U.S. patent application number 16/157654 was filed with the patent office on 2019-02-07 for categorizing objects for queries on online social networks.
The applicant listed for this patent is Facebook, Inc.. Invention is credited to Ashish Gupta, Dinkar Jain, Rose Marie Philip, Rajat Raina.
Application Number | 20190042580 16/157654 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 61281656 |
Filed Date | 2019-02-07 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190042580 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jain; Dinkar ; et
al. |
February 7, 2019 |
Categorizing Objects for Queries on Online Social Networks
Abstract
In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a query inputted
by the user; identifying a set of objects matching the query;
calculating, for each identified object, a plurality of
category-scores corresponding to a plurality of categories,
respectively, wherein each category-score is calculated based on a
plurality of sub-scores corresponding to a plurality of scoring
axes; categorizing each identified object into a category of the
plurality of categories based on the category-scores for the
identified object; and sending, to the client system in response to
the query, one or more search results corresponding to one or more
of the categorized objects for display, each search result
referencing the respective categorized object, wherein the one or
more categorized objects of the search results comprises objects
categorized into one or more selected categories.
Inventors: |
Jain; Dinkar; (Menlo Park,
CA) ; Gupta; Ashish; (Mountain View, CA) ;
Philip; Rose Marie; (Sunnyvale, CA) ; Raina;
Rajat; (Mountain View, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Facebook, Inc. |
Menlo Park |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
61281656 |
Appl. No.: |
16/157654 |
Filed: |
October 11, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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15260214 |
Sep 8, 2016 |
10102255 |
|
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16157654 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 16/24578 20190101;
G06F 16/9535 20190101; G06Q 30/0241 20130101; G06F 16/9024
20190101; G06Q 50/01 20130101; G06F 16/35 20190101 |
International
Class: |
G06F 17/30 20060101
G06F017/30; G06Q 50/00 20120101 G06Q050/00 |
Claims
1. A method comprising, by one or more computing systems:
receiving, by the one or more computing systems, from a client
system of a user, a query inputted by the user; identifying, by the
one or more computing systems, a set of objects matching the query,
wherein each identified object is associated with one or more
topics; categorizing, by the one or more computing systems, each
identified object into a category of the plurality of categories
based on the one or more topics associated with the identified
object; and sending, by the one or more computing systems, to the
client system in response to the query, one or more search results
corresponding to one or more of the categorized objects for
display, each search result referencing the respective categorized
object, wherein the one or more categorized objects of the search
results comprises objects categorized into one or more selected
categories.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein a topic tagger is utilized to
identify the one or more topics associated with the each identified
object.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of categories
comprises one or more of a news category, a celebrity category, a
commentary category, a domain expert category, a review category,
or a how-to category.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of categories
comprises one or more categories determined dynamically based on
one or more topics associated with the identified objects.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of categories
comprises one or more categories determined dynamically based on a
language-model analysis of the identified objects.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of categories
comprises one or more pre-determined categories.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein categorizing each identified
object into a category of the plurality of categories is further
based on a natural-language model analysis of the identified
object.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein categorizing each identified
object into a category of the plurality of categories is further
based on a plurality of category-scores associated with the
identified object.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of category-scores
corresponding to the plurality of categories, respectively, and
wherein each category-score is calculated based on a plurality of
sub-scores corresponding to a plurality of scoring axes,
respectively, each scoring axis corresponding to a particular
factor associated with the respective scoring axis, and wherein
each category-score is calculated based on a weighting of the
plurality of sub-scores, the weighting for each sub-score being
based on the category corresponding to the respective
category-score.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the weighting of the plurality
of sub-scores for at least one category-score comprises a weighted
arithmetic mean of the plurality of sub-scores.
11. The method of claim 9, further comprising adjusting the
category-scores for one or more of the identified objects based on
an author diversity among the categorized objects having the
highest calculated category-scores.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein identifying the set of objects
matching the query comprises searching a plurality of verticals to
identify a plurality of sub-sets of objects from the plurality of
verticals, respectively, that match the search query.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein, for each selected category,
the one or more search results categorized into the selected
category comprise a set of blended search results, wherein the
blended search results are generated by blending the plurality of
sub-sets of identified objects from the plurality of verticals.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving, from the
client system, a request for additional search results associated
with a particular category of the plurality of categories; and
sending, to the client system in response to the request, one or
more search results corresponding to the particular category.
15. The method of claim 1, further comprising: accessing a social
graph comprising a plurality of nodes and a plurality of edges
connecting the nodes, each of the edges between two of the nodes
representing a single degree of separation between them, the nodes
comprising: a first node corresponding to the user; and a plurality
of second nodes corresponding to a plurality of objects associated
with the online social network, respectively.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the one or more selected
categories are selected based on a degree of separation between the
first node and a one or more second nodes associated with one or
more of the selected categories.
17. One or more computer-readable non-transitory storage media
embodying software that is operable when executed to: receive from
a client system of a user, a query inputted by the user; identify a
set of objects matching the query, wherein each identified object
is associated with one or more topics; categorize each identified
object into a category of the plurality of categories based on the
one or more topics associated with the identified object; and send
to the client system in response to the query, one or more search
results corresponding to one or more of the categorized objects for
display, each search result referencing the respective categorized
object, wherein the one or more categorized objects of the search
results comprises objects categorized into one or more selected
categories.
18. A system comprising: one or more processors; and a
non-transitory memory coupled to the processors comprising
instructions executable by the processors, the processors operable
when executing the instructions to: receive from a client system of
a user, a query inputted by the user; identify a set of objects
matching the query, wherein each identified object is associated
with one or more topics; categorize each identified object into a
category of the plurality of categories based on the one or more
topics associated with the identified object; and send to the
client system in response to the query, one or more search results
corresponding to one or more of the categorized objects for
display, each search result referencing the respective categorized
object, wherein the one or more categorized objects of the search
results comprises objects categorized into one or more selected
categories.
Description
PRIORITY
[0001] This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.
120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/260214, filed 8 Sep.
2016, which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure generally relates to social graphs and
performing searches for objects within a social-networking
environment.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A social-networking system, which may include a
social-networking website, may enable its users (such as persons or
organizations) to interact with it and with each other through it.
The social-networking system may, with input from a user, create
and store in the social-networking system a user profile associated
with the user. The user profile may include demographic
information, communication-channel information, and information on
personal interests of the user. The social-networking system may
also, with input from a user, create and store a record of
relationships of the user with other users of the social-networking
system, as well as provide services (e.g. wall posts,
photo-sharing, event organization, messaging, games, or
advertisements) to facilitate social interaction between or among
users.
[0004] The social-networking system may send over one or more
networks content or messages related to its services to a mobile or
other computing device of a user. A user may also install software
applications on a mobile or other computing device of the user for
accessing a user profile of the user and other data within the
social-networking system. The social-networking system may generate
a personalized set of content objects to display to a user, such as
a newsfeed of aggregated stories of other users connected to the
user.
[0005] Social-graph analysis views social relationships in terms of
network theory consisting of nodes and edges. Nodes represent the
individual actors within the networks, and edges represent the
relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based
structures are often very complex. There can be many types of nodes
and many types of edges for connecting nodes. In its simplest form,
a social graph is a map of all of the relevant edges between all
the nodes being studied.
SUMMARY OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS
[0006] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system may
send to the client system of a user categorized search results in
response to a query received from the client system. The
social-networking system may identify a set of objects that match a
query and calculate, for each object, category-scores corresponding
to a plurality of categories (e.g., a news category, a celebrity
category, a commentary category, etc.). Each category-score may be
calculated based on a plurality of sub-scores corresponding to a
plurality of scoring axes, respectively, each scoring axis
corresponding to a particular factor (e.g., recency, textual
similarity, author quality, etc.). Each category-score may be a
weighted arithmetic mean of the sub-scores, where the weighting is
based on the category corresponding to the category score. The
identified objects may be categorized into one of the plurality of
categories based on its category-scores, and the social-networking
system may send search results referencing the categorized objects
to the client system.
[0007] The embodiments disclosed above are only examples, and the
scope of this disclosure is not limited to them. Particular
embodiments may include all, some, or none of the components,
elements, features, functions, operations, or steps of the
embodiments disclosed above. Embodiments according to the invention
are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a
method, a storage medium, a system and a computer program product,
wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g. method,
can be claimed in another claim category, e.g. system, as well. The
dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen
for formal reasons only. However any subject matter resulting from
a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular
multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any
combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and
can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the
attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises
not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached
claims but also any other combination of features in the claims,
wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with
any other feature or combination of other features in the claims.
Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or
depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any
combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted
herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment associated
with a social-networking system.
[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates an example social graph.
[0010] FIG. 3 illustrates an example partitioning for storing
objects of a social-networking system.
[0011] FIG. 4A illustrates an example set of weighted sub-scores
corresponding to an example set of categories for an example
identified object.
[0012] FIG. 4B illustrates an example set of particular weighted
sub-scores corresponding to an example set of particular categories
for an example identified object.
[0013] FIG. 5A illustrates an example set of category scores for an
example set of identified objects.
[0014] FIG. 5B illustrates an example set of particular
category-scores corresponding to an example set of identified
objects.
[0015] FIG. 6 illustrates an example post on a social network and
an example graphical representation of category-scores for the
post.
[0016] FIG. 7 illustrates an example method for categorizing
objects based on a plurality of category-scores.
[0017] FIG. 8 illustrates an example method for categorizing
objects based on a plurality of category-scores using a
pre-filtering process.
[0018] FIG. 9 illustrates an example computer system.
DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS
System Overview
[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment 100
associated with a social-networking system. Network environment 100
includes a client system 130, a social-networking system 160, and a
third-party system 170 connected to each other by a network 110.
Although FIG. 1 illustrates a particular arrangement of a client
system 130, a social-networking system 160, a third-party system
170, and a network 110, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
arrangement of a client system 130, a social-networking system 160,
a third-party system 170, and a network 110. As an example and not
by way of limitation, two or more of a client system 130, a
social-networking system 160, and a third-party system 170 may be
connected to each other directly, bypassing a network 110. As
another example, two or more of a client system 130, a
social-networking system 160, and a third-party system 170 may be
physically or logically co-located with each other in whole or in
part. Moreover, although FIG. 1 illustrates a particular number of
client systems 130, social-networking systems 160, third-party
systems 170, and networks 110, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable number of client systems 130, social-networking systems
160, third-party systems 170, and networks 110. As an example and
not by way of limitation, network environment 100 may include
multiple client systems 130, social-networking systems 160,
third-party systems 170, and networks 110.
[0020] This disclosure contemplates any suitable network 110. As an
example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of a
network 110 may include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an
extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network
(LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless
WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the
Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN), a cellular telephone network, or a combination of two or
more of these. A network 110 may include one or more networks
110.
[0021] Links 150 may connect a client system 130, a
social-networking system 160, and a third-party system 170 to a
communication network 110 or to each other. This disclosure
contemplates any suitable links 150. In particular embodiments, one
or more links 150 include one or more wireline (such as for example
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification (DOCSIS)), wireless (such as for example Wi-Fi or
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), or
optical (such as for example Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)) links. In particular
embodiments, one or more links 150 each include an ad hoc network,
an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a
MAN, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a cellular
technology-based network, a satellite communications
technology-based network, another link 150, or a combination of two
or more such links 150. Links 150 need not necessarily be the same
throughout a network environment 100. One or more first links 150
may differ in one or more respects from one or more second links
150.
[0022] In particular embodiments, a client system 130 may be an
electronic device including hardware, software, or embedded logic
components or a combination of two or more such components and
capable of carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented
or supported by a client system 130. As an example and not by way
of limitation, a client system 130 may include a computer system
such as a desktop computer, notebook or laptop computer, netbook, a
tablet computer, e-book reader, GPS device, camera, personal
digital assistant (PDA), handheld electronic device, cellular
telephone, smartphone, other suitable electronic device, or any
suitable combination thereof. This disclosure contemplates any
suitable client systems 130. A client system 130 may enable a
network user at a client system 130 to access a network 110. A
client system 130 may enable its user to communicate with other
users at other client systems 130.
