U.S. patent application number 16/031856 was filed with the patent office on 2018-11-08 for onboard graphene electrolysis system.
The applicant listed for this patent is HyTech Power, Inc.. Invention is credited to Henry White Dean, Herbert Daniel Deming, Adam Anthony Filkins, Phillip Edward Jennings, Evan Charles Johnson.
Application Number | 20180320586 16/031856 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 59723475 |
Filed Date | 2018-11-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180320586 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Johnson; Evan Charles ; et
al. |
November 8, 2018 |
Onboard Graphene Electrolysis System
Abstract
HHO gas is produced and stored for use by an internal combustion
engine in a pressure-resistant electrolysis cell containing
graphene electrodes.
Inventors: |
Johnson; Evan Charles; (Lake
Stevens, WA) ; Filkins; Adam Anthony; (Sandusky,
MI) ; Deming; Herbert Daniel; (Clifford, MI) ;
Dean; Henry White; (Sammamish, WA) ; Jennings;
Phillip Edward; (Kirkland, WA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
HyTech Power, Inc. |
Redmond |
WA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
59723475 |
Appl. No.: |
16/031856 |
Filed: |
July 10, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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15451266 |
Mar 6, 2017 |
|
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16031856 |
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62304935 |
Mar 7, 2016 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C25B 15/08 20130101;
Y02T 10/30 20130101; F02M 21/0239 20130101; F02M 35/10255 20130101;
F02M 35/104 20130101; C25B 1/06 20130101; F02M 21/0221 20130101;
F02B 2043/106 20130101; Y02E 60/366 20130101; F02B 43/12 20130101;
F02M 21/0287 20130101; F02B 43/10 20130101; C25B 9/06 20130101;
F02M 35/10177 20130101; Y02T 10/32 20130101; F02M 21/0248 20130101;
F02M 35/10216 20130101; F02M 43/04 20130101; Y02E 60/36
20130101 |
International
Class: |
F02B 43/12 20060101
F02B043/12; F02M 21/02 20060101 F02M021/02; C25B 9/06 20060101
C25B009/06; C25B 15/08 20060101 C25B015/08; F02M 43/04 20060101
F02M043/04; F02M 35/104 20060101 F02M035/104; F02M 35/10 20060101
F02M035/10; C25B 1/06 20060101 C25B001/06 |
Claims
1. An electrolysis system, comprising: a pressure-resistant
container comprising: i) a first defined space for holding an
electrolyte solution; and ii) a plurality of electrolysis plates
retained within the first defined space, at least one plate of the
plurality of electrolysis plates comprising graphene.
2. The electrolysis system of claim 1, wherein at least one plate
the plurality of electrolysis plates comprises a graphene
coating.
3. The electrolysis system of claim 2, wherein at least one plate
of the plurality of electrolysis plates comprises titanium or an
alloy thereof.
4. The electrolysis system of claim 2, wherein at least one plate
of the plurality of electrolysis plates comprises stainless steel
or an alloy thereof.
5. The electrolysis system of claim 1, each plate of the plurality
of electrolysis plates comprises graphene.
6. The electrolysis system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of
electrolysis plates is 5-15 electrolysis plates.
7. The electrolysis system of claim 1, wherein each plate of the
plurality of electrolysis plates has a thickness of 0.5-4 mm.
8. The electrolysis system of claim 1, wherein each plate of the
plurality of electrolysis plates is separated from at least one
adjacent plate of the plurality of electrolysis plates by a
distance in the range of 0.5-8 mm.
9. The electrolysis system of claim 1, wherein the electrolysis
system is in fluid communication with an internal combustion
engine.
10. The electrolysis system of claim 9, wherein the electrolysis
system is adapted for use onboard a vehicle.
11. The electrolysis system of claim 9, wherein the electrolysis
system is adapted for use with a generator set engine.
12. A method for delivering HHO gas to an internal combustion
engine, comprising: i) forming air-free HHO gas by passing an
electric current through an electrolysis cell, the electrolysis
cell comprising an electrolyte solution and a plurality of
electrolysis plates fully immersed therein, at least one plate of
the plurality of electrolysis plates comprising graphene; and ii)
providing the at least a portion of the air-free HHO gas to the
internal combustion engine.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the method increases fuel
economy of the internal combustion engine by at least 10%.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein the method reduces one or more
engine-out emissions by at least 25%.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein the method reduces particulate
emissions by at least 25%.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein the electric current is
controlled to maintain an electrolyte temperature below 65.degree.
C.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein the electric current is
controlled to maintain a pressure of the stored HHO gas in a range
of 45-50 psi.
18. The method of claim 12, wherein the electric current is
provided by an 11-30 VDC power supply.
19. The method of claim 12, wherein the current draw of the
electrolysis cell is less than 20 amps.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the electrical resistance of
the electrolysis cell is less than 20 ohm.
21. The method of claim 12, wherein the electrolyte solution
contains 1-3 wt. % potassium carbonate.
22. The method of claim 12, wherein the electrolysis plates have a
current density in the range of 25-100 mA/cm.sup.2.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 15/451,266, filed Mar. 6, 2017, and which
further claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.
62/304,935, filed Mar. 7, 2016. The foregoing related applications,
in their entirety, are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This disclosure relates to systems and methods for
generating HHO gas (a gas resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous
electrolyte solution) and for distributing and delivering the same
about internal combustion engines. In particular, the systems and
methods of this disclosure relate to second fuel (the HHO gas)
injected in proximity to the engine intake valve or valves. In
certain embodiments, for example, the injection system for the
second fuel may comprise a multi-point, variable injection system.
In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine
may be a spark ignition engine or a compression ignition
engine.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Worldwide emissions, stemming primarily from the burning of
fossil fuels, are reaching the highest levels ever recorded. By
some measures, the emissions associated with burning fossil fuels
have already reached nearly 5 metric tons/person/year. Internal
combustion engines, including diesel engines, are a major
contributor of fossil fuel emissions. In fact, by some measures,
there are over 300 million diesel engines worldwide.
[0004] Internal combustion engines, and diesel engines in
particular, emit particulate matter (PM) and governments around the
world are realizing that these emissions are a cause for great
concern. As a result, many countries/jurisdictions, including the
United States, the European Union and China, are passing
regulations which require significantly reduced emissions from
internal combustion engines, including diesel engines.
[0005] Accordingly, more and more, businesses are forced to comply
with these new air quality standards at their own expense.
Sometimes, the costs for modifying large fleets of vehicles to meet
new regulations can exceed US $30,000 per vehicle.
[0006] An attributable amount of emissions created by internal
combustion engines is a result of the internal combustion engines
failure to convert all of the energy available in the hydrocarbon
fuel (e.g., gasoline and/or diesel fuel). This incomplete
conversion is often a result of what is commonly referred to as
incomplete combustion of the fuel. Incomplete combustion results in
an unnecessary loss of fuel efficiency and an increase in
pollution.
[0007] Accordingly, it is desirable to have a system and/or method
for use with an internal combustion engine, that aids in achieving
more complete combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel, reduced
emissions, and/or better fuel economy, or otherwise improves
certain metrics of the internal combustion engine.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an
electrolysis cell comprising: a pressure-resistant container
comprising a first defined space for holding an electrolyte
solution, a plurality of electrolysis plates (also referred to as
electrode plates) retained within the first defined space, and a
second defined space for holding a gas. In certain embodiments, for
example, the volume of the second defined space may be equal to or
greater than (for example the same as) the volume of the first
defined space. In certain embodiments, for example, the volume of
the second defined space may be equal to or slightly less (for
example, at least 35%) of the volume of the first defined space. In
certain embodiments, for example steady state applications, the
volume of the second defined space may be a fraction (for example,
less than 15%) of the volume of the first defined space. In certain
embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of
the following embodiments may comprise each of the other
embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,
the pressure-resistant container may be capable of maintaining a
pressure in excess of 100 psi (for example in excess of 150 psi or
in excess of 200 psi). In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief valve
configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the container
exceeds 80 psi (for example when the pressure of the gas exceeds
125 psi or in excess of 150 psi).
[0009] In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant
container may further comprise a positive terminal, a negative
terminal, a gas outlet, electrolyte solution fill port and/or a
drain port and optionally sensor, switch and/or safety device
ports. In certain embodiments, for example, the positive terminal
may be connected to at least one of the plurality of electrolysis
plates, and the negative terminal may be connected to at least
another one (or at least one plate different than any of the at
least one plates that the positive terminal is connected to) of the
plurality of electrolysis plates. In certain embodiments, for
example, the positive terminal may provide an electrical connection
to one of the plurality of plates from a connection point outside
the container. In certain embodiments, for example, the negative
terminal may provide an electrical connection to one of the
plurality of plates from a connection point outside the container.
In certain embodiments, for example, the positive terminal and the
negative terminal may be in electrical and/or electrochemical
communication predominately (for example, greater than 85%, greater
than 90%, greater than 95%, or greater than 98% of the current
flowing between the terminals) flows through the plurality of
plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of
plates may be configured as a stack of approximately parallel
plates in fixed relation comprising two end plates and remaining
plates spaced an approximately equal distance between adjacent
plates. In certain further embodiments, for example, the positive
terminal may be attached to one of the end plates and the negative
terminal may be attached to the other of the end plates. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the positive terminal may be
attached to at least one interior plate and the negative terminal
may be attached to at least one or two exterior plates, and vice
versa. In certain further embodiments, for example, the positive
terminal may be attached to several plates, for example every other
plate, and the negative terminal may be attached to several other
plates, for example every other of the other plates, in an
alternating fashion (for example, +/-/+/-/+/-fashion). In certain
embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may
be fully immersed (or at least 50% immersed) in the electrolyte
solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of
plates may be at least partially insulated to reduce (for example
by at least 50% or at least 95%) or prevent direct electrochemical
communication expressed as Watts of energy transferred between
non-adjacent plates without first undergoing electrochemical
communication with at least one adjacent plate.
[0010] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis plates
may comprise between 5 and 15 plates (for example 7-12 plates). In
certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis
plates may have a thickness of 0.5-4 mm, for example 1-2 mm. In
certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis
plates may be separated by a distance in the range of 0.5-8 mm from
one another (for example 0.5-1.5 mm of separation). In certain
embodiments, for example, at least two of the plurality of
electrolysis plates may comprise a point for attaching to at least
one electrode. In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis cell may further comprise a slot for securing at least
one of the plurality of electrodes. In certain embodiments, for
example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at least one
of the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise (for example
be coated with) a high conductivity material, for example platinum
or a platinum-containing alloy. In certain embodiments, for
example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at least one
of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be coated with titanium
or a titanium-containing alloy. In certain embodiments, for
example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at least one
of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be coated with iridium
or an iridium-containing alloy. In certain embodiments, for
example, at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates (for
example inclusive of all of the electrolysis plates) may comprise
at least one hole. In certain embodiments, for example, the
plurality of electrolysis plates may be arranged such that the
holes of each pair of adjacent plates are not aligned. In certain
embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may
be arranged such that the holes of each pair of adjacent plates may
be located in opposite corners. In certain embodiments, for
example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise an electrical
isolator between each pair of adjacent plates of the plurality of
electrolysis plates.
[0011] In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of
electrolysis plates may be electrically insulated from the
pressure-resistant container. In certain embodiments, for example,
the interior of the pressure-resistant container may comprise an
electric insulator (for example, and electrically insulating
coating). In certain embodiments for example, an inner lining of
the pressure-resistant container may comprise an electric
insulator.
[0012] In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined
space may have a volume of at least one quart (for example at least
1 gallon). In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined
space may have a volume of no more than 10 gallons (for example no
more than 5 gallons). In certain embodiments, for example, the
second defined space may be in direct fluid communication with the
pressure relief valve.
[0013] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may further comprise a heat exchanger in communication with,
integral to, or connected to the gas outlet. In certain
embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may
further comprise a housing. In certain embodiments, for example,
the pressure-resistant container may further comprise a seal
capable of preventing leakage of the electrolyte solution and the
gas from the container.
