U.S. patent application number 15/609218 was filed with the patent office on 2018-12-06 for resveratrol-based flame retardant materials.
The applicant listed for this patent is International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to SCOTT B. KING, BRANDON M. KOBILKA, JOSEPH KUCZYNSKI, JASON T. WERTZ.
Application Number | 20180346815 15/609218 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 64315413 |
Filed Date | 2018-12-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180346815 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
KING; SCOTT B. ; et
al. |
December 6, 2018 |
RESVERATROL-BASED FLAME RETARDANT MATERIALS
Abstract
A process of forming a resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule with a phosphonate/phosphinate molecule that includes a
chloride group and a terminal functional group.
Inventors: |
KING; SCOTT B.; (ROCHESTER,
MN) ; KOBILKA; BRANDON M.; (TUCSON, AZ) ;
KUCZYNSKI; JOSEPH; (NORTH PORT, FL) ; WERTZ; JASON
T.; (PLEASANT VALLEY, NY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
International Business Machines Corporation |
ARMONK |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
64315413 |
Appl. No.: |
15/609218 |
Filed: |
May 31, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08G 59/04 20130101;
C08K 5/5373 20130101; C07F 9/65515 20130101; C08K 5/52 20130101;
C08G 73/02 20130101; C08K 5/5357 20130101; C07F 9/1406 20130101;
C08G 63/12 20130101; C08G 63/13 20130101; C08G 63/08 20130101; C08G
63/692 20130101; C08G 59/3272 20130101; C07F 9/4084 20130101; C08G
69/02 20130101; C07F 9/65502 20130101; C08K 5/5353 20130101; C09K
21/14 20130101; C08G 79/02 20130101; C08F 30/02 20130101; C07F
9/145 20130101; C08F 130/02 20130101; C08G 59/02 20130101; C08G
63/6928 20130101; C08G 69/26 20130101; C08G 79/06 20130101; C08K
5/5337 20130101; C08G 59/304 20130101; C09K 21/12 20130101; C07F
9/12 20130101; C08F 230/02 20130101; C08K 5/5333 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C09K 21/12 20060101
C09K021/12; C07F 9/40 20060101 C07F009/40; C08K 5/5333 20060101
C08K005/5333; C09K 21/14 20060101 C09K021/14; C07F 9/12 20060101
C07F009/12 |
Claims
1. A process comprising forming a resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule by chemically reacting a resveratrol molecule with a
phosphonate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal
functional group, the terminal functional group selected from the
group consisting of: an epoxide group, a lactone group, an amine
group, and a carboxyl group.
2.-20. (canceled)
21. The process of claim 1, wherein the terminal functional group
is the epoxide group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00003##
22. The process of claim 1, wherein the terminal functional group
is the lactone group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00004##
23. The process of claim 1, wherein the terminal functional group
is the amine group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00005##
24. The process of claim 1, wherein the terminal functional group
is the carboxyl group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00006##
25. A process comprising: forming a resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule by chemically reacting a resveratrol
molecule with a phosphonate molecule that includes a chloride group
and a terminal functional group, the terminal functional group
selected from the group consisting of: an allyl group, an epoxide
group, a lactone group, an amine group, and a carboxyl group; and
utilizing the resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule as a
flame retardant additive to a polymeric material.
26. The process of claim 25, wherein the terminal functional group
is the allyl group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00007##
27. The process of claim 25, wherein the terminal functional group
is the epoxide group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00008##
28. The process of claim 25, wherein the terminal functional group
is the lactone group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00009##
29. The process of claim 25, wherein the terminal functional group
is the amine group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00010##
30. The process of claim 25, wherein the terminal functional group
is the carboxyl group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00011##
31. A process comprising: forming a resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule by chemically reacting a resveratrol
molecule with a phosphonate molecule that includes a chloride group
and a terminal functional group, the terminal functional group
selected from the group consisting of: an allyl group, an epoxide
group, a lactone group, an amine group, and a carboxyl group; and
utilizing the resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer via a chemical
reaction of the terminal functional group.
32. The process of claim 31, wherein the terminal functional group
is the allyl group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00012##
33. The process of claim 31, wherein the terminal functional group
is the epoxide group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00013##
34. The process of claim 31, wherein the terminal functional group
is the lactone group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00014##
35. The process of claim 31, wherein the terminal functional group
is the amine group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00015##
36. The process of claim 31, wherein the terminal functional group
is the carboxyl group, the resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule having the following structure: ##STR00016##
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] Plastics are typically derived from a finite and dwindling
supply of petrochemicals, resulting in price fluctuations and
supply chain instability. Replacing non-renewable petroleum-based
polymers with polymers derived from renewable resources may be
desirable. However, there may be limited alternatives to
petroleum-based polymers in certain contexts. To illustrate,
particular plastics performance standards may be specified by a
standards body or by a regulatory agency. In some cases,
alternatives to petroleum-based polymers may be limited as a result
of challenges associated with satisfying particular plastics
performance standards.
SUMMARY
[0002] According to an embodiment, a process of forming a
resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule is disclosed. The
process includes chemically reacting a resveratrol molecule with a
phosphonate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal
functional group.
[0003] According to another embodiment, a resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule is disclosed having the following
formula:
##STR00001##
[0004] In the above formula, X includes a terminal functional group
selected from the group consisting of: an allyl group; an epoxide
group; a lactone group; an amine group; and a carboxyl group.
[0005] According to another embodiment, a process of forming a
resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule is disclosed. The
process includes chemically reacting a resveratrol molecule with a
phosphinate molecule that includes a chloride group and a terminal
functional group.
[0006] According to yet another embodiment, a resveratrol-based
flame retardant small molecule is disclosed having the following
formula:
##STR00002##
[0007] In the above formula, X includes a terminal reactive group
selected from the group consisting of: an allyl group; an epoxide
group; a lactone group; an amine group; and a carboxyl group.
[0008] The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of
the invention will be apparent from the following more particular
descriptions of exemplary embodiments of the invention as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings wherein like reference
numbers generally represent like parts of exemplary embodiments of
the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process
of forming a first resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0010] FIGS. 2A and 2B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a first phosphonate
molecule for forming the first resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule depicted in FIG. 1.
[0011] FIG. 3 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process
of forming a second resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0012] FIGS. 4A and 4B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a second
phosphonate molecule for forming the second resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule depicted in FIG. 3.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process
of forming a third resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0014] FIGS. 6A and 6B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a third phosphonate
molecule for forming the third resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule depicted in FIG. 5.