[0023] In particular embodiments, a client system 130 may include a
web browser 132, such as MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER, GOOGLE CHROME
or MOZILLA FIREFOX, and may have one or more add-ons, plug-ins, or
other extensions, such as TOOLBAR or YAHOO TOOLBAR. A user at a
client system 130 may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or
other address directing a web browser 132 to a particular server
(such as server 162, or a server associated with a third-party
system 170), and the web browser 132 may generate a Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request and communicate the HTTP request
to server. The server may accept the HTTP request and communicate
to a client system 130 one or more Hyper Text Markup Language
(HTML) files responsive to the HTTP request. The client system 130
may render a web interface (e.g. a webpage) based on the HTML files
from the server for presentation to the user. This disclosure
contemplates any suitable source files. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a web interface may be rendered from HTML files,
Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language (XHTML) files, or Extensible
Markup Language (XML) files, according to particular needs. Such
interfaces may also execute scripts such as, for example and
without limitation, those written in JAVASCRIPT, JAVA, MICROSOFT
SILVERLIGHT, combinations of markup language and scripts such as
AJAX (Asynchronous JAVASCRIPT and XML), and the like. Herein,
reference to a web interface encompasses one or more corresponding
source files (which a browser may use to render the web interface)
and vice versa, where appropriate.
[0024] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may be a network-addressable computing system that can host an
online social network. The social-networking system 160 may
generate, store, receive, and send social-networking data, such as,
for example, user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph
information, or other suitable data related to the online social
network. The social-networking system 160 may be accessed by the
other components of network environment 100 either directly or via
a network 110. As an example and not by way of limitation, a client
system 130 may access the social-networking system 160 using a web
browser 132, or a native application associated with the
social-networking system 160 (e.g., a mobile social-networking
application, a messaging application, another suitable application,
or any combination thereof) either directly or via a network 110.
In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160 may
include one or more servers 162. Each server 162 may be a unitary
server or a distributed server spanning multiple computers or
multiple datacenters. Servers 162 may be of various types, such as,
for example and without limitation, web server, news server, mail
server, message server, advertising server, file server,
application server, exchange server, database server, proxy server,
another server suitable for performing functions or processes
described herein, or any combination thereof. In particular
embodiments, each server 162 may include hardware, software, or
embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such
components for carrying out the appropriate functionalities
implemented or supported by server 162. In particular embodiments,
the social-networking system 160 may include one or more data
stores 164. Data stores 164 may be used to store various types of
information. In particular embodiments, the information stored in
data stores 164 may be organized according to specific data
structures. In particular embodiments, each data store 164 may be a
relational, columnar, correlation, or other suitable database.
Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular types
of databases, this disclosure contemplates any suitable types of
databases. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces that
enable a client system 130, a social-networking system 160, or a
third-party system 170 to manage, retrieve, modify, add, or delete,
the information stored in data store 164.
[0025] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may store one or more social graphs in one or more data stores 164.
In particular embodiments, a social graph may include multiple
nodes--which may include multiple user nodes (each corresponding to
a particular user) or multiple concept nodes (each corresponding to
a particular concept)--and multiple edges connecting the nodes. The
social-networking system 160 may provide users of the online social
network the ability to communicate and interact with other users.
In particular embodiments, users may join the online social network
via the social-networking system 160 and then add connections
(e.g., relationships) to a number of other users of the
social-networking system 160 whom they want to be connected to.
Herein, the term "friend" may refer to any other user of the
social-networking system 160 with whom a user has formed a
connection, association, or relationship via the social-networking
system 160.
[0026] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may provide users with the ability to take actions on various types
of items or objects, supported by the social-networking system 160.
As an example and not by way of limitation, the items and objects
may include groups or social networks to which users of the
social-networking system 160 may belong, events or calendar entries
in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications
that a user may use, transactions that allow users to buy or sell
items via the service, interactions with advertisements that a user
may perform, or other suitable items or objects. A user may
interact with anything that is capable of being represented in the
social-networking system 160 or by an external system of a
third-party system 170, which is separate from the
social-networking system 160 and coupled to the social-networking
system 160 via a network 110.
[0027] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may be capable of linking a variety of entities. As an example and
not by way of limitation, the social-networking system 160 may
enable users to interact with each other as well as receive content
from third-party systems 170 or other entities, or to allow users
to interact with these entities through an application programming
interfaces (API) or other communication channels.
[0028] In particular embodiments, a third-party system 170 may
include one or more types of servers, one or more data stores, one
or more interfaces, including but not limited to APIs, one or more
web services, one or more content sources, one or more networks, or
any other suitable components, e.g., that servers may communicate
with. A third-party system 170 may be operated by a different
entity from an entity operating the social-networking system 160.
In particular embodiments, however, the social-networking system
160 and third-party systems 170 may operate in conjunction with
each other to provide social-networking services to users of the
social-networking system 160 or third-party systems 170. In this
sense, the social-networking system 160 may provide a platform, or
backbone, which other systems, such as third-party systems 170, may
use to provide social-networking services and functionality to
users across the Internet.
[0029] In particular embodiments, a third-party system 170 may
include a third-party content object provider. A third-party
content object provider may include one or more sources of content
objects, which may be communicated to a client system 130. As an
example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include
information regarding things or activities of interest to the user,
such as, for example, movie show times, movie reviews, restaurant
reviews, restaurant menus, product information and reviews, or
other suitable information. As another example and not by way of
limitation, content objects may include incentive content objects,
such as coupons, discount tickets, gift certificates, or other
suitable incentive objects.
[0030] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
also includes user-generated content objects, which may enhance a
user's interactions with the social-networking system 160.
User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload,
send, or "post" to the social-networking system 160. As an example
and not by way of limitation, a user communicates posts to the
social-networking system 160 from a client system 130. Posts may
include data such as status updates or other textual data, location
information, photos, videos, links, music or other similar data or
media. Content may also be added to the social-networking system
160 by a third-party through a "communication channel," such as a
newsfeed or stream.
[0031] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may include a variety of servers, sub-systems, programs, modules,
logs, and data stores. In particular embodiments, the
social-networking system 160 may include one or more of the
following: a web server, action logger, API-request server,
relevance-and-ranking engine, content-object classifier,
notification controller, action log,
third-party-content-object-exposure log, inference module,
authorization/privacy server, search module,
advertisement-targeting module, user-interface module, user-profile
store, connection store, third-party content store, or location
store. The social-networking system 160 may also include suitable
components such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load
balancers, failover servers, management-and-network-operations
consoles, other suitable components, or any suitable combination
thereof. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system
160 may include one or more user-profile stores for storing user
profiles. A user profile may include, for example, biographic
information, demographic information, behavioral information,
social information, or other types of descriptive information, such
as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences,
interests, affinities, or location. Interest information may
include interests related to one or more categories. Categories may
be general or specific. As an example and not by way of limitation,
if a user "likes" an article about a brand of shoes the category
may be the brand, or the general category of "shoes" or "clothing."
A connection store may be used for storing connection information
about users. The connection information may indicate users who have
similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies,
educational history, or are in any way related or share common
attributes. The connection information may also include
user-defined connections between different users and content (both
internal and external). A web server may be used for linking the
social-networking system 160 to one or more client systems 130 or
one or more third-party systems 170 via a network 110. The web
server may include a mail server or other messaging functionality
for receiving and routing messages between the social-networking
system 160 and one or more client systems 130. An API-request
server may allow a third-party system 170 to access information
from the social-networking system 160 by calling one or more APIs.
An action logger may be used to receive communications from a web
server about a user's actions on or off the social-networking
system 160. In conjunction with the action log, a
third-party-content-object log may be maintained of user exposures
to third-party-content objects. A notification controller may
provide information regarding content objects to a client system
130. Information may be pushed to a client system 130 as
notifications, or information may be pulled from a client system
130 responsive to a request received from a client system 130.
Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or more privacy
settings of the users of the social-networking system 160. A
privacy setting of a user determines how particular information
associated with a user can be shared. The authorization server may
allow users to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged
by the social-networking system 160 or shared with other systems
(e.g., a third-party system 170), such as, for example, by setting
appropriate privacy settings. Third-party-content-object stores may
be used to store content objects received from third parties, such
as a third-party system 170. Location stores may be used for
storing location information received from client systems 130
associated with users. Advertisement-pricing modules may combine
social information, the current time, location information, or
other suitable information to provide relevant advertisements, in
the form of notifications, to a user.
Social Graphs
[0032] FIG. 2 illustrates an example social graph 200. In
particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160 may store
one or more social graphs 200 in one or more data stores. In
particular embodiments, the social graph 200 may include multiple
nodes--which may include multiple user nodes 202 or multiple
concept nodes 204--and multiple edges 206 connecting the nodes. The
example social graph 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 is shown, for
didactic purposes, in a two-dimensional visual map representation.
In particular embodiments, a social-networking system 160, a client
system 130, or a third-party system 170 may access the social graph
200 and related social-graph information for suitable applications.
The nodes and edges of the social graph 200 may be stored as data
objects, for example, in a data store (such as a social-graph
database). Such a data store may include one or more searchable or
queryable indexes of nodes or edges of the social graph 200.
[0033] In particular embodiments, a user node 202 may correspond to
a user of the social-networking system 160. As an example and not
by way of limitation, a user may be an individual (human user), an
entity (e.g., an enterprise, business, or third-party application),
or a group (e.g., of individuals or entities) that interacts or
communicates with or over the social-networking system 160. In
particular embodiments, when a user registers for an account with
the social-networking system 160, the social-networking system 160
may create a user node 202 corresponding to the user, and store the
user node 202 in one or more data stores. Users and user nodes 202
described herein may, where appropriate, refer to registered users
and user nodes 202 associated with registered users. In addition or
as an alternative, users and user nodes 202 described herein may,
where appropriate, refer to users that have not registered with the
social-networking system 160. In particular embodiments, a user
node 202 may be associated with information provided by a user or
information gathered by various systems, including the
social-networking system 160. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a user may provide his or her name, profile picture,
contact information, birth date, sex, marital status, family
status, employment, education background, preferences, interests,
or other demographic information. In particular embodiments, a user
node 202 may be associated with one or more data objects
corresponding to information associated with a user. In particular
embodiments, a user node 202 may correspond to one or more web
interfaces.
[0034] In particular embodiments, a concept node 204 may correspond
to a concept. As an example and not by way of limitation, a concept
may correspond to a place (such as, for example, a movie theater,
restaurant, landmark, or city); a website (such as, for example, a
website associated with the social-networking system 160 or a
third-party website associated with a web-application server); an
entity (such as, for example, a person, business, group, sports
team, or celebrity); a resource (such as, for example, an audio
file, video file, digital photo, text file, structured document, or
application) which may be located within the social-networking
system 160 or on an external server, such as a web-application
server; real or intellectual property (such as, for example, a
sculpture, painting, movie, game, song, idea, photograph, or
written work); a game; an activity; an idea or theory; another
suitable concept; or two or more such concepts. A concept node 204
may be associated with information of a concept provided by a user
or information gathered by various systems, including the
social-networking system 160. As an example and not by way of
limitation, information of a concept may include a name or a title;
one or more images (e.g., an image of the cover page of a book); a
location (e.g., an address or a geographical location); a website
(which may be associated with a URL); contact information (e.g., a
phone number or an email address); other suitable concept
information; or any suitable combination of such information. In
particular embodiments, a concept node 204 may be associated with
one or more data objects corresponding to information associated
with concept node 204. In particular embodiments, a concept node
204 may correspond to one or more web interfaces.
[0035] In particular embodiments, a node in the social graph 200
may represent or be represented by a web interface (which may be
referred to as a "profile interface"). Profile interfaces may be
hosted by or accessible to the social-networking system 160.
Profile interfaces may also be hosted on third-party websites
associated with a third-party server 170. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a profile interface corresponding to a
particular external web interface may be the particular external
web interface and the profile interface may correspond to a
particular concept node 204. Profile interfaces may be viewable by
all or a selected subset of other users. As an example and not by
way of limitation, a user node 202 may have a corresponding
user-profile interface in which the corresponding user may add
content, make declarations, or otherwise express himself or
herself. As another example and not by way of limitation, a concept
node 204 may have a corresponding concept-profile interface in
which one or more users may add content, make declarations, or
express themselves, particularly in relation to the concept
corresponding to concept node 204.
[0036] In particular embodiments, a concept node 204 may represent
a third-party web interface or resource hosted by a third-party
system 170. The third-party web interface or resource may include,
among other elements, content, a selectable or other icon, or other
inter-actable object (which may be implemented, for example, in
JavaScript, AJAX, or PHP codes) representing an action or activity.
As an example and not by way of limitation, a third-party web
interface may include a selectable icon such as "like," "check-in,"
"eat," "recommend," or another suitable action or activity. A user
viewing the third-party web interface may perform an action by
selecting one of the icons (e.g., "check-in"), causing a client
system 130 to send to the social-networking system 160 a message
indicating the user's action. In response to the message, the
social-networking system 160 may create an edge (e.g., a
check-in-type edge) between a user node 202 corresponding to the
user and a concept node 204 corresponding to the third-party web
interface or resource and store edge 206 in one or more data
stores.