[0014] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space
may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to
supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 1 month (for
example at least 2 months) of operation of the host engine (i.e.,
the engine or engines it is supplying second fuel to). In certain
embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured
to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a
truck for at least 30,000 miles of driving or 60,000,000 crankshaft
rotations. In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined
space may be configured to hold at least 1-quart, 1/2-gallon, or
1-gallon of electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for
example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution
with a concentration of electrolyte of less than 2 percent by
volume.
[0015] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus
for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a
plurality of HHO gas control valves (for example a plurality of
injectors) configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of
intake ports of the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of
the following embodiments may comprise each of the other
embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,
the plurality of injectors may comprise a number of injectors at
least equal to a number of a plurality of engine cylinders. In
certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of injectors may be
designed to deliver the HHO gas within an intake manifold of the
engine (i.e. the HHO gas is not mixed or does not come into contact
with intake air until it is released from the tube (or lance)
connected to the respective injector). In certain embodiments, for
example, the plurality of injectors may deliver HHO gas within 3
inches (for example within 0.5 inches) from each intake port (or
orifice of the intake valve) of a plurality of cylinders. In
certain embodiments, the plurality of injectors may be positioned,
configured, equipped, and/or designed to directly inject into the
combustion chamber (in a fashion similar or the same as the primary
fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in some applications).
In certain embodiments, for example, at least one of the plurality
of injectors may be positioned adjacent to at least one of the
plurality of engine cylinders, at least a second injector of the
plurality of injectors may be positioned adjacent to at least a
second cylinder of the plurality of engine cylinders, and at least
a third injector of the plurality of injectors may be positioned
adjacent to at least a third cylinder of the plurality of engine
cylinders In certain embodiments, for example, each of the
plurality of injectors may be equipped with a lance that extends
from the outlet end of the respective injector to a position
proximate an intake port of a cylinder. The lances serve to deliver
the HHO gas deep into the intake port near (for example, within 3
inches, or within 2 inches or between 0.5 to 2 inches or less than
1 inch from) an orifice of the intake valve. In certain
embodiments, for example, the lance may deliver air-free HHO gas
into the intake port. In certain further embodiments, for example,
the HHO gas present in the lance may be air-free (or at least
substantially air-free), in certain embodiments, air-free (or
substantially air free) HHO gas provided by an injector may mix
with air inside a portion of the lance.
[0016] In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may have for
example from 6 to 20 cylinders and the HHO gas distribution system
may have a corresponding number of injectors to service each of the
cylinders (for example, an 8 cylinder engine may be fitted with 8
HHO gas injectors (one positioned to feed HHO gas into the
respective intake port for each cylinder) or 16 HHO gas injectors
(two positioned to feed HHO gas into the respective intake port for
each injector).
[0017] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus
for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a
flow regulator configured to start and stop a flow of the HHO gas
from the electrolysis cell to a plurality of injectors of the
internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more
than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments
may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In
certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus may further
comprise a gas pressure regulator. In certain embodiments, for
example, the gas pressure regulator may control the gas pressure at
an outlet port. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus
may further comprise a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for
example, the heat exchanger may provide at least two separate fluid
paths, wherein the at least two separate fluid paths may be in
thermal communication. In certain further embodiments, for example,
at least one of the at least two separate fluid paths may be
configured to receive an engine coolant. In certain embodiments,
for example, at least one of the at least two separate fluid paths
may be configured to receive at least a portion of the gas
generated from the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for
example, the heat exchanger may control the outlet temperature of
gas exiting an outlet port. In certain embodiments, for example,
the gas pressure regulator may be equipped with a heat exchanger
(for example the foregoing heat exchanger). In certain further
embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator may control
the outlet pressure and outlet temperature of gas exiting an outlet
port of the gas pressure regulator. In certain further embodiments,
for example, the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be
controlled to have a temperature greater than 35.degree. C. (for
example greater than 45.degree. C.). In certain embodiments, for
example, the HHO gas passing through the regulator may be cooled
and/or heated by exchanging heat through the heat exchanger with
engine coolant and therefore have a regulator exit temperature with
plus or minus 10 degrees, for example .+-.5.degree. C., of the
engine coolant temperature. In certain embodiments, for example,
use of the engine coolant to control the temperature of the HHO gas
and/or use of the pressure regulator to control the pressure of the
HHO gas may allow pre-determined amounts of the HHO gas to be
introduced to at least one combustion chamber of a plurality of
combustion chambers of the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the aforesaid temperature and pressure
control may provide more precise control over the amount of HHO gas
introduced into the internal combustion engine in comparison to a
system lacking said controls (for example a traditional system for
introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion
engine).
[0018] In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure
regulator pressure may be at least partially controlled relative to
an intake manifold pressure (for example, 5-25 psi, or 10-15 psi
higher than the air pressure in the intake manifold, downstream of
a turbocharger) of the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator may be at
least partially controlled by pressure communicated from an intake
manifold pressure of the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the gas pressure regulator may be
characterized by an opening pressure. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the opening pressure may be configured
based on the intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion
engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas pressure
regulator pressure may be at least partially controlled relative to
an intake manifold pressure (for example, 5-25 psi, or 5-15 psi, or
5-8 psi, or 10-15 psi higher than the air pressure in the intake
manifold, downstream of a turbocharger). In certain further
embodiments, for example, the intake manifold pressure may vary
based on and/or during the operation of the internal combustion
engine.
[0019] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus
for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a
gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of tubes (or
lances) configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of intake
ports of the internal combustion engine, for example a multi-point
injection system. In certain embodiments, one or more than one
(including for instance all) of the following embodiments may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of lances may
be equal to a number of a plurality of injectors or at least one
injector, including all the injectors, may be fitted with multiple
lances, for example, two or more lances configured to provide two
or more points or injection for a single cylinder and/or provide
multi-points of injection for multiple cylinders (for example, four
injectors could each be fitted with, for example, two lances each
and the first injector could serve to inject HHO gas within the
intake port of the first and fourth cylinders of the host engine
and, similarly, the second and third injectors could serve to
inject HHO gas within the intake ports of the second and fifth
cylinders, and the third and sixth cylinders, respectively. In
certain embodiments, for example, at least one lance of the
plurality of lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a
second lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a
second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality of
lances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain
embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned
within 3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air
flow port of at least one cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of
the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be
positioned within 3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches)
of an air flow port of at least a second cylinder of the plurality
of cylinders, and at least a third outlet may be positioned within
3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an air flow
port of at least a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In
certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be
positioned within 1 inch (for example within 0.25 inches) of an
engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve seats of the
internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be
positioned within 1 inch (for example within 0.25 inches) of a
second engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats,
and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 1 inch
(for example within 0.25 inches) of a third engine valve seat of
the plurality of engine valve seats. In certain embodiments, for
example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches
(for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an orifice of an air
intake valve of at least one cylinder of the plurality of
cylinders, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3
inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an orifice of an
air intake valve of at least a second cylinder of the plurality of
cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within
3 inches (for example between 0.5 and 1.5 inches) of an orifice of
an air intake valve of at least a third cylinder of a plurality of
cylinders.
[0020] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel
(for example an HHO gas) system for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: a pressure-resistant container, a multi-point gas
distribution system comprising a plurality of control valves to
distribute separate portions of the second fuel to multiple
locations about the internal combustion engine, and a multi-point
gas distribution control system that controls the plurality of
control valves to control the amount and timing of the delivery of
the second fuel to the multiple locations about the internal
combustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
pressure resistant container may comprise an electrolysis cell
configured to generate a second fuel from an electrolyte solution,
and a storage volume to hold a volume of the second fuel at a
pressure greater than 40 psia. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the at least one of the multiple locations may comprise at
least one air intake orifice. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the multi-point gas distribution control system may be
configured to deliver at least a portion of the second fuel in a
timed sequence based on an intake stroke timing of the at least one
air intake orifice. In certain further embodiments, for example, at
least a second one of the at least one of the multiple locations
may comprise at least one air intake orifice. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the multi-point gas distribution control
system may be further configured to deliver at least a second
portion of the second fuel in a timed sequence based on an intake
stroke timing of the at least one air intake orifice of the at
least second one of the at least one of the multiple locations. In
certain alternative embodiments, for example, the timed sequences
may be batched (i.e., the second fuel may be delivered to groups of
air intake orifices without regard to the timing of the air intake
stroke of any one particular air intake orifice). In certain
alternative embodiments, for example, the timing may be
simultaneous (i.e., the second fuel may be delivered to all air
intake orifices simultaneously). In certain embodiments, for
example, the multi-point gas distribution system may be configured
to provide an average of less than 15 liters, for example less than
10 liters, for example between 0.1 and 5 liters, or for example
between 0.1 and 2 liters (as measured at for example control
temperature and pressure or standard temperature and pressure) of
the second fuel per 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the host
engine.
[0021] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a retrofitted
internal combustion engine configured to use a second fuel (for
example an HHO gas) according to the second fuel system. In certain
embodiments, for example, the retrofitted internal combustion
engine may power a vehicle.
[0022] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for
on-demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, a
controller for determining an amount of the HHO gas sufficient to
reduce engine-out emissions to a pre-determined level, and an HHO
injection apparatus, in communication with the controller, for
delivering the HHO gas to at least one intake valve of the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one
(including for instance all) of the following embodiments may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, the system may further comprise a
regulator for regulating a temperature and a pressure of the HHO
gas to be injected in the engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, the system may further comprise a knock sensor configured
to detecting engine knock and to send a signal to the controller to
adjust the HHO injection when engine knock is detected. In certain
embodiments, for example, the controller may at least partially
control the generation of the HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for
example, the system may further comprise an exhaust temperature
sensor connected to the controller. In certain embodiments, for
example, the controller may adjust the HHO injection when the
temperature of engine exhaust exceeds a pre-determined temperature
level. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be
distributed individually to each intake valve of each cylinder via
a multi-point HHO gas injection (also called port gas injection or
MPI). In certain embodiments, for example, the multi-point
injection may inject gas into the intake ports just upstream of
each cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point within
an intake manifold. In certain embodiments, for example,
multi-point injection may be sequential, wherein injection of the
HHO gas may be timed to coincide with each cylinder's intake
stroke; batched, wherein HHO gas may be injected to the cylinders
in groups, without precise synchronization to any particular
cylinder's intake stroke; or simultaneous, wherein HHO gas may be
injected at the same time to all the cylinders. In certain
embodiments, for example, the multi-point injection may deliver the
HHO gas directly into the cylinder, i.e., direct injection.
[0023] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be
delivered to the engine at a pressure in the range of 100-500 kPa
(for example in the range of 100-400 kPa). In certain embodiments,
for example, the HHO gas may be delivered to the engine at
temperature in the range of 35-120.degree. C. (for example at a
temperature in the range of 35-75.degree. C.). In certain
embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered to the
intake port of at least one cylinder of the engine at a temperature
in the range of 100-130.degree. F. In certain embodiments, for
example, the HHO gas may be delivered to the intake port of at
least one cylinder of the engine at a pressure in the range of
100-500 kPa. In certain embodiments, for example, the controller
may further control the volume of HHO gas injected based, at least
in part on the engine demand, load, fuel consumption, and/or air
flow. In certain embodiments, for example, a timing and duration of
at least one HHO gas injector may be controlled at least in part
based on the engine demand.
[0024] In certain embodiments, for example, the system may further
comprise an HHO temperature sensor connected to the controller. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust
the HHO injection when the temperature of the HHO gas is outside a
pre-determined temperature range. In certain embodiments, for
example, the system may further comprise an HHO pressure sensor
connected to the controller. In certain embodiments, for example,
the controller may adjust the HHO injection when the pressure of
the HHO gas exceeds a pre-determined pressure level. In certain
embodiments, for example, the controller may comprise an anti-surge
protector. In certain embodiments, for example, the controller may
comprise a processor configured to calculate an amount of the HHO
gas sufficient to reduce engine-out emissions to a pre-determined
level based on engine operating parameters. In certain embodiments,
the controller may comprise a seal to prevent water intrusion.
