U.S. patent application number 16/052067 was filed with the patent office on 2018-11-29 for method for purifying water.
This patent application is currently assigned to KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS. The applicant listed for this patent is KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS. Invention is credited to Tawfik Abdo Saleh.
Application Number | 20180339273 16/052067 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 61071679 |
Filed Date | 2018-11-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180339273 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Saleh; Tawfik Abdo |
November 29, 2018 |
METHOD FOR PURIFYING WATER
Abstract
A method for preparing a polygraphene membrane includes adding
graphite and sodium nitrate into sulfuric acid to form a first
mixture; adding potassium permanganate solution into the first
mixture to form a second mixture; adding hydrogen peroxide solution
to the second mixture to form a mixture including soluble manganese
ions; filtering the mixture including soluble manganese ions to
form an aqueous suspension; centrifuging the aqueous suspension;
performing ultrasonication of the suspension to obtain graphene
oxide sheets; acylating the graphene oxide sheets to prepare an
acylated graphene oxide sheet; and polymerizing the acylated
graphene oxide sheets to prepare polygraphene.
Inventors: |
Saleh; Tawfik Abdo;
(Dhahran, SA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM AND MINERALS |
Dhahran |
|
SA |
|
|
Assignee: |
KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM
AND MINERALS
Dhahran
SA
|
Family ID: |
61071679 |
Appl. No.: |
16/052067 |
Filed: |
August 1, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
15229098 |
Aug 4, 2016 |
10065155 |
|
|
16052067 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 69/148 20130101;
B01D 67/0079 20130101; C02F 1/44 20130101; C01B 32/184 20170801;
B29K 2307/04 20130101; B01D 67/0093 20130101; B29L 2031/755
20130101; C02F 2101/12 20130101; B01D 71/021 20130101; Y02A 20/131
20180101; B01D 71/68 20130101; C01B 32/312 20170801; C02F 2101/16
20130101; B01D 71/56 20130101; C02F 2101/32 20130101; B29D 7/01
20130101; C02F 2101/10 20130101; B01D 69/125 20130101; B01D 2323/30
20130101; C02F 2103/08 20130101; B29K 2077/00 20130101; B29K
2081/06 20130101; B01D 67/0006 20130101; B01D 61/025 20130101; B01D
65/08 20130101; B29C 35/02 20130101; C01B 32/194 20170801 |
International
Class: |
B01D 71/56 20060101
B01D071/56; B29D 7/01 20060101 B29D007/01; B01D 65/08 20060101
B01D065/08; B01D 67/00 20060101 B01D067/00; C02F 1/44 20060101
C02F001/44; B01D 69/14 20060101 B01D069/14; B01D 71/02 20060101
B01D071/02; B29C 35/02 20060101 B29C035/02; C01B 32/194 20170101
C01B032/194; B01D 69/12 20060101 B01D069/12 |
Claims
1-9. (canceled)
10. A method for making a membrane and desalinating salt water for
water purification, comprising: the step of filtering the salt
water through a polygraphene membrane to form purified water,
wherein the polygraphene membrane is porous and is prepared by a
process comprising the steps of mixing graphite and sodium nitrate
into sulfuric acid to form a first mixture; adding potassium
permanganate solution into the first mixture to form a second
mixture; adding hydrogen peroxide solution to the second mixture to
form a mixture including soluble manganese ions; filtering the
mixture including soluble manganese ions to form an aqueous
suspension; centrifuging the aqueous suspension; performing
ultrasonication of the suspension to obtain graphene oxide sheets;
acylating the graphene oxide sheets with thionyl chloride to
prepare an acylated graphene oxide sheet; polymerizing the acylated
graphene oxide sheet to prepare a polygraphene material, wherein
the acylated graphene oxide sheet is polymerized by mixing with at
least one of an amine, an amine derivative, a thiol, a thiol
derivavtive, an amide, and an amide derivative; and further
comprising polymerizing the polygraphene material with a second
polymer to form the polygraphene membrane.
11-12. (canceled) Claims 13 (Original): The method for desalinating
salt water for water purification according to claim 10, wherein
the acylated graphene oxide sheet is modified with at least one of
silver and titanic.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to membranes, and particularly
to a method for preparing a polygraphene membrane.