[0037] In particular embodiments, a pair of nodes in the social
graph 200 may be connected to each other by one or more edges 206.
An edge 206 connecting a pair of nodes may represent a relationship
between the pair of nodes. In particular embodiments, an edge 206
may include or represent one or more data objects or attributes
corresponding to the relationship between a pair of nodes. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a first user may indicate
that a second user is a "friend" of the first user. In response to
this indication, the social-networking system 160 may send a
"friend request" to the second user. If the second user confirms
the "friend request," the social-networking system 160 may create
an edge 206 connecting the first user's user node 202 to the second
user's user node 202 in the social graph 200 and store edge 206 as
social-graph information in one or more of data stores 164. In the
example of FIG. 2, the social graph 200 includes an edge 206
indicating a friend relation between user nodes 202 of user "A" and
user "B" and an edge indicating a friend relation between user
nodes 202 of user "C" and user "B." Although this disclosure
describes or illustrates particular edges 206 with particular
attributes connecting particular user nodes 202, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable edges 206 with any suitable attributes
connecting user nodes 202. As an example and not by way of
limitation, an edge 206 may represent a friendship, family
relationship, business or employment relationship, fan relationship
(including, e.g., liking, etc.), follower relationship, visitor
relationship (including, e.g., accessing, viewing, checking-in,
sharing, etc.), subscriber relationship, superior/subordinate
relationship, reciprocal relationship, non-reciprocal relationship,
another suitable type of relationship, or two or more such
relationships. Moreover, although this disclosure generally
describes nodes as being connected, this disclosure also describes
users or concepts as being connected. Herein, references to users
or concepts being connected may, where appropriate, refer to the
nodes corresponding to those users or concepts being connected in
the social graph 200 by one or more edges 206.
[0038] In particular embodiments, an edge 206 between a user node
202 and a concept node 204 may represent a particular action or
activity performed by a user associated with user node 202 toward a
concept associated with a concept node 204. As an example and not
by way of limitation, as illustrated in FIG. 2, a user may "like,"
"attended," "played," "listened," "cooked," "worked at," or
"watched" a concept, each of which may correspond to an edge type
or subtype. A concept-profile interface corresponding to a concept
node 204 may include, for example, a selectable "check in" icon
(such as, for example, a clickable "check in" icon) or a selectable
"add to favorites" icon. Similarly, after a user clicks these
icons, the social-networking system 160 may create a "favorite"
edge or a "check in" edge in response to a user's action
corresponding to a respective action. As another example and not by
way of limitation, a user (user "C") may listen to a particular
song ("Imagine") using a particular application (SPOTIFY, which is
an online music application). In this case, the social-networking
system 160 may create a "listened" edge 206 and a "used" edge (as
illustrated in FIG. 2) between user nodes 202 corresponding to the
user and concept nodes 204 corresponding to the song and
application to indicate that the user listened to the song and used
the application. Moreover, the social-networking system 160 may
create a "played" edge 206 (as illustrated in FIG. 2) between
concept nodes 204 corresponding to the song and the application to
indicate that the particular song was played by the particular
application. In this case, "played" edge 206 corresponds to an
action performed by an external application (SPOTIFY) on an
external audio file (the song "Imagine"). Although this disclosure
describes particular edges 206 with particular attributes
connecting user nodes 202 and concept nodes 204, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable edges 206 with any suitable attributes
connecting user nodes 202 and concept nodes 204. Moreover, although
this disclosure describes edges between a user node 202 and a
concept node 204 representing a single relationship, this
disclosure contemplates edges between a user node 202 and a concept
node 204 representing one or more relationships. As an example and
not by way of limitation, an edge 206 may represent both that a
user likes and has used at a particular concept. Alternatively,
another edge 206 may represent each type of relationship (or
multiples of a single relationship) between a user node 202 and a
concept node 204 (as illustrated in FIG. 2 between user node 202
for user "E" and concept node 204 for "SPOTIFY").
[0039] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may create an edge 206 between a user node 202 and a concept node
204 in the social graph 200. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a user viewing a concept-profile interface (such as,
for example, by using a web browser or a special-purpose
application hosted by the user's client system 130) may indicate
that he or she likes the concept represented by the concept node
204 by clicking or selecting a "Like" icon, which may cause the
user's client system 130 to send to the social-networking system
160 a message indicating the user's liking of the concept
associated with the concept-profile interface. In response to the
message, the social-networking system 160 may create an edge 206
between user node 202 associated with the user and concept node
204, as illustrated by "like" edge 206 between the user and concept
node 204. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system
160 may store an edge 206 in one or more data stores. In particular
embodiments, an edge 206 may be automatically formed by the
social-networking system 160 in response to a particular user
action. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first user
uploads a picture, watches a movie, or listens to a song, an edge
206 may be formed between user node 202 corresponding to the first
user and concept nodes 204 corresponding to those concepts.
Although this disclosure describes forming particular edges 206 in
particular manners, this disclosure contemplates forming any
suitable edges 206 in any suitable manner.
Search Queries on Online Social Networks
[0040] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive, from a client system of a user of an online social
network, a query inputted by the user. The user may submit the
query to the social-networking system 160 by, for example,
selecting a query input or inputting text into query field. A user
of an online social network may search for information relating to
a specific subject matter (e.g., users, concepts, external content
or resource) by providing a short phrase describing the subject
matter, often referred to as a "search query," to a search engine.
The query may be an unstructured text query and may comprise one or
more text strings (which may include one or more n-grams). In
general, a user may input any character string into a query field
to search for content on the social-networking system 160 that
matches the text query. The social-networking system 160 may then
search a data store 164 (or, in particular, a social-graph
database) to identify content matching the query. The search engine
may conduct a search based on the query phrase using various search
algorithms and generate search results that identify resources or
content (e.g., user-profile interfaces, content-profile interfaces,
or external resources) that are most likely to be related to the
search query. To conduct a search, a user may input or send a
search query to the search engine. In response, the search engine
may identify one or more resources that are likely to be related to
the search query, each of which may individually be referred to as
a "search result," or collectively be referred to as the "search
results" corresponding to the search query. The identified content
may include, for example, social-graph elements (i.e., user nodes
202, concept nodes 204, edges 206), profile interfaces, external
web interfaces, or any combination thereof. The social-networking
system 160 may then generate a search-results interface with search
results corresponding to the identified content and send the
search-results interface to the user. The search results may be
presented to the user, often in the form of a list of links on the
search-results interface, each link being associated with a
different interface that contains some of the identified resources
or content. In particular embodiments, each link in the search
results may be in the form of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that
specifies where the corresponding interface is located and the
mechanism for retrieving it. The social-networking system 160 may
then send the search-results interface to the web browser 132 on
the user's client system 130. The user may then click on the URL
links or otherwise select the content from the search-results
interface to access the content from the social-networking system
160 or from an external system (such as, for example, a third-party
system 170), as appropriate. The resources may be ranked and
presented to the user according to their relative degrees of
relevance to the search query. The search results may also be
ranked and presented to the user according to their relative degree
of relevance to the user. In other words, the search results may be
personalized for the querying user based on, for example,
social-graph information, user information, search or browsing
history of the user, or other suitable information related to the
user. In particular embodiments, ranking of the resources may be
determined by a ranking algorithm implemented by the search engine.
As an example and not by way of limitation, resources that are more
relevant to the search query or to the user may be ranked higher
than the resources that are less relevant to the search query or
the user. In particular embodiments, the search engine may limit
its search to resources and content on the online social network.
However, in particular embodiments, the search engine may also
search for resources or contents on other sources, such as a
third-party system 170, the internet or World Wide Web, or other
suitable sources. Although this disclosure describes querying the
social-networking system 160 in a particular manner, this
disclosure contemplates querying the social-networking system 160
in any suitable manner.
[0041] Typeahead Processes and Queries
[0042] In particular embodiments, one or more client-side and/or
backend (server-side) processes may implement and utilize a
"typeahead" feature that may automatically attempt to match
social-graph elements (e.g., user nodes 202, concept nodes 204, or
edges 206) to information currently being entered by a user in an
input form rendered in conjunction with a requested interface (such
as, for example, a user-profile interface, a concept-profile
interface, a search-results interface, a user interface/view state
of a native application associated with the online social network,
or another suitable interface of the online social network), which
may be hosted by or accessible in the social-networking system 160.
In particular embodiments, as a user is entering text to make a
declaration, the typeahead feature may attempt to match the string
of textual characters being entered in the declaration to strings
of characters (e.g., names, descriptions) corresponding to users,
concepts, or edges and their corresponding elements in the social
graph 200. In particular embodiments, when a match is found, the
typeahead feature may automatically populate the form with a
reference to the social-graph element (such as, for example, the
node name/type, node ID, edge name/type, edge ID, or another
suitable reference or identifier) of the existing social-graph
element. In particular embodiments, as the user enters characters
into a form box, the typeahead process may read the string of
entered textual characters. As each keystroke is made, the
frontend-typeahead process may send the entered character string as
a request (or call) to the backend-typeahead process executing
within the social-networking system 160. In particular embodiments,
the typeahead process may use one or more matching algorithms to
attempt to identify matching social-graph elements. In particular
embodiments, when a match or matches are found, the typeahead
process may send a response to the user's client system 130 that
may include, for example, the names (name strings) or descriptions
of the matching social-graph elements as well as, potentially,
other metadata associated with the matching social-graph elements.
As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user enters the
characters "pok" into a query field, the typeahead process may
display a drop-down menu that displays names of matching existing
profile interfaces and respective user nodes 202 or concept nodes
204, such as a profile interface named or devoted to "poker" or
"pokemon," which the user can then click on or otherwise select
thereby confirming the desire to declare the matched user or
concept name corresponding to the selected node.
[0043] More information on typeahead processes may be found in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 12/763162, filed 19 Apr. 2010, and U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/556072, filed 23 Jul. 2012, which
are incorporated by reference.
[0044] In particular embodiments, the typeahead processes described
herein may be applied to search queries entered by a user. As an
example and not by way of limitation, as a user enters text
characters into a query field, a typeahead process may attempt to
identify one or more user nodes 202, concept nodes 204, or edges
206 that match the string of characters entered into the query
field as the user is entering the characters. As the typeahead
process receives requests or calls including a string or n-gram
from the text query, the typeahead process may perform or cause to
be performed a search to identify existing social-graph elements
(i.e., user nodes 202, concept nodes 204, edges 206) having
respective names, types, categories, or other identifiers matching
the entered text. The typeahead process may use one or more
matching algorithms to attempt to identify matching nodes or edges.
When a match or matches are found, the typeahead process may send a
response to the user's client system 130 that may include, for
example, the names (name strings) of the matching nodes as well as,
potentially, other metadata associated with the matching nodes. The
typeahead process may then display a drop-down menu that displays
names of matching existing profile interfaces and respective user
nodes 202 or concept nodes 204, and displays names of matching
edges 206 that may connect to the matching user nodes 202 or
concept nodes 204, which the user can then click on or otherwise
select thereby confirming the desire to search for the matched user
or concept name corresponding to the selected node, or to search
for users or concepts connected to the matched users or concepts by
the matching edges. Alternatively, the typeahead process may simply
auto-populate the form with the name or other identifier of the
top-ranked match rather than display a drop-down menu. The user may
then confirm the auto-populated declaration simply by keying
"enter" on a keyboard or by clicking on the auto-populated
declaration. Upon user confirmation of the matching nodes and
edges, the typeahead process may send a request that informs the
social-networking system 160 of the user's confirmation of a query
containing the matching social-graph elements. In response to the
request sent, the social-networking system 160 may automatically
(or alternately based on an instruction in the request) call or
otherwise search a social-graph database for the matching
social-graph elements, or for social-graph elements connected to
the matching social-graph elements as appropriate. Although this
disclosure describes applying the typeahead processes to search
queries in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates
applying the typeahead processes to search queries in any suitable
manner.
[0045] In connection with search queries and search results,
particular embodiments may utilize one or more systems, components,
elements, functions, methods, operations, or steps disclosed in
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/503093, filed 11 Aug. 2006,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/977027, filed 22 Dec. 2010,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978265, filed 23 Dec. 2010,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/304596, filed 13 Jun. 2014,
U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/452307, filed 5 Aug. 2014, U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/745001, filed 19 Jun. 2015, U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/826868, filed 14 Aug. 2015, and U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/454826, filed 8 Aug. 2016 which are
incorporated by reference.