[0025] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may include any of the electrolysis cell embodiments disclosed
herein. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may comprise a pressure-resistant container comprising a first
defined space for holding an electrolyte solution, a plurality of
electrolysis plates retained within the first defined space, and a
second defined space for holding a gas, wherein a volume of the
second defined space may be greater than the volume of the first
defined space. In certain embodiments, for example, the
pressure-resistant container may further comprise a positive
terminal, a negative terminal, a gas outlet, an electrolyte
solution fill port and/or a/drain port. In certain embodiments, for
example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a heat
exchanger in communication with, integral to, or connected to the
gas outlet.
[0026] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for
onboard, on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal
combustion engine (for example for a vehicle), comprising: an
electrolysis cell configured to produce a required amount of HHO
gas; and an HHO gas delivery system configured to deliver the HHO
gas to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, delivery of the required amount of HHO gas may comprise
delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gas from the
electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice (for example
within 3 inches of the at least one orifice) of a combustion
chamber intake valve, wherein said portion of the HHO gas does not
contact combustion intake air until said portion reaches said
position. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas delivery
system may deliver the portion of the HHO gas without causing any
noticeable change in its chemical and/or performance properties to
said position about the combustion chamber intake valve. In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
provide power to a vehicle and the required amount of HHO gas may
be generated by electrolyzing in the range of 4-16 ounces of water
per 10,000 miles traveled by the host vehicle or in the range of
4-16 ounces of water per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions of the
host engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal
combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required
amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000 liters per 10,000
miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas
measured at a temperature of 25.degree. C. and pressure of 1
atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas
required may be in catalytic quantities.
[0027] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of
HHO gas may be, on average, in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or
per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of
25.degree. C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere. In certain embodiments,
for example, the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of,
on average, 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft
rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20.degree. C. of
the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of
40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal
combustion engine may be a 15-liter diesel engine for a freight
vehicle. In certain further embodiments, for example, the required
amount of HHO gas may be in the range of, on average, 5-30 liters
per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas
temperature of within 20.degree. C. of the temperature of engine
coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In certain
embodiments, for example, a doubling of the engine volume (for
example from a 3-liter engine to a 6-liter engine) may increase the
required amount of HHO gas by in the range of 5-15% (for example by
approximately 10%). In certain embodiments, for example, the system
may further comprise an HHO gas storage system configured to store
an excess amount of HHO gas for at least 1 week (for example at
least 1 months). In certain embodiments, for example, the required
amount of HHO gas may be at least 1 liter of HHO (for example at
least 1.5 liters) gas per each liter of engine displacement for
every 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the engine at a pressure of
at least 100 kPa relative to the air intake pressure of a
combustion chamber of the engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to store a volume
of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gas for
at least 120,000 crankshaft revolutions of the engine.
[0028] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may be configured to generate the required amount of HHO gas for
extended operation of the internal combustion engine, wherein the
temperature of the electrolysis cell does not exceed 80.degree. C.
(for example, does not exceed 65.degree. C.). In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by
an 11-14 VDC power source. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte
solution, wherein the concentration of one or more electrolytes
present in the electrolyte solution may be selected, maintained,
and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps (for
example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage and temperature
of the electrolysis cell. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the electrolyte concentration may be lower than the
concentration of electrolyte in a conventional electrolysis cell.
In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may
be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certain embodiments, for example,
the electrolysis cell may be operated continuously (for example
without pulsed width modulation) for a period of time (for example
at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or
indefinitely) without overheating, for example without heating to a
temperature in excess of 65.degree. C. In certain further
embodiments, for example, an ability to operate the electrolysis
cell continuously without overheating may be due at least in part
to a low electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution (for
example less than 2 vol. % of electrolyte, such as less than 0.5
vol. % of electrolyte) and/or a current draw of less than 15 amps
(for example less than 10 amps). In certain embodiments, for
example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a 20-28 VDC power
source. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
concentration of the one or more electrolytes may be selected,
maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than
10 amps at the operating temperature (for example an operating
temperature of less than 80.degree. C.) of the electrolysis cell.
In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be
configured to operate on less than 250 watts of DC power. In
certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be
configured to have less than 3 ohm of resistance.
[0029] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a vehicle
comprising an internal combustion engine and an apparatus for
providing HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the apparatus may comprise one of the HHO
gas-providing apparatus described herein. In certain embodiments,
for example, the vehicle may be a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy
duty diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, for example,
the heavy duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the range
of 11-16 liters, for example in the range of 14-15 liters. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel
engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm, for example
2100 rpm. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy
duty diesel engine may provide 1600-2000 ft-lb peak torque. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel
engine may be sized to produce 430-500 hp. In certain embodiments,
for example, the vehicle may be a delivery truck comprising a
medium duty diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the medium duty diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder inline
engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the medium duty diesel
engine may have a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters. In
certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle (for example a Dodge
Ram truck or a Ford F150 truck) may be a light truck comprising a
light duty high speed diesel engine. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel engine
may have a displacement in the range of 2-6 liters. In certain
embodiments, the light duty high speed diesel engine may have an
engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm. In certain embodiments, the light
duty high speed diesel engine may be sized to produce 200-250 hp.
In certain embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed
diesel engine may be a 6-cylinder inline engine, a V6 engine, or a
V8 engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be
a pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine having a
displacement in the range of 4-20 liters, for example a
displacement in the range of 4-8 liters, or the internal combustion
engine having a displacement in the range of 8-18 liters.
[0030] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a generator
comprising an internal combustion engine and an apparatus for
providing HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the apparatus may comprise one of the HHO
gas-providing apparatus described herein. In certain embodiments,
for example, the engine may be a generator set engine having a
displacement in the range of 6-60 liters. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the generator set engine may be a V8,
V12, V16, or V20 engine having an engine displacement of 2-6 liters
per cylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, the generate set
engine may be sized to produce more than 1000 hp, for example the
generator set engine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp.
[0031] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method for
reducing one or more emissions (for example regulated emissions,
such as emissions of particulate matter or emissions of nitrogen
oxides (NOx)) of an internal combustion engine (for example a gas
engine or a diesel engine), comprising: controlling a temperature
of an HHO gas by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and
delivering the HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at least
one intake port of the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, one or more engine-out emissions of the
internal combustion engine (for example a Heavy-Duty Highway
Compression-Ignition Engine) may fall within or meet the regulated
emissions limits for the internal combustion engine specified in
EURO emission standards and/or Environmental Protection Agency
emission standards. In certain embodiments, for example, the
engine-out emission levels for purposes of determining compliance
with emissions standards (for example Environmental Protection
Agency emission standards) may be based on standard test procedures
(for example the Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test
Procedure, the Not-to-Exceed (NTE) test, the Supplemental Emission
Test (SET), or the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS)). In
certain further embodiments, for example, the emission levels may
comprise 0.2 g/bhp-hr of nitrogen oxide and non-methane hydrocarbon
and 0.01 g/bhp-hr [or other levels] of particulate matter on
Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test Procedure. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the internal combustion
engine may be a nonroad compression-ignition engine and the
emission levels may comprise Exhaust Emission Standards for Nonroad
Compression-Ignition Engines. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the internal combustion engine may be a generator set
engine and the emission levels comprise Exhaust Emission Standards
for generator sets. In certain further embodiments, for example,
one or more emissions of an internal combustion engine (for example
a Category M, Category N1-I, Category N1-II, Category N1-III,
Category N2, HD Diesel, or non-road mobile machinery internal
combustion engine may be reduced according to one or more Euro
emission standards (for example one or more of the Euro I, Euro II,
Euro III, Euro IV, Euro V, or Euro VI emission standards).
[0032] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
improving efficiency of an electrolysis process (for example a
process for the electrolysis of water), comprising: selecting a
working volume of electrolyte solution whereby the process draws
less than 15 A (for example less than 10 A, for example between 5
and 12 amps, or 7 and 11 amps) at 24 VDC, configuring the size and
number of a plurality of electrolysis plates in an electrolysis
cell whereby each of the plurality of plates may be fully submerged
in the working volume of electrolyte solution, and optionally
cooling the electrolyte solution to a temperature of 80.degree. C.
or less. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including
for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of
the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for
example, the method may further comprise storing a product of
electrolysis (for example a gas) within the electrolysis cell. In
certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality of
electrolysis plates form a parallel stack having 1-3 mm spacing
between neighboring plates. In certain embodiments, for example,
the method may further comprise warming the electrolysis cell to a
temperature of greater than 80.degree. C. (for example greater than
90.degree. C.). In certain embodiments, for example, the cooling
may comprise removing heat from the electrolyte solution to an
engine coolant with a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for
example, the cooling may comprise removing heat from the
electrolyte solution to an engine coolant. In certain embodiments,
for example, the cooling may be assisted by intermittent
interruptions of the electrolysis process. In certain embodiments,
for example, electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution
of sulfuric acid.
[0033] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an internal
combustion engine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a
controlled temperature within 20.degree. C. (for example within
10.degree. C.) of an engine coolant temperature, pressurizing the
HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa (for example within 400 kPa or
250 kPa) of an air intake port of the combustion chamber, and
injecting the HHO gas into the air intake port.
[0034] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
delivering HHO gas to a plurality of combustion chambers of an
internal combustion engine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a
controlled temperature within 10.degree. C. of an engine coolant
temperature, pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa
(for example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of an air intake port of at
least one combustion chamber of a plurality of combustion chambers,
and delivering at least one portion of the HHO gas to within 3
inches of the intake valve of the at least one combustion chamber
of the plurality of combustion chambers. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the method may further comprise
delivering at least a second portion of the HHO gas to within 3
inches of an intake valve of at least a second combustion chamber
of the plurality of combustion chambers, and further delivering at
least a third portion of the HHO gas to within 3 inches of an
intake valve of at least a third combustion chamber of the
plurality of combustion chambers.
[0035] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
delivering HHO gas to a plurality of combustion chambers of an
internal combustion engine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a
controlled temperature within 10.degree. C. (for example, within
5.degree. C.) of engine coolant temperature, pressurizing the HHO
gas to a pressure within 500 kPa (for example within 400 kPa or 250
kPa) of a first air intake port of at least one of the plurality of
combustion chambers, and delivering the HHO gas directly into a
plurality of air intake ports (for example, in the range of 4-12
intake ports, for example 6 or 8 intake ports).
[0036] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an internal
combustion engine, comprising: delivering the HHO gas at a
controlled temperature within 10.degree. C. of engine coolant
temperature, pressurizing the HHO gas to a pressure within 500 kPa
(for example within 400 kPa or 250 kPa) of an air intake port of
the combustion chamber, and delivering a portion of the HHO gas
into the intake port.
[0037] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an
electrolysis unit for supplying HHO gas as a boost fuel for a
vehicle, comprising: a high pressure container comprising: a gas
storage portion and a gas generation portion (for example the gas
generation portion may comprise an electrolysis cell). In certain
further embodiments, for example, the gas generation portion may be
capable of generating a quantity of gas greater than the average
demand for the vehicle. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the gas storage portion may be sufficiently sized to store
a quantity of gas that exceeds 90% of a peak demand (for example
the average peak demand for a specified period of time) for the
vehicle. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including
for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of
the other embodiments or parts thereof.
[0038] In certain embodiments, for example, the gas storage portion
may have a fixed volume. In certain embodiments, for example, the
gas storage portion may comprise a head space above the gas
generation portion. In certain embodiments, for example, the
average demand may be in the range of 1-4 liters of HHO gas per
hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas
temperature of within 20.degree. C. of the temperature of engine
coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In certain
embodiments, for example, the average peak demand may be in the
range of 20-30 liters of HHO gas per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft
rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20.degree. C. of
the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of
40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas generation
portion may produce HHO gas intermittently (for example for less
than 20 minutes before pausing). In certain embodiments, for
example, HHO gas generation may be for less than 12 minutes per
hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations. In certain embodiments,
for example, HHO gas generation may be regulated to maintain the
electrolysis unit at a temperature below 80 deg. C.
