U.S. patent application number 15/880167 was filed with the patent office on 2019-01-31 for enhanced photo-catalytic cells.
The applicant listed for this patent is PURADIGM, LLC. Invention is credited to David E. Tupman, Wallace Weston Warren.
Application Number | 20190030203 15/880167 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47832759 |
Filed Date | 2019-01-31 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20190030203 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Warren; Wallace Weston ; et
al. |
January 31, 2019 |
ENHANCED PHOTO-CATALYTIC CELLS
Abstract
According to an embodiment of the present invention, an
apparatus for ionizing air includes a first reflector and a first
target. The first reflector receives direct UV energy (from a UV
emitter) and reflects it to form reflected UV energy. The first
target has an inner face that also receives direct UV energy (from
the UV emitter). The first target also has an outer face that
receives the reflected UV energy from the first reflector. The
faces of the first target are coated with a photo-catalytic
coating. The first target may also have passages between the
faces.
Inventors: |
Warren; Wallace Weston;
(Jefferson City, MO) ; Tupman; David E.; (Anna,
TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
PURADIGM, LLC |
Las Vegas |
NV |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47832759 |
Appl. No.: |
15/880167 |
Filed: |
January 25, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15284743 |
Oct 4, 2016 |
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15880167 |
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14065041 |
Oct 28, 2013 |
9457122 |
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15284743 |
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13225812 |
Sep 6, 2011 |
8585980 |
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14065041 |
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13115546 |
May 25, 2011 |
8585979 |
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13225812 |
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61380462 |
Sep 7, 2010 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01J 2219/0892 20130101;
B01J 2219/32296 20130101; B01D 53/88 20130101; B01D 2259/4508
20130101; A61L 9/205 20130101; B01J 19/123 20130101; B01D 2257/91
20130101; B01D 2258/06 20130101; B01J 2219/0873 20130101; B01D
2255/802 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61L 9/20 20060101
A61L009/20; B01D 53/88 20060101 B01D053/88; B01J 19/12 20060101
B01J019/12 |
Claims
1. An apparatus for ionizing air, the apparatus comprising: a first
reflector arranged to: receive direct ultra-violet ("UV") energy
from a first UV emitter, and reflect the direct UV energy from the
first UV emitter to form reflected UV energy; a target including: a
first face arranged to: receive direct UV energy from the first UV
emitter, and receive the reflected UV energy from the first
reflector; and a second face arranged to receive direct UV energy
from a second UV emitter; and a photo-catalytic coating on the
first and second faces of the target.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 15/284,743 filed on Oct. 4, 2016, which is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 14/065,041 filed on Oct. 28, 2013, and
issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,457,122 on Oct. 4, 2016, which is a
continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/225,812 filed on Sep.
6, 2011, and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,585,980 on Nov. 19, 2013,
which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/115,546 filed on May 25, 2011, and issued as U.S. Pat. No.
8,585,979 on Nov. 19, 2016, and claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 61/380,462 filed on Sep. 7,
2010, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their
entireties.
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not Applicable
MICROFICHE/COPYRIGHT REFERENCE
[0003] Not Applicable
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention generally relates to methods and
apparatuses for producing an enhanced ionized cloud of bactericidal
molecules.
[0005] Photo-catalytic cells may be employed to produce
bactericidal molecules--such as cluster ions--in airflow passing
through the cells. The cells may be positioned to ionize air that
may then be directed into a target environment, such as an enclosed
space or room. Emerging molecules from the cells may have a
bactericidal effect on various bacteria, molds or viruses which may
be airborne in the room or may be on surfaces of walls or objects
in the room.
[0006] Typically, such cells may be constructed with a target
including or coated with a photo-catalytic coating and surrounding
a broad spectrum ultra-violet ("UV") emitter. This combination can
produce an ionized cloud of bactericidal molecules. The target may
be coated with titanium dioxide as well as other elements. As air
passes through or onto the target, UV energy striking the titanium
dioxide may result in a catalytic reaction that may produce the
desired cloud of bactericidal molecules within the airflow. These
molecules--upon contact with any bacteria, mold, or virus--may kill
them.
