U.S. patent application number 16/123591 was filed with the patent office on 2019-01-03 for processes for forming vulcanizable elastomeric formulations and vulcanized elastomeric articles.
This patent application is currently assigned to Eastman Chemical Company. The applicant listed for this patent is Eastman Chemical Company. Invention is credited to Scott Donald Barnicki, Robert Thomas Hembre, Frederick Ignatz-Hoover, Henk Kreulen, Andrew Neil Smith, Aruna M. Velamakanni.
Application Number | 20190002665 16/123591 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 60242854 |
Filed Date | 2019-01-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20190002665 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Barnicki; Scott Donald ; et
al. |
January 3, 2019 |
PROCESSES FOR FORMING VULCANIZABLE ELASTOMERIC FORMULATIONS AND
VULCANIZED ELASTOMERIC ARTICLES
Abstract
Processes for forming a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation are
disclosed. The processes include the steps of mixing an elastomer
with a vulcanizing agent to form a vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation that includes the vulcanizing agent dispersed in the
elastomeric compound, wherein the vulcanizing agent includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound. A process for forming a vulcanized
elastomeric article is also described.
Inventors: |
Barnicki; Scott Donald;
(Kingsport, TN) ; Ignatz-Hoover; Frederick;
(Elyria, OH) ; Hembre; Robert Thomas; (Johnson
City, TN) ; Smith; Andrew Neil; (Wadsworth, OH)
; Kreulen; Henk; (Halsteren, NL) ; Velamakanni;
Aruna M.; (Copley, OH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Eastman Chemical Company |
Kingsport |
TN |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Eastman Chemical Company
Kingsport
TN
|
Family ID: |
60242854 |
Appl. No.: |
16/123591 |
Filed: |
September 6, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
15659094 |
Jul 25, 2017 |
|
|
|
16123591 |
|
|
|
|
15015165 |
Feb 4, 2016 |
10011663 |
|
|
15659094 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08K 5/0025 20130101;
C08C 19/20 20130101; C08K 3/011 20180101; C01B 17/0232 20130101;
C08K 3/30 20130101; C08K 5/36 20130101; C08K 5/47 20130101; C08J
3/24 20130101; C08J 2307/00 20130101; C01B 17/02 20130101; C01B
17/06 20130101; C08K 3/06 20130101; C08K 3/06 20130101; C08L 21/00
20130101; C08K 3/06 20130101; C08L 7/00 20130101; C08K 5/0025
20130101; C08L 7/00 20130101; C08K 3/011 20180101; C08L 7/00
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C08K 3/30 20060101
C08K003/30; C08K 5/36 20060101 C08K005/36; C08J 3/24 20060101
C08J003/24; C08K 5/47 20060101 C08K005/47; C01B 17/02 20060101
C01B017/02; C08K 3/011 20060101 C08K003/011; C08K 3/06 20060101
C08K003/06; C08C 19/20 20060101 C08C019/20; C01B 17/06 20060101
C01B017/06; C08L 21/00 20060101 C08L021/00 |
Claims
1. A process for forming a vulcanized elastomeric article, said
process comprising (a) mixing an elastomer with a vulcanizing agent
to form a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation that includes said
vulcanizing agent dispersed in said elastomer; (b) forming the
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation into a formed shape; and (c)
vulcanizing the formed shape to form said vulcanized elastomeric
article; wherein at least one of said mixing and forming steps
comprises increasing the bulk average processing temperature of
said vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater than
125.degree. C. for at least a portion of said step.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one of said mixing and
forming steps comprises increasing the bulk average processing
temperature of said vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater
than 128.degree. C. for at least a portion of said step.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein at least one of said mixing and
forming steps comprises increasing the bulk average processing
temperature of said vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater
than 130.degree. C. for at least a portion of said step.
4. The process of claim 14, wherein at least one of said mixing and
forming steps comprises increasing the bulk average processing
temperature of said vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater
than 135.degree. C. for at least a portion of said step.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the vulcanizing agent comprises
a cyclododecasulfur compound characterized by a DSC melt point
onset of from about 155.degree. C. to about 167.degree. C. when
measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein said cyclododecasulfur compound
is characterized by a DSC melt point onset of between 157.degree.
C. to about 167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat rate of
20.degree. C./minute.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the vulcanizing agent comprises
a cyclododecasulfur compound.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein said vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation further comprises at least one of an antireversion
agent, a prevulcanization inhibitor and retarder.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein said vulcanizing composition
further comprises an antireversion agent.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein said antireversion agent is
selected from the group consisting of
hexamethylene-1,6-bis(thiosulfate), disodium salt, dihydrate and
1,3-bis(citraconamidomethyl)benzene.
11. The process of claim 8, wherein said vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation composition further comprises a prevulcanization
inhibitor.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein said prevulcanization
inhibitor is N-(cyclohexylthio) phthalimide.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein said vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation further comprises at least one crosslinker selected
from the group consisting of polysulfides, polysulfide mixtures and
crosslinked organosilicon polysulfides.
14. The process of claim 1, wherein said vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation further comprises at least one accelerator selected
from the group consisting of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,
2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide and asymmetric disulfides based
on 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and a non-accelerating mercapto
containing moiety.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This continuation application claims priority to U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/659,094, filed Jul. 25, 2017, which is a
continuation-in-part application claiming priority to U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/015,165 filed Feb. 4, 2016, now U.S. Pat.
No. 10,011,663, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated
herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to (i) processes for
forming a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation, (ii) processes for
forming a vulcanized elastomeric article, and (iii) formulations or
vulcanizable compositions beneficial to mixing, extruding,
calendaring, shaping, forming, and curing said elastomeric
article.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Sulfur vulcanization is a well-known chemical process for
converting natural rubber or other general purpose elastomers into
more durable materials via the formation of crosslinks between
individual polymer chains through addition of and reaction with
certain vulcanizing agents (also known as "sulfur-containing
curatives"). In conventional processes for the manufacture of
durable vulcanized elastomeric articles, a sulfur-containing
curative is mixed with an elastomeric compound to form a
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation that includes the
sulfur-containing curative. The vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation is subjected to a number of processing steps such as
for example mixing, extruding, calendering, shaping, forming and
building into the shape(s) of a desired "green" (unvulcanized)
article or article component ("article"). The article is then
subjected to conditions necessary to vulcanize the elastomer and
form a vulcanized elastomeric article.
[0004] Current industry practice has embraced polymeric sulfur as a
preferred vulcanizing agent in many commercial sulfur vulcanization
processes. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,470, the disclosure of
which is incorporated herein by reference, describes the use of
polymeric sulfur as a sulfur vulcanizing agent for a vulcanizable
elastomeric composition. Polymeric sulfur is generally
characterized by a high molecular weight, a long, helical molecular
structure and insolubility in carbon disulfide and other strong
solvents as well as in rubber, rubber compounds and elastomers. In
a typical sulfur vulcanization process step, a vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation containing polymeric sulfur is subjected to
conditions in which the polymeric sulfur converts to
cyclooctasulfur (Ss), a sulfur allotrope that is soluble in
elastomers and oils and which therefore dissolves into the
elastomeric formulation wherein it can take part in the
vulcanization reactions.
[0005] Because the conversion of polymeric sulfur to
cyclooctasulfur is temperature dependent and the effects of time
and temperature on the conversion are cumulative, great care must
be taken to ensure that the processing steps prior to final
shaping, building or assembling of the vulcanized article prior to
actual vulcanization do not initiate the conversion prior to the
actual vulcanization step. Such premature conversion could result
in sulfur "bloom", a known phenomenon highly detrimental to
interply adhesion and other vulcanized article characteristics.