[0039] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method to
operate an electrolysis unit comprising a variable pressure zone,
comprising: selecting a first pressure and a second pressure of the
variable pressure zone whereby HHO gas initially at the first
pressure may be discharged to meet a peak energy demand for a
specified period without falling to a pressure below the second
pressure, generating HHO gas until the variable pressure zone
reaches the first pressure; separately generating HHO gas at a rate
sufficient to meet an average energy demand. In certain
embodiments, for example, the first pressure may be 50 psia and the
second pressure may be 40 psia.
[0040] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
improving a fuel economy of an internal combustion engine,
comprising: injecting into each cylinder of the engine less than 1
liter (for example less than 0.3 liter) of the HHO gas per liter of
cylinder displacement at a pressure of less than 500 kPa; and
achieving a fuel economy improvement of more than 10% (for example
more than 15%). Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a
method of reducing one or more engine-out emissions (for example PM
and/or NOx emissions) of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
injecting into each cylinder of the engine less than 1 liter (for
example less than 0.3 liter) of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder
displacement at a pressure of less than 500 kPa; and achieving a
reduction in the one or more engine-out emissions of at least 25%
(for example a reduction of at least 50%). In certain further
embodiments, for example, at least one of the one or more
engine-out emissions may be reduced below corresponding regulatory
limits, for example 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2014 Environmental
Protection Agency emission limits and/or Euro I, Euro II, Euro III,
and or Euro VI emission limits].
[0041] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
improving a fuel economy of a vehicle or genset powered by an
internal combustion engine, comprising: injecting a portion of an
onboard-generated HHO gas into at least one cylinder of a plurality
of cylinders of the internal combustion engine at a pressure
greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10.degree. C. of
the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal combustion
engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of
the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, wherein
the HHO gas may be generated by an on-board electrolysis cell that
may be powered by the internal combustion engine. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the method may further comprise
injecting a second portion of the onboard-generated HHO gas into at
least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a pressure
greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10.degree. C. of
the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal combustion
engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of
the at least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and
injecting a third portion of the onboard-generated HHO gas into at
least a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders at a pressure
greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10.degree. C. of
the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal combustion
engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an air intake valve of
the at least a third cylinder. In certain further embodiments, for
example, injecting the portion, the second portion, and the third
portion may be sequenced. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the sequencing may be relative to a position of a first
piston of a plurality of pistons (for example a piston for the
first cylinder), a second piston of the plurality of pistons,
and/or a third piston of the plurality of pistons. In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be further
powered by battery, wherein the battery may be recharged by a
charging unit that is powered by the combustion engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the vehicle's fuel economy may be
increased by at least 5% on a miles per gallon of fuel basis,
relative to identical conditions where the HHO gas is not injected
(for example where the HHO gas is not generated).
[0042] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
improving a fuel economy of a vehicle powered by an internal
combustion engine, comprising: injecting a portion of an
onboard-generated HHO gas into at least one cylinder of a plurality
of cylinders of the internal combustion engine at a pressure
greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within 10.degree. C. of
the operating temperature of a coolant for the internal combustion
engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of a first air intake
valve of the at least one cylinder of the plurality of cylinders,
wherein the HHO gas may be generated by an on-board electrolysis
cell that may be powered by the internal combustion engine. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the method may further
comprise injecting a second portion of the onboard-generated HHO
gas into at least a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders
at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a temperature within
10.degree. C. of the operating temperature of a coolant for the
internal combustion engine, and at a distance within 3 inches of an
air intake valve of the at least a second cylinder of the plurality
of cylinders, and injecting a third portion of the
onboard-generated HHO gas into at least a third cylinder of the
plurality of cylinders at a pressure greater than 30 psi and at a
temperature within 10.degree. C. of the operating temperature of a
coolant for the internal combustion engine, and at a distance
within 3 inches of an air intake valve of the at least a third
cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain further
embodiments, for example, injecting the portion, the second
portion, and the third portion may be sequenced. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the sequencing may be relative to a
position of a first piston of a plurality of pistons (for example a
piston for the first cylinder), a second piston of the plurality of
pistons, and/or a third piston of the plurality of pistons. In
certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be
further powered by battery, wherein the battery may be recharged by
a charging unit that is powered by the combustion engine. In
certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle's fuel economy may be
increased by at least 5% on a miles per gallon of fuel basis,
relative to identical conditions where the HHO gas is not injected
(for example where the HHO gas is not generated).
[0043] In certain further embodiments, for example, at least one of
the one or more engine-out emissions (for example one or more of
the emissions specified in the 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2014
Environmental Protection Agency emission limits and/or Euro I, Euro
II, Euro III, and or Euro VI emission limits) may be reduced by at
least 5% (for example at least 10%) relative to identical
conditions and duration where the HHO gas is not injected (for
example where the HHO gas is not generated).
[0044] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel
injection system for an internal combustion engine, comprising a
source of a second fuel, an injection system in fluid communication
with said source of the second fuel, comprising at least one
injector configured to control delivery of the second fuel, a line
having an inlet in fluid communication with the outlet of said at
least one injector and an outlet proximate at least one intake
valve of the engine.
[0045] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a booster gas
injection system for an internal combustion engine, comprising a
source of said booster gas, an injection system in fluid
communication with said source of booster gas, comprising at least
one booster gas injector configured to control delivery of at least
a portion of said booster gas to a location proximate at least one
intake valve of the engine.
[0046] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for
improving performance of an internal combustion engine, comprising
multi-point variably injecting a second fuel directly into at least
one intake port of the engine, wherein the second fuel is a product
of electrolysis (for example electrolysis of an aqueous
solution).
[0047] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the performance of an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one
(including for instance all) of the following embodiments may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. Certain
embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or
systems to improve the fuel economy of an internal combustion
engine. Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to reduce the emissions of an internal
combustion engine. Certain embodiments may provide, for example,
apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the efficiency of
aftertreatment devices of an internal combustion engine. Certain
embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or
systems to reduce the fuel consumption of an internal combustion
engine. Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the brake thermal efficiency of an
internal combustion engine. Certain embodiments may provide, for
example, apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce particulate
matter (for example particulate matter) emissions. Certain
embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or
systems to reduce the amount of fine and ultra-fine
particulates.
[0048] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the performance of an internal
combustion engine (for example a gasoline engine, a diesel engine,
a marine engine, or a 2-stroke engine). In certain embodiments, for
example, internal combustion engines may realize a fuel economy
increase of at least 1% (for example at least 2%, at least 5%, or
at least 20%).
[0049] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete combustion,
or at least more complete combustion, within the internal
combustion engine (for example greater combustion of at least than
10%, for example more than 20%).
[0050] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the operation of the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one
(including for instance all) of the following embodiments may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
operate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner. In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
generate more power or more consistent or even power output for the
same or lower amount of fuel. In certain embodiments, for example,
the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures
more suitable for efficient operation of exhaust aftertreatment
systems. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal
combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable
for efficient operation of diesel particulate filter (DPF). In
certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine
may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient
operation of selective catalytic reactor (SCR). In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation
of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). In certain embodiments, for
example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust
temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of NOx trap.
[0051] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to introduce a second fuel (for example a
second fuel exclusive of a petroleum-derived fuel) into an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the second
fuel (also referred to as booster gas or enhancement gas or HHO gas
throughout this application, unless specifically defined otherwise)
may comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof derived from
electrolysis of an aqueous solution comprising ions, for example an
electrolysis solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the
second fuel may substantially comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or
mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second
fuel may predominantly comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures
thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may
be a product of electrolysis. In certain embodiments, the second
fuel or components of the second fuel, for example hydrogen may
benefit the combustion reaction by serving as a catalyst.
[0052] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture (for
example an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use as a second fuel in
an internal combustion engine). In certain embodiments, for
example, the gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich or hydrogen-rich a
gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture
may comprise one or more of aqueous solution electrolysis
components (for example monatomic oxygen and/or monatomic
hydrogen).
[0053] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately
two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example 2:1) or less
than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, 0.75:1, or
0.5:1). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture
produced may be modified before being delivered to the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas
mixture may be combined with an additive and/or the composition of
the gas mixture may be modified by adding, recycling or removing
portions of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example,
an apparatus, method, or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at
a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1, but some of the hydrogen or
oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the
apparatus, method, or system may be configured to release the
trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal
combustion engine.
[0054] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to result in a more reliably controlled gas
mixture generation process. In certain embodiments, for example,
the current provided to the system for gas generation may be
continually or continuously regulated or controlled, for example,
in real time (or substantially real time), so as to provide
predetermined or controlled quantity of gas, for example, in
relation to the engine speed and/or demand.
[0055] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed-loop system
that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous
solution electrolysis component) mixture to reduce its
consumption.
[0056] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to alter combustion (for example diesel
combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation, for example
reduce particulate formation by greater than 5% (for example
greater than 10%).
[0057] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an oxidizer in
an internal combustion engine, for example increase the amount of
oxidizers by at least 5% (for example by at least 20%).
[0058] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for distributing the
oxidizer for more even air/fuel mixture.
[0059] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant
to speed combustion, enhance combustion, and/or increase the extent
of combustion.
[0060] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen
within the engine's intake system. In certain embodiments, one or
more than one (including for instance all) of the following
embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts
thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method,
or system may displace air within the engine's intake system with
the gas mixture, resulting from the gas mixture generator system.
In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or
system may be used to create a shorter combustion process that
lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of
nitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from
electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing at least a
portion of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved
combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from
electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing a substantial
portion (for example greater than 95 wt. %), of the gas mixture
into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain
embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may
generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous
solution and storing the gas mixture in a storage tank instead of
introducing the gas mixture into the engine's intake. In certain
embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may
generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of a gas
mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueous solution
electrolysis components, into the engine's intake for improved
combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may be configured to produce in the range of
between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute and/or produce in the range
of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine
displacement.
[0061] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system or
apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an internal
combustion engine, the system or apparatus comprising a tank (for
example an at least partially non-conductive tank) configured to
store an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a
predetermined quantity of electrolyte (for example the electrolyte
may comprise KOH, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, NaOH, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, and/or
H.sub.2SO.sub.4). In certain embodiments, for example, one or more
than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments
of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other
embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,
the system or apparatus may further comprise a cell (i.e., an
electrolytic cell) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the
aqueous solution. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially
parallel to one another and be spaced substantially equidistant
from an adjacent one of the plurality of plates, and at least one
seal located between the plurality of plates. In certain
embodiments, for example, the at least one seal may produce a
substantially watertight seal between adjacent ones of the
plurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the
system or apparatus may further comprise a controller configured to
apply a pulse width modulated voltage to the cell to generate the
gas mixture within the cell. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the controller may be configured to regulate the current
provided to the cell by controlling the duty cycle of the pulse
width modulated voltage. In certain embodiments, for example, the
duty cycle may be controlled in real time and/or substantially real
time. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus
may further comprise an output for outputting the gas mixture to
the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, the gas mixture may be input into the tank prior to being
output to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,
for example, the gas mixture may be output to the internal
combustion engine without being input into the tank. In certain
embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be stored in the tank
without being output to the internal combustion engine under
certain operating conditions. In certain embodiments, for example,
the gas generation system or apparatus may be integral with the gas
storage tank. In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the
tank may be selected such that the aqueous solution occupies less
than 2/3 (for example less than 1/4) the volume of the tank during
operation. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or
apparatus may comprise multiple tanks. In certain embodiments, for
example, the cell may comprise at least two plates (for example at
least 7 plates or at least 15 plates), a first plate configured to
be coupled to a positive terminal of a voltage source and a second
plate configured to be coupled to a negative terminal of the
voltage source. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may
further comprise at least one neutral plate configured in a series
relationship to the first plate and the second plate.
[0062] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to realize a fuel economy increase of at least
1%, (for example at least 5%, or for example between 8 and 12%, or
at least 10%, 15% or from 1% to up to 20%).
[0063] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the operation of an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the
internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature
and/or may run cleaner.
[0064] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, such
as an oxygen-rich, oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich
oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, one or more
than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments
of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other
embodiments or parts thereof.
