a ball bat extending about a
longitudinal axis and that is configured for testing under an
accelerated break-in test. The bat includes a barrel portion
including a proximal region and a distal region. The barrel portion
is formed of a fiber composite material having wall thickness of at
least 0.100 inch. The fiber composite material includes at least
first and second plies. The first ply includes a first plurality of
fibers aligned adjacent to one another and a first resin, and the
second ply includes a second plurality of fibers aligned adjacent
to one another and a second resin. The first ply includes a first
fiber discontinuity and the second ply includes a second fiber
discontinuity. The first and second fiber discontinuities are
generally aligned with each other such that one of the first and
second fiber discontinuities substantially overlies the other of
the first and second fiber discontinuities creating an ABI fuse
region of the barrel portion. The ABI fuse region forms a crack
initiation location when the bat is subjected to the accelerated
break-in test.
[0008] According to a principal aspect of a preferred form of the
invention, a ball bat extending about a longitudinal axis and that
is configured for testing under an accelerated break-in test. The
bat includes a barrel portion that includes an inner surface and is
formed of a fiber composite material having wall thickness of at
least 0.100 inch. The fiber composite material includes at least
first and second plies. The first ply includes a first plurality of
fibers aligned adjacent to one another and a first resin, and the
second ply includes a second plurality of fibers aligned adjacent
to one another and a second resin. The inner surface of the barrel
portion defines at least one annular groove. The at least one
annular groove creates an ABI fuse region of the barrel portion.
The ABI fuse region forms a crack initiation location when the bat
is subjected to the accelerated break-in test.
[0009] This invention will become more fully understood from the
following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings described herein below, and wherein like
reference numerals refer to like parts.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a side view of a ball bat in accordance with one
implementation of the present invention.
[0011] FIG. 2 is a side perspective view of a barrel portion of the
ball bat of FIG. 1 including a sectional view of the wall of the
barrel portion.
[0012] FIG. 3A is an enlarged view of a section of the wall of the
barrel portion of the ball bat taken at circle 3 of FIG. 2.
[0013] FIGS. 3B through 3E are enlarged views of a section of a
wall of a barrel portion of a ball bat taken at circle 3 of FIG. 2
in accordance with other example implementations of the present
invention.
[0014] FIGS. 4A through 4C are side views illustrating example
implementations of a plurality of layers of fiber composite
material prior to wrapping around a bladder and mandrel in
accordance with other implementations of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 5A is a top perspective view of a portion of two
representative plies of fiber composite material spaced apart from
each other in accordance with another example implementation of the
present invention.
[0016] FIG. 5B is a top perspective view of a portion of two
representative plies of fiber composite material spaced apart from
each other in accordance with another example implementation of the
present invention.
[0017] FIG. 6 is an enlarged sectional view of six outer plies of a
fiber composite material of a primary tubular region of a barrel
portion.
[0018] FIG. 7 is a representation of a bat rolling procedure on a
ball bat and is a reproduction of FIG. 1 of the NCAA Standard for
Testing Baseball Bat Performance, Bat-Ball Coefficient of
Restitution.
[0019] FIG. 8 is a side view of a ball bat in accordance with
another implementation of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 9 is a side view of a ball bat in accordance with
another implementation of the present invention.
[0021] FIG. 10A is a top, side perspective view of an annular
stiffening element in accordance with an example implementation of
the present invention.
[0022] FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view of the annular stiffening
element of FIG. 10A.
[0023] FIGS. 10C and 10D are cross-sectional views of annular
stiffening elements in accordance with other example embodiments of
the present invention.
[0024] FIG. 10E is a cross-sectional view of a polygonal shaped
stiffening element and a barrel portion of a bat in accordance with
another example implementation of the present invention.
[0025] FIG. 11A is a top, side perspective view of a disc
stiffening element in accordance with an example implementation of
the present invention.
[0026] FIG. 11B is a side perspective view of a disc stiffening
element in accordance with another example implementation of the
present invention.
[0027] FIG. 11C is a top, side perspective view of a disc
stiffening element in accordance with another example
implementation of the present invention.
[0028] FIGS. 11D through 11F are top, side perspective views of
disc stiffening elements in accordance with other example
implementations of the present invention.
[0029] FIG. 12 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a portion
of a bat barrel including an annular stiffening element in
accordance with an example implementation of the present
invention.
[0030] FIGS. 13A and 13B are longitudinal cross-sectional views of
portions of bat barrels including disc stiffening elements in
accordance with other example implementations of the present
invention.
[0031] FIGS. 14A and B are longitudinal cross-sectional views of
portions of bat barrels including disc stiffening elements in
accordance with other example implementations of the present
invention.
[0032] FIG. 15 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a barrel
portion of a bat including an example ABI fuse region in accordance
with an example implementation of the present invention.
[0033] FIG. 16 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a portion
of a bat barrel including an ABI fuse region in accordance with
another example implementation of the present invention.
[0034] FIGS. 17 through 21B are longitudinal cross-sectional views
of portions of bat barrels including ABI fuse regions in accordance
with other example implementations of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0035] Referring to FIG. 1, a ball bat is generally indicated at
10. The ball bat 10 of FIG. 1 is configured as a baseball bat;
however, the invention can also be formed as a slow pitch softball
bat, a fastpitch softball bat, a rubber ball bat, or other form of
ball bat. The bat 10 includes a frame 12 extending along a
longitudinal axis 14. The tubular frame 12 can be sized to meet the
needs of a specific player, a specific application, or any other
related need. The frame 12 can be sized in a variety of different
weights, lengths and diameters to meet such needs. For example, the
weight of the frame 12 can be formed within the range of 15 ounces
to 36 ounces, the length of the frame can be formed within the
range of 24 to 36 inches, and the maximum diameter of the barrel
portion 18 can range from 1.5 to 3.5 inches.
[0036] The frame 12 has a relatively small diameter handle portion
16, a relatively larger diameter barrel portion 18 (also referred
as a hitting or impact portion), and an intermediate tapered region
20. The intermediate tapered region 20 can be formed by the handle
portion 16, the barrel portion 18 or a combination thereof. In one
preferred embodiment, the handle and barrel portions 16 and 18 of
the frame 12 can be formed as separate structures, which are
connected or coupled together. This multi-piece frame construction
enables the handle portion 16 to be formed of one material, and the
barrel portion 18 to be formed of a second, different material (or
two or more different materials). In other implementations, such as
shown in FIG. 8, the bat can be formed with a one-piece frame in
which the handle portion, the intermediate tapered region and the
barrel portion are one integral piece and the portions cannot be
separated without destroying the frame.
[0037] Referring to FIG. 1, the handle portion 16 is an elongate
structure having a proximal end region 22 and a distal end region
24, which extends along, and diverges outwardly from, the axis 14
to form a substantially frusto-conical shape for connecting or
coupling to the barrel portion 18. Preferably, the handle portion
16 is sized for gripping by the user and includes a grip 26, which
is wrapped around and extends longitudinally along the handle
portion 16, and a knob 28 connected to the proximal end 22 of the
handle portion 16. The handle portion 16 is formed of a strong,
generally flexible, lightweight material, preferably a fiber
composite material. Alternatively, the handle portion 16 can be
formed of other materials such as an aluminum alloy, a titanium
alloy, steel, other alloys, a thermoplastic material, a thermoset
material, wood or combinations thereof.