Sulfur bloom is the result of diffusion of soluble cyclooctasulfur
and subsequent crystallization of sulfur on the surface of an
uncured article and occurs when cyclooctasulfur concentrations in
the green vulcanizable elastomeric formulation exceed their
solubility limit in the formulation at a given temperature. The
presence of sulfur bloom on the surface on an uncured article
component or ply is highly detrimental to tack and adhesion of that
component to other components or plies. In order to avoid premature
conversion to cyclooctasulfur and the risk of bloom in vulcanizable
elastomeric formulations with polymeric sulfur vulcanizing agents,
current commercial practice includes limiting extended processing
times to temperatures below about 110.degree. C. or more preferably
100.degree. C., as even a small percentage of conversion of
polymeric sulfur to cyclooctasulfur may push the concentration past
the solubility limit and create the potential for bloom. The
shearing actions present in (and frictional heat generated by) the
mixing, extrusion, calendering, shaping, forming, or other
processing operations therefore present demanding temperature
control challenges to the article manufacturers.
[0006] Management of these challenges typically involves a delicate
balance between productivity, throughput, processing speed and
product cost on one hand and product performance and quality on the
other. Limitations implemented to reduce risk of premature
polymeric sulfur conversion and bloom slow the manufacturing speed
and thus reduce manufacturer profitability. Conversely a
vulcanizing agent with less premature conversion propensity (and
accordingly higher thermal stability) would increase manufacturing
speed and accordingly the number of units a plant can create and
the manufacturer's profit. In addition to faster manufacturing
speeds, if the conversion from polymeric to cyclooctasulfur at any
given temperature in the manufacturing process could be reduced,
then the compounder has greater flexibility to incorporate more
sulfur into a vulcanizable composition thereby having greater
potential to manufacture goods of even higher quality and
durability.
[0007] The prior art has attempted to improve polymeric sulfur
thermal stability and retard or resist sulfur bloom through use of
various stabilizers or stabilization treatments, as described for
example in the above-mentioned '470 patent as well as U.S. Pat.
Nos. 2,460,365; 2,462,146 and 2,757,075. Despite all these efforts,
a continuing need exists for sulfur vulcanizing agents with higher
thermal stability that translates to improved throughput and
efficiency for vulcanized article manufacturers while avoiding the
risks and detriments of bloom.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a
vulcanizing composition having improved thermal stability in a
vulcanizable elastomeric compound usable to form a vulcanized
elastomeric article. The vulcanizing composition generally includes
a vulcanizing agent wherein the vulcanizing agent includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound. The composition optionally further
includes a carrier. Preferably, the cyclododecasulfur compound is
characterized by a melt point onset of from about 155.degree. C. to
about 167.degree. C. when measured according to the
well-established method of differential scanning calorimetry
(hereafter referred to as DSC melt point onset) when measured at a
DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute.
[0009] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation that includes at least one
elastomer and a vulcanizing agent wherein the vulcanizing agent
includes a cyclododecasulfur compound. Preferably, the
cyclododecasulfur compound is characterized by a DSC melt point
onset of from 155.degree. C. to 167.degree. C. when measured at a
DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute.
[0010] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a
vulcanizing agent masterbatch that includes a vulcanizing agent in
an elastomeric carrier, wherein the vulcanizing agent includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound.
[0011] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates
generally to a cyclododecasulfur compound that exhibits an elevated
melting point relative to known forms of cyclododecasulfur and
other features desirable when the cyclododecasulfur is used as a
vulcanizing agent in a vulcanizing composition for vulcanizable
elastomers. More specifically, the present invention is directed to
a cyclododecasulfur compound characterized by a DSC melt point
onset of from 155.degree. C. to 167.degree. C. when measured at a
DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute.
[0012] In still another aspect, the present invention relates to a
process for forming a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation. This
process generally includes the steps of mixing an elastomer with a
vulcanizing agent to form a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
that includes the vulcanizing agent dispersed in the elastomeric
compound, wherein the vulcanizing agent includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound. Preferably, the cyclododecasulfur
compound is characterized by a DSC melt point onset of from about
155.degree. C. to about 167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat
rate of 20.degree. C./minute. As the vulcanizing agent
cyclododecasulfur compound is preferably mixed with the elastomer
as a component of a vulcanizing composition, the mixing step of the
process preferably includes combining a vulcanizing composition
with an elastomeric compound to form a vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation, wherein the vulcanizing composition includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound.
[0013] In still yet another aspect, the present invention is
directed to a process for forming a vulcanized elastomeric article.
The process includes (a) mixing an elastomer with a vulcanizing
agent to form a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation that includes
the vulcanizing agent dispersed in the elastomeric compound; (b)
forming the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation into a formed
shape; and (c) vulcanizing the formed shape to form a vulcanized
elastomeric article; wherein at least one of the mixing and forming
steps includes increasing the bulk average processing temperature
of the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater than
125.degree. C. for at least a portion of the step.
[0014] In yet still another aspect, the present invention is
directed to a process for forming a vulcanized elastomeric article
wherein the process includes (a) mixing an elastomer with a
vulcanizing agent to form a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
that includes the vulcanizing agent dispersed in the elastomeric
compound, wherein the vulcanizing agent includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound; b) forming the vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation into a formed shape; and (c) vulcanizing the formed
shape to form a vulcanized elastomeric article.
[0015] Further aspects and areas of applicability will become
apparent from the description provided herein. It should be
understood that the description and specific examples are intended
for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the
spirit and scope of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0016] As utilized herein, the following terms or phrases are
defined as follows:
[0017] "Cyclododecasulfur compound" means a cyclic allotrope of
sulfur in which twelve sulfur atoms are formed into a single
homocyclic ring, also referred to herein as S.sub.12.
[0018] "Elastomer" means any polymer which after vulcanization (or
crosslinking) and at room temperature can be stretched, compressed
or sheared under stress and, upon immediate release of the stress,
will return with force to approximately its original proportionate
dimensions, including without limitation rubber.
[0019] "Vulcanizing Agent" means a material efficacious in
effecting vulcanization of a vulcanizable formulation when under
vulcanization conditions.
[0020] "Vulcanizing Composition" means a combination of ingredients
usable as an additive to effect vulcanization of a vulcanizable
formulation under vulcanization conditions.
[0021] "Vulcanizable Elastomeric Formulation" means a composition
that includes a vulcanizing agent and an elastomer and that is
capable of vulcanization when placed under vulcanization
conditions.
[0022] In a first aspect, the present invention is directed to a
vulcanizing composition for use in forming a vulcanized article.
The composition includes a vulcanizing agent wherein the
vulcanizing agent includes a cyclododecasulfur compound. It has
been unexpectedly discovered that the vulcanizing agent in the
vulcanizing composition of the present invention demonstrates
improved thermal stability in a vulcanizable formulation usable to
form a vulcanized article. In a preferred embodiment, the
vulcanizable formulation is a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
and the vulcanized article is a vulcanized elastomeric article.
[0023] Preferably, the vulcanizing agent of the vulcanizing
composition of the present invention includes a cyclododecasulfur
compound characterized by a DSC melt point onset of from
155.degree. C. to 167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat rate
of 20.degree. C./minute.
[0024] The vulcanizing composition of the present invention may
further include a carrier. Suitable carriers for the vulcanizing
composition are typically non-elastomeric and substantially inert
with respect to the cyclododecasulfur of the present invention and
may include any one or more additional ingredients for example
process oil, stearic acid, cellulosic binder such as a
carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose ether or esters, xanthans and the
like, vegetable oil, epoxidized vegetable oil, polymeric binder or
dispersing agent such as a general purpose elastomer or olefinic
polymer or copolymer.