[0065] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas mixture
generation process. In certain embodiments, for example, the
current provided for gas generation may be continually or
continuously regulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or
substantially real time), so a predetermined quantity of gas is
consistently produced.
[0066] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed-loop method
of electrolysis that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte
or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to
reduce its consumption.
[0067] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems capable of altering combustion (for example
diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation (for
example reduce particulate formation by greater than 5%, for
example between 8% and 15% or by greater than 10%). In certain
embodiments, for example, the concentration of an oxidizer in an
internal combustion engine may be increased (for example increased
by at least 5%, for example by at least 20%).
[0068] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to distribute the oxidizer for more even
air/fuel mixture.
[0069] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant
to speed combustion and/or increase combustion completion.
[0070] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen
within the engine's intake system.
[0071] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion process that
lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of
nitrogen oxides.
[0072] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to reduce the particulate emissions of an
internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a
method may comprise the steps of generating a gas mixture for use
within the internal combustion engine and providing the gas mixture
to the internal combustion engine during operation of the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method
may comprise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal
combustion engine, and providing the gas mixture to the internal
combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion
engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be
generated in substantially real time relative to the consumption of
the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas
mixture may be generated onboard the vehicle during operation of
the internal combustion engine.
[0073] Certain embodiments, may provide, for example, a booster gas
injection system for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a
source of said booster gas, an injection system in fluid
communication with said source of booster gas. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the injection system may comprise at
least one booster gas injector configured to control delivery of at
least a portion of said booster gas to a location proximate at
least one intake valve of the engine. In certain embodiments, one
or more than one (including for instance all) of the following
embodiments of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the
other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for
example, the booster gas may be a gas mixture of hydrogen and
oxygen. In certain embodiments, for example, the source of the
booster gas may be a gas mixture generation system comprising: an
electrolyte solution storage tank, an electrolysis cell, and a gas
mixture storage, wherein the electrolyte solution storage tank, the
electrolysis cell, and the gas mixture storage are integrated into
a single unit. In certain embodiments, for example, delivery of the
booster gas by each booster gas injector may occur during the
opening of a cylinder intake valve of the internal combustion
engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the injection system
may further comprise a controller configured to input signals from
at least one sensor, and configured to output a command to at least
one actuator. In certain further embodiments, for example, the at
least one sensor may comprise a throttle position sensor and/or a
manifold pressure sensor. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the at least one actuator may comprise an injector
solenoid.
[0074] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel
injection system for an internal combustion engine, comprising: a
source of a second fuel, and an injection system in fluid
communication with said source of the second fuel. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the injection system may
comprise: at least one injector configured to control delivery of
the second fuel, and a line having an inlet in fluid communication
with the outlet of said at least one injector and an outlet
proximate at least one intake valve of the engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the second fuel may be may be a gas
mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. In certain embodiments, for
example, the source of the second fuel may be a gas mixture
generation system comprising: an electrolyte solution storage tank,
an electrolysis cell, and a gas mixture storage, wherein the
electrolyte solution storage tank, the electrolysis cell, and the
gas mixture storage are integrated into a single unit.
[0075] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method for
improving performance of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
multi-point variably injecting a second fuel directly into at least
one intake port of the engine, wherein the second fuel is a product
of electrolysis of water and optionally one or more electrolytes
and/or excipients. In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis may be accomplished in a batch process comprising:
filling a tank with an electrolyte solution, applying electrical
power to an electrolysis cell inside the tank, generating gas
mixture in the electrolysis cell, storing gas mixture inside the
tank (for example storing the gas mixture inside the tank at a
pressure greater than atmospheric pressure), and releasing at least
a portion of the gas mixture from the tank when requested by a
controller. In certain embodiments, for example, the injecting may
be controlled by a controller. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the controller may be configured to input signals from at
least one sensor, and the controller may be further configured to
output a command to at least one actuator. In certain embodiments,
for example, the variably injecting may comprise changing pressure
or flow rate of the second fuel. In certain embodiments, for
example, the injecting may comprise injecting the second fuel by a
plurality of second fuel injectors. In certain further embodiments,
for example, the number of the plurality of second fuel injectors
may be the number of engine cylinders present in the internal
combustion engine.
[0076] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas mixture
generation system, comprising: a tank, one or more sets of plates
inside the tank, a gap between top edges of the plates and the
bottom wall of the tank, electrical connections passing through the
tank, insulating spacers between each pair of neighboring plates
within each set of plates, an electrolyte solution filling a
portion of the tank from the bottom wall to a level below a top
edge of the plates, and at least one hole in each plate to allow a
flow of the electrolyte solution. In certain further embodiments,
for example, the tank may comprise a top wall, a plurality of side
walls, and a bottom wall. In certain further embodiments, for
example, each of the one or more sets of plates may comprise a left
side plate, a right side plate, and one or more middle plates,
wherein all plates of each set are substantially parallel to each
other and substantially perpendicular to the top and bottom walls
of the tank. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
electrical connections may pass through the tank to each left side
plate and to each right side plate
[0077] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas mixture
generation system, comprising: an electrolyte solution storage
tank, an electrolysis cell, and a gas mixture storage, wherein the
electrolyte solution storage tank, the electrolysis cell, and the
gas mixture storage are integrated into a single unit.
[0078] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a gas mixture
generation system, comprising: a housing, a bottom internal portion
inside the housing, comprising an electrolysis cell, and a top
internal portion inside the housing, comprising a gas mixture
storage.
[0079] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a batch
process for generating a gas mixture, comprising: filling a tank
with an electrolyte solution, applying electrical power to an
electrolysis cell inside the tank, generating gas mixture in the
electrolysis cell, storing gas mixture inside the tank, and
releasing gas mixture from the tank when requested by a
controller.
[0080] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a tank for
generating and storing a gas mixture, comprising: an external
housing, an electrolyte solution inside the external housing, and a
hole in the external housing for filling the tank with the
electrolyte solution, an electrolysis cell inside the external
housing comprising a plurality of substantially parallel plates
including two side plates, at least one hole in each of the
plurality of substantially parallel plates, a positive electrode
connected to one of the two side plates and a negative electrode
connected to the other of the two side plates, holes in the
external housing for the positive electrode and for the negative
electrode, a gas mixture storage above the electrolysis cell, and a
hole in the external housing for gas mixture outlet. In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be immersed in
the electrolyte solution such that a top portion of the
electrolysis cell is above the level of the electrolyte
solution.
[0081] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a retrofitted
internal combustion engine configured to utilize an HHO gas,
comprising: an internal combustion engine comprising a plurality of
combustion chambers, a retrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution
system, a retrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution control
system, and a multiplate electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments,
for example, the retrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution
system may comprise an HHO gas distribution harness comprising an
HHO gas pressure regulator, a plurality of injectors, and a
plurality of lances connected to the plurality of injectors. In
certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas pressure regulator
may comprise a heat exchanger that is integrated with a retrofitted
engine coolant line. In certain embodiments, for example, the
retrofitted multi-point HHO gas distribution control system may be
configured to control the actuation of the injectors based on
timing parameters of the internal combustion engine (for example
based on the timing of air intake strokes of the plurality of
combustion chambers). In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis cell may be integrated with a retrofitted power supply
powered at least partially by the internal combustion engine.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0082] FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure
container housing an n HHO gas production apparatus.
[0083] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate
stack
[0084] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate.
[0085] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution
harness with control wiring.
[0086] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit for a HHO
gas production apparatus.
[0087] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery
system.
[0088] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port
equipped with a HHO gas injector and lance.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0089] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an HHO gas
production apparatus to provide a second fuel to an internal
combustion engine. FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high
pressure container housing an HHO gas production apparatus 100. The
apparatus comprises an electrolysis cell 102 comprising a spaced
stack of electrolysis plates 104 seated within an insulated plate
holder comprising a lower portion 106 and an upper portion 108. The
lower portion of the insulated plate holder 106 and the upper
portion of the insulated plate holder 108 are oriented with respect
to each other via alignment pegs 110. Electrolyte solution can be
introduced and HHO gas removed from the electrolysis cell through
slots 112 in the upper portion of the insulated plate holder 108.
The electrolysis cell 102 is contained within a pressure resistant
container comprising a top housing 114 and an insulated bottom
cover 116. When assembled, the lower rim 118 of the top housing is
seated in a groove 120 of the insulated bottom cover 116. The
pressure resistant container is assembled and sealed with flange
assembly 122. The top housing further comprises an electrolyte
solution addition port 126 and gas removal port 128. The bottom
cover 116 further comprises power terminals 124 used to supply
electricity to the electrolysis cell.
[0090] FIG. 2 depicts an electrolysis plate stack 104 comprising
five spaced-apart substantially parallel electrolysis plates 104A,
104B, 104C, 104D, and 104E. One of the power terminals 124 may be
connected to terminal connector 105A.
[0091] FIG. 3 depicts an electrolysis plate 104E comprising an
electrolyte solution flow port 107E, an electrolyte solution flow
and gas removal port 109E, and optional power terminal connector
105E.
[0092] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution
harness with control wiring 400. The HHO gas distribution harness
is shown with a communication line 412, a voltage inverter 414 an
audible alarm 416 and a programmable electronic control system
(ECS) 410 in communication with a programming unit 404 by the
programming lines 406. The ECS 410 optionally communicates with an
engine control unit (ECU) 408. The ECS 410 is in communication with
several sensors, including a knock sensor 418, an exhaust
temperature sensor 420, and an HHO gas temperature sensor 422. In
operation, HHO gas is introduced to a regulator 424 via supply line
434 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through engine
coolant lines 426. Cooled HHO gas is passed through optional HHO
line filter 428 and portions of the HHO gas are introduced to HHO
gas injectors 430A-H. The ECS is in electrical communication with
the control wiring of the HHO production apparatus, not shown, via
line 432. FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit 500 for a
HHO gas production apparatus 502. Control relay 504 is controlled
by temperature switch 506 and pressure switch 508. Control relay
504 controls, via control line 512 power relay 510 configured to
regulate power to the HHO gas production apparatus 502. Power to
the apparatus is passed through a hi-amp breaker 516 and power
relay 510 via power line 514.
[0093] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system
600. In operation, a power source 602 provides power to an HHO gas
production apparatus 604 and a central processing unit (CPU) 606.
The CPU 606 receives power through ignition switch controlled line
608. The CPU 606 provides a control signal through a control signal
line 610 to a power relay 612 to regulate power to the apparatus
604. HHO gas exits the apparatus 604 through an HHO gas outlet
tubing 614 and is passed through the regulator 616 and cooled with
engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines
618(A&B). Cooled HHO gas is then transmitted through a pressure
regulated tubing 620 to an HHO gas injector manifold 622. The HHO
gas injector manifold 622 distributes portions of the HHO gas
through the set of injectors fitted with injector lances 624A,
624B, 624C, and 624D.
[0094] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port
700. In operation, an HHO injector 702 delivers HHO gas proximate
an intake valve 704 of a cylinder 716 through an HHO injector lance
710 positioned in an intake port 712 for the cylinder 716. The
primary fuel, for example diesel or gasoline, is feed into the
combustion chamber 720 via the fuel injector 706. HHO gas injection
is timed relative to the position of the piston 714.
[0095] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel
for improving the performance of an internal combustion engine. In
certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine
may be a light duty high speed diesel engine, a light heavy-duty
diesel engine, a medium duty diesel engine, a medium heavy-duty
diesel engine, a heavy heavy-duty diesel engine, a nonroad engine,
a stationary engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an
aircraft engine, a generator set engine, a spark-ignition engine, a
compression-ignition engine, nonroad compression-ignition engine, a
naturally aspirated engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbocompound
engine, a supercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an
indirect injection engine, a port injection engine, a gasoline
engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a
biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a propane engine, or an
alternative fuel engine.