[0038] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the barrel portion 18 of the
frame 12 is "tubular," "generally tubular," or "substantially
tubular," each of these terms is intended to encompass softball
style bats having a substantially cylindrical impact (or "barrel")
portion as well as baseball style bats having barrel portions with
generally frusto-conical characteristics in some locations. The
barrel portion 18 extends along the axis 14 and has an inner
surface 30, an outer surface 40, a distal end region 32, a proximal
end region 34, and a central region 36 disposed between the distal
and proximal end regions 32 and 34. The proximal end region 34
converges toward the axis 14 in a direction toward the proximal end
of the barrel portion 18 to form a frusto-conical shape that is
complementary to the shape of the distal end region 24 of the
handle portion 16. The barrel portion 18 can be directly connected
to the handle portion 16. The connection can involve a portion, or
substantially all, of the distal end region 24 or tapered region 20
of the handle portion 16 and the proximal end region 34 of the
barrel portion 18. In another implementation, the handle portion 16
can be a tubular body having a generally uniform diameter along its
length and an intermediate member can be fixedly attached to the
distal end region 24 for coupling the handle portion 16 to the
barrel portion 18. The intermediate member can be used to space
apart and/or attach the handle portion 16 to the barrel portion 18.
The intermediate member can space apart all or a portion of the
barrel portion 16 from the handle portion 16, and it can be formed
of an elastomeric material, an epoxy, an adhesive, a plastic or any
conventional spacer material. The bat 10 further includes an end
cap 38 attached to the distal end 32 of the barrel portion 18 to
substantially enclose the distal end 32.
[0039] The handle and barrel portions 16 and 18 can be coated
and/or painted with one or more layers of paint, clear coat, inks,
coatings, primers, and other conventional outer surface coatings.
The outer surface 40 of the barrel portion 18 and/or the handle
portion 16 can also include alpha numeric and/or graphical indicia
42 indicative of designs, trademarks, graphics, specifications,
certifications, instructions, warnings and/or markings. Indicia 42
can be a trademark that is applied as a decal, as a screening or
through other conventional means.
[0040] The barrel portion 18 includes a primary tubular ball impact
region 44 that defines the region of the barrel portion 18 that is
commonly or preferably used for impacting a ball during use. The
ball impact region 44 includes the center of percussion ("COP") of
the ball bat 10. The COP is typically identified in accordance with
ASTM Standard F2219-09, Standard Test Methods for Measuring
High-Speed Bat Performance, published in September 2009. The COP is
also known as the center of oscillation or the length of a simple
pendulum with the same period as a physical pendulum as in a bat
oscillating on a pivot. In one implementation, the ball impact
region 44 includes the center of percussion and an area plus and
minus three inches from the center of percussion. In other
implementations, the ball impact region 44 can have other lengths
with respect to the longitudinal axis 14. The length of the ball
impact region 44 is at least one inch, and can be positioned at any
location along, or extend the entire length of, the barrel portion
18.
[0041] The barrel portion 18 is preferably formed of strong,
durable and resilient material, such as, a fiber composite
material. In alternative preferred embodiments, the barrel portion
18 can be formed of one or more fiber composite materials in
combination with one or more of an aluminum alloy, a titanium
alloy, a scandium alloy, steel, other alloys, a thermoplastic
material, a thermoset material, and/or wood. In one implementation,
the barrel portion 18 can be formed of a fiber composite material
having wall thickness of at least 0.060 inch.
[0042] Referring to FIGS. 2, 3A, 4A, 5 and 6, a fiber composite
material is preferably used to form at least a portion of the
barrel portion 18. As used herein, the terms "composite material"
or "fiber composite material" refer to a matrix or a series of
plies 50 (also referred to as sheets or layers) of fiber bundles 52
impregnated (or permeated throughout) with a resin 54. Referring to
FIGS. 4A, 5 and 6, the fiber bundles 52 can be co-axially bundled
and aligned in the plies 50.
[0043] A single ply 50 typically includes hundreds or thousands of
fiber bundles 52 that are initially arranged to extend coaxially
and parallel with each other through the resin 54 that is initially
uncured. Each of the fiber bundles 52 includes a plurality of
fibers 56. The fibers 56 are formed of a high tensile strength
material such as carbon. Alternatively, the fibers can be formed of
other materials such as, for example, glass, graphite, boron,
basalt, carrot, Kevlar.RTM., Spectra.RTM., poly-para-phenylene-2,
6-benzobisoxazole (PBO), hemp and combinations thereof. In one set
of preferred embodiments, the resin 54 is preferably a
thermosetting resin such as epoxy or polyester resins. The resin 54
can be formed of the same material from one ply to another ply.
Alternatively, each ply can use a different resin formulation.
During heating and curing, the resin 54 can flow between plies 50
and within the fiber bundles 52. The plies 50 preferably typically
have a thickness within the range of 0.002 to 0.015 inch. In a
particularly preferred embodiment, the ply 50 can have a thickness
within the range of 0.005 to 0.006 in. In other alternative
preferred embodiments, other thickness ranges can also be used.
[0044] The plies 50 are originally formed in flexible sheets or
layers. In this configuration, the fibers 56 and the fiber bundles
52 are arranged and aligned such that the fibers 56 generally
extend coaxially with respect to each other and are generally
parallel to one another. As the ply 50 is wrapped or formed about a
bladder 58 and mandrel, or other forming structure, the ply 50 is
shaped to follow the form or follow the shape of the bladder 58 and
mandrel. Accordingly, the fiber bundles 52 and fibers 56 also wrap
around or follow the shape of the bladder 58 or other forming
structure. In this formed position or state, the ply 50 is no
longer in a flat sheet so the fiber bundles 52 and fibers 56 no
longer follow or define generally parallel lines. Rather, the fiber
bundles 52 and fibers 56 are adjacent to one another, and are
curved or otherwise formed so that they follow substantially the
same adjacent paths. For example, if a ply 50 is wrapped about the
bladder 58, the ply 50 can take a generally cylindrical or tubular
shape and the fiber bundles 52 and fibers 56 can follow the same
cylindrical path or define a helical path (depending upon their
angle within the ply 50). The fibers 56 remain adjacent to one
another, are aligned with each other and follow substantially
similar paths that are essentially parallel (or even co-axial) for
example, when viewed in a sectional view in a single plane or other
small finite segment of the ply 50.