[0025] The vulcanizing agent in the vulcanizing composition of the
present invention preferably includes from about 20% to 100% by
weight, more preferably from about 40% to about 100% by weight,
cyclododecasulfur compound based on the total weight of the
vulcanizing composition. While these ranges are preferred, it will
be understood by one of ordinary skill that vulcanizing
compositions with amounts of cyclododecasulfur compound lower than
the preferred ranges may be contemplated when the vulcanizing
composition further includes as a component of the vulcanizing
agent other known vulcanizing agents such as sulfur-containing
curatives, for example polymeric sulfur, cyclooctasulfur and the
like, as well as non-sulfur based curatives such as peroxides. A
preferred vulcanizing composition of the present invention
therefore includes a vulcanizing agent that optionally further
includes one or more sulfur-containing curatives selected from the
group consisting of polymeric sulfur and cyclooctasulfur.
[0026] The vulcanizing composition may also include one or more
optional ingredients that are listed below as optional ingredients
for the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation of the present
invention, such as polymeric sulfur, flow aids, fatty acids, zinc
oxide, accelerators, activators, prevulcanization inhibitors, acid
retarders, antidegradants, antireversion agents, prevulcanization
inhibitors, plasticizers or other compounding ingredients or
additives to further enhance the characteristics and/or improve the
performance of the vulcanizing composition, the processability of
the elastomeric formulation, the elastomeric formulation of which
it is a component or the elastomeric article formed from the
elastomeric formulation. In one embodiment, the vulcanizing
composition includes at least one of an antireversion agent and a
prevulcanization inhibitor. Suitable antireversion agents and
prevulcanization inhibitors and retarders are described below with
respect to the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation of the present
invention. Particularly suitable antireversion agents are selected
from the group consisting of hexamethylene-1,6-bis(thiosulfate),
disodium salt, dihydrate and 1,3-bis(citraconamidomethyl)benzene
while a particularly suitable prevulcanization inhibitor is
N-(cyclohexylthio)-phthalimide.
[0027] As discussed above, the vulcanizing composition of the
present invention is preferably useful in an embodiment wherein the
vulcanizable formulation is a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
and the vulcanized article is a vulcanized elastomeric article.
Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention is directed
to a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation. The vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation of the present invention includes at least
one elastomer and a vulcanizing agent, wherein the vulcanizing
agent is a cyclododecasulfur compound. Preferably, the
cyclododecasulfur compound is characterized by a DSC melt point
onset of from about 155.degree. C. to about 167.degree. C. when
measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute. Preferably,
the cyclododecasulfur compound is added to the elastomer by mixing
a vulcanizing composition that includes the vulcanizing agent as a
component with the elastomer such that the vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation of the present invention preferably includes at least
one elastomer and the vulcanizing composition of the present
invention.
[0028] The elastomer may be any vulcanizable unsaturated
hydrocarbon elastomer known to one skilled in the art. These
elastomers may include but not be limited to natural rubber (NR),
styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR), nitrile
rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene (EP) or ethylene propylene diene
terpolymers (EPDM), 1,4-cis polybutadiene, polychloroprene, 1,4-cis
polyisoprene, optionally halogenated or non-halogenated
isoprene-isobutene copolymers, butadiene-acrylonitrile,
styrene-butadiene-isoprene terpolymers and the like and derivatives
and mixtures thereof. The vulcanizable elastomeric formulation may
optionally also include one or more other additives or additive
mixtures conventionally used in elastomer and rubber processing and
vulcanized elastomeric article manufacture. Non-limiting examples
of such additives include flow improvers, processing aids, mold
lubricants and corrosion inhibitors, tackifiers, homogenizers,
antioxidants, antidegradants, antiozonants, anti-fatigue agents,
accelerators, extenders and fillers, adhesion promoters,
activators, bonding agents, buffers, fillers, pigments,
antireversion agents, prevulcanization inhibitors, acid retarders,
plasticizers or other compounding ingredients or additives and
combinations and mixtures thereof that further enhance the
processing characteristics and/or improve the performance of the
elastomeric formulation or the elastomeric article from which it is
formed. Suitable flow aids, processing aids and lubricants include
fatty acids, fatty acid soaps including zinc soaps, fatty acid
amides, fatty acid esters and their derivatives, silicon dioxide,
pumice, stearate and general rubber processing oils. Suitable
fillers and extenders include carbon black, gypsum, kaolin,
bentonite, titanium dioxide, silicates of various types, silica,
clay, calcium carbonate, and the like.
[0029] Suitable accelerators may include, but not be limited to
guanidines such as N,N'-di-ortho-tolylguanidine and
di-ortho-tolylguanidine salt of dicatechol borate; thiazoles such
as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and
zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole; sulfenamides such as
N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, N-oxydiethylene
thiocarbamyl-N'oxydiethylene sulfenamide and
N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide,
N-t-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide,
N-dicylcohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide; sulfenimides,
dithiocarbamates such as bismuth, copper, zinc, selenium or
tellurium dimethyldithiocarbamate, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate and
zinc di butyldithiocarbamate; xanthates such as zinc isopropyl
xanthanate; thiurams such as tetrabutylthiuram disulfide,
tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, dipentamethylenethiuram hexasulfide
and tetraethylthiuram disulfide; thioureas such as
trimethylthiourea, 1,3-diethylthiourea and 1,3-dibutylthiourea, and
combinations and mixtures thereof.
[0030] The vulcanizable elastomeric formulation may optionally also
include one or more other additives or additive mixtures
conventionally used in elastomer and rubber processing and
vulcanized elastomeric article manufacture specifically for the
purpose of improving processability or the improvement of
properties of the vulcanized elastomeric composition. Improvements
in processability can be achieved by the addition of retarders,
conventionally acidic substances of the traditionally defined
Brondsted or Lewis acid types, as one skilled in the art will
immediately recognize that these chemicals slow the rate of
vulcanization including the time to the onset of scorch and the
rate of vulcanization which will allow for additional increased
processing temperature and or higher rates of process. Further
improvements in processability will be gained by the judicious
combination of prevulcanization inhibitors in the formulation along
with cyclododecasulfur. Prevulcanization inhibitors allow for
higher processing temperatures in order to overcome the problem of
premature vulcanization commonly referred to as scorch in the
industry. Scorch during processing renders the composition
"elastic" and thus no longer plastic and suitable for further
processing, shaping, forming or building operations. Suitable
prevulcanization inhibitors are described for example in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 3,427,319; 3,473,667; 3,546,185; 3,513,139; 3,562,225;
3,586,696; 3,686,169; 3,752,824; 3,775-428; and 3,855,262.
[0031] The vulcanizable elastomeric formulation may optionally be
modified with anti-reversion agents, prevulcanization inhibitors
and/or retarders such as N-(cyclohexylthio)-phthalimide and organic
acids such as benzoic or salicylic acid modifiers and combinations
or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation includes at least one of an antireversion
agent and a prevulcanization inhibitor. Particularly suitable
antireversion agents are selected from the group consisting of
hexamethylene-1,6-bis(thiosulfate), disodium salt, di hydrate and
1,3-bis(citraconamidomethyl)benzene while a particularly suitable
prevulcanization inhibitor is N-(cyclohexylthio)-phthalimide.
Anti-reversion agents, such as for example the materials described
in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,605,590 and 5,426,155, improve the physical
performance of sulfur vulcanized elastomeric compositions
especially in high sulfur loading compositions, high temperature
vulcanization conditions and or high temperature application
environments. Without question then the combination of the
cyclododecasulfur of the present invention with prevulcanization
inhibitors and or antireversion agents in a composition or
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation of the present invention
provides for the widest range of processability while providing for
high performance vulcanized articles after vulcanization,
vulcanization at higher temperatures and improved performance in
higher temperature environments. Improved performance vulcanized
articles may also be formed from vulcanizable elastomeric
formulations or vulcanizing compositions that include crosslinkers,
for example at least one crosslinker selected from the group
consisting of polysulfides or polysulfide mixtures such as but not
limited to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,369 and WO
2014/067940 and or crosslinked organosilicon polysulfides such as
but not limited to those disclosed in EP 2 557 083.