[0007] Effectiveness of a photo-catalytic cell may be dependent on
the concentration of the bactericidal molecules. Furthermore, it
may be desirable to have higher concentrations of cluster ions as
compared to oxidizers. Consequently, it may be desirable for
improved photo-catalytic cell designs to improve the efficiency of
cluster ion generation.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] According to an embodiment of the present invention, an
apparatus for ionizing air includes a first reflector and a first
target. The first reflector receives direct UV energy (from a UV
emitter) and reflects it to form reflected UV energy. The first
target has an inner face that also receives direct UV energy (from
the UV emitter). The first target also has an outer face that
receives the reflected UV energy from the first reflector. The
faces of the first target are coated with a photo-catalytic
coating. The first target may also have passages between the faces.
These passages may pass direct UV energy from the UV emitter to the
first reflector. In an embodiment, the first reflector is a
specular reflector or may have a curvature. The first target may
also have a curvature. The curvature of the first reflector may be
less than the curvature of the first target. The target may have a
shape of a cylindrical, corrugated, or foil portion. The apparatus
may also have a second reflector similar in some or all respects to
the first reflector. The apparatus may also have a second target
similar in some or all respects to the first target. In this case,
the first and second targets may be separated by a gap between
their leading edges and/or a gap between their trailing edges. It
is also possible for the leading edges to touches and for the
trailing edges to touches.
[0009] According to an embodiment of the present invention, an
apparatus for ionizing air has a first reflector and a target. The
first reflector receives direct UV energy from a first UV emitter
and reflects this UV energy. The first reflector may be a specular
reflector and may be parabolic. The target has a first face that
also receives direct UV energy from the first UV emitter as well as
the reflected UV energy from the first reflector. Furthermore, the
target has a second face that receives direct UV energy from a
second UV emitter. These faces are coated with a photo-catalytic
coating. The apparatus may also have a second reflector that
receives direct UV energy from the second UV emitter and reflects
this UV energy towards the second face of the target.
[0010] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a
method for ionizing air includes: receiving, at an inner face of a
first target, UV energy from a UV emitter; responsively generating
ions at a photo-catalytic coating on the inner face of the first
target; reflecting, at a first reflector, UV energy from the UV
emitter to form reflected UV energy; receiving, at an outer face of
the first target, reflected UV energy from the first reflector; and
responsively generating ions at a photo-catalytic coating on the
outer face of the first target. The method may also include one or
more of the following: passing, through a plurality of passages in
the first target, UV energy from the UV emitter and towards the
first reflector; passing an airflow over the inner and outer faces
of the first target to carry the ions away from the first target;
receiving, at an inner face of a second target, UV energy from a UV
emitter; responsively generating ions at a photo-catalytic coating
on the inner face of the second target; reflecting, at a second
reflector, UV energy from the UV emitter to form reflected UV
energy; receiving, at an outer face of the second target, reflected
UV energy from the second reflector; responsively generating ions
at a photo-catalytic coating on the outer face of the second
target; passing, through a plurality of passages in the first
target, UV energy from the UV emitter and towards the first
reflector; passing, through a plurality of passages in the second
target, UV energy from the UV emitter and towards the second
reflector; passing an airflow over the inner and outer faces of the
first target to carry the ions away from the first target; and
passing the airflow over the inner and outer faces of the second
target to carry the ions away from the second target.
[0011] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a
method for ionizing air includes: receiving, at a first face of a
target, ultra-violet ("UV") energy from a first UV emitter;
responsively generating ions at a photo-catalytic coating on the
first face of the target; reflecting, at a first reflector, UV
energy from the first UV emitter to form reflected UV energy;
receiving, at the first face of the target, reflected UV energy
from the first reflector; and responsively generating ions at the
photo-catalytic coating on the first face of the target. The method
may also include one or more of the following: passing an airflow
over the first face of the target to carry the ions away from the
target; receiving, at a second face of the target, UV energy from a
second UV emitter; responsively generating ions at a
photo-catalytic coating on the second face of the target;
reflecting, at a second reflector, UV energy from the second UV
emitter to form reflected UV energy; receiving, at the second face
of the target, reflected UV energy from the second reflector;
responsively generating ions at the photo-catalytic coating on the
second face of the target; and passing an airflow over the first
and second faces of the target to carry the ions away from the
target.