[0015] FIG. 7 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process
of forming a fourth resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0016] FIGS. 8A and 8B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a fourth
phosphonate molecule for forming the fourth resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule depicted in FIG. 7.
[0017] FIG. 9 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a process
of forming a fifth resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0018] FIGS. 10A and 10B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a fifth phosphonate
molecule for forming the fifth resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule depicted in FIG. 9.
[0019] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer formed from one of the
resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecules depicted in FIGS.
1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.
[0020] FIG. 12 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a
process of forming a sixth resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0021] FIGS. 13A and 13B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a first phosphinate
molecule for forming for forming the sixth resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule depicted in FIG. 11.
[0022] FIG. 14 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a
process of forming a seventh resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0023] FIGS. 15A and 15B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a second
phosphinate molecule for forming the seventh resveratrol-based
flame retardant small molecule depicted in FIG. 14.
[0024] FIG. 16 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a
process of forming an eighth resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0025] FIGS. 17A and 17B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a third phosphinate
molecule for forming the eighth resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule depicted in FIG. 16.
[0026] FIG. 18 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a
process of forming a ninth resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0027] FIGS. 19A and 19B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a fourth
phosphinate molecule for forming the ninth resveratrol-based flame
retardant small molecule depicted in FIG. 18.
[0028] FIG. 20 is a chemical reaction diagram illustrating a
process of forming a tenth resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule, according to one embodiment.
[0029] FIGS. 21A and 21B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming a fifth phosphinate
molecule for forming the tenth resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecule depicted in FIG. 20.
[0030] FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer formed from one of the
resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecules depicted in FIGS.
12, 14, 16, 18, and 20.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] The present disclosure describes flame retardant materials
derived from the biorenewable molecule resveratrol
(3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) and methods of forming the flame
retardant materials from the biorenewable molecule resveratrol. The
biorenewable molecule resveratrol may be extracted from plants,
where it is produced in response to injury or when the plant is
under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi.
[0032] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a resveratrol
molecule may be chemically reacted with a phosphorus-containing
molecule to form a resveratrol-based molecule having one or more
phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties. In the present
disclosure, the phosphorus-containing molecule includes a
phosphoryl group (i.e., a phosphorus-oxygen double bond), a
chloride group, and an additional reactive functional group (e.g.,
an allyl group, an epoxide group, a lactone group, an amine group,
or a carboxyl group). The resveratrol-based molecule having the
phosphorus-based flame retardant moiety (or moieities) is also
referred to herein as a resveratrol-based flame retardant small
molecule. In some cases, the resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecules of the present disclosure may be added to a variety
of polymeric materials to not only impart flame retardancy
characteristics to the polymeric materials but also increase the
biorenewable content of the polymeric materials.
[0033] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the
additional reactive functional group may enable the
resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule to be utilized as
a monomer to form a resveratrol-based polymer having
phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties. The resveratrol-based
polymers having the phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties are
also referred to herein as resveratrol-based flame retardant
polymers. In some cases, the resveratrol-based flame retardant
polymers of the present disclosure may be utilized as stand-alone
polymers. In other cases, the resveratrol-based flame retardant
polymers of the present disclosure may be blended with other
polymeric materials (e.g., petroleum-based polymers) to form a
polymeric blend. In such cases, the resveratrol-based flame
retardant polymers not only impart flame retardancy characteristics
to the polymeric blend but also increase the biorenewable content
of the polymeric blend.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 1, a chemical reaction diagram 100
illustrates a process of forming a first resveratrol-based flame
retardant (FR) small molecule 102, according to one embodiment. In
the particular embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, the first
resveratrol-based FR small molecule 102 is formed via a chemical
reaction of a resveratrol molecule 104 (which may be derived from
plants) and a first phosphonate molecule 106. As further described
herein, the first phosphonate molecule 106 depicted in FIG. 1 may
be synthesized according to one of the processes described herein
with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B.
[0035] The first phosphonate molecule 106 depicted in FIG. 1
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to an allyl group. FIG. 1
illustrates that a chloride group of the first phosphonate molecule
106 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol molecule 104 to
form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the phosphorus atom of
the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group. As
a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule 104 may be chemically
reacted with the first phosphonate molecule 106 in an amine solvent
to yield the first resveratrol-based FR small molecule 102.
[0036] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, each hydroxyl group of
the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the first phosphonate
molecule 106 to form the first resveratrol-based FR small molecule
102 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three allyl functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three allyl functional groups).
[0037] Thus, FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes an
allyl functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphonate molecule that includes the allyl
functional group.
[0038] FIGS. 2A and 2B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the first
phosphonate molecule 106 depicted in FIG. 1. The first phosphonate
molecule 106 depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B represents an example of a
phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a chloride group
for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol molecule and an
allyl functional group that may be utilized to form a
resveratrol-derived flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 11.
[0039] Referring to FIG. 2A, a first chemical reaction diagram 200
illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the first
phosphonate molecule 106. In FIG. 2A, the first phosphonate
molecule 106 is formed via a one-step process via reaction of allyl
alcohol with phenyl dichlorophosphate via careful addition and
stoichiometric control.
[0040] As a prophetic example, to a stirred solution that includes
allyl alcohol (1.0 eq.) and triethylamine (2.0 eq.) in anhydrous
THF, phenyl dichlorophosphate (1.3 eq.) may be added dropwise at
0.degree. C., and the reaction mixture may be stirred at ambient
temperature for 2 hours or the reaction mixture may be heated up to
reflux (60-65.degree. C.) for an extended reaction time (4 hours).
The reaction mixture may be cooled to ambient temperature and
filtered to remove the triethylamine hydrochloride salt. The
solvents of the filtrate may be removed in vacuo, and the product
may be purified by fractional distillation.
[0041] Referring to FIG. 2B, a second chemical reaction diagram 210
illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming the
first phosphonate molecule 106. The first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 2B illustrates that allyl alcohol may be reacted
with titanium (IV) isopropoxide and phosphonic acid diphenyl ester
via a pseudo-esterification to form an intermediate molecule. The
second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 2B illustrates that the
intermediate molecule may be reacted with thionyl chloride to form
the first phosphonate molecule 106.