[0046] Structured Search Queries
[0047] In particular embodiments, in response to a text query
received from a first user (i.e., the querying user), the
social-networking system 160 may parse the text query and identify
portions of the text query that correspond to particular
social-graph elements. However, in some cases a query may include
one or more terms that are ambiguous, where an ambiguous term is a
term that may possibly correspond to multiple social-graph
elements. To parse the ambiguous term, the social-networking system
160 may access a social graph 200 and then parse the text query to
identify the social-graph elements that corresponded to ambiguous
n-grams from the text query. The social-networking system 160 may
then generate a set of structured queries, where each structured
query corresponds to one of the possible matching social-graph
elements. These structured queries may be based on strings
generated by a grammar model, such that they are rendered in a
natural-language syntax with references to the relevant
social-graph elements. As an example and not by way of limitation,
in response to the text query, "show me friends of my girlfriend,"
the social-networking system 160 may generate a structured query
"Friends of Stephanie," where "Friends" and "Stephanie" in the
structured query are references corresponding to particular
social-graph elements. The reference to "Stephanie" would
correspond to a particular user node 202 (where the
social-networking system 160 has parsed the n-gram "my girlfriend"
to correspond with a user node 202 for the user "Stephanie"), while
the reference to "Friends" would correspond to friend-type edges
206 connecting that user node 202 to other user nodes 202 (i.e.,
edges 206 connecting to "Stephanie's" first-degree friends). When
executing this structured query, the social-networking system 160
may identify one or more user nodes 202 connected by friend-type
edges 206 to the user node 202 corresponding to "Stephanie". As
another example and not by way of limitation, in response to the
text query, "friends who work at facebook," the social-networking
system 160 may generate a structured query "My friends who work at
Facebook," where "my friends," "work at," and "Facebook" in the
structured query are references corresponding to particular
social-graph elements as described previously (i.e., a friend-type
edge 206, a work-at-type edge 206, and concept node 204
corresponding to the company "Facebook"). By providing suggested
structured queries in response to a user's text query, the
social-networking system 160 may provide a powerful way for users
of the online social network to search for elements represented in
the social graph 200 based on their social-graph attributes and
their relation to various social-graph elements. Structured queries
may allow a querying user to search for content that is connected
to particular users or concepts in the social graph 200 by
particular edge-types. The structured queries may be sent to the
first user and displayed in a drop-down menu (via, for example, a
client-side typeahead process), where the first user can then
select an appropriate query to search for the desired content. Some
of the advantages of using the structured queries described herein
include finding users of the online social network based upon
limited information, bringing together virtual indexes of content
from the online social network based on the relation of that
content to various social-graph elements, or finding content
related to you and/or your friends. Although this disclosure
describes generating particular structured queries in a particular
manner, this disclosure contemplates generating any suitable
structured queries in any suitable manner.
[0048] More information on element detection and parsing queries
may be found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/556072, filed
23 Jul. 2012, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/731866, filed 31
Dec. 2012, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/732101, filed 31
Dec. 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference. More
information on structured search queries and grammar models may be
found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/556072, filed 23 Jul.
2012, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/674695, filed 12 Nov.
2012, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/731866, filed 31 Dec.
2012, each of which is incorporated by reference.
[0049] Generating Keywords and Keyword Queries
[0050] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may provide customized keyword completion suggestions to a querying
user as the user is inputting a text string into a query field.
Keyword completion suggestions may be provided to the user in a
non-structured format. In order to generate a keyword completion
suggestion, the social-networking system 160 may access multiple
sources within the social-networking system 160 to generate keyword
completion suggestions, score the keyword completion suggestions
from the multiple sources, and then return the keyword completion
suggestions to the user. As an example and not by way of
limitation, if a user types the query "friends stan," then the
social-networking system 160 may suggest, for example, "friends
stanford," "friends stanford university," "friends stanley,"
"friends stanley cooper," "friends stanley kubrick," "friends
stanley cup," and "friends stanlonski." In this example, the
social-networking system 160 is suggesting the keywords which are
modifications of the ambiguous n-gram "stan," where the suggestions
may be generated from a variety of keyword generators. The
social-networking system 160 may have selected the keyword
completion suggestions because the user is connected in some way to
the suggestions. As an example and not by way of limitation, the
querying user may be connected within the social graph 200 to the
concept node 204 corresponding to Stanford University, for example
by like- or attended-type edges 206. The querying user may also
have a friend named Stanley Cooper. Although this disclosure
describes generating keyword completion suggestions in a particular
manner, this disclosure contemplates generating keyword completion
suggestions in any suitable manner.
[0051] More information on keyword queries may be found in U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/244748, filed 3 Apr. 2014, U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/470607, filed 27 Aug. 2014, and U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/561418, filed 5 Dec. 2014, each of
which is incorporated by reference.
Indexing Based on Object-type
[0052] FIG. 3 illustrates an example partitioning for storing
objects of social-networking system 160. A plurality of data stores
164 (which may also be called "verticals") may store objects of
social-networking system 160. The amount of data (e.g., data for a
social graph 200) stored in the data stores may be very large. As
an example and not by way of limitation, a social graph used by
Facebook, Inc. of Menlo Park, Calif. can have a number of nodes in
the order of 10.sup.8, and a number of edges in the order of
10.sup.10. Typically, a large collection of data such as a large
database may be divided into a number of partitions. As the index
for each partition of a database is smaller than the index for the
overall database, the partitioning may improve performance in
accessing the database. As the partitions may be distributed over a
large number of servers, the partitioning may also improve
performance and reliability in accessing the database. Ordinarily,
a database may be partitioned by storing rows (or columns) of the
database separately. In particular embodiments, a database maybe
partitioned based on object-types. Data objects may be stored in a
plurality of partitions, each partition holding data objects of a
single object-type. In particular embodiments, social-networking
system 160 may retrieve search results in response to a search
query by submitting the search query to a particular partition
storing objects of the same object-type as the search query's
expected results. Although this disclosure describes storing
objects in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates
storing objects in any suitable manner.
[0053] In particular embodiments, each object may correspond to a
particular node of a social graph 200. An edge 206 connecting the
particular node and another node may indicate a relationship
between objects corresponding to these nodes. In addition to
storing objects, a particular data store may also store
social-graph information relating to the object. Alternatively,
social-graph information about particular objects may be stored in
a different data store from the objects. Social-networking system
160 may update the search index of the data store based on newly
received objects, and relationships associated with the received
objects.
[0054] In particular embodiments, each data store 164 may be
configured to store objects of a particular one of a plurality of
object-types in respective data storage devices 340. An object-type
may be, for example, a user, a photo, a post, a comment, a message,
an event listing, a web interface, an application, a location, a
user-profile interface, a concept-profile interface, a user group,
an audio file, a video, an offer/coupon, or another suitable type
of object. Although this disclosure describes particular types of
objects, this disclosure contemplates any suitable types of
objects. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user
vertical P1 illustrated in FIG. 3 may store user objects. Each user
object stored in the user vertical P1 may comprise an identifier
(e.g., a character string), a user name, and a profile picture for
a user of the online social network. Social-networking system 160
may also store in the user vertical P1 information associated with
a user object such as language, location, education, contact
information, interests, relationship status, a list of
friends/contacts, a list of family members, privacy settings, and
so on. As an example and not by way of limitation, a post vertical
P2 illustrated in FIG. 3 may store post objects. Each post object
stored in the post vertical P2 may comprise an identifier, a text
string for a post posted to social-networking system 160.
Social-networking system 160 may also store in the post vertical P2
information associated with a post object such as a time stamp, an
author, privacy settings, users who like the post, a count of
likes, comments, a count of comments, location, and so on. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a photo vertical P3 may store
photo objects (or objects of other media types such as video or
audio). Each photo object stored in the photo vertical P3 may
comprise an identifier and a photo. Social-networking system 160
may also store in the photo vertical P3 information associated with
a photo object such as a time stamp, an author, privacy settings,
users who are tagged in the photo, users who like the photo,
comments, and so on. In particular embodiments, each data store may
also be configured to store information associated with each stored
object in data storage devices 340.
[0055] In particular embodiments, objects stored in each vertical
164 may be indexed by one or more search indices. The search
indices may be hosted by respective index server 330 comprising one
or more computing devices (e.g., servers). The index server 330 may
update the search indices based on data (e.g., a photo and
information associated with a photo) submitted to social-networking
system 160 by users or other processes of social-networking system
160 (or a third-party system). The index server 330 may also update
the search indices periodically (e.g., every 24 hours). The index
server 330 may receive a query comprising a search term, and access
and retrieve search results from one or more search indices
corresponding to the search term. In some embodiments, a vertical
corresponding to a particular object-type may comprise a plurality
of physical or logical partitions, each comprising respective
search indices.
[0056] In particular embodiments, social-networking system 160 may
receive a search query from a PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) process
310. The PHP process 310 may comprise one or more computing
processes hosted by one or more servers 162 of social-networking
system 160. The search query may be a text string or a search query
submitted to the PHP process by a user or another process of
social-networking system 160 (or third-party system 170). In
particular embodiments, an aggregator 320 may be configured to
receive the search query from PHP process 310 and distribute the
search query to each vertical. The aggregator may comprise one or
more computing processes (or programs) hosted by one or more
computing devices (e.g. servers) of the social-networking system
160. Particular embodiments may maintain the plurality of verticals
164 as illustrated in FIG. 3. Each of the verticals 164 may be
configured to store a single type of object indexed by a search
index as described earlier. In particular embodiments, the
aggregator 320 may receive a search request. For example, the
aggregator 320 may receive a search request from a PHP (Hypertext
Preprocessor) process 210 illustrated in FIG. 2. In particular
embodiments, the search request may comprise a text string. The
search request may be a structured or substantially unstructured
text string submitted by a user via a PHP process. The search
request may also be structured or a substantially unstructured text
string received from another process of the social-networking
system. In particular embodiments, the aggregator 320 may determine
one or more search queries based on the received search request
(step 303). In particular embodiments, each of the search queries
may have a single object type for its expected results (i.e., a
single result-type). In particular embodiments, the aggregator 320
may, for each of the search queries, access and retrieve search
query results from at least one of the verticals 164, wherein the
at least one vertical 164 is configured to store objects of the
object type of the search query (i.e., the result-type of the
search query). In particular embodiments, the aggregator 320 may
aggregate search query results of the respective search queries.
For example, the aggregator 320 may submit a search query to a
particular vertical and access index server 330 of the vertical,
causing index server 330 to return results for the search
query.
[0057] More information on indexes and search queries may be found
in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/560212, filed 27 Jul. 2012,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/560901, filed 27 Jul. 2012,
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/723861, filed 21 Dec. 2012, and
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/870113, filed 25 Apr. 2013,
each of which is incorporated by reference.
Categorizing Objects for Queries
[0058] In particular embodiments, objects corresponding to search
results may be grouped into various categories and ranked within
each category based on multiple axes or factors. The ranking of an
object with respect to a category may be calculated as a weighting
of scores based with respect to the multiple axes, where the
weighting may be based on the category. The categories may be
defined in a variety of ways and each object may be scored or
ranked differently for each category (e.g., scoring posts to
determine if they are highly "newsy" or "celebrity", etc.). As an
example and not by way of limitation, there may be a domain expert
category, a celebrity category, a review category, a how-to
category, a commentary category, a news category, or any other
suitable category. Previously, search results would be returned in
an aggregate list without regard to a category. This previous
method may have resulted in many dissimilar results being returned
into one disorganized list with average results (e.g., results that
have middling scores with respect to multiple axes, but possibly
not including results with a high score with respect to a single
axis). The embodiments described herein may have the benefit of
identifying the best search results for each category (e.g., the
best "news" results, the best "celebrity" result, etc.), and the
top results from each category may be presented to the user as a
list organized by category.
[0059] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive, from a client system 130 of a user of an online social
network, a query inputted by the user. In particular embodiments,
the social-networking system 160 may identify a set of objects
associated with the online social network matching the query. The
social-networking system 160 may search a data store 164 (i.e.,
vertical) to identify content matching the query. In particular
embodiments, identifying the set of objects associated with the
online social network matching the query may comprise searching a
plurality of verticals 164 to identify a plurality of sub-sets of
objects from the plurality of verticals 164, respectively, that
match the search query. Each vertical 164 may store objects of a
particular object-type. The object-types stored by a vertical 164
may include, for example, a user, a photo, a post, a comment, a
message, an event listing, a web interface, an application, a
location, a user-profile interface, a concept-profile interface, a
user group, an audio file, a video, an offer/coupon, or another
suitable type of object. Although this disclosure describes
particular types of objects and verticals, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable objects and any suitable verticals.