[0045] The fibers 56 or fiber bundles 52 are preferably formed such
that they extend along the ply 50 and form generally the same angle
with respect to an axis, such as the axis 14. The plies 50 are
typically identified, at least in part, by the size and polarity of
the angle defined by the fibers 56 or fiber bundles 52 with respect
to an axis. Examples of such descriptions of the plies 50 can be
fibers 56 or fiber bundles 52 defining a positive 30 degree angle,
a negative 30 degree angle, a positive 45 degree angle, a negative
45 degree angle, a positive 60 degree angle, a negative 60 degree
angle, a positive 70 degree angle, a negative 70 degree angle, a
positive 80 degree angle, a negative 80 degree angle, a 90 degree
angle (extending perpendicular to the axis 14), and a 0 degree
angle (or extending parallel to the axis 14). Other positive or
negative angles can also be used. Accordingly, in the present
application, a single ply 50 refers to a single layer of fiber
composite material in which the fiber bundles 52 extend in
substantially the same direction with respect to a longitudinal
axis along the single layer, such as plus or positive 45 degrees or
minus or negative 60 degrees.
[0046] Fiber composite material used to form at least a portion of
the handle or barrel portions 16 or 18 of the bat 10 typically
includes numerous plies 50. The number of plies 50 used to form a
barrel portion 18 can be within the range of 3 to 60. In a
preferred embodiment, the number of plies 50 used to form the
barrel portion 18, or a primary tubular region thereof, is at least
10 plies. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the number of
plies 50 used to form the barrel portion 18, or a primary tubular
region thereof, is at least 20 plies. In other implementations,
other numbers of plies can be used.
[0047] Referring to FIG. 5, fiber composite materials typically are
formed or laid-up using pairs of plies 50 having fiber bundles 52
extending in opposite angular polarities. For example, a ply 50a
formed of fiber bundles 52 and fibers 56 generally extending at a
positive 45 degree angle (also referred to as a plus 45 degree ply)
will be paired with a second ply 50b that is formed with fiber
bundles 52 and fibers 56 generally extending at a negative 45
degree angle (also referred to as a negative 45 degree ply). This
pattern typically extends throughout a fiber composite material.
The alternating angular arrangement of the fiber bundles 52 and
fibers 56 is important to achieving and maintaining the structural
integrity of the component or structure being formed of the fiber
composite material. The overlapped region of the two plies 50a and
50b can be essential for ensuring that, once cured, the fiber
composite material has the desired strength, durability, toughness
and/or reliability. The transition between alternating pairs of
plies 50 can also support the structural integrity of the composite
structure. For example, a series of six plies could include a pair
of plus and minus 30 degree plies, followed by a pair of plus and
minus 45 degree plies, followed by another pair of plus and minus
30 degree plies. The transition from the minus 30 degree ply to the
adjacent plus 45 degree ply also provides added structural
integrity to the fiber composite material because an overlapped
region, such as region 60, still exists from one ply to an adjacent
ply. In other implementations, pairs of plies 50 having opposite
polarities but differing fiber angles can be used. In still other
implementations, two or more plies can be of the same polarity,
such as disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,858,373 and 8,852,037.
[0048] Handle and barrel portions 16 and 18 formed of fiber
composite material can include several layers of plus and minus
angular plies of different values, such as, for example, plus and
minus 30 degree plies, plus and minus 45 degree plies, plus and
minus 60 degree plies. One or more layers of 0 degree plies, or 90
degree plies can also be used. Referring to FIG. 6, the plies 50
may be separated at least partially by one or more scrims 66 or
veils. The scrim 66 can be used to enable independent movement of
the plies 50 above and below the scrim 66 during use after the
barrel portion 18 is molded and cured. The scrim 66 can also be
used to inhibit, stop or reduce resin flow from one ply 50 to
another ply on the opposite side of the scrim 66.
[0049] The composite material is typically wrapped about a mandrel
that is covered by a bladder 58, the bladder 58 and mandrel once
wrapped with the desired number of plies 50 of fiber composite
materials is placed into a mold, pressure is applied to the
bladder, and the fiber composite material is molded and cured under
heat and/or pressure to produce the barrel portion 18 and/or a
primary tubular region thereof. While curing, the resin is
configured to flow and fully disperse and impregnate the matrix of
fiber bundles 52. In alternative embodiments, one or more of the
plies, sheet or layers of the composite material can be a braided
or weaved sheets or layers. In other alternative preferred
embodiments, the one or more plies or the entire fiber composite
material can be a mixture of chopped and randomly fibers dispersed
in a resin.
[0050] Referring to FIG. 4A, one implementation of a lay-up of a
barrel portion 18 of a bat 10 can be seen. Separate plies 50 are
shown, each having separate fiber angles and polarities. The plies
50 are shown as generally flat two-dimensional sheets prior to
being placed or wrapped about the bladder 58 positioned over a
mandrel. The mandrel is formed in a shape that defines the inner
volume of a tubular barrel portion upon the completion of the
molding and curing. The bladder 58, when placed in the mold, is
pressurized to exert a force or pressure onto the plies 50 ensuring
that the plies conform to the shape of the mold and achieve proper
compaction, and the desired wall thickness, etc. For example, the
bladder can be pressurized to 150 psi. In other molding operations,
other pressure values can be used. The bladder 58 and mandrel can
be formed of any material that maintains its shape and integrity
during the curing process, such as a polyurethane bladder over a
wooden mandrel. Once the bladder 58 is in position, the process of
"laying up" the plies 50, or layers, comprising the fiber composite
material can be performed. The shape and overall size of the plies
50 can vary from one to another. Each ply can be sized to extend
about all or a portion of the underlying bladder 58/mandrel or the
underlying ply 50. Preferably, the ply 50 is sized to extend or
wrap around the entire or full circumference of the bladder and
about the axis 14. A plurality of uncured plies 50 of fiber
composite material can be wrapped or otherwise applied about the
bladder 58.
[0051] Once the lay-up of the desired number of plies 50 is
completed, the bladder 58 and mandrel with the wrapped composite
layers or plies are placed into a mold, the bladder is pressurized,
the mold is heated to form (mold and cure) the barrel portion 18.
After curing, the bladder 58 and the mandrel can be removed from
the inner surface of the barrel portion 18 through conventional
means, such as, for example, extraction or heating.
[0052] In some applications, it is desirable to produce a barrel
portion formed of fiber composite material having high angle fibers
(fiber composite material having fiber angles of 45 degrees or
greater). The use of high fiber angles for the production of
unidirectional fiber composite components, including a barrel
portion or cylindrical portions of a barrel portion, can be
desirable because the stiffness of the barrel portion, or a primary
tubular region thereof, can be greatly increased without adding to
the weight or the wall thickness of the barrel portion.
[0053] Referring to FIG. 4A, in one implementation a ply 70
represents the innermost ply 50 or layer applied to the bladder 58,
a ply 72 is positioned over ply 70. In one preferred method of
laying up the barrel portion 18, the plies 70 and 72 can be
initially laid over each other and then wrapped over about the
barrel portion as a pair of plies having opposite polarities. In
other preferred methods, a single ply or three or more plies can be
applied or wrapped about the bladder/mandrel as a single ply layer
or a triple or higher ply layer. Plies 74 through 84 illustrate one
potential lay-up of layers to a bladder/mandrel. Each of the plies
74 through 84 includes fibers angled with respect to the
longitudinal axis 14. In the example implementation of FIG. 4A, the
plies 70 through 84 include fibers angled with respect to the
longitudinal axis by +45 degrees, -45 degrees, +30 degrees, -30
degrees, +60 degrees, -60 degrees, +45 degrees and -45 degrees,
respectively. However, in other implementations, other numbers of
angled plies can be used in the lay-up, laminate or wall thickness
of the molded barrel portion 18 or primary tubular region
thereof.