[0042] As a prophetic example, diaryl phosphite (5.5 mmol) may be
added to a solution of titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OPr).sub.4
(11 mmol), in allyl alcohol (excess). This solution may be diluted
with benzene. The reaction mixture may be heated to 40.degree. C.
until completion. The mixture may be poured into water, extracted
with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.), dried over MgSO.sub.4, and
solvent and volatile components may be removed in vacuo. The
products may be purified by fractional distillation or
recrystallization. The product from the first step (1.0 eq.), in
dry acetonitrile (MeCN), toluene, or dichloromethane (DCM), may be
added to a solution of trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.33 eq.),
N-chlorosuccinimide (1.0 eq.), or tert-butyl hypochlorite (1.0 eq.)
in the same solvent at room temperature, under an N.sub.2
atmosphere. Upon formation of a precipitate, the reaction may be
stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. Upon
completion of the reaction, as determined by .sup.31P NMR, the
reaction mixture may be passed through a 0.45 .mu.m Whatman syringe
filter and concentrated under vacuum. Next, thionyl chloride
(SOCl.sub.2) may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as carbon
tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4), and the chemical reaction may be
performed from 0.degree. C. to room temperature.
[0043] Thus, FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an allyl functional group that may be utilized to form
a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 2A and 2B
illustrate an example in which the phosphonate molecule includes a
phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl group may be
substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl groups, among
other alternatives.
[0044] Referring to FIG. 3, a chemical reaction diagram 300
illustrates a process of forming a second resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 302, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, the second resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 302 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a second phosphonate molecule 306. As
further described herein, the second phosphonate molecule 306
depicted in FIG. 3 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B.
[0045] The second phosphonate molecule 306 depicted in FIG. 3
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to an epoxide group. FIG.
3 illustrates that a chloride group of the second phosphonate
molecule 306 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the second phosphonate molecule
306 in an amine solvent to yield the second resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 302.
[0046] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, each hydroxyl group of
the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the second phosphonate
molecule 306 to form the second resveratrol-based FR small molecule
302 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three epoxide functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three epoxide functional groups).
[0047] Thus, FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-derived flame retardant small molecule that includes
an epoxide functional group via a chemical reaction of a
resveratrol molecule and a phosphonate molecule that includes the
epoxide functional group.
[0048] FIGS. 4A and 4B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the second
phosphonate molecule 306 depicted in FIG. 3. The second phosphonate
molecule 306 depicted in FIGS. 4A and 4B represents an example of a
phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a chloride group
for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol molecule and an
epoxide functional group that may be utilized to form a
resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 11.
[0049] Referring to FIG. 4A, a first chemical reaction diagram 400
illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the second
phosphonate molecule 306. In FIG. 4A, the second phosphonate
molecule 306 is formed via a one-step process via reaction of
glycidol with phenyl dichlorophosphate via careful addition and
stoichiometric control.
[0050] As a prophetic example, to a stirred solution that includes
glycidol (1.0 eq.) and triethylamine (2.0 eq.) in anhydrous THF,
phenyl dichlorophosphate (1.3 eq.) may be added dropwise at
0.degree. C., and the reaction mixture may be stirred at ambient
temperature for 2 hours or the reaction mixture may be heated up to
reflux (60-65.degree. C.) for an extended reaction time (4 hours).
The reaction mixture may be cooled to ambient temperature and
filtered to remove the triethylamine hydrochloride salt. The
solvents of the filtrate may be removed in vacuo, and the product
may be purified by fractional distillation.
[0051] Referring to FIG. 4B, a second chemical reaction diagram 410
illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming the
second phosphonate molecule 306. The first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 4B illustrates that glycidol may be reacted with
titanium (IV) isopropoxide and phosphonic acid diphenyl ester via a
pseudo-esterification to form an intermediate molecule. The second
chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 4B illustrates that the
intermediate molecule may be reacted with thionyl chloride to form
the second phosphonate molecule 306.
[0052] As a prophetic example, diaryl phosphite (5.5 mmol) may be
added to a solution of titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OPr).sub.4
(11 mmol), in glycidol (excess). This solution may be diluted with
benzene. The reaction mixture may be heated to 40.degree. C. until
completion. The mixture may be poured into water, extracted with
CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.), dried over MgSO.sub.4, and solvent and
volatile components may be removed in vacuo. The products may be
purified by fractional distillation or recrystallization. The
product from the first step (1.0 eq.), in dry acetonitrile (MeCN),
toluene, or dichloromethane (DCM), may be added to a solution of
trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.33 eq.), N-chlorosuccinimide (1.0
eq.), or tert-butyl hypochlorite (1.0 eq.) in the same solvent at
room temperature, under an N.sub.2 atmosphere. Upon formation of a
precipitate, the reaction may be stirred at room temperature for an
additional 2 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, as determined
by .sup.31P NMR, the reaction mixture may be passed through a 0.45
.mu.m Whatman syringe filter and concentrated under vacuum. Next,
thionyl chloride (SOCl.sub.2) may be dissolved in a suitable
solvent, such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4), and the chemical
reaction may be performed from 0.degree. C. to room
temperature.
[0053] Thus, FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an epoxide functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 4A
and 4B illustrate an example in which the phosphonate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0054] Referring to FIG. 5, a chemical reaction diagram 500
illustrates a process of forming a third resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 502, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, the third resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 502 is formed via a chemical reaction of the resveratrol
molecule 104 and a third phosphonate molecule 506. As further
described herein, the third phosphonate molecule 506 depicted in
FIG. 5 may be synthesized according to one of the processes
described herein with respect to FIGS. 6A and 6B.
[0055] The third phosphonate molecule 506 depicted in FIG. 5
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to a lactone group. FIG.
5 illustrates that a chloride group of the third phosphonate
molecule 506 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the third phosphonate molecule
506 in an amine solvent to yield the third resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 502.
[0056] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5, each hydroxyl group of
the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the third phosphonate
molecule 506 to form the third resveratrol-based FR small molecule
502 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three lactone functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three lactone functional groups).
[0057] Thus, FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes a
lactone functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphonate molecule that includes the lactone
functional group.
[0058] FIGS. 6A and 6B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the third
phosphonate molecule 506 depicted in FIG. 5. The third phosphonate
molecule 506 depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B represents an example of a
phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a chloride group
for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol molecule and a
lactone functional group that may be utilized to form a
resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 11.
