U.S. patent application number 16/140257 was filed with the patent office on 2019-01-31 for method and apparatus for drying a material.
This patent application is currently assigned to Mars, Incorporated. The applicant listed for this patent is Mars, Incorporated. Invention is credited to Siegfried Schmidt, Maria Toivonen.
Application Number | 20190032997 16/140257 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40226984 |
Filed Date | 2019-01-31 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190032997 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Schmidt; Siegfried ; et
al. |
January 31, 2019 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DRYING A MATERIAL
Abstract
The invention relates to a method of drying a material, that
includes the steps of: providing a gaseous atmosphere with
superheated steam in a housing, transporting a material into the
housing, and drying the material in the gaseous atmosphere.
Thereafter, transporting the dried material out of the housing and
extracting from the gaseous atmosphere volatile substances which
escape from the material into the gaseous atmosphere, especially
flavors. The invention is also direct to an apparatus for drying
the extruded material.
Inventors: |
Schmidt; Siegfried; (Verden,
DE) ; Toivonen; Maria; (Verden, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Mars, Incorporated |
McLean |
VA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Mars, Incorporated
McLean
VA
|
Family ID: |
40226984 |
Appl. No.: |
16/140257 |
Filed: |
September 24, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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14740096 |
Jun 15, 2015 |
10113794 |
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16140257 |
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12671669 |
Mar 17, 2010 |
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PCT/EP2008/006428 |
Aug 5, 2008 |
|
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14740096 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F26B 3/04 20130101; F26B
3/02 20130101; F26B 21/14 20130101; F26B 15/143 20130101; F26B
25/006 20130101; F26B 15/18 20130101; F26B 3/00 20130101; F26B
25/002 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F26B 25/00 20060101
F26B025/00; F26B 21/14 20060101 F26B021/14; F26B 15/18 20060101
F26B015/18; F26B 3/00 20060101 F26B003/00; F26B 3/04 20060101
F26B003/04; F26B 3/02 20060101 F26B003/02; F26B 15/14 20060101
F26B015/14 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Aug 7, 2007 |
DE |
102007037605.9 |
Claims
1-30. (canceled)
31. A method, comprising: extruding a food product; transporting
the food product into a housing having a gaseous atmosphere with
superheated steam; filling a packaging container with the food
product; and sealing the packaging container having the food
product.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein, after the transporting step,
the food product includes a water content of less than 50% by
weight.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein the gaseous atmosphere is at a
temperature of more than 100.degree. C.
34. The method of claim 31, wherein the gaseous atmosphere is at a
pressure greater than ambient pressure.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein the gaseous atmosphere has an
oxygen content of less than 5% by volume.
36. The method of claim 31, wherein the packaging container is a
tin.
37. The method of claim 36, the packaging container is sealed with
a can lid.
38. An apparatus, comprising: a housing for holding a gaseous
atmosphere with superheated steam and receiving a food product; a
conveyor for transporting the food product into the housing; a
filling station configured to fill a packaging container with the
food product; a sealing station configured to seal the packaging
container filled with the food product.
39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the conveyor includes a
perforated conveyor belt.
40. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the conveyor extends as far
as the packing station.
41. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein a cyclone separator is
disposed in the housing.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/740,096, filed Jun. 15, 2015, which is a
continuation of Ser. No. 12/671,669, filed Mar. 17, 2010, which is
a National Stage Entry under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 371 of International
Application No. PCT/EP2008/006428, filed Aug. 5, 2008, which claims
the benefit of priority from DE 10 2007 037 605.9, filed Aug. 7,
2007, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
this reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for
drying a material.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Numerous materials first have to be dried before further
processing or packing. Furthermore, especially if the material is a
food product, the drying process must as far as possible be
performed in such a way that any contact between the material to be
dried and germs or other micro-organisms can be ruled out. With
conventional drying methods, in which there is contact between the
material and dry air, it is, however, difficult to achieve general
sterility. Furthermore, the drying inevitably involves a certain
loss of volatile components, which escape from the material because
of the elevated drying temperature.