[0032] Accordingly, a suitable vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
includes at least one elastomer; at least one of an antireversion
agent, a prevulcanization inhibitor and a retarder; and a
vulcanizing agent, wherein the vulcanizing agent comprises a
cyclododecasulfur compound. It will thus be understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art that the vulcanizing composition may
further include any additive which retards the conversion of
cyclododecasulfur into cyclooctasulfur, which is thermodynamically
more stable under ambient conditions
[0033] A suitable activator is zinc stearate, preferably formed
directly in the composition by adding zinc oxide and stearic acid.
Suitable antioxidants include thioesters and amines such as
alkylated diphenylamines, para-phenylenediamines available from
Eastman Chemical Company under the name Santoflex.TM.; phenols and
hydroquinolines and the like. Suitable tackifiers include
hydrocarbon resin additives such as those available from Eastman
Chemical Company under the name Impera.TM.. A suitable anti-fatigue
agent is polymerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ),
commercially available as VULCANOX.TM.. Suitable antiozonants
include aniline derivatives, diamines and thioureas. Suitable
antidegradants include ultraviolet agents such as substituted
benzotriazoles and substituted benzophenones. Suitable pigments and
dyes include iron oxide, titanium dioxides, organic dyes, carbon
black, zinc oxide and hydrated silicon compounds.
[0034] The amounts of the elastomer and the vulcanizing agent
cyclododecasulfur compound in the vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation of the present invention will vary depending on a
number of factors, for example intended processing conditions,
concentration of vulcanizing agent in the vulcanizing composition
(when such a composition is utilized) and the mechanical and other
performance requirements of the resulting elastomeric article.
Typically, the amount of vulcanizing agent cyclododecasulfur
compound in the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation of the present
invention is from 0.25 to 30 weight percent cyclododecasulfur
compound based on the total weight of the elastomeric formulation.
Accordingly, the vulcanizing composition may be present in the
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation in an amount sufficient to
supply to the elastomeric formulation from 0.3 to 43 weight percent
cyclododecasulfur based on the total weight of the elastomeric
formulation when the cyclododecasulfur is present in the
vulcanizing composition at about 80 weight percent.
[0035] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a
process for making a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation. The
process generally includes mixing an elastomer with a vulcanizing
agent to form a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation that includes
the vulcanizing agent dispersed in an elastomer, wherein the
vulcanizing agent includes a cyclododecasulfur compound.
Preferably, the cyclododecasulfur compound is characterized by a
DSC melt point onset of from about 155.degree. C. to about
167.degree. C., more preferably between 157.degree. C. and
167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree.
C./minute and most preferably between 160.degree. C. and
167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree.
C./minute. As the vulcanizing agent cyclododecasulfur compound is
preferably mixed with the elastomer as component of a vulcanizing
composition, the mixing step of the process preferably includes the
step of combining a vulcanizing composition with an elastomer to
form a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation, wherein the
vulcanizing composition includes a vulcanizing agent that includes
a cyclododecasulfur compound.
[0036] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a
process for forming a vulcanized elastomeric article. This process
generally includes the process steps described above for making a
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation followed by forming the
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation into a formed shape and
vulcanizing the formed shape to form a vulcanized elastomeric
article. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the process includes a)
mixing an elastomer with a vulcanizing agent to form a vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation that includes the vulcanizing agent
dispersed in the elastomer, wherein the vulcanizing agent includes
a cyclododecasulfur compound; b) forming the vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation into a formed shape; and c) vulcanizing the
formed shape to form a vulcanized elastomeric article. The step of
"forming" the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation as used herein
typically includes one or more steps, such as for example mixing,
calendering, extruding and other processing, shaping or forming
steps, often applied to a vulcanizable elastomeric formulation by
vulcanized article manufacturers during the manufacture of
elastomeric articles such as tires and tire components. One of
ordinary skill will appreciate that, to the extent optional
ingredients or materials such as for example the antireversion
agents, prevulcanization inhibitors, crosslinkers and accelerators
described herein, are desired in conjunction with the process of
the present invention, they may be added to the vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation as a component of the vulcanizing
composition or simply added during the mixing step.
[0037] As the vulcanizing agent cyclododecasulfur compound of the
vulcanizing composition of the present invention exhibits improved
thermal stability over prior art sulfur vulcanizing agents, an
important aspect of the present invention is that the temperatures
utilized in processes for forming vulcanizable elastomeric
formulations, as well as the temperatures such formulations are
subjected to in the manufacture of vulcanized elastomeric articles
employing such formulations, can with the present invention readily
exceed the temperature limits imposed by the thermal stability
characteristics of prior art vulcanizing agents. In one embodiment,
therefore, at least one of the mixing and forming steps in the
present process for forming a vulcanized elastomeric article may
include increasing the bulk average processing temperature of the
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater than 125.degree.
C., preferably greater than 128.degree. C., more preferably greater
than 130.degree. C., even more preferably greater than 135.degree.
C., for at least a portion of the step. Accordingly, the bulk
average processing temperature of the vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation during at least one of the mixing and forming steps is
greater than 125.degree. C., preferably greater than 128.degree.
C., more preferably greater than 130.degree. C., even more
preferably greater than 135.degree. C. for at least a portion of
the forming step. As an element of this aspect, the present
invention also includes a vulcanized article formed from the
vulcanized formulation of the present invention, more preferably a
vulcanized elastomeric article formed from the vulcanized
elastomeric formulation of the present invention.
[0038] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate, in view of
the present disclosure, that even higher temperatures than those
cited herein may be used for short periods of time, the limitation
being the entire time-temperature history or "thermal budget" of
the entire process. One can therefore afford longer times at lower
temperatures and even higher temperatures for relatively shorter
periods of time.
[0039] In another embodiment, the process includes (a) mixing an
elastomer with a vulcanizing agent to form a vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation that includes the vulcanizing agent
dispersed in the elastomer; (b) forming the vulcanizable
elastomeric formulation into a formed shape; and (c) vulcanizing
the formed shape to form said vulcanized elastomeric article;
wherein the at least one of the mixing and forming steps includes
increasing the bulk average processing temperature of the
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation to greater than 125.degree.
C., preferably greater than 128.degree. C., more preferably greater
than 130.degree. C., even more preferably greater than 135.degree.
C., for at least a portion of that step. In this embodiment, the
vulcanizing agent preferably includes a cyclododecasulfur compound,
more preferably a cyclododecasulfur compound characterized by a DSC
melt point onset of from about 155.degree. C. to about 167.degree.
C. when measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute.
[0040] In the above description of the processes of the present
invention, "bulk average processing temperature" is chosen as a
temperature measurement parameter in view of the common practice in
commercial vulcanized elastomeric article manufacture to employ a
set of thermocouples to measure temperature during mixing and
forming steps. These thermocouples provide a limited number of
temperature data points (correlating to the number of
thermocouples) as to the temperature of the formulation at certain
locations within the formulation mass as it proceeds through the
process steps. The "bulk average processing temperature" is
therefore meant to mean the arithmetic average of a reasonable
number (reasonable being greater than 1) of temperature
measurements of the elastomeric formulation mass taken during at
least one of the mixing and forming steps.