[0059] Referring to FIG. 6A, a first chemical reaction diagram 600
illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the third
phosphonate molecule 506. In FIG. 6A, the third phosphonate
molecule 506 is formed via a one-step process via reaction of
4-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one with phenyl dichlorophosphate
via careful addition and stoichiometric control.
[0060] As a prophetic example, to a stirred solution that includes
4-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (1.0 eq.) and triethylamine (2.0
eq.) in anhydrous THF, phenyl dichlorophosphate (1.3 eq.) may be
added dropwise at 0.degree. C., and the reaction mixture may be
stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours or the reaction mixture
may be heated up to reflux (60-65.degree. C.) for an extended
reaction time (4 hours). The reaction mixture may be cooled to
ambient temperature and filtered to remove the triethylamine
hydrochloride salt. The solvents of the filtrate may be removed in
vacuo, and the product may be purified by fractional
distillation.
[0061] Referring to FIG. 6B, a second chemical reaction diagram 610
illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming the
third phosphonate molecule 506. The first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 6B illustrates that
4-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one may be reacted with titanium
(IV) isopropoxide and phosphonic acid diphenyl ester via a
pseudo-esterification to form an intermediate molecule. The second
chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 6B illustrates that the
intermediate molecule may be reacted with thionyl chloride to form
the third phosphonate molecule 506.
[0062] As a prophetic example, diaryl phosphite (5.5 mmol) may be
added to a solution of titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OPr).sub.4
(11 mmol), in 4-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (excess). This
solution may be diluted with benzene. The reaction mixture may be
heated to 40.degree. C. until completion. The mixture may be poured
into water, extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.), dried over
MgSO.sub.4, and solvent and volatile components may be removed in
vacuo. The products may be purified by fractional distillation or
recrystallization. The product from the first step (1.0 eq.), in
dry acetonitrile (MeCN), toluene, or dichloromethane (DCM), may be
added to a solution of trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.33 eq.),
N-chlorosuccinimide (1.0 eq.), or tert-butyl hypochlorite (1.0 eq.)
in the same solvent at room temperature, under an N.sub.2
atmosphere. Upon formation of a precipitate, the reaction may be
stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. Upon
completion of the reaction, as determined by .sup.31P NMR, the
reaction mixture may be passed through a 0.45 .mu.m Whatman syringe
filter and concentrated under vacuum. Next, thionyl chloride
(SOCl.sub.2) may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as carbon
tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4), and the chemical reaction may be
performed from 0.degree. C. to room temperature.
[0063] Thus, FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and a lactone functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 6A
and 6B illustrate an example in which the phosphonate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0064] Referring to FIG. 7, a chemical reaction diagram 700
illustrates a process of forming a fourth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 702, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 7, the fourth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 702 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a fourth phosphonate molecule 706. As
further described herein, the fourth phosphonate molecule 706
depicted in FIG. 7 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 8A and 8B.
[0065] The fourth phosphonate molecule 706 depicted in FIG. 7
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to an amine group. FIG. 7
illustrates that a chloride group of the fourth phosphonate
molecule 706 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the fourth phosphonate molecule
706 in an amine solvent to yield the fourth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 702.
[0066] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 7, each hydroxyl group of
the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the fourth phosphonate
molecule 706 to form the fourth resveratrol-based FR small molecule
702 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three amine functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three amine functional groups).
[0067] Thus, FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes an
amine functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphonate molecule that includes the amine
functional group.
[0068] FIGS. 8A and 8B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the fourth
phosphonate molecule 706 depicted in FIG. 7. The fourth phosphonate
molecule 706 depicted in FIGS. 8A and 8B represents an example of a
phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a chloride group
for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol molecule and an
amine functional group that may be utilized to form a
resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 11.
[0069] Referring to FIG. 8A, a first chemical reaction diagram 800
illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the fourth
phosphonate molecule 706. In FIG. 8A, the fourth phosphonate
molecule 706 is formed via a one-step process via reaction of
aminomethanol with phenyl dichlorophosphate via careful addition
and stoichiometric control.
[0070] As a prophetic example, to a stirred solution that includes
aminomethanol (1.0 eq.) and triethylamine (2.0 eq.) in anhydrous
THF, phenyl dichlorophosphate (1.3 eq.) may be added dropwise at
0.degree. C., and the reaction mixture may be stirred at ambient
temperature for 2 hours or the reaction mixture may be heated up to
reflux (60-65.degree. C.) for an extended reaction time (4 hours).
The reaction mixture may be cooled to ambient temperature and
filtered to remove the triethylamine hydrochloride salt. The
solvents of the filtrate may be removed in vacuo, and the product
may be purified by fractional distillation.
[0071] Referring to FIG. 8B, a second chemical reaction diagram 810
illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming the
fourth phosphonate molecule 706. The first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 8B illustrates that aminomethanol may be reacted
with titanium (IV) isopropoxide and phosphonic acid diphenyl ester
via a pseudo-esterification to form an intermediate molecule. The
second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 8B illustrates that the
intermediate molecule may be reacted with thionyl chloride to form
the fourth phosphonate molecule 706.
[0072] As a prophetic example, diaryl phosphite (5.5 mmol) may be
added to a solution of titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OPr).sub.4
(11 mmol), in aminomethanol (excess). This solution may be diluted
with benzene. The reaction mixture may be heated to 40.degree. C.
until completion. The mixture may be poured into water, extracted
with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.), dried over MgSO.sub.4, and
solvent and volatile components may be removed in vacuo. The
products may be purified by fractional distillation or
recrystallization. The product from the first step (1.0 eq.), in
dry acetonitrile (MeCN), toluene, or dichloromethane (DCM), may be
added to a solution of trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.33 eq.),
N-chlorosuccinimide (1.0 eq.), or tert-butyl hypochlorite (1.0 eq.)
in the same solvent at room temperature, under an N.sub.2
atmosphere. Upon formation of a precipitate, the reaction may be
stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. Upon
completion of the reaction, as determined by .sup.31P NMR, the
reaction mixture may be passed through a 0.45 .mu.m Whatman syringe
filter and concentrated under vacuum. Next, thionyl chloride
(SOCl.sub.2) may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as carbon
tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4), and the chemical reaction may be
performed from 0.degree. C. to room temperature.
[0073] Thus, FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an amine functional group that may be utilized to form
a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 8A and 8B
illustrate an example in which the phosphonate molecule includes a
phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl group may be
substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl groups, among
other alternatives.