[0054] As discussed in the Background, many existing and new
equipment standards and/or requirements require bats that include a
barrel formed of a composite material to undergo an accelerated
break-in test procedure wherein the bat is repeatedly rolled in a
barrel rolling procedure and then performance tested to measure the
peak BBCOR of the bat until the bat fails or shows evidence of
failing. One example is the NCAA's Bat-Ball Coefficient of
Restitution (BBCOR) testing protocol, updated on Aug. 1, 2016,
which requires the measurement of barrel compression in accordance
with ASTM F2844 and then the rolling of the bat using a barrel
rolling procedure.
[0055] The barrel rolling procedure requires a bat rolling
apparatus that includes two wheels, a fixture for pressing the
wheels into the bat barrel in increments up to 0.012 inch, and a
device to roll the barrel. The wheels are formed of a durable
material such as nylon and have a diameter within the range of 1.5
to 3.0 inches. Following rolling of the bat, the BBCOR is measured
using a bat test procedure. The bat rolling and bat performance
testing is continued until the bat fails or exhibits a decrease of
BBCOR value by more than 0.018 from the maximum value. The barrel
of the bat is placed into the fixture and marked with a 0 degree
orientation as identified in ASTM F2844. As shown in FIG. 7, the
rollers are brought into contact with the barrel. The rollers are
then displaced approximately 0.050 in for the initial rolling. For
subsequent rolling, the displacement is increased by up to 0.012
inch. The barrel is rolled to within 2.0 to 2.5 in of the endcap
and past the taper (or area of no contact between the rollers and
the bat). The bat is rolled approximately 10 times in each
direction. The bat is then unloaded. The bat is then clocked (or
rotated) 45 degrees about its longitudinal axis, and the bat
rolling steps are repeated. The bat rolling is repeated again after
clocking the bat to 90 degrees and 135 degrees from its original
position. The barrel compression is then re-measured using ASTM
F2844. The rollers are displaced and the bat rolling steps are
repeated until the barrel compression from rolling decreases by 5
percent.
[0056] The 2018 USABat standard also requires performance of an
accelerated break-in procedure including a bat rolling procedure.
When performing ABI tests, in order for a bat with a composite
barrel to pass the test, the composite barrel bats must either fail
(break) at some point during the test or show evidence of failing,
cracking or crack initiation (depending upon the particular bat
standard).
[0057] The present invention includes bat configurations, bat
constructions and bat manufacturing methods that result in a ball
bat with a composite barrel that performs well and includes a
predictable and engineered failure area or ABI fuse region. The ABI
fuse region enables the bat with the composite barrel to pass
applicable bat standards which include ABI testing requirements and
also provide a region that indicates whether the bat has been
tampered with (by a bat doctor or the like) or whether the bat has
passed its useful life.
[0058] The present invention involves introducing a discontinuity
in a location on the bat barrel which can cause or result in a
catastrophic failure of the bat barrel when the barrel is subjected
to the rolling portion of an ABI test.
[0059] FIG. 3A illustrates one example implementation of a barrel
portion 18 of a bat formed of fiber composite material that
includes an ABI fuse region 90. The ABI fuse region 90 relates to a
bat composition and/or structure that enables the bat to perform
during normal or intended use, but fail or show indications of
failure when subjected to an accelerated break-in (ABI) test or
procedure including a bat rolling procedure. Prior to laying up the
composite plies 50 onto a bladder/mandrel 58 and then curing the
laid-up or "stacked-up" structure, the individual plies 50 (or
layers or flags) of composite material are cut or sliced into two
pieces forming a cut or discontinuity 92 in the ply 50. The cutting
or slicing of the ply 50 creates a discontinuity in the fibers
making up the ply 50. The cut 92 or slice can be applied to one or
more plies 50 in the stack-up, and the cuts 92 or slices are
generally aligned with each other such that at least a portion of
the cut 92 or slice of one ply 50 overlies the cut 92 or slice of a
second ply or more plies. In one implementation the cuts 92 or
slices aligned so that the cuts 92 overlie each other within a
longitudinal discontinuity dimension, d, within the range of 0 to
0.1 inch. In other implementations, the longitudinal discontinuity
dimension, d, can be within the range of 0 to 0.25 inch.
[0060] In the example embodiment of FIG. 3A, a total of 16 plies 50
are illustrated in the barrel portion 18 or the wall thickness of
the barrel portion 18. The barrel portion 18 of FIG. 3A is shown in
a final manufactured state after the composite plies have been laid
up about the bladder/mandrel 58, placed under heat and/or pressure
and cured. During the composite molding and curing process, the
viscosity of the resin decreases such that the resin 54 flows
throughout the ply 50 and other adjacent plies 50. Accordingly, the
cuts 92 are made prior to wrapping, laying up and curing the plies
50, once cured the cuts 92 are present in the fibers 52 but the
resin 54 has flowed to fill the space or void created by the cuts
92. The cuts 92 are shown in 6 separate plies 50 of an example
stack up of 16 plies 50. The outermost plies 50a, 50b, 50c and 50d
each include a cut 92. The next set of four plies 50e, 50f, 50g and
50h are formed without a cut or a discontinuity. The next two plies
50i and 50j include a cut 92. The cuts 92 formed in plies 50a, 50b,
50c, 50d, 50i and 50j are all generally aligned with each other
such that the cuts 92 or discontinuities substantially overlie each
other within the longitudinal discontinuity dimension d.
[0061] Referring to FIGS. 3B through 3E, other example
implementations of cuts 92 placed into plies 50 of a laid-up
structure forming the barrel portion 18 of the bat 10 are
illustrated. The number of plies 50 that include cuts 92 can vary
in the composite structure. The position and spacing of the cuts 92
in the composite structure and between the plies 50 can also vary.
The size of the longitudinal discontinuity dimension, d, forming
the ABI fuse region 90 can also vary. Still further, the angle of
cuts 92 can be varied. In some implementations, the cuts 92 are
substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 14 of the bat
10. In other implementations, the cuts 92 can be angled from 30 to
89 degrees from the longitudinal axis 14. FIG. 3B illustrates the
composite barrel portion 18 having 8 plies with cuts 92, the 8
plies are stacked directly upon each other, and our positioned
toward the inner surface 30 of the barrel portion 18. The
longitudinal discontinuity dimension d is less than 0.1 inch. FIG.