[0041] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, however,
that other temperature measurement techniques may be or may become
available that allow for a more thorough temperature analysis of
the elastomeric formulation mass. By way of non-limiting example,
thermal imaging may be utilized to measure the bulk average
processing temperature of a formulation mass. In thermal imaging
techniques, each pixel essentially functions as a discrete
thermometer; therefore, such techniques can provide more
comprehensive localized data regarding the formulation, especially
when high resolution thermal imaging is utilized. Such techniques
may allow measurement of hundreds, or even thousands, of points on
a formulation mass that may simply be averaged in order to obtain a
bulk average processing temperature of the formulation. Those
skilled in the art will readily appreciate that a more meaningful
measurement will be obtained with thermal imaging in cases where
the formulation is being actively manipulated so that interior
portions of the formulation mass that may be at an elevated
temperature are quickly brought to the surface at the time the
thermal measurement is taken. If thermal imaging is instead used on
a formulation mass that has been at rest for an extended period,
the external portion of the formulation will have cooled with
respect to the interior portions of the mass such that an
artificially low bulk average processing temperature measurement
will be obtained.
[0042] The "bulk average processing temperature" as used herein
should be distinguished from "point processing temperatures" taken
in isolation, that is, a temperature at a measurable point in the
elastomeric formulation mass during at least one of the mixing and
forming steps that is not representative of the overall
temperature, or bulk average processing temperature, of the
formulation mass, and in fact may be substantially higher than the
bulk average processing temperature of the formulation mass.
Accordingly, in another embodiment of the process of the present
invention for forming a vulcanized elastomeric article, at least
one of the mixing and forming steps includes increasing a point
processing temperature of the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
to greater than 135.degree. C., preferably greater than 140.degree.
C., more preferably greater than 150.degree. C., even more
preferably greater than 160.degree. C., and even more preferably
greater than 165.degree. C., for at least a portion of that
step.
[0043] One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that another
benefit of the present invention, most evident from the elevated
process temperature aspects thereof, is that the portfolio of
optional additives available for use in the compositions,
formulations and processes of the present invention may be
different from those used with conventional vulcanizing agents. For
example, additives that may not be sufficiently active at lower
processing temperatures may be used with the vulcanizing agents of
the present invention. Such additives may include for example
crosslinkers based on polysulfides as discussed above and non-amine
containing accelerators such as for example at least one
accelerator selected from the group consisting of
2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide and
asymmetric disulfides based on 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and a
non-accelerating mercapto containing moiety such as
2-(cyclohexyldisulfaneyl)benzothiazole.
[0044] Conversely, additives that may be effective at conventional
processing temperatures may be too active, unstable or materially
less effective at the elevated temperatures of the present
invention. In such a scenario, suitably active and stable materials
such as those antireversion agents, prevulcanization inhibitors,
polysulfidic crosslinking agents and other classes of materials
described herein should be preferentially utilized.
[0045] A further aspect of the present invention is that the
elevated processing temperatures enabled by cyclododecasulfur may
reduce or eliminate the need for the use of resin replacements,
such as for example the bonding or hardening resins described
below, in rubber formulations. In practice, practical upper limits
exist for the use of conventional insoluble sulfur since it is
quite difficult to carry out such processes without even a small
amount of conversion of the insoluble sulfur to cyclooctasulfur,
resulting in unwanted bloom. So, for example in many formulations,
even if only 10% of conventional insoluble sulfur reverts, then
loadings of about 6-7 wt. % may yield cyclooctasulfur
concentrations at or above the threshold for bloom, even at
conventional processing temperatures.
[0046] Compounders therefore frequently employ hardening or bonding
resins to achieve a higher modulus in cases where the amount of
insoluble sulfur needed would otherwise exceed the threshold for
bloom. These resins are typically based on resorcinol, phenol,
cashew nut oil or other similar materials reacted with formaldehyde
or formaldehyde donors such as hexamethylene tetramine or
hexamethoxymethylol melamine. These resins allow a higher modulus
to be achieved, but contribute additional complications to the
elastomeric vulcanizable formulations. The resins have low inherent
solubility in general purpose elastomers and thus may themselves be
a source of bloom. These resins also contribute processing
complications, as their presence increases the vulcanizable
elastomeric composition viscosity which limits practical processing
speeds and temperatures.
[0047] Further, the vulcanizates prepared using these bonding or
hardening resins are inferior to a high sulfur composition of
similar modulus. Bonding and hardening resin formulations suffer
from irreversible strain-dependent softening. That is to say, when
these articles are subjected to increasing strains, the network
formed by the bonding hardening resin will be permanently disrupted
leading to a softer more hysteretic article. High modulus
compositions prepared from sulfur and sulfur containing vulcanizing
agents produce a more durable, more strain independent product. One
skilled in the art will recognize that higher modulus, less
strain-dependent components which exhibit lower hysteresis are
particularly suitable for use in large off-the-road tires such as
those used in earthmoving vehicles and construction or excavating
equipment and particularly useful in the transportation industry
for use in light, medium or heavy trucks and passenger tires. More
importantly, preparing more durable components is instrumental in
the light-weighting of tires and manufacturing of run-flat designed
tires. Reducing strain softening of tires used in earth moving or
in mining operations is highly desirable as improving this feature
will immediately make construction and mining operations more
profitable. This is so important that many tires used in such
industries have "ton-mile-per hour" ratings.
[0048] According to the invention, the outstanding thermal
stability of the cyclododecasulfur of the present invention allows
for processing of rubber compositions at higher temperatures with
less bloom. Hence, formulations of natural rubber, butadiene
rubber, styrene-co-butadiene or other general purpose elastomers,
as already described, with from 10 to 40 phr of cyclododecasulfur
are practical for modern factory processing, and may thus reduce or
eliminate the need for resin replacements. One skilled in the art
will readily recognize that these elevated levels of sulfur in
elastomeric compositions characterize "ebonite" and like
materials.
[0049] In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a
vulcanizing agent masterbatch. A vulcanizing agent masterbatch,
also known as a concentrate, is a combination of ingredients
purposefully formed at elevated active ingredient (e.g. vulcanizing
agent) concentrations in an appropriate elastomeric carrier such
that, when subsequently combined with or "let down" into an
elastomer, a final vulcanizable elastomeric formulation having the
desired final active ingredient concentrations is formed. The
vulcanizing agent masterbatch of the present invention includes (i)
a vulcanizing agent in the amount of from 40 to 90 weight percent
of based on the total weight of the masterbatch and (ii) an
elastomeric carrier, wherein the vulcanizing agent includes a
cyclododecasulfur compound. Preferably, the cyclododecasulfur
compound is characterized by a DSC melt point onset of from about
155.degree. C. to about 167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat
rate of 20.degree. C./minute.
[0050] Examples of suitable elastomeric carriers are the elastomers
listed above as suitable for the vulcanizable elastomeric
formulation of the present invention and may include but not be
limited to natural rubber or any synthetic rubber, such as natural
rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR),
nitrile rubber (NBR), ethylene propylene (EP) or ethylene propylene
diene monomer (EPDM), and the like. Preferably, the elastomeric
carrier is selected to match or be compatible with the elastomer
with which the masterbatch is combined when forming a final
vulcanizable elastomeric formulation having the desired final
active ingredient concentrations. The vulcanizing agent masterbatch
may optionally also include other additives conventionally used in
rubber processing and vulcanized article manufacture as listed
above as optional for the vulcanizable elastomeric formulation of
the present invention, including flow/processing aids,
antioxidants, antidegradants, fatty acids, zinc oxide,
accelerators, extenders, adhesion promoters, activators, bonding
agents, buffers, fillers, pigments, anti-reversion agents,
prevulcanization inhibitors, acid retarders, plasticizers or other
compounding ingredients or additives to further enhance the
characteristics and/or improve the performance of the elastomeric
formulation or the elastomeric article from which it is formed.