[0060] FIG. 4A illustrates an example set of K weighted sub-scores
corresponding to an example set of C categories for an example
identified object. In particular embodiments, the social-networking
system 160 may calculate, for each identified object, a plurality
of category-scores corresponding to a plurality of categories,
respectively. In this example, there are C categories, and each of
category_1 to cateogry_C may correspond to a particular category of
the C categories. To calculate a category-score, the
social-networking system 160 may calculate a plurality of
sub-scores, which may be referred to as "axes" or "scoring axes,"
and then the weighted sub-scores may be used to calculated the
category-score. In this example, there are K scoring axes, and each
sub-score may correspond to a scoring axis of axis_1 to axis_K.
R(k) may be the sub-score of the identified object with respect to
the k.sup.th axis, and a(k, c) may be a weight of the k.sup.th
sub-score with respect to the c.sup.th category.
[0061] In particular embodiments, each category-score may be
calculated based on a plurality of sub-scores corresponding to a
plurality of scoring axes, respectively. Each scoring axis may
correspond to a particular factor associated with the respective
scoring axis. The factors associated with a scoring axis may
include, for example, social-graph information (such as, for
example, degree of separation between social-graph nodes,
social-graph affinity, or social relevance, each of which may be
its own axis), recency, topic relevance, author quality, text
similarity, popularity, proximity, a user's search history, or
other suitable factors, or any suitable combination thereof. Each
category-score may be calculated based on a weighting of the
plurality of sub-scores. As an example and not be way of
limitation, category-scores may be calculated as a weighted
average, a weighted product, or any other suitable weighting or
combination thereof. The weighting for each sub-score may be based
on the category corresponding to the respective category-score. A
set of weights may be used when scoring with respect to a
particular category, where the weights may emphasize factors that
are important for the category and deemphasize factors unimportant
for the category. As an example and not by way of limitation, a
news category may weight a recency factor and an author quality
factor higher than other factors based on the relative important of
those factors to the news category. As an example and not by way of
limitation, referencing FIG. 4A, each a(k, c) may be a weighting
for each sub-score R (k) based on the category. For a particular
category C, a higher value of a(k, C) may correspond to a
particular factor associated with axis k having more weight or
importance when scoring with respect to category C. In particular
embodiments, the weighting of the plurality of sub-scores for at
least one category-score may comprise a weighted arithmetic mean of
the plurality of sub-scores. As an example and not by way of
limitation, the category-score for a particular category C for the
example identified object in FIG. 4A may be calculated as
k a ( k , C ) R ( k ) k a ( k , C ) . ##EQU00001##
[0062] In particular embodiments, for an identified object, the
sub-score corresponding to at least one of the scoring axes may be
based on a social-graph affinity of the user with respect to the
identified object. As an example and not by way of limitation, in
response to a query "Photos of my friends," the social-networking
system 160 may identify photo-type content objects in a photos
vertical 164, where each identified photo is tagged with a least
one user who is a friend of the querying user (i.e., users
corresponding to user nodes 202 connected by friend-type edges 206
to the user node 202 corresponding to the querying user). When
calculating sub-scores for identified concept nodes 204
corresponding to photos with the user's friends tagged in the
photo, the social-networking system 160 may score photos based on
the social-graph affinity (e.g., as measured by an affinity
coefficient) of the users tagged in the photo with respect to the
querying user. Furthermore, photos showing more of the querying
user's friends may have a higher affinity score than photos showing
fewer of the user's friends, since having more friends tagged in
the photo may increase the querying user's affinity with respect to
that particular photo. As another example and not by way of
limitation, in response to a query from a user <Mark>, the
social-networking system 160 may identify a set of objects that
includes users <Tom>, <Dick>, and <Harry>. The
social-networking system 160 may then score the users <Tom>,
<Dick>, and <Harry> based on their respective
social-graph affinity with respect to the querying user
<Mark>. For example, the social-networking system 160 may
score the identified nodes of users <Tom>, <Dick>, and
<Harry> based in part on a number of posts authored by those
users and liked by the user <Mark>. If user <Dick>
authored three posts that were liked by the user <Mark>, user
<Tom> authored two posts liked by <Mark>, and user
<Harry> authored one post like by <Mark>, the
social-networking system 160 may score user <Dick> as highest
with respect to an affinity-score axis since he authored most of
the posts liked by the user <Mark>, with <Tom> and
<Harry> having consecutively lower scores. Although this
disclosure describes calculating sub-scores for objects based on
social-graph affinity in a particular manner, this disclosure
contemplates calculating sub-scores for objects based on
social-graph affinity in any suitable manner.
[0063] In particular embodiments, for an identified object, the
sub-score corresponding to at least one of the scoring axes may be
based on a calculated text similarity between the identified object
and the query. The text similarity or textual relevance of a query
may be based on how the terms and number of terms in the query
match to text associated with an identified object. In particular
embodiments, a text-similarity sub-score may be based on matches
between a query and words or phrases associated with an identified
object (e.g., summary, subject, title, author, keywords, or body of
text associated with an identified object). In particular
embodiments, a text-similarity sub-score may be based on a number
of text matches between a query and text associated with an
identified object. As an example and not by way of limitation, an
identified object that includes 80% of the terms of a query may
have a higher text-similarity sub-score than another identified
object that includes 50% of the terms. As another example and not
by way of limitation, if a user submits a query "Hawaii bike
rides," a post that includes the phrase "bike rides in Hawaii" may
have a relatively high text-similarity sub-score (e.g., 1.0 out of
1.0), while a post that includes the phrase "bike-riding vacations"
may have a lower text-similarity score (e.g., 0.6 out of 1.0). In
particular embodiments, a text-similarity sub-score may be based on
a number of times text from a query occurs in text associated with
an identified object. For example, if a user submits a query
"coffee shops in San Francisco," an identified object that includes
the terms "coffee" or "coffee shop" 5 times may have a higher
text-similarity sub-score than another identified object that
includes "coffee" 1 time. In particular embodiments, a
text-similarity sub-score may be based on a term frequency-inverse
document frequency (TF-IDF) metric. A term frequency-inverse
document frequency metric may increase based on the number of times
a query term appears in an identified object, but decrease based on
the frequency of the query term across a plurality of objects.
Although this disclosure describes calculating sub-scores for
objects based on text similarity in a particular manner, this
disclosure contemplates calculating sub-scores for objects based on
text similarity in any suitable manner.
[0064] In particular embodiments, for an identified object, the
sub-score corresponding to at least one of the scoring axes may be
based on a recency value associated with the identified object. A
recency value may correspond to how recently an associated object
was generated, created, posted, sent, received, viewed, or
commented on. For example, a recency value associated with an
identified object may be determined based on a time or date
associated with the object compared with the current time or date.
Objects associated with more recent dates may have higher
recency-value sub-scores than objects associated with dates further
in the past. A recency value may be calculated using a decay
function, such as a Gaussian decay function, a linear decay
function, an exponential decay function, or any other suitable
function. As an example and not by way of limitation, an identified
object that was posted two days ago may have a relatively high
recency-value sub-score (e.g., 0.9 out of 1.0), while another
identified object that was posted a year ago may have a relatively
low recency-value sub-score (e.g., 0.2 out of 1.0). In particular
embodiments, a recency value may correspond to a time or date
associated with a future event or activity, such that an event
occurring sooner in the future may have a higher recency-value
sub-score than an event happening further in the future. As an
example and not by way of limitation, an identified object
corresponding to a party happening tomorrow may have a higher
recency-value sub-score than another identified object
corresponding to a concert happening two weeks in the future.
Although this disclosure describes calculating sub-scores for
objects based on recency in a particular manner, this disclosure
contemplates calculating sub-scores for objects based on recency in
any suitable manner.
[0065] In particular embodiments, for an identified object, the
sub-score corresponding to at least one of the scoring axes may be
based on a calculated topic relevance for the identified object
with respect to the query. The social-networking system 160 may
determine one or more topics related to a search query and one or
more topics associated with the identified object. As an example
and not by way of limitation, the social-networking system 160 may
utilize a topic tagger to identify topics associated with
identified objects, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/470583, filed 27 Aug. 2014, which is incorporated herein by
reference. Objects with topics associated with the search query may
receive a higher topic-relevance sub-score than objects with
unrelated topics. As an example and not by way of limitation, for a
search query related to the television show GAME OF THRONES (e.g.,
"Tyrion Lannister actor"), objects associated with a related topic
(e.g., an article about David Benioff, the show runner of GAME OF
THRONES) may have a higher topic-relevance sub-score than an object
associated with an unrelated topic. Although this disclosure
describes calculating sub-scores for objects based on topic
relevance in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates
calculating sub-scores for objects based on topic relevance in any
suitable manner.
[0066] In particular embodiments, for an identified object, the
sub-score corresponding to at least one of the scoring axes may be
based on a calculated author quality associated with the identified
object. As an example and not by way of limitation, an identified
object may have a higher author-quality sub-score if it is
associated with a popular author, while another identified object
associated with a less popular author may have a lower
author-quality sub-score. In particular embodiments, an
author-quality sub-score may be calculated with respect to a topic.
As an example and not by way of limitation, for a search query
related to STAR WARS (e.g., "Wookiee planet"), an identified object
may have a higher author-quality sub-score if it is authored by
George Lucas, the creator of STAR WARS, while another identified
object associated with an author unrelated to the query may have a
lower author-quality sub-score. In particular embodiments, an
author-quality sub-score may be based in part on a number of
"likes" or views an author has received or a measure of the
author's global popularity on the online social network. In
particular embodiments, an author-quality sub-score may be based in
part on a number of connecting edges 206 to nodes associated with a
particular author. For example, an author associated with nodes
having more connecting edges 206 may be more popular and may have a
higher author-quality sub-score than another author associated with
nodes having fewer connecting edges 206. In particular embodiments,
an author-quality sub-score may be based in part on an author's
popularity with respect to the querying user or friends of the
querying user. For example, an identified object associated with an
author who has received a greater number of "likes" from friends of
a querying user may receive a higher author-quality sub-score than
another author who has received fewer "likes" from friends of the
querying user. Although this disclosure describes calculating
sub-scores for objects based on author quality in a particular
manner, this disclosure contemplates calculating sub-scores for
objects based on author quality in any suitable manner.
[0067] In particular embodiments, for an identified object, at
least one sub-score may be based on a degree of separation in a
social graph 200 between the user node 202 corresponding to the
querying user and a node corresponding to the identified object. As
an example and not by way of limitation, a sub-score for an
identified object may be higher if the user node 202 corresponding
to the querying user and the node corresponding to an identified
object have a smaller degree of separation. For example, an
identified object associated with the WASHINGTON POST may have a
higher author-quality sub-score for a user who has liked the
WASHINGTON POST in the past compared to a user who has not.
Although this disclosure describes calculating sub-scores for
objects based on a degree of separation in a particular manner,
this disclosure contemplates calculating sub-scores for objects
based on a degree of separation in any suitable manner.
[0068] FIG. 4B illustrates an example set of particular weighted
sub-scores corresponding to an example set of particular categories
for an example identified object. In particular embodiments, each
scoring axis may correspond to a particular factor associated with
the respective scoring axis. In the example illustrated in FIG. 4B,
four example scoring axes are illustrated, corresponding to the
particular factors of recency, social relevance, text similarity,
and author quality. Although FIG. 4B illustrates particular scoring
axes, this disclosure contemplates any suitable scoring axes
corresponding to any suitable factor. As an example and not by way
of limitation, a scoring axis may correspond to factors associated
with social-graph information (such as, for example, degree of
separation between social-graph nodes, social-graph affinity, or
social relevance, each of which may be its own axis), recency,
topic relevance, author quality, text similarity, popularity,
proximity, a user's search history, or other suitable criteria, or
any suitable combination thereof.
[0069] In particular embodiments, each category-score may be
calculated based on a plurality of sub-scores corresponding to a
plurality of scoring axes. In particular embodiments, each
category-score may be calculated based on a weighting of the
plurality of sub-scores. In this example, four categories are
illustrated, corresponding to a news category, a celebrity
category, a how-to category, and a commentary category. Each
category-score in FIG. 4B may be based on weighted sub-scores
corresponding to the example weighted sub-scores for recency,
social-relevance, text similarity, and author quality. As an
example and not by way of limitation, the category-score
corresponding to the news category bay be based on the weighted
sub-scores of 0.2, 0.4, 0.1, and 0.3, corresponding to the recency,
social relevance, text similarity, and author quality axes,
respectively. Although FIG. 4B illustrates particular categories,
this disclosure contemplates any suitable categories.