[0012] According to an embodiment of the present invention, an
apparatus for ionizing air has a first foil target portion and a
second foil target portion. Each of the foil target portions has
passages and an inner face that receives direct UV energy from a UV
emitter. The inner faces are coated with a photo-catalytic coating.
The leading edges of the foil target portions may be touching or
separated by a gap. Similarly, the trailing edges of the foil
target portions may be touching or separated by a gap.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a photo-catalytic cell,
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0014] FIG. 2 shows a side elevation view of a photo-catalytic
cell, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0015] FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the photo-catalytic
cell of FIG. 2 taken along the line 3-3, according to an embodiment
of the present invention.
[0016] FIG. 4 shows a graph illustrating a difference in
performance of a photo-catalytic cell with and without UV
reflectors, according to an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0017] FIGS. 5-11 show various apparatuses for ionizing air,
according to embodiments of the present invention.
[0018] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart of a method for ionizing air,
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0019] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of a method for ionizing air,
according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[0020] The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed
description of certain embodiments of the present invention, will
be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended
drawings. For the purposes of illustration, certain embodiments are
shown in the drawings. It should be understood, however, that the
claims are not limited to the arrangements and instrumentality
shown in the attached drawings. Furthermore, the appearance shown
in the drawings is one of many ornamental appearances that can be
employed to achieve the stated functions of the system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0021] The following detailed description is of the best currently
contemplated modes of carrying out exemplary embodiments of the
invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense,
but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general
principles of the invention. Various inventive features are
described below that can be used independently of one another or in
combination with other features.
[0022] Broadly, embodiments of the present invention generally
provide a photo-catalytic cell in which one or more reflectors may
be positioned to reflect UV energy and increase a proportion of
emitted UV energy that strikes a target in the cell at high
incident angles.
[0023] Referring to FIGS. 1-3, a photo-catalytic cell 10 may
include an electronics box 12, a light pipe indicator 14, a power
cord 16, a chamber 18, honeycomb targets 20, UV reflectors (22-1,
22-2, and 22-3), and a UV emitter or lamp 24. The honeycomb targets
20 may be coated with titanium dioxide.
[0024] Airflow may pass across the honeycomb targets 20 while UV
energy may be applied to the target 20 by the lamp 24. A
photo-catalytic reaction may take place in the presence of the UV
energy. The reaction may produce bactericidal molecules in the
air.
[0025] Referring to FIG. 3, the efficacy of the UV reflectors 22-1
may be illustrated. If a reflector 22-1 is not present, an emitted
ray 26 might pass through the honeycomb target 20 without impinging
on the titanium dioxide. However, when one of the reflectors 22-1
is present, an illustrative emitted ray 28-1 of UV energy may
impinge on the UV reflectors 22-1. The ray 28-1 may be reflected to
become a reflected ray 28-2. It may be seen that the reflected ray
28-2 may impinge on a surface of the honeycomb target 20. It may be
seen that a hypothetical unreflected ray 26, which might follow a
path parallel to that of the ray 28-1, might pass through the
honeycomb target 20 without impinging on the target 20. Thus,
presence of the reflector 22-1 in the path of the ray 28-1 may
result in avoidance of loss of the UV energy from the ray 28-1. The
reflectors 22-1 may be relatively small as compared to the size of
the honeycomb target 20. The small size (about 10% of the size of
the target 20) may allow for minimal airflow obstruction. In spite
of their relatively small size, the reflectors 22-1 may be
effective because they may reflect virtually all of the (normally
lost) UV energy that is emitted in a direction that is almost
orthogonal (e.g., within .+-.5.degree. of orthogonality) to the
outer vertical plane of the honeycomb target 20. Hence, UV energy
may pass through the honeycomb target 20 without touching the
titanium dioxide surface. But by reflecting the UV rays onto the
opposite side target matrix, that energy could be captured and
utilized so as to add to the total ion count within the desired
cloud of ionized molecules. In other words, the number of ions
created by any incoming UV ray is proportional to the sine of the
incident angle .theta. between the UV ray path and the titanium
dioxide surface that a given ray is impacting, as illustrated by
the following trigonometric relationships: [0026] For
.theta.=90.degree. Sin(.theta.)=1 Maximum energy gathered [0027]
For .theta.=0.degree. Sin(.theta.)=0 Minimum energy gathered
[0028] Reflectors 22-3 may be interposed between the lamp 24 and
walls of the chamber 18. UV energy striking the reflectors 22-3 may
be reflected onto the honeycomb target 20. Thus presence of the
reflectors 22-3 may result in avoidance of loss of UV energy that
might otherwise be absorbed or diffused by walls of the chamber 18.