[0074] Referring to FIG. 9, a chemical reaction diagram 900
illustrates a process of forming a fifth resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 902, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 9, the fifth resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 902 is formed via a chemical reaction of the resveratrol
molecule 104 and a fifth phosphonate molecule 906. As further
described herein, the fifth phosphonate molecule 906 depicted in
FIG. 9 may be synthesized according to one of the processes
described herein with respect to FIGS. 10A and 10B.
[0075] The fifth phosphonate molecule 906 depicted in FIG. 9
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to a carboxyl group. FIG.
9 illustrates that a chloride group of the fifth phosphonate
molecule 906 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the fifth phosphonate molecule
906 in an amine solvent to yield the fifth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 902.
[0076] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 9, each hydroxyl group of
the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the fifth phosphonate
molecule 906 to form the fifth resveratrol-based FR small molecule
902 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three carboxyl functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three carboxyl functional groups).
[0077] Thus, FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes a
carboxyl functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphonate molecule that includes the carboxyl
functional group.
[0078] FIGS. 10A and 10B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the fifth
phosphonate molecule 906 depicted in FIG. 9. The fifth phosphonate
molecule 906 depicted in FIGS. 10A and 10B represents an example of
a phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a chloride group
for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol molecule and a
carboxyl functional group that may be utilized to form a
resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 11.
[0079] Referring to FIG. 10A, a first chemical reaction diagram
1000 illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the
fifth phosphonate molecule 906. In FIG. 10A, the fifth phosphonate
molecule 906 is formed via a one-step process via reaction of an
a-hydroxy acid (e.g., glycolic acid) with phenyl dichlorophosphate
via careful addition and stoichiometric control.
[0080] As a prophetic example, to a stirred solution that includes
glycolic acid (1.0 eq.) and triethylamine (2.0 eq.) in anhydrous
THF, phenyl dichlorophosphate (1.3 eq.) may be added dropwise at
0.degree. C., and the reaction mixture may be stirred at ambient
temperature for 2 hours or the reaction mixture may be heated up to
reflux (60-65.degree. C.) for an extended reaction time (4 hours).
The reaction mixture may be cooled to ambient temperature and
filtered to remove the triethylamine hydrochloride salt. The
solvents of the filtrate may be removed in vacuo, and the product
may be purified by fractional distillation.
[0081] Referring to FIG. 10B, a second chemical reaction diagram
1010 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming
the fifth phosphonate molecule 906. The first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 10B illustrates that an a-hydroxy acid (e.g.,
glycolic acid) may be reacted with titanium (IV) isopropoxide and
phosphonic acid diphenyl ester via a pseudo-esterification to form
an intermediate molecule. The second chemical reaction depicted in
FIG. 10B illustrates that the intermediate molecule may be reacted
with thionyl chloride to form the fifth phosphorus-based FR
molecule.
[0082] As a prophetic example, diaryl phosphite (5.5 mmol) may be
added to a solution of titanium (IV) isopropoxide, Ti(OPr).sub.4
(11 mmol), in glycolic acid (excess). This solution may be diluted
with benzene. The reaction mixture may be heated to 40.degree. C.
until completion. The mixture may be poured into water, extracted
with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.times.), dried over MgSO.sub.4, and
solvent and volatile components may be removed in vacuo. The
products may be purified by fractional distillation or
recrystallization. The product from the first step (1.0 eq.), in
dry acetonitrile (MeCN), toluene, or dichloromethane (DCM), may be
added to a solution of trichloroisocyanuric acid (0.33 eq.),
N-chlorosuccinimide (1.0 eq.), or tert-butyl hypochlorite (1.0 eq.)
in the same solvent at room temperature, under an N.sub.2
atmosphere. Upon formation of a precipitate, the reaction may be
stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 hours. Upon
completion of the reaction, as determined by .sup.31P NMR, the
reaction mixture may be passed through a 0.45 .mu.m Whatman syringe
filter and concentrated under vacuum. Next, thionyl chloride
(SOCl.sub.2) may be dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as carbon
tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4), and the chemical reaction may be
performed from 0.degree. C. to room temperature.
[0083] Thus, FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphonate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and a carboxyl functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-derived flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 10A
and 10B illustrate an example in which the phosphonate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0084] Referring to FIG. 11, a diagram 1100 illustrates a first
example of a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer 1102 that
may be formed from one of the resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecules depicted in FIGS. 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.
[0085] Referring to FIG. 12, a chemical reaction diagram 1200
illustrates a process of forming a sixth resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 1202, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 12, the sixth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1202 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a first phosphinate molecule 1206. As
further described herein, the first phosphinate molecule 1206
depicted in FIG. 12 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 13A and 13B.
[0086] The first phosphinate molecule 1206 depicted in FIG. 12
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to an allyl group. FIG.
12 illustrates that a chloride group of the first phosphinate
molecule 1206 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the first phosphinate molecule
1206 in an amine solvent to yield the sixth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1202.
[0087] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 12, each hydroxyl group
of the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the first phosphinate
molecule 1206 to form the sixth resveratrol-based FR small molecule
1202 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three allyl functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three allyl functional groups).
[0088] Thus, FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes an
allyl functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphinate molecule that includes the allyl
functional group.
[0089] FIGS. 13A and 13B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the first
phosphinate molecule 1206 depicted in FIG. 12. The first
phosphinate molecule 1206 depicted in FIGS. 13A and 13B represents
an example of a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an allyl functional group that may be utilized to form
a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 22.
[0090] Referring to FIG. 13A, a first chemical reaction diagram
1300 illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the
first phosphinate molecule 1206. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 13A, an allyl chloride molecule is chemically
reacted with triphenylphosphite to form a phosphonyl ester
intermediate material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in
FIG. 13A, the phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically
reacted with phosphorus pentachloride to form the first phosphinate
molecule 1206.
[0091] As a prophetic example, allyl chloride (1 eq.) and trialkyl
phosphite, P(OR).sub.3, may be added to a reaction vessel. The
reaction vessel may include an organic solvent such as toluene,
THF, ethanol, or DMF, and may also contain a compound such an
alumina. The reaction may be heated to reflux or up to 180.degree.