[0096] In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion
engine may provide power to one or more vehicles or gensets. In
certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more vehicles
may be a passenger car, a light duty vehicle, a medium duty
passenger vehicle, a truck (for example a passenger truck or a
delivery truck), a light duty truck, a medium duty truck, a heavy
duty truck, an urban bus, a motorcycle, a passenger car, a four
tire single unit vehicle, a bus, a two axle six tire single unit
vehicle, a three axle single unit vehicle, a four or more axle
single unit vehicle, a four or less axle single trailer vehicle, a
five axle tractor semitrailer, a six or more axle singe trailer, a
five or less axle multi-trailer, a six axle multi-trailer, a seven
or more axle multi-trailer, a Class 1 vehicle, a Class 2 vehicle, a
Class 3 vehicle, a Class 4 vehicle, a Class 5 vehicle, a Class 6
vehicle, a Class 7 vehicle, a Class 8 vehicle (for example a Class
8 truck), a Class 9 vehicle, a Class 10 vehicle, a Class 11
vehicle, a Class 12 vehicle, a Class 13 vehicle a Category M
vehicle, a Category M1 vehicle, a Category M2 vehicle, a Category
M3 vehicle, a Category N1-I vehicle, a Category N1-II vehicle, a
Category N1-III vehicle, a Category N2 vehicle, a Category N3
vehicle, a road vehicle, an offroad vehicle, a vessel, a boat, a
marine vehicle (for example a pleasure boat), or an aircraft. In
certain embodiments, for example, the one or more gensets may be a
residential genset or a commercial genset or an industrial genset
or a genset equipped with a 4-cylinder engine, or a 6-cylinder
engine or between a 6-20 cylinder engine, or a 8-cylinder engine or
from an 8- to 12-cylinder engine and the engine may be a mixed fuel
engine, a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, and/or a natural gas
engine.
[0097] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a
Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel engine. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may
have a displacement in the range of 11-16 liters, for example in
the range of 14-15 liters. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the heavy duty diesel engine may have an engine speed of
at least 1800 rpm, for example 2100 rpm. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may provide
1600-2000 ft-lb peak torque. In certain further embodiments, for
example, the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to produce
430-500 hp.
[0098] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a
delivery truck comprising a medium duty diesel engine. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the medium duty diesel engine may
be a 6 cylinder inline engine. In certain embodiments, for example,
the medium duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the range
of 6-11 liters.
[0099] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle (for
example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 truck) may be a light
truck comprising a light duty high speed diesel engine. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel
engine may have a displacement in the range of 2-6 liters. In
certain embodiments, the light duty high speed diesel engine may
have an engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm. In certain embodiments, the
light duty high speed diesel engine may be sized to produce 200-250
hp. In certain embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed
diesel engine may be a 6-cylinder inline engine, a V6 engine, or a
V8 engine.
[0100] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a
pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine having a
displacement in the range of 4-20 liters, for example a
displacement in the range of 4-8 liters, or the internal combustion
engine having a displacement in the range of 8-18 liters.
[0101] In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may be a
generator set engine having a displacement in the range of 6-60
liters. In certain further embodiments, for example, the generator
set engine may be a V8, V12, V16, or V20 engine having an engine
displacement of 2-6 liters per cylinder. In certain embodiments,
for example, the generate set engine may be sized to produce more
than 1000 hp, for example the generator set engine may be sized to
produce 1000-2000 hp.
[0102] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an
electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure-resistant container. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant
container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a
pressure in excess of 25 psig, for example a pressure in excess of
50 psig, in excess of 75 psig, in excess of 100 psig, or the
pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated
to maintain a pressure in excess of 150 psig. In certain
embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may be
configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 100
psig, a pressure of up to 125 psig, up to 150 psig, or the
pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated
to maintain a pressure of up to 200 psig.
[0103] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open
when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 25 psig, for
example a pressure in excess of 50 psig, in excess of 80 psig, in
excess of 100 psig, in excess of 150 psig, or the electrolysis cell
may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open
when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 200 psig.
[0104] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may further comprise a first defined space may be configured to
hold a volume of an electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments,
for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a
volume of the electrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of
HHO gas for at least 1 day of operation of a host engine (i.e., an
engine or engines the electrolysis cell is supplying second fuel
to), for example at least 2 days of operation, at least 1 week of
operation, at least 2 weeks of operation, at least 3 weeks of
operation, at least 1 month of operation, at least 2 months of
operation, at least 3 months of operation, or the first defined
space may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte
solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 6
months of operation of the host engine.
[0105] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space
may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to
supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 200 miles of driving, for
example at least 400 miles of driving, at least 800 miles of
driving, at least 1,200 miles of driving, at least 5,000 miles of
driving, at least 10,000 miles of driving, at least 20,000 miles of
driving, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a
volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at
least 30,000 miles of driving. In certain embodiments, for example,
the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of
electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least
400,000 crankshaft rotations, for example at least 800,000
crankshaft rotations, at least 1,600,000 crankshaft rotations, at
least 2,400,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 10,000,000
crankshaft rotations, at least 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations, at
least 40,000,000 crankshaft rotations, or the first defined space
may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to
supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 60,000,000 crankshaft
rotations.
[0106] In certain embodiments, the second defined space may not be
integrated into the high-pressure container where the HHO gas
generator is housed. The second defined space may be a separate
high-pressure housing configured to receive HHO gas or be
detachably connected to the HHO generator (for example for remote
or portable delivery). In certain embodiments, the separate second
defined space may serve as an additional storage of HHO gas, a
primary storage or secondary storage for HHO gas. In certain
embodiments, for example, the solution may comprise water and one
or more electrolytes. In certain further embodiments, for example,
the one or more electrolytes may comprise a metal salt, such as a
metal salt at least partially soluble in water. In certain
embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may be
selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, N.sub.a2CO.sub.3,
NaHCO.sub.3, NaCl, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4,
CH.sub.3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.
[0107] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space
may be configured to hold at least 1-quart of the electrolyte
solution, for example at least 1/2 gallon, at least 1 gallon, or
the first defined space may be configured to hold at least 5
gallons of the electrolyte solution.
[0108] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte
solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of
one or more electrolytes of less than 5 vol. % (in total) relative
to the total volume of the electrolyte solution, for example less 4
vol. %, less than 3 vol. %, less than 2 vol. %, less than 1 vol. %,
less than 0.5 vol. %, or the electrolyte solution may comprise an
aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes
of less than 0.25 vol. % (in total) relative to the total volume of
the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a
concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of 0.1-5 vol. %,
for example in the range of 0.5-3 vol. % or the electrolyte
solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of
electrolyte in the range of 1.5-3 vol. % (in total) relative to the
total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments,
for example, the one or more electrolytes may be selected from the
group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3,
NaCl, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, CH.sub.3COOH,
and a combination of two or more thereof. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an
electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of one or more
electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution may be selected,
maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than
20 amps (for example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage
and temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the electrolyte concentration may be
lower than the concentration of electrolyte a conventional
electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolyte solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be operated
continuously (for example without pulsed width modulation) for a
period of time (for example at least 10 minutes, at least 30
minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely) without overheating, for
example without heating to a temperature in excess of 65.degree. C.
In certain further embodiments, for example, an ability to operate
the electrolysis cell continuously without overheating may be due
at least in part to a low electrolyte concentration in the
electrolyte solution and/or a current draw of less than 15 amps
(for example less than 10 amps).
[0109] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may further comprise a plurality of electrolysis plates. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis
plates may comprise in the range of 5-15 plates, for example in the
range of 7-12 plates, or the plurality of electrolysis plates may
comprise in the range of 5-8 plates.
[0110] In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality
of electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 0.25-3 mm,
for example in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm, or the plurality of
electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 1-2 mm.
[0111] In certain embodiments, for example, a first one of the
plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in
the range of 0.25-8 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality
of plates, for example a first one of the plurality of electrolysis
plates may be disposed at a distance in the range of 0.5-3 mm from
a second adjacent one of the plurality of plates.
[0112] In certain embodiments, for example, the plates may comprise
(for example be composed of or be partially or completely coated
with) a material that is composed of or comprises a highly
conductive and low corrosivity material, for example a material
with a higher conductivity higher than 304 stainless steel and a
corrosivity in the electrolyte environment of about the same or
less than 304 stainless steel. In certain embodiments, for example,
at least a portion of at least one surface of at least one of the
plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise platinum, titanium,
iridium, brass, gold, nickel alloy, silver, graphene or a
combination of one or more thereof.
[0113] In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of plates
may be configured as a stack of approximately parallel plates in
fixed relation comprising two end plates and remaining plates
spaced an approximately equal distance between adjacent plates. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the positive terminal may
be attached to one of the end plates and the negative terminal may
be attached to the other of the end plates. In certain embodiments,
for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be fully
immersed in the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for
example, the positive terminal and the negative terminal may be in
electrical and or electrochemical communication only or at least
substantially through the plurality of plates and electrolyte
solution present in the regions between adjacent plates. In certain
embodiments, for example, electrical and/or electrochemical
communication through the plurality of plates and electrolyte
solution present in the regions between adjacent plates may be
increased (for example maximized) by insulating a portion of the
plurality of plates, for example by seating the stack of plates in
a slot of the pressurized container and/or at least partially
isolating the fluid situated between adjacent plates in a plate
stack with spacers, gaskets, and or sealants between the adjacent
plates.
[0114] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may comprise cooling coils in the first defined space, whereby heat
may be removed from the electrolyte solution.
[0115] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may comprise a second defined space provisioned to contain and/or
store HHO gas. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
second defined space may contain and/or store air-free HHO gas. In
certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have
a volume of at least 1 quart, at least 2 quarts, at least 1 gallon,
at least 2 gallons, at least 5 gallons, at least 10 gallons, or the
second defined space may have a volume of at least 25 gallons. In
certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have
a volume of less than 1 gallon, less than 5 gallons, less than 10
gallons, or the second defined space may have a volume of less than
25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may
degrade, be changed, and/or be less effective (for example be at
least partially reacted or quenched) by exposure to air. In certain
embodiments, for example, the HHO may be stored air-free (or at
least substantially air-free) for at least 2 weeks (for example at
least 1 month) without any noticeable change in performance when
used as a second fuel in the internal combustion engine. In certain
embodiments,
[0116] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus
for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a
gas flow regulator configured to start and stop a flow of the HHO
gas from the electrolysis cell to a plurality of injectors of the
internal combustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for
example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled
to have a temperature of greater than 35.degree. C., for example of
greater than 40.degree. C., of greater than 50.degree. C., of
greater than 60.degree. C., or the gas exiting the gas pressure
regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of greater than
70.degree. C.
[0117] In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting
the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature
of less than 90.degree. C., for example less than 80.degree. C.,
less than 70.degree. C., less than 60.degree. C., or the gas
exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a
temperature less than 45.degree. C. In certain further embodiments,
for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be
controlled to have a temperature in the range of 5-80.degree. C.,
for example in the range of 10-80.degree. C., in the range of
5-75.degree. C., in the range of 10-70.degree. C., in the range of
10-60.degree. C., in the range of 10-55.degree. C., in the range of
20-80.degree. C., in the range of 10-80.degree. C., of less than
90.degree. C., for example less than 80.degree. C., less than
70.degree. C., less than 60.degree. C., or the gas exiting the gas
pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature less
than 45.degree. C.
[0118] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus
for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a
gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of lances
configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of
the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, the number of the plurality of lances may be equal to a
number of the plurality of the injectors. In certain embodiments,
for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lances may
comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the
plurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at
least a third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at
least a third outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at
least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example
within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25
inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be
positioned within 0.1 inches) of a an air flow port of a cylinder
of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the
at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for
example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within
0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least second outlet may
be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a second
cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third
outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5
inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches,
within 0.125 inches, or the at a least third outlet may be
positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a third
cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for
example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches
(for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches,
within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet
may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an engine valve seat of a
plurality of engine valve seats of the internal combustion engine,
the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for
example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within
0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a second outlet
may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a second engine valve seat
of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at least a third
outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5
inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches,
within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may be
positioned within 0.1 inches) of a third engine valve seat of the
plurality of engine valve seats. In certain embodiments, for
example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches
(for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches,
within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet
may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake
value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal
combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned
within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch,
within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the
at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an
orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of the plurality of
cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within
3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5
inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a
third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of
an intake valve of a third cylinder of the plurality of
cylinders.