Similarly, reflectors 22-2 may be placed in corners of the chamber
18 to reflect UV energy onto the honeycomb target 20.
[0029] The reflectors 22-1, 22-2, and/or 22-3 may be constructed
from material that is effective for reflection of energy with a
wavelength in the UV range (e.g., about 184-255 nm). While soft
metals such as gold and silver surfaces may be effective reflectors
for visible light, their large grain size may make them less
suitable than metallic surfaces with a small grain size (e.g., hard
metals). Thus, hard metals such as chromium and stainless steel and
other metals that do not readily oxidize may be effective UV
reflectors and may be particularly effective for use as UV
reflectors in a photo-catalytic cell. Material with a UV
reflectivity of about 90% or higher may be suitable for use in the
reflectors 22-1, 22-1 and/or 22-3. Lower reflectively produces
lower effectiveness. To achieve the level of reflection required,
it may be necessary to micro-polish or buff a selected materials
reflective surface.
[0030] Reflecting surfaces of the reflectors 22 may be electrically
conductive and/or grounded. Specifically, surface coatings (added
for oxidation protection) like glass, clear plastics, or clear
anodization (e.g., non-conductive) may diminish any performance
enhancement of a photo-catalytic cell.
[0031] Also, reflecting surfaces of the UV reflector 22 may produce
surface specular reflection. Specular reflection may be, for
example, a mirror-like reflection of light in which a single
incoming light ray is reflected into a corresponding single
outgoing direction. Specular reflection is distinct from diffuse
reflection, in which a single incoming light ray is reflected into
a broad range of directions. Diffuse reflection may diminish
performance enhancement of a photo-catalytic cell.
[0032] In an embodiment of the photo-catalytic cell 10, the
reflectors 22-1, 22-2 and 22-3 may be chromium-plated plastic.
Chromium-plated plastic may be a relatively low cost material with
a relatively high degree of reflectivity for UV energy. So-called
soft chrome, such as the plating used to produce a mirror-like
finish that is seen on automobile chromed surfaces, may be
employed.
[0033] It may be noted that there may be other cell shape designs
which are not rectangular. For example, the cell 10 may be
circular, tubular, or may have an otherwise complex shape. For
these non-rectangular shaped cells, an optimum reflector design may
be curved or otherwise non-flat in shape.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 5, an apparatus 500 for ionizing air is
shown according to an embodiment of the present invention. The
apparatus 500 includes a UV emitter 510, a target 520, and a
reflector 530.
[0035] The UV emitter 510 may emit direct UV energy (e.g., 184-255
nm wavelengths). The UV emitter 510 may be a lamp (e.g.,
fluorescent, LED, laser gas-discharge, etc.). The target 520 may
have an inner face 522 and an outer face 524. The inner face 522
may be arranged to face or to receive direct UV energy from the UV
emitter 510.
[0036] The reflector 530 may receive direct UV energy from the UV
emitter 510. The target 520 may have passages between the inner and
outer faces 522, 524. As an example, the passages may be slits
(e.g., 1/2'' long) or holes (e.g., 1/4'' diameter). Such slits may
be horizontally arranged (as shown) or transversely arranged (e.g.,
from leading edge towards trailing edge). There may be a distance
between each passage (e.g., 1/2'' for the horizontal arrangement or
3/4'' for the transverse arrangement). The passages may be in rows.