2. Description of the Related Art
[0002] Many countries, especially those in the Arabian Gulf, are
seeking solutions to convert salt water, e.g., seawater, into clean
drinking water. Various approaches have been used to desalinate sea
water such as distillation, reverse osmosis (RO) etc. For RO,
typically a filter is used, which includes a porous or
semipermeable membrane made from cellulose acetate or a polyimide
thin-film composite.
[0003] A graphene membrane is a single-atomic-layer-thick layer of
carbon atoms, bound together to define a sheet. The thickness of a
single graphene membrane, which may be referred to as a layer or a
sheet, is approximately 0.2 to 0.3 nanometers (nm) thick. The
carbon atoms of the graphene layer define a repeating pattern of
hexagonal ring structures (benzene rings) constructed of six carbon
atoms, which form a honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms. An
interstitial aperture is formed by each six carbon atom ring
structure in the sheet and this interstitial aperture is less than
one nanometer across.
[0004] Prior studies on graphene membranes have failed to provide a
membrane suitable for use as a filtration membrane in salt water
desalination using reverse osmosis. In these studies, it has been
found, for example, that if the interlayer spacing of graphene is
reduced, the nano-capillaries cannot be filled and water cannot
permeate through completely.
[0005] Thus, a method of synthesizing polygraphene membranes
solving the aforementioned problems is desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] A method for preparing a polygraphene membrane includes
adding graphite and sodium nitrate into sulfuric acid to form a
first mixture; adding potassium permanganate solution into the
first mixture to form a second mixture; adding hydrogen peroxide
solution to the second mixture to form a mixture including soluble
manganese ions; filtering the mixture including soluble manganese
ions to form an aqueous suspension; centrifuging the aqueous
suspension; performing ultrasonication of the suspension to obtain
graphene oxide sheets; acylating the graphene oxide sheets to
prepare an acylated graphene oxide sheet; and polymerizing the
acylated graphene oxide sheets to prepare polygraphene.
[0007] These and other features of the present invention will
become readily apparent upon further review of the following
specification and drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the process of
preparing polygraphene from graphite, according to the present
teachings.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a polygraphene
membrane incorporating silver and titanium dioxide, according to
the present teachings.
[0010] Similar reference characters denote corresponding features
consistently throughout the attached drawings.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0011] A method for preparing a polygraphene membrane includes
adding graphite and sodium nitrate into sulfuric acid to form a
first mixture; adding potassium permanganate solution into the
first mixture to form a second mixture; adding hydrogen peroxide
solution to the second mixture to form a mixture including soluble
manganese ions; filtering the mixture including soluble manganese
ions to form an aqueous suspension; centrifuging the aqueous
suspension; performing ultrasonication of the suspension to obtain
graphene oxide sheets; acylating the graphene oxide sheets to
prepare an acylated graphene oxide sheet; and polymerizing the
acylated graphene oxide sheets to prepare polygraphene. The
graphene oxide sheets can be acylated by mixing the graphene oxide
sheets with thionyl chloride (SOCl.sub.2). The acylated graphene
oxide sheets can be polymerized by mixing with amines, thiols,
and/or amides. The amine can be diamine, diethylamine,
dialkylamine, triamines, or bis(hexamethylene)triamine.
[0012] The polygraphene can be used to form a polygraphene
filtration membrane. The polygraphene filtration membrane can
include polygraphene alone or in combination with a second polymer.
For example, the polygraphene can be subjected to interfacial
polymerization with a second polymer to form the membrane. The
polygraphene can be introduced, layer by layer, into the second
polymer. The second polymer for preparing the membrane can be
polyamide, polysulfone, or monomers thereof. Other suitable
polymers or monomers thereof can be used. The polygraphene membrane
can have numerous applications such as desalination of salt water
for water purification.
[0013] Silver and/or titania can be introduced during the
polymerization of the polygraphene sheets (in situ process) or
during insertion of polygraphene within the second polymer. In this
way, for example, silver-modified polygraphene, titanium-modified
polygraphene, and/or silver/titanium-modified polygraphene can be
prepared. The polygraphene filtration membrane can include one or
more layers including polygraphene or modified polygraphene. The
polygraphene filtration membrane can include one or more layers
including polygraphene with polyamide or polysulfone. The
polygraphene filtration membrane can include one or more layers
including modified polygraphene with polyamide or polysulfone.