[0004] The problem of the invention consists in providing a method
and an apparatus which make it possible to dry a material
efficiently without this entailing any contamination with
undesirable germs and without any excessive loss of volatile
components occurring.
SUMMARY
[0005] From the point of view of process engineering, this problem
is solved by a method of drying an extruded material, comprising
the steps of: providing a gaseous atmosphere with superheated steam
in a housing, transporting a material into the housing, drying the
material in the gaseous atmosphere, transporting the dried material
out of the housing, and extracting from the gaseous atmosphere
volatile substances which escape from the material into the gaseous
atmosphere, especially flavors.
[0006] It can be provided for the material to be dried to a water
content of less than 50% by weight, 40% by weight, 30% by weight or
20% by weight.
[0007] It can also be provided for the material to be dried to an
AW value of less than 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.5 or 0.4. AW (Activity of
Water) is defined as the quotient of water vapor pressure over the
material (p) to the water vapor pressure over pure water (p.sub.0)
at a defined temperature: AW=p/p.sub.0.
[0008] It can be provided for the gaseous atmosphere, at least in a
horizontal partial layer, to be at a temperature of more than
100.degree. C., 120.degree. C., 140.degree. C., 160.degree. C. or
180.degree. C.
[0009] The gaseous atmosphere may be at ambient pressure or at an
elevated or reduced pressure.
[0010] It is preferably provided that the gaseous atmosphere is a
mixture of a first component, consisting of air and/or another gas,
such as CO.sub.2, nitrogen or another inert gas, and water vapor as
a second component, and, at least in a horizontal partial layer,
has a steam content of at least 50% by weight, 60% by weight, 70%
by weight, 80% by weight, 90% by weight, 95% by weight, 98% by
weight or 99% by weight. The gaseous atmosphere may also consist of
pure water vapor.
[0011] In a convenient variant, it is provided that the substances
extracted are added to the material again either proportionately or
in a predetermined quantity. The substances can either be added
directly or mixed in or supplied in the form of a carrier material,
e.g. a coating or filling, to which the extracted substances are
first of all added in the form of either liquid or paste.
[0012] The material can be packed after being moved out of the
housing. In this context, it can be provided that substances
extracted from the gaseous atmosphere are introduced into a packing
container during the packing process.
[0013] From the apparatus point of view, the problem of the
invention is solved by an apparatus for drying an extruded
material, comprising a housing for holding a gaseous atmosphere
with superheated steam, the housing having an inlet port and an
outlet port, a means for generating a gaseous atmosphere with
superheated steam inside the housing, a first transport means for
transporting material through the inlet port into the housing, a
second transport means for transporting the material through the
outlet port out of the housing, and an extraction unit for
extracting volatile substances from the gaseous atmosphere.
[0014] It is appropriate for the inlet port to be disposed at a
free end of an inlet duct.
[0015] The outlet port can be disposed at a free end of an outlet
duct.
[0016] The inlet and/or the outlet duct can extend downwards from
the housing.
[0017] It can be provided that a ventilation line communicates with
the housing and has an exit aperture at a height below the housing
and above the inlet and outlet ports and leading to the
outside.
[0018] Alternatively, or in addition, it is possible for an
extraction line to communicate with the housing and to be conducted
via a fan to a condenser.
[0019] The first and/or second transport means may have a
perforated conveyor belt.
[0020] A conduit subjected to elevated or reduced pressure can be
disposed along a part-section of the first transport means,
communicating with the housing, especially with the lower portion
thereof.
[0021] A flow guide or sealing means may be disposed between the
conduit and the partial section of the first transport means in
order to ensure that there is an intensive flow round or through
the transport means through the gaseous atmosphere.
[0022] It is also contemplated that there may be a packing station
associated with the apparatus for packing the dried material.
[0023] It is convenient for the second transport means to extend as
far as the packing station.