3C illustrates an example implementation where the cuts 92 are in 8
plies 50 that are arranged in spaced apart pairs of plies 50
throughout the lay-up of the barrel portion 18. The longitudinal
discontinuity dimension d is less than 0.025 inch. FIG. 3D
illustrates another example implementation where the cuts 92 are in
7 plies 50 that are arranged in generally random order throughout
the outer two thirds of the lay-up of the barrel portion 18. The
longitudinal discontinuity dimension d is less than 0.02 inch. FIG.
3E illustrates another example implementation where the cuts 92 are
in the 7 outermost plies 50 of the barrel portion 18. The cuts 92
are angled with respect to the longitudinal axis 14. The
longitudinal discontinuity dimension d is less than 0.25 inch.
[0062] Referring to FIGS. 4A through 4C, other example
implementations of the present invention are illustrated. In FIGS.
4A through 4C, the plies 70 through 84 are specific examples of
plies 50 shown in the order in which they are laid up onto the
bladder/mandrel 58. In FIG. 4A, the cuts 92 are illustrated on four
of the eight plies (plies 84, 82, 78 and 74). The plies 84, 82, 78
and 74 include cuts 92 that are made substantially perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis 14 of the mandrel which corresponds to the
longitudinal axis 14 of the bat. FIG. 4B illustrates an example
implementation where the cuts 92 are angled with respect to the
longitudinal axis 14 by approximately 75 degrees. Plies 72, 76, 80
and 84 include cuts 92.
[0063] FIG. 4C illustrates another example implementation, in which
the four of the plies are formed of two flag segments and each flag
segment can include a different fiber angle. For example, ply 80
can be formed by flag segments 80a and 80b which are arranged end
to end to form a discontinuity or cut 92. Flag segment 80a includes
fibers generally extending at an angle of minus 60 degrees with
respect to the longitudinal axis 14, and flag segment 80b includes
fibers generally extending at angle of plus 30 degrees with respect
to the longitudinal axis 14. In ply 80, the discontinuity or cut 92
formed by the abutting of the two flag segments 80a and 80b and the
difference in fiber angle from flag segment 80a and flag segment
80b further contributes to likelihood a crack initiation occurring
at the ABI fuse region 90 during a barrel rolling test of an ABI
procedure. Plies 74, 76 and 78 are also formed by a pair of flag
segments 74a and 74b, 76a and 76b, and 78a and 78b. As shown, the
angles of the fibers can vary from one flag segment to the
next.
[0064] The barrel portion 18 including a proximal region 34 and a
distal region 32, and the barrel portion can be formed of a fiber
composite material including at least first and second plies. The
first ply can be ply 80 which can include the flag segment 80a (or
first proximal ply portion) and the flag segment 80b (or first
distal ply portion). The ABI fuse region 90 is the first fiber
discontinuity that separates the flag segments 80a and 80b. The
first plurality of fibers of the flag segment 80a are generally
aligned to define first proximal angle with respect to the
longitudinal axis 14, and the first plurality of fibers of the flag
segment 80b are generally aligned to define first distal angle with
respect to the longitudinal axis 14. In one implementation, the
first proximal angle and the first distal angle can vary by at
least 10 degrees. In another implementation, the first proximal
angle and the first distal angle can vary by at least 30
degrees.
[0065] Referring to FIGS. 5A and 6, in another example
implementation of the present invention, the cut 92 can extend
through only a portion of the ply 50 and/or only through a portion
of the fiber bundles 52. In FIGS. 5A and 6, ply 50 has a thickness
t and the cut 92 has a cut depth, d.sub.a, that is approximately 75
percent of the size of the thickness t. In another implementation
the depth of the cut d.sub.c can be at least 50 percent of the
thickness t of the ply 92. In one implementation, the cut depth
d.sub.c is within the range of 33 to 100 percent of the ply
thickness t. In another implementation, the cut depth d.sub.c is
within the range of 50 to 100 percent of the ply thickness t.
[0066] When the cut depth d.sub.c is less than 100 percent of the
ply thickness t, the ply 50 can be more readily positioned and
handled during lay-up or stack-up of the composite structure, such
as the barrel portion 18. Because the cut 92 is formed before the
plies 50 are cured, a cut 92 extending entirely through the ply 50
can make the ply more difficult to handle and/or work with.
Accordingly, in some implementations, the cuts 92 are made at a cut
depth that is less than the entire thickness of one or more plies
50. Cuts 92 that do not extend entirely through the ply thickness t
still serve to create a discontinuity that can form an ABI fuse
region.
[0067] Referring to FIG. 5B, another example implementation of a
cut 92 or discontinuity is illustrated. The cut can also be formed
as a plurality of spaced apart cut segments 92a that collectively
represent the cut 92 in ply 50a. The spaced apart cut segments 92a
can extend entirely through the thickness t of the ply 50 or
through a portion of the thickness t of the ply 50, also referred
to as the depth of the cut d.sub.c, as shown in FIG. 5B. The length
of each cut segment 92a can be varied. Additionally, the size of
the distance between the cut segments 92a can also be varied. The
spaced apart cut segments 92a have a similar effect of creating a
discontinuity that can be used to form the ABI fuse region 90.
Adjacent plies, such as ply 50b can include a continuous cut 92. In
other implementations, the adjacent plies, such as ply 50b, may
also include spaced apart cut segments 92a, or no cut 92.
[0068] FIGS. 3A through 6, illustrated example implementations of
the present invention. However, other implementations are
contemplated in the present invention. The number of plies 50 used
to form the composite structure such as the barrel portion 18 can
be varied. The angles of the fibers within the plies 50 can be
varied from ply to ply from one lay-up to another. The number of
cuts 92 in a lay-up or stack-up can be varied from one application
to another. The type of cuts 92 (the angle, depth, and
length--segmented or non-segmented) can be varied. The depth
d.sub.c of the cut 92 of a ply 92 can also be varied from one ply
to another ply. The use of flag segments to produce a ply can be
used in one or more of the layers of a lay-up or stack up. The
fiber angle of the fibers in adjacent flag segments can also be
varied. The size of the longitudinal discontinuity dimension d can
also be varied. The present invention presents a significant number
of different implementations of fibers, fibers angles, cuts, cut
angle, cut sizes, cut depths, etc. that result in an almost
infinite number of combinations available for producing an ABI fuse
region in a ball bat. Through use of these various cuts and
discontinuities, a bat can be designed and customized for any
application. The present invention also enables a bat designer to
produce a bat with an ABI fuse region that will produce reliable
consistent results on the field and in certification or
qualification testing.
[0069] Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, in other implementations, a
stiffening element 100 can be longitudinally positioned in barrel
portion 18 of the bat 10 so as to be adjacent to the ABI fuse
region 90 formed in the construction of the barrel portion 18. The
stiffening element 100 can take a variety of different forms,
shapes, constructions, sizes, and/or materials. The stiffening
element 100 serves to increase the compressive strength, or the
displacement compression, of the bat 10 at the axial location of
the stiffening element 100 and at regions directly adjacent to the
stiffening element 100. The effect of the stiffening element 100 on
the stiffness of the barrel portion 18 of the bat 10 can be shown
by performing a displacement compression test of softball and
baseball bat barrels such as described in ASTM Std. No. F2844-11
with the stiffening element 100 installed and with the stiffening
element 100 removed or absent from the bat barrel portion 18. Using
ASTM Std. No. F2844-11, or an equivalent test, a measure of the
barrel compression BC of a bat can be determined using a barrel
compression test apparatus such as shown in FIG. 1 of ASTM Std. No.