C. if done using neat conditions. The reaction mixture may also be
irradiated by microwaves for a short period to increase the
reaction rate. The reaction may be cooled to room temperature, and
the excess trialkyl phosphite may be removed in vacuo or it may be
washed with DCM, and dried using CaCl.sub.2 prior to filtration and
having the solvents removed in vacuo. The phosphonate may be
purified by fractional distillation. To a solution of the
phosphonate product may be added PCl.sub.5 (excess) at 0.degree. C.
under an inert atmosphere. The reaction may be performed in a
solvent such as CCl.sub.4. The mixture may be allowed to warm up to
room temperature and may be stirred for an additional day. The
solvent may then be removed in vacuo, and the residue may be
distilled to give the product.
[0092] Referring to FIG. 13B, a second chemical reaction diagram
1310 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming
the first phosphinate molecule 1206. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 13B, an allyl chloride molecule is chemically
reacted with triphenylphosphite and quenched under aqueous basic
conditions to form a phosphonyl ester intermediate material. In the
second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 13B, the phosphonyl ester
intermediate material is chemically reacted with thionyl chloride
to form the first phosphinate molecule 1206.
[0093] As a prophetic example, an allyl phosphonate (1.0 eq.) may
be generated and quickly added to a solution of bromodimethyl
borane (1.0 eq.) in an organic solvent such as toluene. The
reaction mixture may be warmed to room temperature and stirred
overnight. The solvent and volatile byproducts may be removed in
vacuo. To a solution of the diaryl phosphorous-containing product,
SOCl.sub.2 (excess) may be added at 0.degree. C. The mixture may be
allowed to warm up to room temperature or heated to 40.degree. C.
and may be stirred for an additional day. The solvent may then be
removed in vacuo, and the residue may be distilled to give the
product.
[0094] Thus, FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an allyl functional group that may be utilized to form
a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 13A and
13B illustrate an example in which the phosphinate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0095] Referring to FIG. 14, a chemical reaction diagram 1400
illustrates a process of forming a seventh resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1402, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 14, the seventh resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1402 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a second phosphinate molecule 1406. As
further described herein, the second phosphinate molecule 1406
depicted in FIG. 14 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 15A and 15B.
[0096] The second phosphinate molecule 1406 depicted in FIG. 14
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to an epoxide group. FIG.
14 illustrates that a chloride group of the second phosphinate
molecule 1406 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the second phosphinate molecule
1406 in an amine solvent to yield the seventh resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1402.
[0097] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 14, each hydroxyl group
of the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the second phosphinate
molecule 1406 to form the seventh resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 1402 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant
moieties (and three epoxide functional groups). It will be
appreciated that, in other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be
adjusted to form an alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule
having less than three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties
(and less than three epoxide functional groups).
[0098] Thus, FIG. 14 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-derived flame retardant small molecule that includes
an epoxide functional group via a chemical reaction of a
resveratrol molecule and a phosphinate molecule that includes the
epoxide functional group.
[0099] FIGS. 15A and 15B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the second
phosphinate molecule 1406 depicted in FIG. 14. The second
phosphinate molecule 1406 depicted in FIGS. 15A and 15B represents
an example of a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an epoxide functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described
further herein with respect to FIG. 22.
[0100] Referring to FIG. 15A, a first chemical reaction diagram
1500 illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the
second phosphinate molecule 1406. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 15A, an epichlorohydrin molecule is chemically
reacted with triphenylphosphite to form a phosphonyl ester
intermediate material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in
FIG. 15A, the phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically
reacted with phosphorus pentachloride to form the second
phosphinate molecule 1406.
[0101] As a prophetic example, epichlorohydrin (1 eq.) and trialkyl
phosphite, P(OR).sub.3, may be added to a reaction vessel. The
reaction vessel may include an organic solvent such as toluene,
THF, ethanol, or DMF, and may also contain a compound such an
alumina. The reaction may be heated to reflux or up to 180.degree.
C. if done using neat conditions. The reaction mixture may also be
irradiated by microwaves for a short period to increase the
reaction rate. The reaction may be cooled to room temperature, and
the excess trialkyl phosphite may be removed in vacuo or it may be
washed with DCM, and dried using CaCl.sub.2 prior to filtration and
having the solvents removed in vacuo. The phosphonate may be
purified by fractional distillation. To a solution of the
phosphonate product may be added PCl.sub.5 (excess) at 0.degree. C.
under an inert atmosphere. The reaction may be performed in a
solvent such as CCl.sub.4. The mixture may be allowed to warm up to
room temperature and may be stirred for an additional day. The
solvent may then be removed in vacuo, and the residue may be
distilled to give the product.
[0102] Referring to FIG. 15B, a second chemical reaction diagram
1510 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming
the second phosphinate molecule 1406. In the first chemical
reaction depicted in FIG. 15B, an epichlorohydrin molecule is
chemically reacted with triphenylphosphite and quenched under
aqueous basic conditions to form a phosphonyl ester intermediate
material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 15B, the
phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically reacted with
thionyl chloride to form the second phosphinate molecule 1406.
[0103] As a prophetic example, an oxirane phosphonate (1.0 eq.) may
be generated and quickly added to a solution of bromodimethyl
borane (1.0 eq.) in an organic solvent such as toluene. The
reaction mixture may be warmed to room temperature and stirred
overnight. The solvent and volatile byproducts may be removed in
vacuo. To a solution of the diaryl phosphorous-containing product,
SOCl.sub.2 (excess) may be added at 0.degree. C. The mixture may be
allowed to warm up to room temperature or heated to 40.degree. C.
and may be stirred for an additional day. The solvent may then be
removed in vacuo, and the residue may be distilled to give the
product.
[0104] Thus, FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an epoxide functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 15A
and 15B illustrate an example in which the phosphinate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0105] Referring to FIG. 16, a chemical reaction diagram 1600
illustrates a process of forming an eighth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1602, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 16, the eighth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1602 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a third phosphinate molecule 1606. As
further described herein, the third phosphinate molecule 1606
depicted in FIG. 16 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 17A and 17B.
[0106] The third phosphinate molecule 1606 depicted in FIG. 16
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to a lactone group. FIG.
16 illustrates that a chloride group of the third phosphinate
molecule 1606 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the third phosphinate molecule
1606 in an amine solvent to yield the eighth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1602.
[0107] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 16, each hydroxyl group
of the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the third phosphinate
molecule 1606 to form the eighth resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 1602 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant
moieties (and three lactone functional groups). It will be
appreciated that, in other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be
adjusted to form an alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule
having less than three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties
(and less than three lactone functional groups).