[0024] It is preferably provided that the extraction unit takes the
form of a spinning cone column for extracting volatile substances
from condensate from the gaseous atmosphere.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] Further advantages and features of the invention will become
clear from the following description of a preferred embodiment,
reference being made to a drawing in which:
[0026] FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of an apparatus in
accordance with the invention, with which the method of the
invention can be carried out,
[0027] FIG. 2 shows a variant of the apparatus according to FIG. 1,
and
[0028] FIG. 3 shows density values of steam and air at different
temperatures.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0029] The apparatus consists first of a housing 2 with a bottom
wall 4, a right-hand side wall 6a, a left-hand side wall 6b, a rear
wall 8, a corresponding front wall, not shown, and an upper wall
10. The bottom wall 4 is arranged substantially horizontally.
[0030] The front wall, not shown, is substantially parallel to the
rear wall 8 and abuts the lateral edges of the upper wall, the side
walls and the bottom wall in such a manner as to create a seal, so
that, apart from the apertures, which will be explained below, the
housing 2 surrounds an interior space which is enclosed on all
sides.
[0031] A transport means 30, which in this example forms the first
and second transport means, is formed by an endless supporting
means (chain, cable, pair of chains or the like), not shown, with
bowls or trays 34 held on it. The transport means 30 extends
through an inlet port 40 into or beneath the bottom wall 4 upwards
in the direction of the upper wall 10, runs horizontally along the
upper wall, spaced apart from the latter vertically, and then back
down in the direction of the bottom wall 4 and through an outlet
port 42 out of the housing. Each tray 34 has a bottom wall 34a and
a trough-like peripheral side wall 34b and is intended to receive a
particular quantity of the material to be dried. The trays 34 are
preferably gas-permeable, in order to permit the gaseous atmosphere
present in the housing 2 to pass through to the material
unhindered, and may, for example, have a perforated bottom and/or
side wall or consist entirely or partially of a porous material,
rib mesh or the like, the size of the openings provided in the
walls or the porosity depending on the material to be dried.
[0032] Instead of the trays, a conveyor belt can be provided as the
transport means, on which the material to be dried is located, e.g.
a flat conveyor belt or one which is concave like a trough,
possibly perforated or porous.
[0033] The trays 34 are each conveniently hung on the carrier on a
horizontal pivoting axis 36 running higher than their centre of
gravity, allowing them to swing freely in pendulum fashion, so that
they maintain their orientation with their bottom walls facing
downwards despite the changes in direction of the supporting
means.
[0034] The course followed by the transport means 30 before it
enters the inlet port 40 and after it leaves the outlet port 42 is
dependent on the specific circumstances of the particular
application. Outside the housing and before the transport means
enters the inlet port, a filling means may be provided, for
example, where the trays 34 are filled with the material. The
transport means 30 is preferably guided in an endless loop,
constantly circulating between the filling means, inlet and outlet
port, though as an alternative, it can also be designed for batch
operation, moving to and fro, either endlessly or as a section of
specific length, with a separate beginning and end.
[0035] In the embodiment illustrated, a discharge means 52 is
provided, at which the dried material is emptied from each
individual tray 34 via collector trays 53 and a chute 55, if
necessary with a lock 55a to cut off the pressure, onto a conveyor
54, which transports the material to a packing station 60. It can,
for example, be provided that trays 34 are swivelled by 180.degree.
about their pivoting axis 36 at the discharge means 52, so that the
material contained in them falls onto the collector trays 53.
[0036] A packing conveyor 62 transports packing containers 64 such
as screw-topped jars, tins, pouch packs or the like from a charging
apparatus 66, where the packing containers are delivered to the
packing conveyor, first to a filling station 68 of the packing
station, where the dried material is filled into a respective
packing container.
[0037] At an adding station 70, extracted volatile substances, such
as flavors, can be added to the packing container. The substances
can be added either in the form in which they have been extracted,
i.e. in pure form or dissolved in a solvent such as water.
Alternatively, there is the possibility of first mixing the
extracted substances, before they are added to the packing
container, with a carrier material, which will preferably be a
material that is additionally added to the dried material in the
packing container anyway, such as a coated layer, coating, filling,
cream, gravy or the like. The extracted substances may, for
example, be added proportionately, i.e. in the same amount as they
were released from the amount of material contained in a packing
container during the previous drying process. In this way, the
original content of volatile substances in the material is restored
to a very great extent. Alternatively, it is possible to add a
larger or smaller dose of volatile substances or to put them to
some other use.