For example, the rows may be separated from each other by 1/2'' .
The passages may have a thickness, such as the thickness of a
nickel.
[0037] The direct UV energy may pass through these passages and
towards the reflector 530. The reflector may reflect this direct UV
energy, and the outer face 524 of the target 520 may be arranged to
receive this reflected UV energy. The reflector 530 may include a
specular reflector and may specularly reflect the UV energy. The
specular reflector may be grounded.
[0038] The inner and outer faces 522, 524 of the target 520 may be
coated with a photo-catalytic coating such as, for example, a
coating that includes TiO.sub.2 that facilitates the generation of
ions in response to receiving the UV energy (direct and
reflected).
[0039] Referring to FIG. 6, an apparatus 600 for ionizing air is
shown according to an embodiment of the present invention. The
apparatus 600 may be, in many respects, similar to the apparatus
500. The apparatus 600 may include a UV emitter 610, a first target
620, a first reflector 630, a second target 640, and a second
reflector 650. The second target 640 may be opposite the first
target 620. The second reflector 650 may be opposite the first
reflector 630.
[0040] Both targets 620, 640 may have inner and outer faces coated
with a photo-catalytic coating to facilitate the generation of ions
in response to receiving UV energy. Both reflectors 630, 650 may
include specular reflectors. The inner faces of the targets 620,
640 may receive direct UV energy from the UV emitter 610. The
reflectors 630, 650 may also receive direct UV energy from the UV
emitter 510. For example, direct UV energy may pass through
passages in the targets 620, 640 to reach the reflectors 630, 650.
The reflected UV energy from the reflectors 630, 650 may be
received at outer faces of the targets 620, 640.
[0041] The inner and outer faces of the targets 620, 640 may be
coated with a photo-catalytic coating such as, for example, a
coating that includes TiO.sub.2 that facilitates the generation of
ions in response to receiving the UV energy (direct and
reflected).
[0042] One or both of the targets 620, 640 may have a curvature.
For example, the target(s) 620, 640 may have a shape of a
cylindrical portion. One or both of the reflectors 630, 650 may
also have a curvature. The curvature of the target(s) 620, 640 may
be greater than the curvature of the reflector(s) 630, 650.
[0043] The targets 620, 640 each may have a leading edge and a
trailing edge. The leading edges may be upstream of an airflow from
the trailing edges. The leading edge of the first target 620 may be
separated from the leading edge of the second target 640 by a
leading edge gap (as illustrated). Alternatively, the leading edges
may be connected or abutting. Similarly, the trailing edge of the
first target 620 may be separated from the trailing edge of the
second target 640 by a trailing edge gap, or the trailing edges may
be connected or abutting.
[0044] Referring to FIGS. 6-8, different target and reflector
shapes are illustrated. The targets may have cylindrical portions
(e.g., targets 620, 640 in FIG. 6). The targets may have corrugated
portions (e.g., targets 720, 740 in FIG. 7). For example, a
corrugated portion may have two peaks and two or three valleys. The
targets may have foil portions (e.g., targets 820, 840 in FIG. 8).
Other target shape variations are also possible. The shapes of the
first and second targets may be different from each other.
[0045] The targets may have cylindrical portions (e.g., targets
620, 640 in FIG. 6). The targets may have corrugated portions
(e.g., targets 720, 740 in FIG. 7). The targets may have foil
portions (e.g., targets 820, 840 in FIG. 8). Other target shape
variations are also possible. The shapes of the first and second
targets may be different from each other.
[0046] The reflectors may be curved (e.g., reflectors 630, 650 in
FIG. 6) or flat (e.g., reflectors 730, 750 in FIG. 7 or reflectors
830, 850 in FIG. 8). Other reflector shape variations are also
possible. The shapes of the first and second reflectors may be
different from each other.