[0051] The present invention is also directed to a
cyclododecasulfur compound characterized by a DSC melt point onset
of from about 155.degree. C. to about 167.degree. C. when measured
at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute. More preferably the DSC
melt point onset is between 157.degree. C. and 167.degree. C. when
measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree. C./minute and most
preferably the DSC melt point onset is between 160.degree. C. and
167.degree. C. when measured at a DSC heat rate of 20.degree.
C./minute. An important aspect of the cyclododecasulfur compounds
of the present invention is that they have unexpectedly been found
to exhibit an elevated melting point relative to known forms of
cyclododecasulfur and therefore have been surprisingly identified
as a particularly suitable vulcanizing agent for the vulcanizing
composition of the present invention.
[0052] The cyclododecasulfur compounds of the present invention
preferably exhibit other physical features desirable when the
cyclododecasulfur is used as a vulcanizing agent in a vulcanizing
composition. For example, the cyclododecasulfur compounds of the
present invention are preferably in particle form with a specific
surface area of no more than 50 m.sup.2/g, preferably a specific
surface area of no more than 25 m.sup.2/g, more preferably a
specific surface area of no more than 10 m.sup.2/g, even more
preferably a specific surface area of no more than 5 m.sup.2/g and
most preferably a specific surface area of no more than 2 m.sup.2/g
as measured according to the BET method. Further, the
cyclododecasulfur compounds of the present invention are preferably
in particle form with a median particle diameter of 0.1 to 1200
microns, more preferably 0.5 to 300 microns, most preferably 10 to
100 microns. Further, the cyclododecasulfur compounds of the
present invention are preferably in particle form with a
polydispersity ratio of no more than 15, more preferably a
polydispersity ratio of no more than 10 and most preferably a
polydispersity ratio of no more than 8.
[0053] The specific surface area, also known as the "BET" area, is
a well-known measurement wherein specific surface area of a
particulate material or powder is determined by physical adsorption
of a gas on the surface of the solid and by calculating the amount
of adsorbate gas corresponding to a multi-layer on the surface
based on the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm
equation. The median particle diameter, sometimes referred to as
"D50", is a parameter typically used in the art to give a general
indication as to the coarseness of a material. The polydispersity
ratio, also referred to as "D90/D10", is a parameter that functions
as an indication of the uniformity of the distribution of particle
sizes. D90 is the diameter at which 90% of a sample's mass is
comprised of smaller particles while D10 is the diameter at which
10% of a sample's mass is comprised of smaller particles.
Accordingly, D90/D10 is the ratio of these two values.
[0054] Equipment and methods for determining particle diameters as
required for D50 and D90/D10 measurements are well known in the art
and commercially available, for example: Malvern (Mastersizer
series), Horiba (LA series), Sympatec (Helos series) and Shimadzu
(SALD series). Methods for determining the Nitrogen adsorption
isotherm in conjunction with determining specific surface area,
such as ASTM-D1993-03 (2013), are well known in the art. Further,
equipment for determining the Nitrogen adsorption isotherm are well
known and commercially available, for example from Micromeritics
(Tristar II series) and Quantachrome (Nova series).
[0055] In general, the cyclododecasulfur compounds of the present
invention are synthesized according to a process that includes (i)
reacting cyclooctasulfur, tetramethylethylenediamine and zinc to
form a tetramethylethylenediamine/ZnS.sub.6 complex; and (ii)
reacting said complex with an oxidizing agent under exothermic
reaction conditions to form a cyclododecasulfur-containing reaction
mixture that may include one or more unreacted reactants,
by-products and impurities. Suitable oxidizing agents include
without limitation bromine, chlorine, and thiocyanogen. Preferably,
the process further includes isolating cyclododecasulfur from the
cyclododecasulfur-containing reaction mixture. A suitable technique
for the isolating step includes for example dissolving and
recrystallizing the cyclododecasulfur from the
cyclododecasulfur-containing reaction mixture, preferably using
solvents selected from the group consisting of C.OMEGA. and
aromatic solvents.
[0056] The following examples, while provided to illustrate with
specificity and detail the many aspects and advantages of the
present invention, are not be interpreted as in any way limiting
its scope. Variations, modifications and adaptations which do
depart of the spirit of the present invention will be readily
appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
Analytical Methods
[0057] Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)--
[0058] The differential scanning calorimetry method (DSC) to
measure the melt point onset and melting point range of the
cyclododecasulfur compound involves a first heating scan, from
which are determined the melting peak temperature (Tm1) and the
exothermic peak temperature (Tex1). The instrument used was a TA's
Q2000 DSC (RCS) with a refrigerated cooling system. The procedure
used is described herein as follows. The instrument was calibrated
according to the manufacturers "User's Manual"; by setting the
onset of the melting point of adamantane, indium and lead at
-65.54.degree. C., 156.60.degree. C. and 327.47.degree. C.,
respectively, and heat of fusion of indium at 6.8 cal/g. A
calibration specimen of about 3.0 mg was then scanned at a rate of
20.degree. C./min. in the presence of helium with a flow rate of 50
cc/min. For sulfur-containing specimens, a similar method was used.
A TA's Tzero aluminum pan and lid along with two aluminum hermetic
lids were tared on a balance. About 3.0 mg of the sulfur-containing
specimen was weighed into the Tzero pan, covered with the tared
lid, and crimped using a TA's sample crimper with a pair of "Black"
dies. The crimped specimen from the "Black" die stand was moved to
the "Blue" die stand, where two tared hermetic lids were placed on
the top of the specimen pan and crimped with the top "Blue" die. An
empty crimped Tzero aluminum pan and lid along with 2 hermetic lids
was prepared in a similar fashion as reference. The specimen and
reference pans were placed in the DSC tray and cell at room
temperature. After the DSC was cooled to -5.degree. C. using a
refrigerated cooling system, the specimen was heated from -5 to
200.degree. C. at a rate of 20.degree. C./min in the presence of
helium. "DSC melt point onset" is defined as the temperature at the
start of the endothermic melting event. Data analysis was performed
using TA's software, Universal V4.7A, wherein, Tm1 refers to the
low melting peak temperature occurring on the melting curve, using
analysis option, "Signal Maximum". Tex1 refers to the exothermic
peak temperature occurring right after Tm1, using analysis option,
"Signal Maximum".
[0059] UniQuant (UQ)--
[0060] Samples were also analyzed using X-ray fluorescence and the
UniQuant software package. UniQuant (UQ) is an x-ray fluorescence
(XRF) analysis tool that affords standardless XRF analysis of
samples. Samples can then be semi-quantitatively analyzed for up to
72 elements beginning with row three in the periodic table (i.e. Na
to higher Z). The data are mathematically corrected for matrix
differences between calibration standards and samples as well as
absorption and enhancement effects; i.e. inter-element effects.
Some factors that can affect the quality of results include
granularity in the sample (leading to shadow effects),
mineralogical effects (due to sample inhomogeneity), insufficient
sample size, and lack of knowledge of the sample matrix. In cases
where a sample was amenable to both XRF UQ analysis and ICP-OES
(i.e. quantitative) analysis generally agree within +/-10%. Samples
were analyzed for Zn, Br, Cl, and S content by UQ.
[0061] NMR--
[0062] Weigh approximately 0.0200 g of sample into a vial. Weigh
approximately 0.0200 g of the internal standard,
1,4-dimethoxybenzene, into the same vial. Add approximately 1 mL of
pyridine-d5, or other deuterated solvent that the material is
soluble in. Take a .sup.1H NMR of the material and integrate the
peak at .delta. 3.68 (6 protons). Integrate the two peaks at
.delta. 2.45 and .delta. 2.25 (16 protons). Calculate the % purity
using the following equation.
% Purity=100[(mg IS/MW IS)*(.intg.sample/.intg.IS)*(6/16)*(MW
sample/mg sample)] [0063] IS=internal standard [0064] MW=molecular
weight [0065] .intg.=value of the integration from the .sup.1H
NMR
[0066] Raman Spectroscopy--
[0067] Raman spectrum was measured using a Renishaw inVia confocal
Raman microscope and WiRE 4.1 software with a 785 nm excitation
laser and a 5.times. magnification microscope objective.