[0038] At a sealing station 72, the individual filled packing
containers are sealed, i.e. with a screw-on lid or can lid, for
example, or, in the case of a pouch pack by sealing.
[0039] An extraction unit 80 for recovering volatile substances,
such as flavors, preferably takes the form of a spinning cone
column or spinning table column. This is a vertical cylinder 81, in
which an inert separating gas such as steam at normal or reduced
pressure separates a vaporous stream of volatile components from a
fluid input or a slurry. From top to bottom, there is an
alternating arrangement of fixed conical sheets of metal 83
attached to the interior wall of the cylinder, and conical sheets
of metal 87 attached to a rotating shaft 85.
[0040] The fluid input to be extracted, in this case the condensate
forming in the housing 2, is introduced into a product input 82 at
the top of the column via an extraction line 84. Under the force of
gravity, the liquid flows downwards and inwards on the upper
surface of the first fixed cone 83 and, on the inside, reaches the
first rotating cone 87, on which the liquid is distributed into a
thin, turbulent film because of the centrifugal forces acting on
it, and then flows upwards and outwards and passes from the outer
edge of the rotating cone onto the next-lower stationary cone 83
until, having passed through all the cones, it reaches an outlet 86
at the foot of the column, where there is only a small content of
volatile substances left in it.
[0041] The inert separating gas, steam 192 in this case, which is
fed in counterflow, flows through the column from bottom to top and
absorbs volatile components from the condensate. When the steam
enriched with volatile substances reaches the head of the column,
it is condensed in a condenser 88, so that the volatile substances
are available in a concentrated form, dissolved in water, and can
be delivered in the manner described to the dried material and/or a
packing container or used in some other way.
[0042] In order to generate the desired gaseous atmosphere with
superheated steam or an atmosphere of pure superheated steam with
little or no air content at all inside the housing 2, such as is
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,086, there is a heating means 100
inside a conduit 102, which leads, on the one hand, into the upper
wall 10 in an opening 101 located above the transport means 30 and,
on the other hand, into an opening 104 in the rear wall 8 at a
certain height above the bottom wall 4. A flow generator, in this
case fan 106, provides for a current, such that it extracts via the
opening 101 and blows out into the opening 104.
[0043] Attached to the upper wall 8 beneath the opening 101 are
baffle plates 130, directed towards one other, as flow guide or
sealing means which ensure that the greatest possible portion of
the steam atmosphere extracted from the housing 2 through the
opening 101 flows through the perforated tray or trays 34, which
are located just beneath the opening 101. This ensures that the
product located in the trays comes into intimate contact with the
superheated steam.
[0044] Two further baffle plates 132, 134 are arranged
substantially parallel to the left-hand side wall 6b and
overlapping with a slight space between them. The task of these
baffle plates is, as far as possible, to prevent excessive amounts
of ambient air being introduced into the housing 2 by the moving
transport means 30. A gap between the baffle plates in the vicinity
of the bottom wall 4 allows air or an air-rich steam atmosphere of
relatively high density to escape from the housing to the
outside.
[0045] Alternatively, or in addition, a nozzle-like flow guide for
the steam can be provided by means of a constriction, in order to
cause a local increase in the flow speed and thus to achieve an
intensified application and improved contact of the steam with the
material to be dried.