[0108] Thus, FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes a
lactone functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphinate molecule that includes the lactone
functional group.
[0109] FIGS. 17A and 17B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the third
phosphinate molecule 1606 depicted in FIG. 16. The third
phosphinate molecule 1606 depicted in FIGS. 17A and 17B represents
an example of a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and a lactone functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described
further herein with respect to FIG. 22.
[0110] Referring to FIG. 17A, a first chemical reaction diagram
1700 illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the
third phosphinate molecule 1606. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 17A, a (chloromethyl)ethylene carbonate molecule
is chemically reacted with triphenylphosphite to form a phosphonyl
ester intermediate material. In the second chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 17A, the phosphonyl ester intermediate material is
chemically reacted with phosphorus pentachloride to form the third
phosphinate molecule 1606.
[0111] As a prophetic example, (chloromethyl)ethylene carbonate (1
eq.) and trialkyl phosphite, P(OR).sub.3, may be added to a
reaction vessel. The reaction vessel may include an organic solvent
such as toluene, THF, ethanol, or DMF, and may also contain a
compound such an alumina. The reaction may be heated to reflux or
up to 180.degree. C. if done using neat conditions. The reaction
mixture may also be irradiated by microwaves for a short period to
increase the reaction rate. The reaction may be cooled to room
temperature, and the excess trialkyl phosphite may be removed in
vacuo or it may be washed with DCM, and dried using CaCl.sub.2
prior to filtration and having the solvents removed in vacuo. The
phosphonate may be purified by fractional distillation. To a
solution of the phosphonate product may be added PCl.sub.5 (excess)
at 0.degree. C. under an inert atmosphere. The reaction may be
performed in a solvent such as CCl.sub.4. The mixture may be
allowed to warm up to room temperature and may be stirred for an
additional day. The solvent may then be removed in vacuo, and the
residue may be distilled to give the product.
[0112] Referring to FIG. 17B, a second chemical reaction diagram
1710 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming
the third phosphinate molecule 1606. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 17B, a (chloromethyl)ethylene carbonate molecule
is chemically reacted with triphenylphosphite and quenched under
aqueous basic conditions to form a phosphonyl ester intermediate
material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 17B, the
phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically reacted with
thionyl chloride to form the third phosphinate molecule 1606.
[0113] As a prophetic example, a lactone phosphonate (1.0 eq.) may
be generated and quickly added to a solution of bromodimethyl
borane (1.0 eq.) in an organic solvent such as toluene. The
reaction mixture may be warmed to room temperature and stirred
overnight. The solvent and volatile byproducts may be removed in
vacuo. To a solution of the diaryl phosphorous-containing product,
SOCl.sub.2 (excess) may be added at 0.degree. C. The mixture may be
allowed to warm up to room temperature or heated to 40.degree. C.
and may be stirred for an additional day. The solvent may then be
removed in vacuo, and the residue may be distilled to give the
product.
[0114] Thus, FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and a lactone functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 17A
and 17B illustrate an example in which the phosphinate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0115] Referring to FIG. 18, a chemical reaction diagram 1800
illustrates a process of forming a ninth resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 1802, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 18, the ninth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1802 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a fourth phosphinate molecule 1806. As
further described herein, the fourth phosphinate molecule 1806
depicted in FIG. 18 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 19A and 19B.
[0116] The fourth phosphinate molecule 1806 depicted in FIG. 18
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to an amine group. FIG.
18 illustrates that a chloride group of the fourth phosphinate
molecule 1806 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the fourth phosphinate molecule
1806 in an amine solvent to yield the ninth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 1802.
[0117] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 18, each hydroxyl group
of the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the fourth phosphinate
molecule 1806 to form the ninth resveratrol-based FR small molecule
1802 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three amine functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three amine functional groups).
[0118] Thus, FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes an
amine functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphinate molecule that includes the amine
functional group.
[0119] FIGS. 19A and 19B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the fourth
phosphinate molecule 1806 depicted in FIG. 18. The fourth
phosphinate molecule 1806 depicted in FIGS. 19A and 19B represents
an example of a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an amine functional group that may be utilized to form
a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described further
herein with respect to FIG. 22.
[0120] Referring to FIG. 19A, a first chemical reaction diagram
1900 illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the
fourth phosphinate molecule 1806. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 19A, a chloromethylamine molecule is chemically
reacted with triphenylphosphite to form a phosphonyl ester
intermediate material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in
FIG. 19A, the phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically
reacted with phosphorus pentachloride to form the fourth
phosphinate molecule 1806.
[0121] As a prophetic example, chloromethylamine (1 eq.) and
trialkyl phosphite, P(OR).sub.3, may be added to a reaction vessel.
The reaction vessel may include an organic solvent such as toluene,
THF, ethanol, or DMF, and may also contain a compound such an
alumina. The reaction may be heated to reflux or up to 180.degree.
C. if done using neat conditions. The reaction mixture may also be
irradiated by microwaves for a short period to increase the
reaction rate. The reaction may be cooled to room temperature, and
the excess trialkyl phosphite may be removed in vacuo or it may be
washed with DCM, and dried using CaCl.sub.2 prior to filtration and
having the solvents removed in vacuo. The phosphonate may be
purified by fractional distillation. To a solution of the
phosphonate product may be added PCl.sub.5 (excess) at 0.degree. C.
under an inert atmosphere. The reaction may be performed in a
solvent such as CCl.sub.4. The mixture may be allowed to warm up to
room temperature and may be stirred for an additional day. The
solvent may then be removed in vacuo, and the residue may be
distilled to give the product.
[0122] Referring to FIG. 19B, a second chemical reaction diagram
1910 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming
the fourth phosphinate molecule 1806. In the first chemical
reaction depicted in FIG. 19B, a chloromethylamine molecule is
chemically reacted with triphenylphosphite and quenched under
aqueous basic conditions to form a phosphonyl ester intermediate
material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 19B, the
phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically reacted with
thionyl chloride to form the fourth phosphinate molecule 1806.