[0070] In particular embodiments, each category-score for an
identified object may be calculated based on a weighting of
sub-scores for the identified object. As an example and not by way
of limitation, the identified object for FIG. 4B may have a
sub-score R (author quality)=0.6 corresponding to the author
quality axis. In this example, a weighting of a(author quality,
news)=a(author quality, celebrity)=0.5 may be used for the author
quality axis with respect to the news category and celebrity
category, a weight of a(author quality, how to)=1.0 may be used for
the author quality axis with respect to the how-to axis, and a
weight of a(author quality, commentary)=1/6 may be used for the
author quality axis with respect to the commentary axis. The
weighted sub-score with respect to a category may be calculated by
multiplying the sub-score by the weight, as illustrated by the
entries in the table of FIG. 4B, for which weighted sub-scores
R(author quality)a(author quality, news)=0.3, R(author
quality)a(author a(author quality, celebrity)=0.3, R(author
quality)a(author quality, how to)=0.6, and R(author
quality)a(author a(author quality, commentary)=0.1. Although this
example uses particular values for sub-scores and weights, this
disclosure contemplates that sub-scores and weights may have any
suitable value.
[0071] In particular embodiments, the weighting of the plurality of
sub-scores for a category-score may be a weighted arithmetic mean
of the plurality of sub-scores. As an example and not by way of
limitation, the news category in FIG. 4B may use weights of 0.9,
0.3, 0.3, and 0.5 for the recency, social relevance, text
similarity, and author quality axes, respectively. A category-score
for the news category may be calculated as the sum of weighted
sub-scores divided by the sum of weights. In this example, the
category-score for the news category may be
0.2+0.4+0.1+0.3/0.9+0.3+0.3+0.5=0.5. Although this disclosure may
use particular sub-scores, weights, and category-scores, this
disclosure contemplates any suitable sub-scores, weights, and
category-scores.
[0072] In particular embodiments, each category-score may be
calculated based on a degree of separation between the first node
and a second node corresponding to the identified object. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a user may have liked an
entity related to business and finance news, such as the WALL
STREET JOURNAL. Based on this, an identified object associated with
Jeff Bezos, founder and CEO of AMAZON, may receive a higher
category-score with respect to a celebrity category than for a user
who has no connection to business and finance news. Although this
disclosure may describe calculating a category-score based on a
degree of separation in a particular manner, this disclosure
contemplates calculating a category-score based on a degree of
separation in any suitable manner.
[0073] FIG. 5A illustrates an example set of category scores for an
example set of identified objects. In particular embodiments, the
social-networking system 160 may calculate, for each identified
object, a plurality of category-scores corresponding to a plurality
of categories, respectively. In this example, each of object_1 to
object_N may correspond to an identified object and each of
category_1 to cateogry_C may correspond to a category. Further,
S.sub.n(c) may be the category-score of identified object n with
respect to category c.
[0074] In particular embodiments, each category-score S for an
identified object n may be calculated based on a weighting of
sub-scores for the identified object. In particular embodiments,
the weighting of the plurality of sub-scores for a category-score
may be a weighted arithmetic mean of the plurality of sub-scores.
As an example and not by way of limitation, the category-score S
for identified object n with respect to category c may be
calculated as
S n ( c ) = k a ( k , c ) R ( k ) k a ( k , c ) ##EQU00002##
where R(k) may be the sub-score of identified object n with respect
to the k.sup.th axis, and a(k, c) may be a weight of the k.sup.th
sub-score with respect to category c.
[0075] In particular embodiments, the plurality of categories may
comprise one or more pre-determined categories. Pre-determined
categories may be determined prior identifying a set of objects in
response to a query. As an example and not by way of limitation,
pre-determined categories may include a domain expert category, a
celebrity category, a review category, a how-to category, a
commentary category, a news category, or any other suitable
category. Although this disclosure describes particular
pre-determined categories, this disclosure contemplates use of any
suitable pre-determined categories.
[0076] In particular embodiments, the plurality of categories may
comprise one or more categories determined dynamically based on one
or more topics associated with the identified objects. As an
example and not by way of limitation, the social-networking system
160 may receive a search query for "THE AVENGERS." In this example,
dynamic categories may include "IRON MAN" or "CAPTAIN AMERICA"
based on these topics appearing in many of the identified objects.
In other words, dynamic categories corresponding to particular
topics are created based on the appearance of those topics in the
identified objects. The social-networking system 160 may calculate
a category-score for the one or more dynamically determined
categories. As an example and not by way of limitation, if "IRON
MAN" is a dynamically determined category, a category-score for the
"IRON MAN" category may be calculated. In particular embodiments, a
topic of an identified object and a corresponding dynamic category
may be determined by a topic tagger. The social-networking system
160 may utilize a topic tagger to identify topics associated with
identified objects, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.
No. 14/470583, filed 27 Aug. 2014, which is incorporated herein by
reference. As an example and not by way of limitation, a topic
tagger may determine that a number of identified objects are
related to the topic "CAPTAIN AMERICA," and based on this, "CAPTAIN
AMERICA" may be dynamically determined as a category. In particular
embodiments, the plurality of categories may comprise one or more
categories determined dynamically based on a language-model
analysis of the identified objects. As an example and not by way of
limitation, using the example search query for "THE AVENGERS,"
dynamic categories may include "IRON MAN" or "CAPTAIN AMERICA"
based on a language model (e.g., the n-grams "IRON MAN," "CAPTAIN
AMERICA," or "TONY STARK" appear with a relatively high frequency
in the results). Although this disclosure describes dynamically
determining categories in a particular manner, this disclosure
contemplates dynamically determining categories in any suitable
manner.
[0077] FIG. 5B illustrates an example set of particular
category-scores corresponding to an example set of identified
objects. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system
160 may categorize each identified object into a category of the
plurality of categories based on the category-scores for the
identified object. As an example and not by way of limitation,
referencing FIG. 5B, object_6 may be categorized into the celebrity
category based having a category-score of 0.7 with respect to the
celebrity category, compared to the lower category-scores with
respect to other categories. In particular embodiments, each
identified object may be categorized into no more than one category
of the plurality of categories. An identified object may be
categorized into only the category for which it has the highest
category-score. For example, object_4 may be categorized into the
how-to category based on a category-score of 0.8 with respect to
the how-to category, but not the celebrity category, despite
receiving a 0.7 category-score with respect to the celebrity
category. Although FIG. 5B illustrates particular categories,
objects, and category-scores, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable categories, objects, or category-scores.
[0078] In particular embodiments, categorizing each identified
object into a category of the plurality of categories may be based
on a pre-filtering process. As an example and not by way of
limitation, as discussed above, the social-networking system 160
may utilize a topic tagger to identify topics associated with
identified objects. A topic tagger may associate an identified
object with a particular topic. An identified object may be
categorized based on topics associated with the object. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a topic tagger may identify
that a particular identified object is associated with the topic of
celebrity singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. Further, in this example,
there may exist a celebrity category. Based on the association of
the particular identified object with a celebrity, that object may
be categorized into the celebrity category. In particular
embodiments, an identified object may comprise metadata associated
with a particular category. As an example and not by way of
limitation, an identified object may comprise metadata indicating
that it is a news article (e.g., the object comprises metadata
indicated that it is an article associated with the website
CNN.com, a news content provider). In this example, the identified
object may be categorized in a news category based on the metadata.
Although this disclosure describes categorizing an identified
object into a category based on a pre-filtering process in a
particular manner, this disclosure contemplates categorizing an
identified object into a category based on a pre-filtering process
in any suitable manner.
[0079] In particular embodiments, categorizing each identified
object into a category of the plurality of categories may be based
on a natural-language model analysis of the identified object. In
particular embodiments, a natural-language model may utilize a
deep-learning model (e.g., a machine learning model, a neural
network, etc.). A natural-language model may be a unigram model, an
n-gram model, a continuous space language model, or any other
suitable language model. As an example and not by way of
limitation, an analysis of a particular identified object based on
natural-language model may determine that there is a 94%
probability that the object is associated with news. In this
example, the particular identified object may contain n-grams that
indicate that the object is a news article (e.g., the object may
reference a common news topic or contain terminology associated
with news articles). Based on this natural-language analysis of the
object, the object may be categorized into a news category.
Although this disclosure describes categorizing an identified
object into a category based on a natural-language model analysis
in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates categorizing
an identified object into a category based on a natural-language
model analysis in any suitable manner.
[0080] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may adjust the category-scores for one or more of the identified
objects based on an author diversity among the categorized objects
having the highest calculated category-scores. As an example and
not by way of limitation, a particular set of identified objects
may comprise a large number of identified objects with the highest
category-scores authored by columnist Ezra Klein. In this example,
some of the objects authored by Ezra Klein may have the
category-score adjusted downward, while other objects authored by
Ezra Klein may retain the original category-score. This may be
promote search results that feature a diverse set of authors. In
particular embodiments, an author may be a person or an
institution. As an example and not by way of limitation, for an
object comprising an article authored by Roger Cohen for the NEW
YORK TIMES, the author may be Roger Cohen or the NEW YORK TIMES.
Although this disclosure describes adjusting category-scores based
on author diversity in a particular manner, this disclosure
contemplates adjusting category-scores based on author diversity in
any suitable manner.
[0081] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may send, to the client system 130 in response to the query, one or
more search results corresponding to one or more of the categorized
objects for display. Each search result may reference the
respective categorized object. The one or more categorized objects
of the search results may comprises objects categorized into one or
more selected categories. For each selected category one of the
search results may correspond to a categorized object having a
highest calculated category-score corresponding to the respective
selected category. The search results may be sent to the user, for
example, in the form of a list of links on a search-results
webpage, each link being associated with a different webpage that
contains some of the identified resources or content. In particular
embodiments, each link in the search results may be in the form of
a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that specifies where the
corresponding webpage is located and the mechanism for retrieving
it. The social-networking system 160 may then send the
search-results webpage to the web browser 132 on the user's client
system 130. The user may then click on the URL links or otherwise
select the content from the search-results webpage to access the
content from the social-networking system 160 or from an external
system (such as, for example, third-party system 170), as
appropriate. In particular embodiments, each search result may
include a link to a profile interface and a description or summary
of the profile interface (or the node corresponding to that profile
interface). The search results may be presented and sent to the
querying user as a search-results interface. The search-results
interface may display search results based on the categories of the
respective identified objects. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a search-results interface may display separate lists
for each selected category, each list comprising the search results
with the highest category-scores for the corresponding selected
categories. When generating the search results, the
social-networking system 160 may generate and send to the querying
user one or more snippets for each search result, where the
snippets are contextual information about the target of the search
result (i.e., contextual information about the social-graph entity,
profile interface, or other content corresponding to the particular
search result). In particular embodiments, categories may be
selected based on a pre-determined selection of categories. As an
example and not by way of limitation, a news category may be a
pre-determined selected category. Additionally or alternatively,
categories may be selected based on the identified objects. As an
example and not by way of limitation, categories may be selected
based on a number of identified objects being categorized into a
category, having a threshold category-score, or based on identified
objects in any suitable manner. As an example and not by way of
limitation, if at least 10 percent of the identified objects are
categorized into a particular category, that particular category
may be selected. As another example and not by way of limitation,
if a threshold number of identified objects are categorized into a
particular category, and at least 15 percent of those objects have
at least threshold category-score corresponding to the particular
category, then that particular may be selected. In particular
embodiments, categories may be selected based on a degree of
separation between the first node and a one or more second nodes
associated with one or more of the selected categories. For
example, a news category may be selected based on a relatively
small degree of separation between the node corresponding to the
user and a node corresponding to a news category. Although this
disclosure describes sending particular search results and
selecting categories in a particular manner, this disclosure
contemplates sending any suitable search results and selecting
categories in any suitable manner.
[0082] In particular embodiments, for each selected category, the
one or more search results categorized into the selected category
may comprise a set of blended search results. The blended search
results may be generated by blending the plurality of sub-sets of
identified objects from the plurality of verticals. As discussed
above, identifying the set of objects associated with the online
social network matching the query may comprise searching a
plurality of verticals to identify a plurality of sub-sets of
objects from the plurality of verticals, respectively, that match
the search query. Blending search results may refer to a process
where a plurality of sets of identified objects are combined, or
blended, to form a set of blended search results that may be
returned in response to a search query. Each sub-set may be
associated with a particular vertical. In connection with blended
search results, particular embodiments may utilize one or more
systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or
steps disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/454826,
filed 8 Aug. 2016 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/244748,
filed 3 Apr. 2014, each of which are incorporated by reference.