[0046] In a lower region of the housing, preferably in the region
of a deepest point of the housing directly above the bottom wall 4,
an extraction line 120 leads into an extraction port 122 in the
rear wall 8 and to a condenser 124, from which condensate is
conducted into a container 126. Inside the extraction line 50,
there is a controlled fan 128, which is controlled by a control
unit on the basis of temperature and moisture or steam content
information. For this purpose, at least one temperature sensor and
at least one steam content sensor are disposed inside the housing
to determine the condition of the steam (relative humidity and/or
degree of saturation, or steam content), preferably each in the
vicinity of the upper and lower walls and/or in the vicinity of the
extraction port 122. If there is any superheated steam present, it
is possible in this way to determine the degree of superheating or
the temperature difference relative to the saturation state. By
means of an enhanced extraction of relatively moist steam, while at
the same time supplying heat, the composition of the gaseous
atmosphere inside the housing can be shifted in the direction of a
higher content of superheated steam at a higher temperature. The
extraction port can be disposed on the same level as the bottom
wall, in it or above it.
[0047] The gas/steam atmosphere conducted in a closed circuit via
the conduit 102 and the housing 2 can be heated to a desired
temperature in this way. The material entering the housing 2 causes
an input of water or steam in the housing, so that, if sufficient
energy or heat is delivered into the housing, the steam content
inside the housing increases. By means of an appropriate open or
closed-loop control of the steam extracted via the extraction line
120 and condensed in the condenser 124, the steam content in the
housing 2 can be adjusted. If there is no extraction, surplus steam
is released to the outside through the inlet and/or outlet port 40,
42.
[0048] FIG. 1 shows an additional possibility of removing steam
from the housing, the saturated steam and thus the surplus humidity
being removed from the housing, instead of by extraction via the
extraction port 122, alternatively via a ventilation line 140, or
both. The ventilation line 140 is connected to three-way valve 142,
which is also connected, via a connection line 144 to the
extraction line 120 and to a further connection line 146 with an
opening 148 in the bottom wall 4. The ventilation line 140 has a
ventilation aperture 141 leading to the outside.
[0049] The three-way valve 142 can be placed in a first position,
in which the lines 144 and 146 are connected to one another, while
the ventilation line 140 is closed off, so that extraction is
effected via the openings 122 and 148. If so desired, a check valve
can be provided in the line 144 in order to ensure that, in the
first position of the three-way valve, extraction occurs
exclusively via the opening 122.
[0050] The three-way valve 142 can be placed in a second position,
in which the vent line 140 communicates with the conduit 146, while
the conduit 144 is sealed off and the fan 128 is switched off, so
that the steam atmosphere within the housing communicates with the
environment via the port 148 and the conduits 146 and 140.
[0051] The apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 includes guide ducts, or
inlet and outlet ducts 150, 152, which, in the region of the
openings in the bottom wall, namely the inlet port 40 and the
outlet port 42, extend the housing downwards and terminate openly
at substantially the same height. These guide ducts enclose the
transport means 30 at the inlet and outlet sides and, together with
the ventilation line 140, which terminates on a higher level,
ensure that surplus steam is released from the interior of the
housing 2 via the ventilation line 140, in the second position of
the three-way valve 142. The steam located inside the housing has a
tendency to flow downwards through the guide ducts, but encounters
relatively cold ambient air in the process, so that a substantially
horizontal boundary layer forms in all the guide ducts at the level
of the ventilation aperture 141. The height how at which the vent
aperture 141 is located above the height of the free end of the
guide channels may, for example, 10%, 20%, 30% or 50% of the height
H of the housing, H referring to the vertical distance between the
highest and lowest point of the interior of the housing. In
addition, the height how is preferably between about 30% and 70%,
e.g. 50%, of the vertical extent hub of the guide ducts, beginning
at the lower wall 4 or the lowest point of the housing.
[0052] In all embodiments, a height has of the extraction port 122
above the lower wall 4 of the housing or the lowest point of the
housing may be virtually zero in effect, or it may be about 5%,
10%, 15%, 20% or 30% of H. A height hot at which the actual drying
process mainly takes place and at which or above which the
horizontal sub-layer is preferably located, in which the gaseous
atmosphere is of the desired high temperature and exhibits low
oxygen values, may be about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% of the
height Hof the housing, measured in each case from the lower wall
of the housing 4 or the lowest point of the housing.
[0053] In order to accelerate or intensify the generation of the
desired gaseous atmosphere, a steam feed line, not shown, can be
used to introduce superheated steam directly into the housing 2.