[0014] As discussed above, polymerization of graphene can include
use of linkers to link the graphene or graphene oxide nanosheets.
The linkers can be amines, thiols, amides, and/or derivatives
thereof. The size of pores, interlayer spacing, reduction routes
and paths of the graphene can be adjusted and controlled by the
linker to make the membrane suitable for a specific application.
For example, the membrane can be configured to separate salts,
ions, metals, and/or organic pollutants, from water. Alternatively,
the membrane can be configured for the separation of oil
components, hydrogen, nitrogen, and/or or methane from gaseous
media or gas.
[0015] The present polygraphene filtration membrane showed improved
performance in terms of permeate flux and salt rejection relative
to other filtration membranes. It is believed that this improvement
can be attributed to the narrow dimension of the nanocapillaries
and the co-existence of sp.sup.2 aromatic channels with various
oxygen functionalities. The polygraphene membranes can afford
excellent permeability and selectivity toward various ions based on
the molecular sieving effect and diverse chemical interactions,
which are favorable for filtration and separation.
[0016] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary method of preparing polygraphene.
Initially, graphite is oxidized using an oxidant such as KMnO.sub.4
to prepare carboxylic acid functionalized graphene. Subsequently,
the functionalized graphene is mixed with thionyl chloride
(SOCl.sub.2) to undergo acylation reaction. The acylated graphene
product is reacted with diamine to form polyamine/graphene or
"polygraphene". Thus, the process of polymerization of graphene
includes the use of linkers to link the graphene (or graphene
oxide) nanosheets. The linkers can be any amines, thiols and/or
amides. The linkers can include, for example, thionyl
chloride-SOCl.sub.2-acylation reaction, diamine, diethylamine,
dialkylamine or triamines, bis(hexamethylene)triamine,
methanethiol, ethanethiol, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol,
butanethiol, tert-butyl mercaptan, pentanethiols, thiophenol,
dimercaptosuccinic acid, or thioacetic acid.
[0017] FIG. 2 shows the schematic representation of an exemplary
polygraphene membrane including a polyamide backbone with silver
and titanium dioxide dispersed therein. As discussed above, silver
(Ag) and titania (TiO.sub.2) can be added during the polymerization
of poly-graphene sheets, i.e., during the in-situ polymerization
process, or during the insertion of poly-graphene within the second
polymer after the formation of the polygraphene.
[0018] The following example will further illustrate the method for
the preparation of poly-graphene based membranes and should not be
construed as specifically limiting the invention described and
claimed herein.
EXAMPLE
Preparation of Polygraphene Membrane
[0019] Graphene was prepared from graphite by using a modified
Hummers' method. Graphite and sodium nitrate were added to sulfuric
acid while stirring to form a mixture. Potassium permanganate
(KMnO.sub.4) was slowly introduced into this mixture. Then, the
mixture was stirred continuously at room temperature. Next,
deionized water containing 30% hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2)
was introduced in order to reduce residual permanganate to soluble
manganese ions. This was followed by filtration process to remove
the residuals. Then, the aqueous suspension was centrifuged.
Graphene oxide sheets were obtained by bath-sonication of the
filtered graphite oxide suspension. The prepared carboxylic
functionalized graphene was then mixed with thionyl
chloride-SOCl.sub.2-acylation reaction. The product was then mixed
with diamine, diethylamine, dialkylamine triamines, or
bis(hexamethylene)triamine to form polygraphene.
[0020] After the polymerization step of the graphene to make the
polygraphene, the polygraphene was treated with silver, titania, or
both. Polygraphene or polygraphene modified with silver and/or
titania was inserted into a second polymer, layer by layer, via a
modified polymerization process of the monomers such as via an
interfacial polymerization process. The second polymer included
polyamide or its monomers or polysulfone or its monomers.
Interfacial polymerization reaction occurred from the aqueous phase
of m-phenyl diamine and the organic phase of trimesoyl chloride in
which poly-graphene, silver polygraphene, titania polygraphene,
titania/silver polygraphene, or modified polygraphene were
homogeneously dispersed.
[0021] It is to be understood that the present invention is not
limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and
all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.
* * * * *