[0047] Referring to FIG. 10, an apparatus 1000 may have a first UV
emitter 1010, a second UV emitter 1012, a target 1020, a first
reflector 1040, and a second reflector 1050. The target may have a
first face that is arranged to receive direct UV energy from the
first UV emitter. The target may also have a second face arranged
to receive direct UV energy from a second UV emitter. The faces of
the target may be coated with a photo-catalytic coating.
[0048] The first reflector may receive direct UV energy from the
first UV emitter and reflect it towards the first face of the
target. The second reflector may receive direct UV energy from the
second UV emitter and reflect it towards the second face of the
target. The reflectors may be specular reflectors and may be
grounded. The reflectors may be parabolic (see FIG. 11). A
parabolic reflector may be helpful to reflect UV energy in a
direction orthogonal to the target 1020.
[0049] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart 1200 of a method for ionizing air,
according to an embodiment of the present invention. The flowchart
1200 may be performable, for example, with an apparatus such as the
ones shown in FIGS. 5-8. Furthermore, the flowchart 1200 may be
performable in a different order, or some steps may be omitted
according to design or preferences.
[0050] At step 1202, UV energy is received from a UV emitter at
inner face(s) of a first and/or second target. At step 1204, ions
are responsively generated at a photo-catalytic coating on the
inner face(s) of the target(s). At step 1206, UV energy is passed
from the UV emitter and towards a first and/or second reflector,
through a plurality of passages in the target(s). At step 1208, UV
energy is reflected from the UV emitter at the reflector(s) to form
reflected UV energy. At step 1210, reflected UV energy is received
from the reflector(s) at outer face(s) of the target(s). At step
1212, ions are responsively generated at a photo-catalytic coating
on the outer face(s) of the target(s). At step 1214, an airflow is
passed over the inner and outer face(s) of the target(s) to carry
the ions away from the target(s).
[0051] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart 1300 of a method for ionizing air,
according to an embodiment of the present invention. The flowchart
1300 may be performable, for example, with an apparatus such as the
ones shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. Furthermore, the flowchart 1300 may
be performable in a different order, or some steps may be omitted
according to design or preferences.
[0052] At step 1302, UV energy is received from a first and/or
second UV emitter at a first and/or second face of a target. At
step 1304, ions are responsively generated at a photo-catalytic
coating on the face(s) of the target. At step 1306, UV energy is
reflected from the UV emitter(s) at a first and/or second reflector
to form reflected UV energy. At step 1308, reflected UV energy is
received from the reflector(s), at the face(s) of the target. At
step 1310, ions are responsively generated at the photo-catalytic
coating on the face(s) of the target. At step 1312, an airflow is
passed over the face(s) of the target to carry the ions away from
the target.
[0053] FIGS. 9A and 9B show an apparatus 900 for ionizing air,
according to an embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus
900 may be similar, in some respects, to apparatus 800 shown in
FIG. 8. The apparatus 900 may include a UV emitter 910, a first
foil target portion 920, and a second foil target portion 940. One
or each of the foil target portions 920, 940 may have an inner face
arranged to receive direct UV energy from the UV emitter 910. One
or each of the foil target portions 920, 940 may have a plurality
of passages and may be coated with a photo-catalytic coating on the
inner face. The leading edges of the foil portions may be touching
(e.g., abutting, connecting, integrated) or may be separated by a
leading edge gap. The trailing edges of the foil portions may abut
or may be separated by a trailing edge gap. The apparatus 900 may
also have one or more reflectors 930 arranged on or near the inner
faces of the first or second foil target portions. Such reflectors
930 may also be used in combination with other reflectors, such as
those shown in FIGS. 5-8.
[0054] Turbulence may tend to destroy cluster ions. A foil-shaped
target may be useful to reduce turbulence as airflow passes over.
Other turbulence-reducing techniques may include the use of an air
straightener upstream from a leading edge of a target. Furthermore,
higher airflow speeds may be useful for efficiently generating
cluster ions but not oxidizers. The foil design may accelerate the
airflow to improve the efficiency of this process.
[0055] While the invention has been described with reference to
certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the
art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be
substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In
addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular
situation or material to the teachings of the invention without
departing from its scope. Therefore, it is intended that the
invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed,
but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within
the scope of the appended claims.
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