Alternatively, it can be provided that a steam or water feed line,
such as a water atomizer, leads into the conduit 102 upstream of
the heating means 100, so that by heating the steam or evaporating
the water, a superheated steam atmosphere can be introduced in the
region of the opening 104.
[0054] Because of the different densities of steam at different
temperatures and because of the influence of any air that might be
mixed in, as is shown in FIG. 3, it is possible and intended for
vertical layers to form inside the housing, with superheated steam
collecting at the top and moister steam and/or a steam-air mixture
collecting at the bottom. For this reason, the transport means 30
runs partially in an upper region of the housing at height hot in
the vicinity of the upper wall 10, i.e. inside a zone of
superheated steam, after which the material is then conveyed
towards the outlet port 42 located on a lower level. The low
position of the outlet port 42 makes it difficult for superheated
steam to escape directly from the housing, which would be an
undesirable loss.
[0055] FIG. 2 illustrates a variant of the invention in
which--unlike the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1--the aim is not
to have a distinct horizontal succession of layers, namely a steam
atmosphere that, moving from bottom to top, becomes increasingly
hotter, poorer in air and oxygen and increasingly contains only
superheated steam, but rather a steam atmosphere which is mixed as
thoroughly as possible and homogenized within the entire housing.
This is achieved in that the interior of the housing is evenly
mixed with the aid of at least one circulation fan 160 (FIG. 2
shows two of them), so that virtually no stratification or uneven
mixing can become established in the vertical direction.
[0056] In addition, the contact between the material to be dried
and the steam atmosphere is improved with a forced circulation
system consisting of a cyclone 162, a fan 164, a heat exchanger
166, fans 168 a, b, c and, connected to them, steam guide boxes 170
a, b, c. Depending on what is more appropriate, the cyclone 162,
fan 164, heat exchanger 166 and fans 168 a, b, c may be disposed
inside or outside the housing 2. Depending on the flow conditions,
either the fan 164 or the fans 168 a, b, c may be dispensed with.
The fan 164 sucks in the steam atmosphere across the cyclone 162
upstream, in which particles originating from the material to be
dried are deposited. The cyclone for its part sucks in the steam
atmosphere at any suitable point or area within the housing.
Downstream of the fan 164, the steam atmosphere flows through the
heat exchanger 166, having optionally been enriched with steam
beforehand by means of a steam generator 165. In the heat exchanger
166, heat may be supplied or removed as required, whereupon the
steam atmosphere then enters the steam guide boxes 170 a, b, c via
the fans 168 a, b, c. The steam guide boxes guide the steam
atmosphere through a preferably perforated conveyor belt of the
transport means 30, so that the material on it is brought into
intimate contact with the steam atmosphere.
TABLE-US-00001 LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 2 Housing 4 Bottom wall
6a, b Right-hand, left-hand side wall 8 Rear wall 10 Upper wall 30
Transport means 34 Tray 34a Bottom wall 34b Side wall 36 Pivoting
axis 40 Inlet port 42 Outlet port 52 Discharge means 53 Collector
tray 54 Conveyor 55 Chute 55a Lock 60 Packing station 62 Packing
conveyor 64 Packing container 66 Charging apparatus 68 Filling
station 70 Adding station 72 Sealing station 80 Extraction unit 81
Cylinder 82 Product input 83 Fixed cone 84 Extraction line 85
Rotating shaft 86 Outlet 87 Rotating cone 88 Condenser 100 Heating
means 101 Opening (in 10) 102 Conduit 104 Opening (in 8) 106 Fan
120 Extraction line 122 Extraction port 124 Condenser 126 Container
128 Fan 130 Baffle plate 132, 134 Baffle plate 140 Ventilation line
141 Ventilation aperture 142 Three-way valve 144, 146 Connection
line 148 Opening 150 Inlet duct 152 Outlet duct 160 Circulation fan
162 Centrifugal cyclone separator 164 Fan 165 Steam generator 166
Heat exchanger 168a, b, c Fan 170a, b, c Steam guide box
* * * * *