F2844-11.
[0070] In FIG. 8, a bat 10 formed with a separate handle portion 16
and barrel portion 18 is shown with the stiffening element 100
longitudinally positioned adjacent the ABI fuse region 90 on the
handle portion side of the ABI fuse region 90. In FIG. 9, a bat 200
formed of a one piece, integral bat frame 212 is shown in which the
handle portion 16 is continuously and integrally formed with a
tapered region 20 and the barrel portion 18. The term one piece,
integral bat frame means that the handle portion 16 cannot be
separated from the barrel portion 18 without destroying or damaging
one or both of the handle portion 16 or the barrel portion 18. The
bat 200 includes a stiffening element 100 that is longitudinally
positioned within the barrel portion 18 of the bat 200 so as to be
closer to the end cap 38 or distal end of the bat 200. FIGS. 8 and
9 illustrate that the ABI fuse region 90 can be longitudinally
positioned on either side of the stiffening element 100. In other
implementations, a bat can include two or more ABI fuse regions 90
positioned on either side of a stiffening element 100, or two or
more stiffening elements 100 positioned on either side of an ABI
fuse region 90.
[0071] In one implementation, the stiffening element 100 is
longitudinally spaced apart from the ABI fuse region 90 by a
distance within the range of 0.1 to 1.0 inch. In other
implementations, the stiffening element 100 is longitudinally
spaced apart from the ABI fuse region 90 by a distance within the
range of 0.2 to 0.75 inch. In other implementations, the stiffening
element 100 can be longitudinally spaced apart from the ABI fuse
region 90 by other distances outside of these ranges. If an ABI
fuse region 90 is placed on either side of the stiffening element
100, the distance from the stiffening element 100 to each of the
ABI fuse regions can be the same or can be varied.
[0072] The placement of the stiffening element 100 adjacent to the
ABI fuse region 90 creates additional stress or loads upon the ABI
fuse region 90 such that when the bat is subjected to an
accelerated break-in test the differential in barrel compression
between the barrel portion 18 at the stiffening element 100 and the
barrel compression of the barrel portion at the ABI fuse region
facilitates failure or cracking of the barrel portion 18 at the ABI
fuse region 90. The barrel compression of the barrel portion 18 at
the ABI fuse region 90 is lower than the barrel compression of the
barrel portion 18 at the location of the stiffening element 100
which accentuates or increases the stress placed upon the barrel
portion at or near the ABI fuse region 90 during the performance of
an ABI break-in test. The stiffening element 100 creates a sudden
change in barrel stiffness that can force a failure or catastrophic
failure of the bat barrel portion 18 during the bat rolling
procedure of the ABI break-in test.
[0073] The stiffening element 100 can be any structure that
stiffens the barrel portion 18 and increases the barrel compression
value of the barrel portion 18 at the location of the stiffening
element 100. The stiffening element 100 can be integrally formed
with the barrel portion as shown in FIG. 14, or can be a separate
component that is positioned within the barrel portion 18.
Accordingly, the stiffening element 100 can be molded and cured
with the barrel portion, it can be co-molded with the barrel
portion, it can be press-fit within the barrel portion, it can be
attached to the barrel portion using an adhesive, it can be coupled
to the barrel portion through an intermediate layer, or coupled in
other manners, or in any combination of the above-mentioned
manners. The stiffening element 100 can be an annular member that
includes one or more central openings (such as FIG. 10a) or it can
be a disc member (such as FIG. 11A) that provides a substantially
uniform structure across the hollow barrel portion 18. In another
implementation, the stiffening element 100 can be a polygonal or
irregular shaped structure that is positioned within the barrel
portion and includes at least 3 points of contact between the
stiffening element 100 and the inner surface 30 of the barrel
portion 18. The stiffening element 100 is preferably formed of a
lightweight, rigid material such as aluminum or polycarbonate. In
other implementations, other materials can be used such as other
metals, other polymeric materials, wood, ceramic, elastomers, and
combinations thereof.
[0074] Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, one example implementation
of the stiffening element 100 is illustrated. The stiffening
element 100 of FIGS. 10A and 10B is annular member having an outer
surface 102 configured for engagement with the inner surface 30 of
the barrel portion 18. In one implementation, the outer surface 102
can be roughened or include serrations 104 or other structure for
increasing the engagement with the barrel portion. In other
implementations, the outer surface 102 of the stiffening element
100 can be generally smooth and attached to the inner surface 30 of
the barrel portion 18 through a press-fit connection, an adhesive,
thermal bonding, welding, other connection techniques or
combinations thereof. The annular shape of the stiffening element
100 forms or defines an opening 106. Referring to FIG. 10B, the
stiffening element 100 has a rectangular cross-sectional shape. The
thickness and length of the stiffening element 100 can be varied to
match a particular application or bat design.
[0075] Referring to FIGS. 10C and 10D, the stiffening element 100
can be formed in annular shape with different cross-sectional
shapes. The stiffening element 100 of FIG. 10C has a generally
L-shaped cross-sectional shape and the stiffening element of FIG.
10D has a generally I-shaped cross-sectional shape. When the
stiffening element 100 has a non-symmetrical cross-sectional shape,
such as FIG. 10C, the stiffening element 100 can be installed
within the barrel portion 18 of the bat 10 with the thicker portion
of the stiffening element 100 positioned closer to the handle
portion 16 of the bat or closer to the end cap 38 of the bat as
desired for a particular application or purpose. In other
implementations, the stiffening element 100 can have an annular
shape with other cross-sectional shapes such as, for example,
generally U-shaped, generally T-shaped, generally V-shaped, square
shaped, semi-circular, semi-ovular, other curved shapes and other
polygonal shapes.
[0076] Referring to FIG. 10E, the stiffening element 100 may have
an outer surface 102 that defines a polygonal shape such as an
octagon. In other implementations, the stiffening element 100 can
have outer shapes that are triangular, square, pentagonal,
hexagonal, or other polygonal shapes. The polygonal shaped
stiffening element 100 engages the inner surface 30 of the barrel
portion 18 at points or lines of contact 108. For example, the
stiffening element of FIG. 10E has eight lines of engagement or
contact 108 with the inner surface 30 of the barrel portion 18. The
polygonal shaped stiffening element 100 forms a plurality of gaps
110 between the outer surface 102 of the stiffening element 100
between the lines of engagement 108 and the inner surface 30 of the
barrel portion 18. The size and number of the gaps 110 can be
varied based upon a particular application. The stiffening element
100 of FIG. 10E also includes cross-members 112 that extend through
the opening 106. The cross-members 112 can cause the opening 106 to
be a plurality of openings 106. The cross-members 112 can intersect
the center of the stiffening element 100 and the longitudinal axis
14 of the bat, and can intersect each other. The cross-members 112
of FIG. 10E intersect each other to form four separate openings 106
and four legs extending from the center of the stiffening element
100. The cross-members 112 can have a thickness or width that
matches the width or thickness of the outer surface 102 of the
stiffening element 100. In other implementations, the cross-members
112 can have a thickness that is less than the thickness of the
outer surface 102. In other implementations, the cross-member 112
can take other shapes, forms, numbers, and/or sizes. The
cross-members 112 may form 2 or more openings 106 within the
stiffening member 100, may or may not intersect the center or
longitudinal axis 14. The cross-members 112 can be used to increase
the stiffness of the stiffening element 100. In other
implementations, the cross-members can be form any shape that
defines 2 or more openings within the stiffening element.