Although this disclosure describes blending search results in a
particular manner, this disclosure contemplates blending search
results in any suitable manner.
[0083] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may receive, from the client system 130, a request for additional
search results associated with a particular category of the
plurality of categories. As an example and not by way of
limitation, a search-results interface may display search results
organized by the selected categories, with a separate list of
search results corresponding to each selected category being
displayed. In this example, each category may have a button or link
that allows a user to search for more search results within a
particular category. If a user clicks the button, the client system
130 may send to the social-networking system 160 a request for
additional search results associated with the particular category.
In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160 may
send, to the client system 130 in response to the request, one or
more search results corresponding to the particular category. As an
example and not by way of limitation, if the request is for more
search results corresponding to a commentary category, the
social-networking system 160 may identify and send additional
search results corresponding to the commentary category. Although
this disclosure describes sending additional search results
associated with a particular category in respond to a request in a
particular manner, this disclosure contemplates sending additional
search results associated with a particular category in respond to
a request in any suitable manner.
[0084] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may, for each selected category, rank the search results
corresponding to the selected category based on the category-score
for the categorized object corresponding to the search result. As
an example and not by way of limitation, search results
corresponding to objects with higher category-scores may be ranked
higher. In particular embodiments, higher ranked objects may be
displayed above lower ranked objects. Although this disclosure
describes ranking search based on a category-score in a particular
manner, this disclosure contemplates ranking search based on a
category-score in any suitable manner.
[0085] FIG. 6 illustrates an example post on a social network and
an example graphical representation of category-scores for the
post. Post 610 may be a post from television personality and chef
Alton Brown, which includes text and a link to a recipe for
watermelon rind pickles. This post may match a query received from
a user, for example, a query for "pickle recipes." Graph 620 may be
a graphical representation of category-scores for post 610 with
respect to a celebrity category, a commentary category, a how-to
category, a news category, and a review category. For each of these
categories, the corresponding category-score calculated for post
610 may be plotted along the corresponding axes. Graph 620 may
allow a user to quickly ascertain relative category-scores for post
610. For example, graph 620 shows that post 610 has relatively high
category-scores for the celebrity and how-to categories, with the
highest category-score corresponding to the how-to category.
Although FIG. 6 illustrates a particular post and a particular
graphical representation of category-scores, this disclosure
contemplates any suitable post and any suitable graphical
representation of any suitable category-scores.
[0086] FIG. 7 illustrates an example method 700 for categorizing
objects based on a plurality of category-scores. The method may
begin at step 710, where the social-networking system 160 may
receive, from a client system of a user of an online social
network, a query inputted by the user. At step 720, the
social-networking system 160 may identify a set of objects
associated with the online social network matching the query. At
step 730, the social-networking system 160 may calculate, for each
identified object, a plurality of category-scores corresponding to
a plurality of categories, respectively, wherein each
category-score may be calculated based on a plurality of sub-scores
corresponding to a plurality of scoring axes, respectively, each
scoring axis corresponding to a particular factor associated with
the respective scoring axis, and wherein each category-score may be
calculated based on a weighting of the plurality of sub-scores, the
weighting for each sub-score being based on the category
corresponding to the respective category-score. At step 740, the
social-networking system 160 may categorize each identified object
into a category of the plurality of categories based on the
category-scores for the identified object. At step 750, the
social-networking system 160 may send, to the client system 130 in
response to the query, one or more search results corresponding to
one or more of the categorized objects for display, each search
result referencing the respective categorized object, wherein the
one or more categorized objects of the search results comprises
objects categorized into one or more selected categories, and
wherein for each selected category one of the search results may
correspond to a categorized object having a highest calculated
category-score corresponding to the respective selected category.
Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method
of FIG. 7, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes
and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 7 as
occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable steps of the method of FIG. 7 occurring in any suitable
order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates
an example method for categorizing objects based on a plurality of
category-scores including the particular steps of the method of
FIG. 7, this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for
categorizing objects based on a plurality of category-scores
including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none
of the steps of the method of FIG. 7, where appropriate.
Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates
particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular
steps of the method of FIG. 7, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or
systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG.
7.
[0087] FIG. 8 illustrates an example method 800 for categorizing
objects based on a plurality of category-scores using a
pre-filtering process. The method may begin at step 810, where the
social-networking system 160 may receive, from a client system 130
of a user of an online social network, a query inputted by the
user. At step 820, the social-networking system 160 may identify a
set of objects associated with the online social network matching
the query. At step 830, the social-networking system 160 may
determine, for each identified object, one or more topics
associated with the identified object. At step 840, the
social-networking system 160 may categorize each identified object
into a category of a plurality of categories based on the one or
more topics associated with the identified object. At step 850, the
social-networking system 160 may send, to the client system 130 in
response to the query, one or more search results corresponding to
one or more of the categorized objects for display, each search
result referencing the respective categorized object, wherein the
one or more categorized objects of the search results comprises
objects categorized into one or more selected categories.
Particular embodiments may repeat one or more steps of the method
of FIG. 8, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes
and illustrates particular steps of the method of FIG. 8 as
occurring in a particular order, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable steps of the method of FIG. 8 occurring in any suitable
order. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates
an example method for categorizing objects based on a plurality of
category-scores including the particular steps of the method of
FIG. 8, this disclosure contemplates any suitable method for
categorizing objects based on a plurality of category-scores
including any suitable steps, which may include all, some, or none
of the steps of the method of FIG. 8, where appropriate.
Furthermore, although this disclosure describes and illustrates
particular components, devices, or systems carrying out particular
steps of the method of FIG. 8, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable combination of any suitable components, devices, or
systems carrying out any suitable steps of the method of FIG.
8.
Social Graph Affinity and Coefficient
[0088] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may determine the social-graph affinity (which may be referred to
herein as "affinity") of various social-graph entities for each
other. Affinity may represent the strength of a relationship or
level of interest between particular objects associated with the
online social network, such as users, concepts, content, actions,
advertisements, other objects associated with the online social
network, or any suitable combination thereof. Affinity may also be
determined with respect to objects associated with third-party
systems 170 or other suitable systems. An overall affinity for a
social-graph entity for each user, subject matter, or type of
content may be established. The overall affinity may change based
on continued monitoring of the actions or relationships associated
with the social-graph entity. Although this disclosure describes
determining particular affinities in a particular manner, this
disclosure contemplates determining any suitable affinities in any
suitable manner.
[0089] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may measure or quantify social-graph affinity using an affinity
coefficient (which may be referred to herein as "coefficient"). The
coefficient may represent or quantify the strength of a
relationship between particular objects associated with the online
social network. The coefficient may also represent a probability or
function that measures a predicted probability that a user will
perform a particular action based on the user's interest in the
action. In this way, a user's future actions may be predicted based
on the user's prior actions, where the coefficient may be
calculated based at least in part on the history of the user's
actions. Coefficients may be used to predict any number of actions,
which may be within or outside of the online social network. As an
example and not by way of limitation, these actions may include
various types of communications, such as sending messages, posting
content, or commenting on content; various types of observation
actions, such as accessing or viewing profile interfaces, media, or
other suitable content; various types of coincidence information
about two or more social-graph entities, such as being in the same
group, tagged in the same photograph, checked-in at the same
location, or attending the same event; or other suitable actions.
Although this disclosure describes measuring affinity in a
particular manner, this disclosure contemplates measuring affinity
in any suitable manner.
[0090] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may use a variety of factors to calculate a coefficient. These
factors may include, for example, user actions, types of
relationships between objects, location information, other suitable
factors, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments,
different factors may be weighted differently when calculating the
coefficient. The weights for each factor may be static or the
weights may change according to, for example, the user, the type of
relationship, the type of action, the user's location, and so
forth. Ratings for the factors may be combined according to their
weights to determine an overall coefficient for the user. As an
example and not by way of limitation, particular user actions may
be assigned both a rating and a weight while a relationship
associated with the particular user action is assigned a rating and
a correlating weight (e.g., so the weights total 100%). To
calculate the coefficient of a user towards a particular object,
the rating assigned to the user's actions may comprise, for
example, 60% of the overall coefficient, while the relationship
between the user and the object may comprise 40% of the overall
coefficient. In particular embodiments, the social-networking
system 160 may consider a variety of variables when determining
weights for various factors used to calculate a coefficient, such
as, for example, the time since information was accessed, decay
factors, frequency of access, relationship to information or
relationship to the object about which information was accessed,
relationship to social-graph entities connected to the object,
short- or long-term averages of user actions, user feedback, other
suitable variables, or any combination thereof. As an example and
not by way of limitation, a coefficient may include a decay factor
that causes the strength of the signal provided by particular
actions to decay with time, such that more recent actions are more
relevant when calculating the coefficient. The ratings and weights
may be continuously updated based on continued tracking of the
actions upon which the coefficient is based. Any type of process or
algorithm may be employed for assigning, combining, averaging, and
so forth the ratings for each factor and the weights assigned to
the factors. In particular embodiments, the social-networking
system 160 may determine coefficients using machine-learning
algorithms trained on historical actions and past user responses,
or data farmed from users by exposing them to various options and
measuring responses. Although this disclosure describes calculating
coefficients in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates
calculating coefficients in any suitable manner.
[0091] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may calculate a coefficient based on a user's actions. The
social-networking system 160 may monitor such actions on the online
social network, on a third-party system 170, on other suitable
systems, or any combination thereof. Any suitable type of user
actions may be tracked or monitored. Typical user actions include
viewing profile interfaces, creating or posting content,
interacting with content, tagging or being tagged in images,
joining groups, listing and confirming attendance at events,
checking-in at locations, liking particular interfaces, creating
interfaces, and performing other tasks that facilitate social
action. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may calculate a coefficient based on the user's actions with
particular types of content. The content may be associated with the
online social network, a third-party system 170, or another
suitable system. The content may include users, profile interfaces,
posts, news stories, headlines, instant messages, chat room
conversations, emails, advertisements, pictures, video, music,
other suitable objects, or any combination thereof. The
social-networking system 160 may analyze a user's actions to
determine whether one or more of the actions indicate an affinity
for subject matter, content, other users, and so forth. As an
example and not by way of limitation, if a user frequently posts
content related to "coffee" or variants thereof, the
social-networking system 160 may determine the user has a high
coefficient with respect to the concept "coffee". Particular
actions or types of actions may be assigned a higher weight and/or
rating than other actions, which may affect the overall calculated
coefficient. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a first
user emails a second user, the weight or the rating for the action
may be higher than if the first user simply views the user-profile
interface for the second user.
[0092] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may calculate a coefficient based on the type of relationship
between particular objects. Referencing the social graph 200, the
social-networking system 160 may analyze the number and/or type of
edges 206 connecting particular user nodes 202 and concept nodes
204 when calculating a coefficient. As an example and not by way of
limitation, user nodes 202 that are connected by a spouse-type edge
(representing that the two users are married) may be assigned a
higher coefficient than a user nodes 202 that are connected by a
friend-type edge. In other words, depending upon the weights
assigned to the actions and relationships for the particular user,
the overall affinity may be determined to be higher for content
about the user's spouse than for content about the user's friend.
In particular embodiments, the relationships a user has with
another object may affect the weights and/or the ratings of the
user's actions with respect to calculating the coefficient for that
object. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user is
tagged in a first photo, but merely likes a second photo, the
social-networking system 160 may determine that the user has a
higher coefficient with respect to the first photo than the second
photo because having a tagged-in-type relationship with content may
be assigned a higher weight and/or rating than having a like-type
relationship with content. In particular embodiments, the
social-networking system 160 may calculate a coefficient for a
first user based on the relationship one or more second users have
with a particular object. In other words, the connections and
coefficients other users have with an object may affect the first
user's coefficient for the object. As an example and not by way of
limitation, if a first user is connected to or has a high
coefficient for one or more second users, and those second users
are connected to or have a high coefficient for a particular
object, the social-networking system 160 may determine that the
first user should also have a relatively high coefficient for the
particular object. In particular embodiments, the coefficient may
be based on the degree of separation between particular objects.
The lower coefficient may represent the decreasing likelihood that
the first user will share an interest in content objects of the
user that is indirectly connected to the first user in the social
graph 200. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-graph
entities that are closer in the social graph 200 (i.e., fewer
degrees of separation) may have a higher coefficient than entities
that are further apart in the social graph 200.
[0093] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may calculate a coefficient based on location information. Objects
that are geographically closer to each other may be considered to
be more related or of more interest to each other than more distant
objects. In particular embodiments, the coefficient of a user
towards a particular object may be based on the proximity of the
object's location to a current location associated with the user
(or the location of a client system 130 of the user). A first user
may be more interested in other users or concepts that are closer
to the first user. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a
user is one mile from an airport and two miles from a gas station,
the social-networking system 160 may determine that the user has a
higher coefficient for the airport than the gas station based on
the proximity of the airport to the user.