[0123] As a prophetic example, an amine phosphonate (1.0 eq.) may
be generated and quickly added to a solution of bromodimethyl
borane (1.0 eq.) in an organic solvent such as toluene. The
reaction mixture may be warmed to room temperature and stirred
overnight. The solvent and volatile byproducts may be removed in
vacuo. To a solution of the diaryl phosphorous-containing product,
SOCl.sub.2 (excess) may be added at 0.degree. C. The mixture may be
allowed to warm up to room temperature or heated to 40.degree. C.
and may be stirred for an additional day. The solvent may then be
removed in vacuo, and the residue may be distilled to give the
product.
[0124] Thus, FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and an amine functional group that may be utilized to form
a resveratrol-derived flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 19A and
19B illustrate an example in which the phosphinate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0125] Referring to FIG. 20, a chemical reaction diagram 2000
illustrates a process of forming a tenth resveratrol-based FR small
molecule 2002, according to one embodiment. In the particular
embodiment depicted in FIG. 20, the tenth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 2002 is formed via a chemical reaction of the
resveratrol molecule 104 and a fifth phosphinate molecule 2006. As
further described herein, the fifth phosphinate molecule 2006
depicted in FIG. 20 may be synthesized according to one of the
processes described herein with respect to FIGS. 21A and 21B.
[0126] The fifth phosphinate molecule 2006 depicted in FIG. 20
represents an example of a phosphorus-containing molecule in which
the additional reactive group corresponds to a carboxyl group. FIG.
20 illustrates that a chloride group of the fifth phosphinate
molecule 2006 reacts with a hydroxyl group of the resveratrol
molecule 104 to form a phosphorus-oxygen single bond between the
phosphorus atom of the phosphoryl group and the oxygen atom of the
hydroxyl group. As a prophetic example, the resveratrol molecule
104 may be chemically reacted with the fifth phosphinate molecule
2006 in an amine solvent to yield the tenth resveratrol-based FR
small molecule 2002.
[0127] In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 20, each hydroxyl group
of the three hydroxyl groups of the resveratrol molecule 104
chemically reacts with the chloride group of the fifth phosphinate
molecule 2006 to form the tenth resveratrol-based FR small molecule
2002 having three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and
three carboxyl functional groups). It will be appreciated that, in
other cases, the reaction stoichiometry may be adjusted to form an
alternative resveratrol-based FR small molecule having less than
three phosphorus-based flame retardant moieties (and less than
three carboxyl functional groups).
[0128] Thus, FIG. 20 illustrates an example of a process of forming
a resveratrol-based flame retardant small molecule that includes a
carboxyl functional group via a chemical reaction of a resveratrol
molecule and a phosphinate molecule that includes the carboxyl
functional group.
[0129] FIGS. 21A and 21B are chemical reaction diagrams showing
alternative embodiments of processes of forming the fifth
phosphinate molecule 2006 depicted in FIG. 20. The fifth
phosphinate molecule 2006 depicted in FIGS. 21A and 21B represents
an example of a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and a carboxyl functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer, as described
further herein with respect to FIG. 22.
[0130] Referring to FIG. 21A, a first chemical reaction diagram
2100 illustrates a first embodiment of a process of forming the
fifth phosphinate molecule 2006. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 21A, a chloroacetic acid molecule is chemically
reacted with triphenylphosphite to form a phosphonyl ester
intermediate material. In the second chemical reaction depicted in
FIG. 21A, the phosphonyl ester intermediate material is chemically
reacted with phosphorus pentachloride to form the fifth phosphinate
molecule 2006.
[0131] As a prophetic example, chloroacetic acid (1 eq.) and
trialkyl phosphite, P(OR).sub.3, may be added to a reaction vessel.
The reaction vessel may include an organic solvent such as toluene,
THF, ethanol, or DMF, and may also contain a compound such an
alumina. The reaction may be heated to reflux or up to 180.degree.
C. if done using neat conditions. The reaction mixture may also be
irradiated by microwaves for a short period to increase the
reaction rate. The reaction may be cooled to room temperature, and
the excess trialkyl phosphite may be removed in vacuo or it may be
washed with DCM, and dried using CaCl.sub.2 prior to filtration and
having the solvents removed in vacuo. The phosphonate may be
purified by fractional distillation. To a solution of the
phosphonate product may be added PCl.sub.5 (excess) at 0.degree. C.
under an inert atmosphere. The reaction may be performed in a
solvent such as CCl.sub.4. The mixture may be allowed to warm up to
room temperature and may be stirred for an additional day. The
solvent may then be removed in vacuo, and the residue may be
distilled to give the product.
[0132] Referring to FIG. 21B, a second chemical reaction diagram
2110 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a process of forming
the fifth phosphinate molecule 2006. In the first chemical reaction
depicted in FIG. 21B, a chloroacetic acid molecule is chemically
reacted with triphenylphosphite and quenched under aqueous basic
conditions to form a phosphonyl ester intermediate material. In the
second chemical reaction depicted in FIG. 21B, the phosphonyl ester
intermediate material is chemically reacted with thionyl chloride
to form the fifth phosphinate molecule 2006.
[0133] As a prophetic example, a carboxyl phosphonate (1.0 eq.) may
be generated and quickly added to a solution of bromodimethyl
borane (1.0 eq.) in an organic solvent such as toluene. The
reaction mixture may be warmed to room temperature and stirred
overnight. The solvent and volatile byproducts may be removed in
vacuo. To a solution of the diaryl phosphorous-containing product,
SOCl.sub.2 (excess) may be added at 0.degree. C. The mixture may be
allowed to warm up to room temperature or heated to 40.degree. C.
and may be stirred for an additional day. The solvent may then be
removed in vacuo, and the residue may be distilled to give the
product.
[0134] Thus, FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate alternative processes of
forming a phosphinate molecule that is functionalized with a
chloride group for bonding with a hydroxyl group of a resveratrol
molecule and a carboxyl functional group that may be utilized to
form a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer. While FIGS. 21A
and 21B illustrate an example in which the phosphinate molecule
includes a phenyl group, it will be appreciated that the phenyl
group may be substituted by ethyl, methyl, propyl, or isopropyl
groups, among other alternatives.
[0135] Referring to FIG. 22, a diagram 2200 illustrates a second
example of a resveratrol-based flame retardant polymer 2202 that
may be formed from one of the resveratrol-based flame retardant
small molecules depicted in FIGS. 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20.
[0136] It will be understood from the foregoing description that
modifications and changes may be made in various embodiments of the
present invention without departing from its true spirit. The
descriptions in this specification are for purposes of illustration
only and are not to be construed in a limiting sense. The scope of
the present invention is limited only by the language of the
following claims.
* * * * *