[0077] Referring to FIGS. 11A through 11F, in other implementations
the stiffening element 100 can have a generally disk shape. The
shape and construction of the disk shape can vary. In the
implementation of FIG. 11A, the stiffening element 100 has a cup
like shape or a petri-dish type shape. Referring to FIGS. 11B and
11C, in other implementations, the stiffening element 100 can have
a disk shape that resembles a puck or slug, in which the stiffening
element 100 has a substantially solid circular shape. The
stiffening element 100 can vary in shape, color or construction.
For example, in FIG. 11B, the stiffening element is formed of a
polycarbonate material. In the implementation of FIG. 11C, the
stiffening element can be include fiber reinforcement with a
polycarbonate material or other polymeric material.
[0078] Referring to FIG. 11D, in one implementation, the stiffening
element 100 takes the form of a honeycomb disk with a honeycomb
structure 120 positioned on either side of a cross disk. Referring
to FIG. 11E, the stiffening element 100 can be a pair of circular
discs 114 separated by one or more spacing elements 116. Referring
to FIG. 11F, the stiffening element 100 can be formed of two or
more separate materials such as an aluminum outer portion 122 and a
polymeric inner portion 124. The outer portion 122 can be an
annular member with a cross-sectional shape similar to the
above-described annular members, and the inner portion 124 can have
a conical shape for facilitating some compression of the stiffening
element 100. The shape, size and material construction of the inner
and outer portions 124 and 122 can be varied to match a particular
application or desired stiffness value.
[0079] FIGS. 12 and 13A illustrate other example implementations of
the present invention in which the stiffening element 100 is shown
positioned on either side of the ABI fuse region 90 within the
barrel portion 18 of the bat 10 or 200. As shown in FIGS. 12 and
13, the ABI fuse region 90 can be positioned on either side of the
stiffening element 100 depending on a particular application or
desired failure location. In FIGS. 12 and 13A, the ABI fuse region
90 is shown longitudinally spaced apart from the stiffening element
100. In one implementation, the ABI fuse region 90 can be
longitudinally positioned with respect to the stiffening element
100 so as to within the range of 0 to 1.0 inch. In one example
implementation, the ABI fuse region 90 can be longitudinally
positioned so as to overlie one of the edges of the stiffening
element 100. In another example implementation, the ABI fuse region
90 can be longitudinally spaced apart from the stiffening element
100 by up to 1 inch. In another implementation, the ABI fuse region
90 can be longitudinally positioned with respect to the stiffening
element 100 so as to within the range of 0.1 to 0.75 inch.
[0080] FIG. 13B illustrates another example implementation of the
present invention in which the ABI fuse region 90 within the barrel
portion 18 of the bat 10 or 200 overlies, or is positioned at the
same longitudinal location along the barrel portion 18, as the
stiffening element 100. In FIG. 13B, the ABI fuse region 90 is
shown positioned near the center of the stiffening element 100.
However, the ABI fuse region 90 can also be positioned at any
location that overlies or is in the same longitudinal location
along the barrel portion as the stiffening element 100.
[0081] Referring to FIG. 14A, in another implementation, the
stiffening element 100 can be formed by creating a region of
increased thickness in the composite lay-up of the bat barrel
portion 18. The region of increased thickness increases the
stiffness of the barrel portion 18 at that location thereby forming
a stiffening element. The stiffening element 100 of FIG. 14A is
integrally formed with the barrel portion 18 of the bat 10. The
stiffening element 100 can be formed as part of the original lay-up
of the barrel portion 18 formed of fiber composite material or
added during or after the lay-up of the barrel portion 18 as part
of a co-molding or secondary molding process. As shown in FIG. 14A,
the ABI fuse region 90 can be positioned on either side of the
stiffening element 100 depending on a particular application or
desired failure location. FIG. 14A illustrates the ABI fuse region
positioned in the bat barrel 18 to be on the end cap side of the
stiffening element 100. However, the ABI fuse region 90 can also be
placed on the handle side (or opposite side) of the stiffening
element 100.
[0082] FIG. 14B illustrates another example implementation of the
present invention in which the ABI fuse region 90 within the barrel
portion 18 of the bat 10 or 200 is positioned at the same
longitudinal location along the barrel portion 18, as the
stiffening element 100, wherein the stiffening element is formed by
creating a region of increased thickness in the composite lay-up of
the bat barrel portion 18. In FIG. 14B, the ABI fuse region 90 is
shown positioned on the barrel portion 18 at a longitudinal
location near the center of the stiffening element 100 (the center
of the region of increased wall thickness of the barrel portion
19). However, the ABI fuse region 90 can also be positioned at any
location that is within the region of increased wall thickness
along the barrel portion 18.
[0083] Referring to FIG. 9, in one implementation, the bat 200 may
include an ABI fuse region 90b positioned adjacent the endcap 38 of
the bat 20. The endcap 38 can serve to increase the stiffness of
the distal end of the barrel portion 18. In such a construction,
the bat 200 may be formed with or without a stiffening element 100.
The endcap 38 essentially provides a similar function as that of
the stiffening element by creating a sudden change in barrel
stiffness that can force a failure or catastrophic failure of the
bat barrel portion 18 during the bat rolling procedure of the ABI
break-in test at the ABI fuse region 90b.
[0084] Referring to FIG. 15, in another implementation of the
present invention, an ABI fuse region 190 can be formed by adding a
groove 192 within the inner surface 30 of the barrel portion 18
formed of a fiber composite material. In one implementation, the
groove 192 is machined into the inner surface 30 of the barrel
portion 18 after the barrel portion 18 has been laid-up and fully
cured. In other implementations, the groove can be formed into the
other inner surface of the barrel portion through other means such
as molding. The groove 192 can be a single continuous annular
groove extending completely about the inner circumference of the
barrel portion 18. The groove 192 is orientated so as to be
generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 14. In other
words, the groove 192 can extend about a groove plane 198 that is
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 14. The groove 192 can have
a depth within the range of 5 to 75 percent of the wall thickness
of the barrel portion 18 at the general location of the groove 192.
In other implementations, the groove 192 can have a depth within
the range of 10 to 50 percent of the wall thickness 18 of the
barrel portion.