[0094] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may perform particular actions with respect to a user based on
coefficient information. Coefficients may be used to predict
whether a user will perform a particular action based on the user's
interest in the action. A coefficient may be used when generating
or presenting any type of objects to a user, such as
advertisements, search results, news stories, media, messages,
notifications, or other suitable objects. The coefficient may also
be utilized to rank and order such objects, as appropriate. In this
way, the social-networking system 160 may provide information that
is relevant to user's interests and current circumstances,
increasing the likelihood that they will find such information of
interest. In particular embodiments, the social-networking system
160 may generate content based on coefficient information. Content
objects may be provided or selected based on coefficients specific
to a user. As an example and not by way of limitation, the
coefficient may be used to generate media for the user, where the
user may be presented with media for which the user has a high
overall coefficient with respect to the media object. As another
example and not by way of limitation, the coefficient may be used
to generate advertisements for the user, where the user may be
presented with advertisements for which the user has a high overall
coefficient with respect to the advertised object. In particular
embodiments, the social-networking system 160 may generate search
results based on coefficient information. Search results for a
particular user may be scored or ranked based on the coefficient
associated with the search results with respect to the querying
user. As an example and not by way of limitation, search results
corresponding to objects with higher coefficients may be ranked
higher on a search-results interface than results corresponding to
objects having lower coefficients.
[0095] In particular embodiments, the social-networking system 160
may calculate a coefficient in response to a request for a
coefficient from a particular system or process. To predict the
likely actions a user may take (or may be the subject of) in a
given situation, any process may request a calculated coefficient
for a user. The request may also include a set of weights to use
for various factors used to calculate the coefficient. This request
may come from a process running on the online social network, from
a third-party system 170 (e.g., via an API or other communication
channel), or from another suitable system. In response to the
request, the social-networking system 160 may calculate the
coefficient (or access the coefficient information if it has
previously been calculated and stored). In particular embodiments,
the social-networking system 160 may measure an affinity with
respect to a particular process. Different processes (both internal
and external to the online social network) may request a
coefficient for a particular object or set of objects. The
social-networking system 160 may provide a measure of affinity that
is relevant to the particular process that requested the measure of
affinity. In this way, each process receives a measure of affinity
that is tailored for the different context in which the process
will use the measure of affinity.
[0096] In connection with social-graph affinity and affinity
coefficients, particular embodiments may utilize one or more
systems, components, elements, functions, methods, operations, or
steps disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/503093,
filed 11 Aug. 2006, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/977027,
filed 22 Dec. 2010, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/978265,
filed 23 Dec. 2010, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/632869,
filed 1 Oct. 2012, each of which is incorporated by reference.
Advertising
[0097] In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be text
(which may be HTML-linked), one or more images (which may be
HTML-linked), one or more videos, audio, one or more ADOBE FLASH
files, a suitable combination of these, or any other suitable
advertisement in any suitable digital format presented on one or
more web interfaces, in one or more e-mails, or in connection with
search results requested by a user. In addition or as an
alternative, an advertisement may be one or more sponsored stories
(e.g., a news-feed or ticker item on the social-networking system
160). A sponsored story may be a social action by a user (such as
"liking" an interface, "liking" or commenting on a post on an
interface, RSVPing to an event associated with an interface, voting
on a question posted on an interface, checking in to a place, using
an application or playing a game, or "liking" or sharing a website)
that an advertiser promotes, for example, by having the social
action presented within a pre-determined area of a profile
interface of a user or other interface, presented with additional
information associated with the advertiser, bumped up or otherwise
highlighted within news feeds or tickers of other users, or
otherwise promoted. The advertiser may pay to have the social
action promoted. As an example and not by way of limitation,
advertisements may be included among the search results of a
search-results interface, where sponsored content is promoted over
non-sponsored content.
[0098] In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be requested
for display within social-networking-system web interfaces,
third-party web interfaces, or other interfaces. An advertisement
may be displayed in a dedicated portion of an interface, such as in
a banner area at the top of the interface, in a column at the side
of the interface, in a GUI within the interface, in a pop-up
window, in a drop-down menu, in an input field of the interface,
over the top of content of the interface, or elsewhere with respect
to the interface. In addition or as an alternative, an
advertisement may be displayed within an application. An
advertisement may be displayed within dedicated interfaces,
requiring the user to interact with or watch the advertisement
before the user may access an interface or utilize an application.
The user may, for example view the advertisement through a web
browser.
[0099] A user may interact with an advertisement in any suitable
manner. The user may click or otherwise select the advertisement.
By selecting the advertisement, the user may be directed to (or a
browser or other application being used by the user) an interface
associated with the advertisement. At the interface associated with
the advertisement, the user may take additional actions, such as
purchasing a product or service associated with the advertisement,
receiving information associated with the advertisement, or
subscribing to a newsletter associated with the advertisement. An
advertisement with audio or video may be played by selecting a
component of the advertisement (like a "play button").
Alternatively, by selecting the advertisement, the
social-networking system 160 may execute or modify a particular
action of the user.
[0100] An advertisement may also include social-networking-system
functionality that a user may interact with. As an example and not
by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to "like"
or otherwise endorse the advertisement by selecting an icon or link
associated with endorsement. As another example and not by way of
limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to search (e.g., by
executing a query) for content related to the advertiser.
Similarly, a user may share the advertisement with another user
(e.g., through the social-networking system 160) or RSVP (e.g.,
through the social-networking system 160) to an event associated
with the advertisement. In addition or as an alternative, an
advertisement may include social-networking-system content directed
to the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, an
advertisement may display information about a friend of the user
within the social-networking system 160 who has taken an action
associated with the subject matter of the advertisement.
Systems and Methods
[0101] FIG. 9 illustrates an example computer system 900. In
particular embodiments, one or more computer systems 900 perform
one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated
herein. In particular embodiments, one or more computer systems 900
provide functionality described or illustrated herein. In
particular embodiments, software running on one or more computer
systems 900 performs one or more steps of one or more methods
described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described
or illustrated herein. Particular embodiments include one or more
portions of one or more computer systems 900. Herein, reference to
a computer system may encompass a computing device, and vice versa,
where appropriate. Moreover, reference to a computer system may
encompass one or more computer systems, where appropriate.
[0102] This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer
systems 900. This disclosure contemplates computer system 900
taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of
limitation, computer system 900 may be an embedded computer system,
a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such
as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module
(SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer
system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer
systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a
server, a tablet computer system, or a combination of two or more
of these. Where appropriate, computer system 900 may include one or
more computer systems 900; be unitary or distributed; span multiple
locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data centers; or
reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components
in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer
systems 900 may perform without substantial spatial or temporal
limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or
illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one
or more computer systems 900 may perform in real time or in batch
mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or
illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 900 may perform at
different times or at different locations one or more steps of one
or more methods described or illustrated herein, where
appropriate.
[0103] In particular embodiments, computer system 900 includes a
processor 902, memory 904, storage 906, an input/output (I/O)
interface 908, a communication interface 910, and a bus 912.
Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular
computer system having a particular number of particular components
in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any
suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable
components in any suitable arrangement.
[0104] In particular embodiments, processor 902 includes hardware
for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer
program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute
instructions, processor 902 may retrieve (or fetch) the
instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory
904, or storage 906; decode and execute them; and then write one or
more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory
904, or storage 906. In particular embodiments, processor 902 may
include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or
addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 902 including any
suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate.
As an example and not by way of limitation, processor 902 may
include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches,
and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions
in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory
904 or storage 906, and the instruction caches may speed up
retrieval of those instructions by processor 902. Data in the data
caches may be copies of data in memory 904 or storage 906 for
instructions executing at processor 902 to operate on; the results
of previous instructions executed at processor 902 for access by
subsequent instructions executing at processor 902 or for writing
to memory 904 or storage 906; or other suitable data. The data
caches may speed up read or write operations by processor 902. The
TLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor 902. In
particular embodiments, processor 902 may include one or more
internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This
disclosure contemplates processor 902 including any suitable number
of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where
appropriate, processor 902 may include one or more arithmetic logic
units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more
processors 902. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates
a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
processor.
[0105] In particular embodiments, memory 904 includes main memory
for storing instructions for processor 902 to execute or data for
processor 902 to operate on. As an example and not by way of
limitation, computer system 900 may load instructions from storage
906 or another source (such as, for example, another computer
system 900) to memory 904. Processor 902 may then load the
instructions from memory 904 to an internal register or internal
cache. To execute the instructions, processor 902 may retrieve the
instructions from the internal register or internal cache and
decode them. During or after execution of the instructions,
processor 902 may write one or more results (which may be
intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal
cache. Processor 902 may then write one or more of those results to
memory 904. In particular embodiments, processor 902 executes only
instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches
or in memory 904 (as opposed to storage 906 or elsewhere) and
operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal
caches or in memory 904 (as opposed to storage 906 or elsewhere).
One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and
a data bus) may couple processor 902 to memory 904. Bus 912 may
include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular
embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside
between processor 902 and memory 904 and facilitate accesses to
memory 904 requested by processor 902. In particular embodiments,
memory 904 includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be
volatile memory, where appropriate Where appropriate, this RAM may
be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where
appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM.
This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 904 may
include one or more memories 904, where appropriate. Although this
disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this
disclosure contemplates any suitable memory.
[0106] In particular embodiments, storage 906 includes mass storage
for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of
limitation, storage 906 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a
floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical
disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a
combination of two or more of these. Storage 906 may include
removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate.
Storage 906 may be internal or external to computer system 900,
where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage 906 is
non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments,
storage 906 includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate,
this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM),
erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM),
electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a
combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates
mass storage 906 taking any suitable physical form. Storage 906 may
include one or more storage control units facilitating
communication between processor 902 and storage 906, where
appropriate. Where appropriate, storage 906 may include one or more
storages 906. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates
particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
storage.
[0107] In particular embodiments, I/O interface 908 includes
hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for
communication between computer system 900 and one or more I/O
devices. Computer system 900 may include one or more of these I/O
devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may
enable communication between a person and computer system 900. As
an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include
a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner,
speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball,
video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two
or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors.
This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any
suitable I/O interfaces 908 for them. Where appropriate, I/O
interface 908 may include one or more device or software drivers
enabling processor 902 to drive one or more of these I/O devices.
I/O interface 908 may include one or more I/O interfaces 908, where
appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a
particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable
I/O interface.
[0108] In particular embodiments, communication interface 910
includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more
interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based
communication) between computer system 900 and one or more other
computer systems 900 or one or more networks. As an example and not
by way of limitation, communication interface 910 may include a
network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for
communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a
wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a
wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure
contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication
interface 910 for it. As an example and not by way of limitation,
computer system 900 may communicate with an ad hoc network, a
personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide
area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or
more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of
these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be
wired or wireless. As an example, computer system 900 may
communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a
BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular
telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network
or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system 900 may
include any suitable communication interface 910 for any of these
networks, where appropriate. Communication interface 910 may
include one or more communication interfaces 910, where
appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a
particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates
any suitable communication interface.
[0109] In particular embodiments, bus 912 includes hardware,
software, or both coupling components of computer system 900 to
each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus 912 may
include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus,
an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side
bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard
Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count
(LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe)
bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video
Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another
suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus 912 may
include one or more buses 912, where appropriate. Although this
disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this
disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect.
[0110] Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or
media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other
integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable
gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk
drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical
disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives,
floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes,
solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or
drives, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage
media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where
appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may
be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and
non-volatile, where appropriate.
Miscellaneous
[0111] Herein, "or" is inclusive and not exclusive, unless
expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
Therefore, herein, "A or B" means "A, B, or both," unless expressly
indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover,
"and" is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated
otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, "A
and B" means "A and B, jointly or severally," unless expressly
indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
[0112] The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes,
substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the
example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person
having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of
this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described
or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes
and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including
particular components, elements, feature, functions, operations, or
steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or
permutation of any of the components, elements, features,
functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere
herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would
comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an
apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being
adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to,
operable to, or operative to perform a particular function
encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or
that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as
long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted,
arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.
Additionally, although this disclosure describes or illustrates
particular embodiments as providing particular advantages,
particular embodiments may provide none, some, or all of these
advantages.
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