[0119] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus
for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a
gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of lances
configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of
the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, the number of the plurality of lances may be equal to a
number of the plurality of the injectors. In certain embodiments,
for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lances may
comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the
plurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at
least a third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at
least a third outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at
least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within
1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125
cm, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of
an air flow port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the
internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be
positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm,
within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least
second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port
of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at
least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example
within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within
0.125 cm, or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within
0.1 cm) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the plurality of
cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one
outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm,
within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the
at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an engine
valve seat of a plurality of engine valve seats of the internal
combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned
within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm,
within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least a second outlet
may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a second engine valve seat of
the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at least a third
outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm,
within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the
at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a third
engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In
certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be
positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm,
within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least one
outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake
value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal
combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned
within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm,
within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least second outlet may
be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake valve of a
second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a
third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5
cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or
the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an
orifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of the plurality of
cylinders.
[0120] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for
on-demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal combustion engine,
comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, a
controller, and an HHO injection apparatus. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust the injection
of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion
engine exceeds one or more pre-determined temperatures. In certain
further embodiments, the controller may adjust the injection of HHO
gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine
exceeds 50.degree. C., for example when the exhaust temperature
exceeds 75.degree. C., 100.degree. C., 150.degree. C., 175.degree.
C., or the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an
exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds
200.degree. C. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of
1-5 wt. % when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion
engine exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined
temperatures, for example the controller may increase the injection
of HHO gas by in the range of 5-10 wt. %, increase the injection of
HHO gas by in the range of 10-20 wt. %, increase the injection of
HHO gas by in the range of 20-50 wt. %, increase the injection of
HHO gas by in the range of 50-100 wt. %, increase the injection of
HHO gas by in the range of 100-150 wt. %, or the controller may
increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 150-200 wt. %
when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine
exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined
temperatures
[0121] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for
onboard, on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal
combustion engine (for example for a vehicle), comprising: an
electrolysis cell configured to produce a required amount of HHO
gas; and an HHO gas delivery system configured to distribute the
HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,
for example, distribution of the HHO gas may comprise delivering a
portion of the required amount of HHO gas from the electrolysis
cell to a position proximate an orifice (for example within 3
inches of the at least one orifice) of a combustion chamber intake
valve, wherein said portion of the HHO gas is not introduced to or
mixed with combustion intake air until said portion reaches said
position and delivering a pre-determined amount of a portion of the
HHO gas at a pre-determined time relative to the position of the
piston operating within the combustion chamber and/or firing of
that combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the
internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the
pre-determined amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing
in the range of 2-30 ounces of electrolyte solution per 10,000
miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, for example in the
range of 3-16 ounces of electrolyte solution, in the range of 4-10,
or the required amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing
in the range of 5-7 ounces (for example 6 ounces) of electrolyte
solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions.
In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine
may provide power to a vehicle and the required amount of HHO gas
may be in the range of 300-1000 liters per 10,000 miles or per
20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of
25.degree. C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the
range of 300-900 liters, in the range of 400-800 liters, in the
range of 500-700 liters, or the required amount of HHO gas may be
in the range of 600-700 liters per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000
crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of 25.degree. C.
and pressure of 1 atmosphere.
[0122] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of
HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000
crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25.degree. C.
and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the range of 2-7
liters, in the range of 3-4.5 liters, or the required amount of HHO
gas may be in the range of 3.5-4.5 liters per hour or per 120,000
crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25.degree. C.
and pressure of 1 atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for example,
the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas may
correspond to an average hourly requirement over typical driving
conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000
miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving
conditions applicable to the vehicle.
[0123] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of
HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000
crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within
20.degree. C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure
of in the range of 40-50 psia, for example in the range of 1.5-6
liters, in the range of 2-4 liters, or the required amount of HHO
gas may be in the range of 2-3 liters per hour or per 120,000
crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within
20.degree. C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure
of in the range of 40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example,
the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas may
correspond to an average hourly requirement over typical driving
conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000
miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving
conditions applicable to the vehicle.
[0124] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for
onboard, on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal
combustion engine for a vehicle, comprising: an electrolysis cell
capable of delivering a required amount of HHO gas of at least 1
liter of HHO. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis
cell may be capable of delivering at least 1.5 liters of HHO gas
for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for
example at least 2 liters, at least 3 liters, at least 4 liters, at
least 5 liters, at least 6 liters, at least 7 liters, at least 10
liters, at least 20 liters, or the electrolysis cell may be capable
of delivering at least 30 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000
revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capable of
delivering in the range of 1-10 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000
revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example in the
range of 1-8 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 2-7 liters of HHO
gas, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering in the
range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the
crankshaft of the engine. In certain embodiments, for example, any
of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be
based on the volume of HHO gas delivered from an electrolysis cell
at the outlet pressure of the electrolysis cell (for example 45-50
psia). In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values
and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on a volume of
HHO gas as calculated at a standard temperature and pressure (for
example, a standard temperature of 25.degree. C. and a standard
pressure of 1 atmosphere). In certain embodiments, for example, any
of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be
based on the volume of the HHO gas at the outlet temperature and
pressure of an engine coolant-cooled flow regulator in
communication with at least one HHO gas injector (for example an
outlet temperature within 20.degree. C. of the temperature of
engine coolant entering the flow regulator and a pressure of 45 psi
above an inlet air pressure of the internal combustion engine.
[0125] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required
amount of HHO gas for at least 5,000 crankshaft revolutions of the
internal combustion engine, for example at least 10,000 crankshaft
revolutions, 15,000 crankshaft revolutions, 20,000 crankshaft
revolutions, or the electrolysis cell may store a volume of HHO gas
sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gas for at least
50,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the temperature of the
electrolysis cell may not exceed 80.degree. C. during operation,
for example the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed
may not exceed 65.degree. C. during operation. In certain
embodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysis cell
may not exceed 25.degree. C. above ambient temperature.
[0126] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell
may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range
of 11-30 VDC, for example 11-14 VDC, the electrolysis cell may be
powered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range of 20-28
VDC. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may
be powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 24 VDC, or the
electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a
voltage of 28 VDC.
[0127] In certain further embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the
concentration of electrolyte present in the electrolyte solution
may be selected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current
draw of less than 20 amps, 15 amps, or less than 10 amps at the
operating temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured
to operate on less than 250 watts of DC power, for example the
electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on less than 150
watts of DC power. In certain embodiments, for example, the
electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 20 ohm of
resistance, for example less than 10 ohm, less than 5 ohm, or the
electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 3 ohm of
resistance. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis
cell may be configured to have at least 1 ohm of resistance, for
example at least 2 ohm, at least 3 ohm, at least 5 ohm, at least 10
ohm, at least 20 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may be configured to
have at least 30 ohm of resistance.
[0128] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method,
apparatus, or system to deliver HHO gas into one or more cylinders
of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for
example, less than 0.05 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder
displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders
at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa,
less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), less than 0.025 liter of
the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to
each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300
kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than
110 kPa), less than 0.01 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder
displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders
at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa,
less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), or less than 0.005 liter
of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered
to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300
kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than
110 kPa).
[0129] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method for
reducing one or more emissions of an internal combustion engine,
comprising: controlling a temperature of an HHO gas by exchanging
heat with an engine coolant; and delivering an HHO gas at the
controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one
(including for instance all) of the following embodiments may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, one or more engine-out emissions of the
internal combustion engine may fall within or meet one or more
regulated emission limits for the internal combustion engine
according to one or more emission standards specified in Europe
(for example the Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV, Euro V, or
Euro VI emission standards) and/or by the Environmental Protection
Agency (for example the 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, or 2014
Environmental Protection Agency emission standards).
[0130] In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more
engine-out emissions may be particulate matter (PM) emissions,
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, nitric oxide (NO) emissions,
nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) emissions, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions,
total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions, non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC)
emissions, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide (HC+NOx) emissions,
nitrogen oxide and non-methane hydrocarbon (NOx+NMHC) emissions,
carbon oxide (CO) emissions, carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) emissions,
fine particle (PM.sub.2.5) emissions, ultrafine particle
(PM.sub.0.1) emissions, number of particles (PN) emissions,
non-methane organic gases (NMOG) emissions, formaldehyde (HCHO)
emissions, or a combination of one or more of the foregoing
emissions.
[0131] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more
regulated emission limits may be based on one or more test
procedures. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more
test procedures may be the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), the
Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test Procedure, the
Not-to-Exceed (NTE) test, the Supplemental Emission Test (SET), the
Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the FTP 72 cycle, the
FTP 75 cycle, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the
US06 test or Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), the LA92
"Unified" Dynamometer Driving Schedule, the New European Driving
Cycle test (NEDC), the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), the ECE
Urban Driving Cycle, the Common Artemis Driving Cycles (CADC), the
ADAC Highway Cycle, the RTS 95 Cycle, the ECE R49 cycle, the ESC
(OICA) cycle, the ELR cycle, the ETC (FIGE) cycle, the Exhaust
Emission Standards for Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines,
according to 40 C.F.R. Part 89 Subpart E, according to 40 C.F.R.
Part 1039 Subpart F, or a combination of two or more thereof.
[0132] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more
regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than 1.0 grams
per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr), for example a PM level of less than
0.02 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one
or more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than
0.25 grams per kilometer (g/km), for example a PM level of less
than 0.005 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the
one or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less
than 15.8 g/kWh, for example a NOx level of less than 0.268 g/kWh.
In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more
regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less than 0.78
g/km, for example a NOx level of less than 0.012 g/km. In certain
embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission
limits may be an HC level of less than 2.6 g/kWh, for example an HC
level of less than 0.13 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, for example,
one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a THC level
of less than 0.29 g/km a THC level of less than 0.10 g/km. In
certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated
emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 1.3 g/kW-hr, for
example an NMHC level of less than 0.19 g/kW-hr. In certain
embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission
limits may be an NMHC level of less than 0.108 g/km, for example an
NMHC level of less than 0.068 g/km. In certain embodiments, for
example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an
NMHC+NOx level of less than 21.4 g/kW-hr, for example an NMHC+NOx
level of less than 4.0 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for
example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an
HC+NOx level of less than 1.7 g/km, for example an HC+NOx level of
less than 0.170 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of
the one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of less
than 53.6 g/kW-hr, for example a CO level of less than 1.0 g/kW-hr.
In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more
regulated emission limits may be a CO level of less than 6.9 g/km,
for example a CO level of less than 0.50 g/km. In certain
embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission
limits may be a NMOG level of less than 0.28 g/mi, for example a
NMOG level of less than 0.01 g/mi. In certain embodiments, for
example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an
HCHO level of less than 0.032 g/mi, for example an HCHO level of
less than 0.004 g/mi. In certain embodiments, for example, one of
the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PN level of less
than 6*10.sup.12, for example a PN level of less than
6*10.sup.11.
[0133] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of
delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas
may be delivered at a controlled temperature. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be within
20.degree. C. of an engine coolant temperature (for example the
temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat
exchanger positioned upstream of the combustion chamber, such as
positioned proximate a regulator for HHO gas flow into the
combustion chamber), for example the temperature may be within
15.degree. C., within 10.degree. C., or the controlled temperature
may be within 5.degree. C. of an engine coolant temperature. In
certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled
temperature may be no more than 20.degree. C. above an engine
coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet
coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example
the temperature may be no more than 15.degree. C., no more than
10.degree. C., or the controlled temperature may be no more than
5.degree. C. above an engine coolant temperature. In certain
further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be
no more than 20.degree. C. below an engine coolant temperature (for
example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet
side of a heat exchanger), for example the temperature may be no
more than 15.degree. C., no more than 10.degree. C., or the
controlled temperature may be no more than 5.degree. C. below an
engine coolant temperature.