Example 1--Preparation of (TMEDA)ZnS.sub.6 Complex
[0068] Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), (408 grams) and methanol
(72 grams) were added to a 3 L, 3-neck glass flask equipped with a
mechanical stirrer (reaching closely to the vessel walls),
thermocouple, N.sub.2 bubbler, water condenser, and electrical
heating mantle. The system was purged with nitrogen and the
temperature of the mixture adjusted to 35.degree. C. Freshly ground
cyclooctasulfur (powder) was added over five minutes while
maintaining stirring at 425-450 rpm. The temperature was increased
to 45.degree. C., whereupon 40 grams of metallic zinc powder
(<10 micron particle size, >98% purity) was added over five
minutes while maintaining stirring at 425-450 rpm. The
gray-greenish yellow reactor contents were then heated slowly to
86.degree. C. and agitated for 4 hours, or until yellow. Once
yellow, the mixture was held for an additional two hours at
temperature, with agitation. At the end of the reaction time, the
flask was cooled to room temperature, the agitator turned off, and
free liquid removed by vacuum extraction. Methanol (600 ml) was
added to the flask to create a slurry, and agitated for one hour.
The resulting slurry was then filtered on a vacuum Buchner filter
(1 micron paper) and washed with two portions of 200 ml each of
methanol. The solids were removed from the filter and dried
overnight in a vacuum oven set at 50.degree. C. and 0.1 MPa. Yield
was close to quantitative, with 233 grams of (TMEDA) ZnS.sub.6
complex, 97.5% purity by NMR analysis per the above procedure.
Example 2--Preparation of Cyclododecasufur of Present Invention
(S.sub.12) from (TMEDA)ZnS.sub.6 Complex
[0069] Methylene chloride (750 mL) was added to a 2 L, 4-neck glass
flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, N.sub.2
bubbler and stopper. Bromine (16.7 g, 104.5 mmol, 1.0 eq) was
weighed into a bottle containing 50 mL CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and this
mixture was added to the flask. The solution was cooled to
4.degree. C. The zinc complex, (TMEDA)ZnS.sub.6, from Example 1,
(97.5% pure) (40 g, 104.3 mmol, 1.0 eq), was added all at once and
washed in with 50 mL CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. There was an immediate
exotherm to 11.degree. C. The solution was stirred for 15 minutes,
filtered, washed with cold CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 and suctioned dry. The
solids were slurried in THF (250 mL), filtered and suctioned dry.
The resultant solids were slurried in cold CS.sub.2 (155 mL),
filtered and suctioned dry to afford 10.2 g of a pale yellow solid.
(yield 50.8% based on sulfur in the zinc complex). Evaluation using
the UQ elemental analysis method described above showed the
material to be 96.6% sulfur (all cyclododecasulfur (S.sub.12) and
sulfur polymer by Raman spectroscopy), 2.67% zinc and 0.7%
bromine.
[0070] The cyclododecasulfur was further purified in a two-vessel
system comprising an upper 2 L, jacketed 3-neck glass flask
equipped with a mechanical stirrer, fine glass fritted filter
plate, thermocouple, N.sub.2 bubbler, dry ice trap, and bottom
valve; and a lower 2 L, jacketed 3-neck glass flask equipped with a
mechanical stirrer, water-cooled condenser and 1 L glass receiver
pot, thermocouple, N.sub.2 bubbler, dry ice trap, and bottom valve.
To initiate the purification procedure, carbon disulfide (1200
grams) was added the upper vessel along with the cyclododecasulfur
from the above reaction step (10.2 g). The contents of the flask
were heated to 40-42.degree. C. with stirring. After agitation of
the mixture for half of an hour, the bottom valve of the vessel was
opened, and the free liquid pulled through the fritted glass filter
into the lower flask. About half of the initial solids remained on
the filter. The solution in the second vessel was cooled to
-6.degree. C. over a period of 20 minutes or less. During the
cooling phase, fine light yellow crystalline cyclododecasulfur
formed. The solution was stirred for about 15 minutes at a final
temperature of -6.degree. C., whereupon the bottom valve of the
vessel was opened and the slurry of S.sub.12--CS.sub.2 was dropped
onto a Buchner funnel fitted with 2 micron filter paper. The light
yellow crystalline cyclododecasulfur was suctioned dry and scraped
from the filter paper. The mother liquor from the final filtration
was returned to the upper vessel, (containing residual solids),
along with makeup CS.sub.2 to give 1200 grams of liquid. The upper
vessel was agitated and heated again to 40-42.degree. C. and the
filtering-cooling procedure was repeated to recover a second crop
of purified cyclododecasulfur (S.sub.12) crystals. After the final
heating-dissolution step, about 0.26 grams of greenish-yellow
solids remained on the upper fritted filter. The combined wet
S.sub.12 crystals were placed in a vacuum oven overnight at
30.degree. C. and about 0.01 MPa to remove residual CS.sub.2, to
give 9.3 grams of dried, purified cyclododecasulfur. Evaluation by
the UQ elemental method described above showed the material to be
at least 99.9% sulfur (all S.sub.12 by Raman), and less than 100
ppm of zinc and bromine. The melting point was determined first by
DSC and then using a thermal resistance melting point apparatus to
be 162.degree. C. and 157.degree. C. respectively. Overall yield of
sulfur to S.sub.12 was 46%.
Example 3--Comparison of Melting Points of Cyclododecasulfur
Materials
[0071] Several batches of purified cyclododecasulfur of the present
invention were prepared following the procedures exemplified by
Examples 1 and 2. Each final purified material was analyzed by
Raman, Uniquat.RTM. or ICP, and melt point onset measured using DSC
as described above. The results are set forth in Table 1 below
along with "control" cyclododecasulfur melt points extrapolated
from reported data measured at a DSC heat rate of 10.degree.
C./min, 5.degree. C./min and 2.5.degree. C./min in Steudel, R.;
Eckert, B., "Solid Sulfur Allotropes", Topics in Current Chemistry
(2003).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Sample Melting point, .degree. C. Invention
Batch 1 166.0 Invention Batch 2 156.0 Invention Batch 3 159.3
Invention Batch 4 158.6 Invention Batch 5 162.4 Invention Batch 6
164.0 Invention Batch 7 161.5 Control 153.5
[0072] As shown above, the cyclododecasulfur compound of the
present invention exhibits a melt point onset materially and
unexpectedly higher than prior art cyclododecasulfur compounds.
Observed variations in melt point for the present invention were
expected due to degree of impurities in the samples as detected by
Raman.
[0073] As noted above, thermal stability (or resistance to thermal
degradation or reversion to soluble sulfur) is an important
parameter in selecting a suitable vulcanizing agent. The thermal
stability performance of the present invention in mixing was
demonstrated in this example 3 by mixing a previously formed
composition set forth in Table 2 below with either 5.0 phr of
commercially available polymeric sulfur (as 6.25 g Crystex.RTM. HD
OT20 available from Eastman Chemical Company) to form control
vulcanizable elastomeric formulations or 5.00 phr of the
cyclododecasulfur of the present invention to form vulcanizable
elastomeric formulations of the present invention. One (1.0) phr of
a conventional vulcanization accelerator,
N,N'-Dicyclohexyl-2-mercaptobenzothiazole sulfenamide (DCBS), was
also added to each vulcanizable elastomeric formulation. Mixing was
performed using a Kobelco 1.6 L laboratory mixer equipped with 4
wing H rotors. Formulations and discharge temperatures for the six
sample items created per the above procedure are set forth below in
Table 3.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Component phr Natural Rubber TSR-10 100
N-339 Carbon Black 50 Zinc Oxide 8 Stearic Acid 2
N1-(4-methylpentan-2-yl)-N4-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine (6-PPD) 2
Total 162
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Item number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Table 1 Masterbatch
(phr) 162 162 162 162 162 162 DCBS (phr) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Polymeric
Sulfur (phr) 6.25 6.25 6.25 Cyclododecasulfur (phr) 5.00 5.00 5.00
Total 168.00 169.25 169.25 169.25 168.00 168.00 Target Rubber
discharge 140 150 130 140 150 130 Temperature (.degree. C.)