[0085] The groove 192 creates a fuse or a discontinuity in the
barrel portion 18 that forms the ABI fuse region 190. The groove
192 can have a semi-circular shape. In other implementations, the
groove can have other shapes such as for example, semi-ovular,
triangular, rectangular, other polygonal shapes and other curved
shapes. When the bat 10 with the ABI fuse region 190 is subjected
to an ABI break-in test including a bat rolling procedure, the
discontinuity caused by the groove 192 can result in the bat barrel
portion 18 failing or catastrophically failing during the bat
rolling procedure of the ABI break-in test.
[0086] In one implementation, the ABI fuse region 190 can be spaced
apart from the end cap 38 at the distal end of the barrel portion
18 by a distance within the range of 1.0 to 4.0 inches. In another
implementation, the ABI fuse region 190 can be spaced apart from
the end cap 38 at the distal end of the barrel portion 18 by a
distance within the range of 7.0 to 12.0 inches.
[0087] Referring to FIGS. 16 through 18, the ABI fuse region 190
can take a variety of different forms. In the implementation of
FIG. 16, the ABI fuse region 190 is formed by two longitudinally
spaced apart grooves 192a and 192b. The grooves 192a and 192b can
be formed in different lengths and/or widths. The grooves, such as
groove 192a, include first and second side edges 193 and 195
defined by the transition of the groove to the barrel portion 18.
The grooves, such as groove 192a have a width, w, within the range
of 0.25 to 4.0 inches, when measured from the first side edge 193
to the second side edge 195. In one implementation, the width w of
the groove, such as the groove 192a, can be within the range of
0.025 to 0.5 inch. The grooves 192a and 192b can be longitudinally
spaced apart from each other by a distance within the range of 0.25
to 10.0 inches. In another implementation, the grooves 192a and
192b can have the same width and/or depth. In other
implementations, the number of grooves 192 formed in the barrel
portion 18 can be 3 or more.
[0088] Referring to FIG. 17, in another implementation, the groove
192 can be angled such that the groove 192 extends about a groove
plane 198 that is angled with respect to the longitudinal axis 14
within the range of 45 to 89 degrees. Referring to FIG. 18, in
another implementation, the ABI fuse region 190 can be formed by a
spiral groove 190 formed within the inner surface 30 of the barrel
portion 18. The spiral groove 190 can be angled with respect to the
longitudinal axis 14 of the bat 10 such that the spiral groove 190
extends about the entire circumference of the barrel portion 18
within a longitudinal distance of 13 inches or less when measured
with respect to the longitudinal axis 14. In other implementations,
the spiral groove 190 can be angled such that the longitudinal
distance required for the spiral groove to extend about the
circumference of the barrel portion 18 is 7 inches or less. In
another implementation, the spiral groove 190 may extend about the
barrel portion 18 in a manner such that the spiral groove 190
extends over less than a full circumference of the barrel portion
18. In other implementations, other orientations, sizes, numbers
and shapes of grooves can be used to form the ABI fuse region.
[0089] Referring to FIG. 19, in one implementation, the ABI fuse
region 190 can be formed adjacent to the ABI fuse region 90. The
ABI fuse region 190 can be longitudinally spaced part from the ABI
fuse region 90 by a distance of at least 0.25 inch.
[0090] Referring to FIGS. 20A and 21B, in other implementations the
ABI fuse region 190 can be positioned adjacent the stiffening
element 100. The groove 192 can be positioned on either side of the
stiffening element 100 within the bat barrel 18. In FIG. 20A, the
stiffening 100 is a disc inserted within the barrel portion 18, and
in FIG. 21A, the stiffening element 100 is formed by a region of
increased wall thickness of the barrel portion 18 of the bat
10.
[0091] Referring to FIGS. 20B and 21B, in other implementations the
ABI fuse region 190 can be positioned or located to be at
substantially the same longitudinal location about the barrel
portion 18 as the stiffening element 100. In FIG. 20B, the
stiffening 100 is a disc inserted within the barrel portion 18, and
in FIG. 21B, the stiffening element 100 is formed by a region of
increased wall thickness of the barrel portion 18 of the bat 10.
The ABI fuse region 190 can be formed by placing the groove 190 at
any longitudinal location along the barrel portion 18 that is
aligned with the stiffening element 100. In one implementation, the
ABI fuse region 190 can be positioned longitudinally along the
barrel portion 18 such that it overlies the stiffening element
100.
[0092] The bat 10, 200 of the present invention provides numerous
advantages over existing ball bats. One such advantage is that the
bat 10, 200 of the present invention is configured for competitive,
organized baseball or softball. For example, embodiments of ball
bats built in accordance with the present invention can fully meet
the bat standards and/or requirements of one or more of the
following baseball and softball organizations: ASA Bat Testing and
Certification Program Requirements; United States Specialty Sports
Association ("USSSA") Bat Performance Standards for baseball and
softball; International Softball Federation ("ISF") Bat
Certification Standards; National Softball Association ("NSA") Bat
Standards; Independent Softball Association ("ISA") Bat
Requirements; Ball Exit Speed Ratio ("BESR") Certification
Requirements of the National Federation of State High School
Associations ("NFHS"); Little League Baseball Bat Equipment
Evaluation Requirements; PONY Baseball/Softball Bat Requirements;
Babe Ruth League Baseball Bat Requirements; American Amateur
Baseball Congress ("AABC") Baseball Bat Requirements; and,
especially, the NCAA BBCOR Standard or Protocol.
[0093] Accordingly, the term "bat configured for organized,
competitive play" refers to a bat that fully meets the ball bat
standards and/or requirements of, and is fully functional for play
in, one or more of the above listed organizations.
[0094] The present invention provides a method and system for
forming barrel portions of a ball bat or other cylindrical portions
of a ball bat using fiber composite material that can satisfy ball
bat equipment standards and/or requirements in a cost effective,
reliable and high quality manner. The present invention provides a
method and system for forming barrel portions of a ball bat or
other cylindrical portions of a ball bat using fiber composite
material that provides a high quality cosmetic appearance, is
highly durable, and provides the desired operational
characteristics. The present invention provides a method and system
for forming barrel portions of a ball bat or other cylindrical
portions of a ball bat using fiber composite material that can
satisfy performance requirements, such as BBCOR certification or
the USABat standard, without adding too much weight or wall
thickness to the barrel portion. The present invention also
provides a ball bat with a desirable level of barrel stiffness,
exceptional feel and performance.
[0095] While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been
illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various
changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. One of skill in the art will understand
that the invention may also be practiced without many of the
details described above. Accordingly, it will be intended to
include all such alternatives, modifications and variations set
forth within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Further,
some well-known structures or functions may not be shown or
described in detail because such structures or functions would be
known to one skilled in the art. Unless a term is specifically
defined in this specification, the terminology used in the present
specification is intended to be interpreted in its broadest
reasonable manner, even though may be used conjunction with the
description of certain specific embodiments of the present
invention
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