[0074] For each sample item, the sample was discharged from the
mixer and sheeted on a two roll mill equilibrated to 70.degree. C.
The rubber content of each sample was then extracted with dioxane
and the soluble sulfur content of each item determined by HPLC
(Agilent 1260 high performance liquid chromatography). Target
temperatures, actual rubber temperature after discharge and
cyclooctasulfur content reported as a percentage of initial sulfur
material, is given below in Table 4.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Item number 1 2 3 4 5 6 Target Temperature
(.degree. C.) 140 150 130 140 150 130 Discharged Rubber
Temperature(.degree. C.) 139 151 131 137 146 131 % cyclooctasulfur
Recovered 15.12 97.04 38.69 91.34 49.80 7.91
[0075] As demonstrated by the above, the cyclododecasulfur of the
present invention exhibits markedly reduced reversion to
cyclooctasulfur (and therefore improved thermal stability in rubber
mixing processes) when compared to current commercially available
polymeric sulfur vulcanizing agents. Further examples below also
describe formation of vulcanizable elastomeric formulations of the
present invention that are then subsequently tested for thermal
stability/bloom resistance and also evaluated to demonstrate the
efficacy of the compound of the present invention as a vulcanizing
agent.
Example 4--Forming Vulcanizable Elastomeric Formulations that
Include the Cyclododecasulfur Compound of the Present Invention
[0076] As a first step, a precursor composition P-1 of conventional
materials used in the manufacture of elastomeric articles was
prepared by combining the following ingredients:
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Composition P-1 Ingredient Amount (phr)
Natural Rubber 100 Carbon Black 50 ZnO 8 Stearic Acid 2 6PPD 2
[0077] A vulcanizable elastomeric formulation of the present
invention (Sample A-1) was then prepared as follows:
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 A-1 Ingredient Weight (gms) P-1 81 DCBS 0.5
Cyclododecasulfur 2.5
[0078] For comparison, control vulcanizable elastomeric
formulations C-1 and C-2, were also prepared by substituting the
cyclododecasulfur of the present invention in the composition
described above with polymeric sulfur (for C-1) and cyclooctasulfur
(rhombic or soluble) sulfur (C-2) as follows:
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 C-1 Ingredient Weight (gms) P-1 81 DCBS
(vulcanization accelerator) 0.5 Polymeric sulfur (in the form of
3.13 g Crystex .RTM. HD 2.5 OD20 commercially available from
Eastman Chemical Company)
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 C-2 Ingredient Weight (gms) P-1 81 DCBS
(vulcanizing accelerator) 0.5 Cyclooctasulfur (S8) 2.5
[0079] In forming each of A-1, C-1 and C-2, a Brabender mixer was
preheated to 80.degree. C. then P-1 was loaded into the mixer and
mixed at @ 50 rpm for 30 minutes. Mixer speed was then reduced to
35 rpm; the sulfur ingredient and accelerator added; and the
resulting composition mixed at 35 rpm for an additional 90 minutes.
The material was then discharged from the mixer, its temperature
recorded and sheeted on a 80.degree. C. mill.
Example 5--Thermal Stability Testing
[0080] The vulcanizable elastomeric formulations A-1 and C-1 above
were placed in a preheated to about 88.degree. C. Brabender
internal mixer with the rotor speed initially set to 35 rpm. The
rubber was mixed and the rotor speed was adjusted, faster or
slower, such that the rubber mixture in the mixer was maintained at
125.degree. C. for extended times to simulate possible commercial
plant processing conditions such as extrusion or calendering
operations. Samples were extracted from the mixer at various times
as indicated in Table 9 below and the weight percent
cyclooctasulfur (as the product of degradation/reversion of both
polymeric sulfur and the cyclododecasulfur of the present
invention) of the sample was measured using the method for
cyclooctasulfur measurement described in Example 3 above. The
results for weight percent cyclooctasulfur are shown in the
following table 9:
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Wt % cyclooctasulfur in extended rubber
mixes Time 2 min 4 min 6 min 8 min 10 min A-1 0.2 0.49 0.95 1.525
2.15 C-1 2.15 2.45 2.7 2.8 2.85
[0081] At the 125.degree. C. processing temperatures of Table 9
above, polymeric sulfur has already exceeded the bloom threshold
level by almost 3.times. when the first sample is taken at two
minutes whereas the cyclododecasulfur of the present invention may
be processed on the order of 5 minutes at 125.degree. C. before
reaching the threshold bloom level. This unexpected advantage is
particularly critical as many commercial factory process steps are
completed in less than two minutes and often less than one minute
at higher temperatures in order to maximize throughput, efficiency
and production volume.
Example 6--Vulcanization Efficacy
[0082] Multiple samples of vulcanizable elastomeric formulation
A-1, C-1 and C-2 were separately vulcanized at 130, 140, 155, 160,
167, and 180.degree. C. using the Alpha Technologies Moving Die
Rheometer, with four parameters related to vulcanization rates and
efficiencies (Maximum Torque, Scorch Time, t.sub.90 and Maximum
rate of vulcanization) measured during the vulcanization process.
Maximum Torque (MH) is a measure of the formed network density with
increases in modulus directly related to increases in crosslink
density. Scorch Time (ts.sub.2), also known as onset of cure, is
defined as the time required for the system to show a torque
increase of 2 dNm above the minimum measured torque. T.sub.90 is
the time required to reach 90% state of cure. Maximum rate of
vulcanization (Rh) is a measure of the fastest rate of
vulcanization observed during the curing cycle. The results from
testing these four parameters are set forth in Tables 10 through 13
below.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Cure Property C-1 MH Cure Temperature,
.degree. C. in dNM A-1 C-2 130 26.8 27.4 27.8 140 25.4 26.2 26.4
155 23.8 24.6 24.7 160 22.3 23.1 23.1 167 21.0 21.8 21.9 180 20.0
20.7 20.8
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Cure Property C-1 ts2 Cure Temperature C.
in Minutes A-1 C-2 130 22.1 22.1 22.2 140 9.1 9.5 9.6 155 3.9 4.2
4.1 160 1.7 1.9 1.8 167 0.8 0.9 0.9 180 0.5 0.5 0.5
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Cure Property C-1 t90 Cure Temperature C.
in Minutes A-1 C-2 130 80.4 80.1 80.8 140 37.9 37.9 38.7 155 18.0
18.2 18.4 160 8.7 8.8 8.9 167 4.3 4.4 4.4 180 2.3 2.3 2.3
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Cure Property C-1 Rh Cure Temperature C.
dNM/minute A-1 C-2 130 0.6 0.6 0.6 140 1.1 1.1 1.1 155 1.9 2.0 2.0
160 3.4 3.6 3.6 167 6.1 6.5 6.4 180 11.1 11.6 11.6
[0083] The data in tables 10-13 indicate that cyclododecasulfur
compound of the present invention is an effective and efficient
sulfur vulcanization agent.
[0084] The foregoing description of various embodiments of the
invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and
description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the
invention to the precise embodiments disclosed. Numerous
modifications or variations are possible in light of the above
teachings. The embodiments discussed were chosen and described to
provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention
and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary
skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments
and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use
contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the
scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when
interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are
fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.
* * * * *