[0134] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be
under pressure when introduced to an internal combustion engine. In
certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at
a pressure in the range of 50-500 kPa above the pressure of an
intake port of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion
engine, for example in the range of 50-300 kPa above the pressure
of an intake port, in the range of 100-200 kPa, in the range of
45-50 psi, or the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the
range of 100-150 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the
combustion chamber.
[0135] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be
introduced at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psi above the
pressure of an intake port combustion chamber and at a temperature
within 30.degree. C. of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side
of a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, use of
the engine coolant to control the temperature of the HHO gas and/or
controlling the introduction pressure of the HHO gas (for example
by using a pressure regulator) may allow pre-determined amounts of
the HHO gas to be introduced to the internal combustion engine. In
certain embodiments, for example, the aforesaid temperature and/or
pressure controls may provide more precise control over the amount
of HHO gas introduced into the internal combustion engine in
comparison to a system lacking said controls (for example a
traditional system for introducing electrolysis gases into an
internal combustion engine).
[0136] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the performance of an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the
internal combustion engine may include gasoline engines, diesel
engines, turbocharged diesel engines, supercharged diesel engines,
direct injection diesel engines, trunk-piston diesel engines,
crosshead diesel engines, marine diesel engines, locomotive diesel
engines, low-speed diesel engines, medium-speed diesel engines,
high-speed diesel engines, double-acting diesel engines, 2-stroke
engines, 4-stroke engines and combinations thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realize a
fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at
least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at
least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%,
at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for
example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between
1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%,
between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%,
between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%,
between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between 44-50%.
[0137] In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion
engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for
example at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at
least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%,
at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In
certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be
in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between
5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between
15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between
30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between
44-50%.
[0138] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete combustion,
or at least more complete combustion, within the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, more
complete combustion may be more than 10%, for example more than
20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%,
more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 99%
combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example,
substantially complete combustion may be more than 80%, for example
more than 85%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more
than 97%, more than 98%, or more than 99% combustion of the
hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal combustion engine.
[0139] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the operation of the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one
(including for instance all) of the following embodiments may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
operate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner. In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
generate more power for the same or lower amount of fuel. In
certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine
may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient
operation of exhaust aftertreatment systems. In certain
embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may
generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation
of diesel particulate filter (DPF). In certain embodiments, for
example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust
temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of selective
catalytic reactor (SCR). In certain embodiments, for example, the
internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more
suitable for efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst
(DOC). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion
engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for
efficient operation of NOx trap.
[0140] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to introduce a second fuel (for example a
second fuel exclusive of a petroleum-derived fuel) into an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the second
fuel (or booster gas or enhancement gas) comprises hydrogen, oxygen
and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the
second fuel may substantially comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or
mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second
fuel may predominantly comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures
thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may
be a product of electrolysis.
[0141] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture (for
example an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use as a second fuel in
an internal combustion engine). In certain embodiments, for
example, the gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich or hydrogen-rich a
gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture
may comprise at least one or more of the following aqueous solution
electrolysis components: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen,
monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions,
mononuclear oxygen, mononuclear ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide
ions, hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide
radical, peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations of one or
more of these and/or mixtures of the same. In certain embodiments,
for example, in exemplary embodiments, the gas mixture may be a gas
mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, or
diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and diatomic
oxygen, etc.
[0142] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately
two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example 2:1) or less
than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, 0.75:1, or
0.5:1). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture
produced may be modified before being delivered to the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas
mixture may be combined with an additive and/or the composition of
the gas mixture may be modified by adding, recycling or removing
portions of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example,
the electrolysis process may generate a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of
between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of
2:1 and the system may be configured to deliver a gas mixture
having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2:1, for example a
hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, such as 1.7:1 or less,
1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling, a portion
of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery.
Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen to
oxygen ratio of 2:1, but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for
example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus,
method, or system may be configured to release the trapped oxygen
to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion
engine.
[0143] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately
two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less
than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, etc.). In certain
embodiments, for example, the electrolysis process may generate an
oxygen to hydrogen ratio of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example an
oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 2:1 ratio, and the system may be
configured to deliver a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen
ratio of less than 2:1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of
1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less by
removing, adding or recycling a portion of the hydrogen or oxygen
from the gas mixture prior to delivery. In certain embodiments, for
example, the system may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of
less than 3.5:1, less than 3:1, less than 2.75:1, less than
2.5:1.
[0144] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to result in a more reliably controlled gas
mixture generation process. In certain embodiments, for example,
the current provided to the system for gas generation may be
continually or continuously regulated or controlled, for example,
in real time (or substantially real time), so as to provide
predetermined or controlled quantity of gas, for example, in
relation to the engine speed and/or demand.
[0145] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed-loop system
that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous
solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to reduce its
consumption.
[0146] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to alter combustion (for example diesel
combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In certain
embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realize a
reduction in particulate formation of greater than 5%, greater than
10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater
than 30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%,
greater than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than
90%, greater than 95% or close to 100%.
[0147] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an oxidizer in
an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example,
the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be at least 5%, at
least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%,
at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. In
certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of
oxidizers may be between 5-50%, such as between 10-20%, between
15-25%, between 20-30%, between 25-35%, between 30-40%, between
35-45%, or between 40-50%.
[0148] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for distributing the
oxidizer for more even air/fuel mixture.
[0149] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant
to speed combustion, enhance combustion, and/or increase the extent
of combustion.
[0150] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen
within the engine's intake system. In certain embodiments, one or
more than one (including for instance all) of the following
embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts
thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method,
or system may displace air within the engine's intake system with
the gas mixture, resulting from the gas mixture generator system.
In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or
system may be used to create a shorter combustion process that
lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of
nitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from
electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing at least a
portion of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved
combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from
electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing a substantial
portion (for example greater than 95 wt. %), of the gas mixture
into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain
embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may
generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous
solution and storing the gas mixture in a storage tank instead of
introducing the gas mixture into the engine's intake. In certain
embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may
generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of a gas
mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueous solution
electrolysis components, into the engine's intake for improved
combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus,
method, or system may be configured to produce in the range of
between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9,
3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and/or produce in the
range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of
engine displacement, such as 0.1, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29,
0.3, 0.32, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 liters of gas per
minute per liter of engine displacement. In certain embodiments,
for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be configured to
produce in the range of between 0.25-3 liters of gas per minute,
such as between 0.25-2.5, between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between
0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50, between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5,
between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1, between 1-2, between 1-3, between
1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between 1.5-2, between 2-2.5, between
2.5-3 liters of gas per minute.
[0151] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system or
apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an internal
combustion engine, the system or apparatus comprising a tank
configured to store an aqueous solution consisting essentially of
water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte (reagent). In
certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance
all) of the following embodiments of the system or apparatus may
comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further
comprise a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell) configured for aiding
in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution. In certain further
embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise a plurality of
plates arranged substantially parallel to one another and be spaced
substantially equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of
plates, and at least one seal located between the plurality of
plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one seal
may comprise a relatively hard plastic portion with a first
thickness for maintaining the predetermined distance between
adjacent plates, and a relatively soft sealing portion, typically,
a soft, often rubber or rubber-like portion, with a second
thickness for maintaining the substantially airtight and
substantially watertight seal between adjacent ones of the
plurality of plates.
[0152] In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus
may further comprise a controller configured to apply a pulse width
modulated voltage to the cell to generate the gas mixture within
the cell. In certain further embodiments, for example, the
controller may be configured to regulate the current provided to
the cell by controlling the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated
voltage. In certain embodiments, for example, the duty cycle may be
controlled in real time and/or substantially real time.
[0153] In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus
may further comprise an output for outputting the gas mixture to
the internal combustion engine.
[0154] In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be
input into the tank prior to being output to the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas
mixture may be output to the internal combustion engine without
being input into the tank. In certain embodiments, for example, the
gas mixture may be stored in the tank without being output to the
internal combustion engine under certain operating conditions. In
certain embodiments, for example, the gas generation system or
apparatus may be integral with the gas storage tank.
[0155] In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may be
manufactured of a material that is non-conductive.
[0156] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be
a metal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in
water. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be
one selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH,
Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3, NaCl, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3,
H.sub.2SO.sub.4, CH.sub.3COOH, and a combination of two or more
thereof.
[0157] In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the tank
may be selected such that the aqueous solution occupies less than
1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, or 3/4, the volume of the tank during
operation. In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may have a
capacity of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 liters. In certain
embodiments (for example for larger applications), for example, the
tank may be even larger. In certain embodiments, for example, the
system or apparatus may comprise multiple tanks.
[0158] In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise
at least two plates, a first plate configured to be coupled to a
positive terminal of a voltage source and a second plate configured
to be coupled to a negative terminal of the voltage source. In
certain embodiments, for example, the cell may further comprise at
least one neutral plate configured in a series relationship to the
first plate and the second plate. In certain embodiments, for
example, the cell may comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4,
at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at
least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at
least 15 neutral plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the
number of neutral plates may be selected to obtain a desired
voltage drop between the plates.
[0159] In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion
of the at least one seal may be positioned on an inner edge of the
hard plastic portion of the seal.
[0160] In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion
may be located on the outer edge of hard plastic portion. In
certain embodiments, for example, the seal may comprise at least
two soft plastic portions--a first soft plastic portion may be
located between the interface of the hard plastic portion and a
first one of the adjacent plates and a second soft plastic portion
may be located between the interface of the hard plastic portion
and a second one of the adjacent plates. In certain embodiments,
for example, the soft plastic portion may surround the hard plastic
portion of the seal. In certain embodiments, for example, the
thickness of the soft rubber portion may be larger than the
thickness of the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certain
embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be 0.002'',
0.003'', 0.004'', 0.005'', 0.006'''', 0.007'', 0.008'', 0.009'',
0.010'', 0.0125'', 0.025'', 0.0375'', 0.050'', 0.0625'', or 0.075''
thick. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion
may be 0.002'', 0.003'', 0.004'', 0.005'', 0.006'', 0.007'',
0.008'', 0.009'', 0.010'', 0.011'', 0.012'', 0.13'', 0.014'',
0.030'', 0.038'', 0.055'', 0.0675'', or 0.080'' thick. In certain
embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be
manufactured from a material selected such that the hard plastic
portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution. In
certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be
manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyphthalamide
(PPA), styrene, nylon, or combinations thereof. In certain
embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be
manufactured from a material selected such that the soft rubber
portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution. In
certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be
manufactured from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).
[0161] In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion
engine may be a turbocharged diesel engine and the gas mixture may
be input into the turbocharged diesel engine up stream of an intake
valve or valves. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal
combustion engine may comprise a nonroad engine, a stationary
engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine,
or a generator set engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the
internal combustion engine may comprise a spark-ignition engine, a
compression-ignition engine, a naturally aspirated engine, a
turbocharged engine, a turbocompound engine, a supercharged engine,
a direct injection engine, an indirect injection engine, or a port
injection engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal
combustion engine may comprise a gasoline engine, a diesel engine,
an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural
gas engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine.
[0162] In certain embodiments, for example, the scrubber may
comprise a switch configured to sense excess liquid and/or moisture
in the form of foam in the gas stream and shut-off the electrolysis
process to prevent the excess moisture from entering the internal
combustion engine, and/or the accumulation of the gas mixture.
[0163] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to realize a fuel economy increase of at least
1%, for example at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least
15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at
least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain
embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the
range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%,
between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%,
between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%,
between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between
44-50%.
[0164] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to improve the operation of an internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the
internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature
and/or may run cleaner.
[0165] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, such
as an oxygen-rich, oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich
oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, one or more
than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments
of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other
embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example,
the gas mixture may be a low temperature plasma. In certain
embodiments, for example, the plasma may be a cleaner plasma than
that produced by other systems and/or methods. In certain
embodiments, for example, the plasma may be an oxygen rich plasma.
In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be an
oxygen-rich or a hydrogen-rich gas mixture. In certain embodiments,
for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one or more of
the following: aqueous solution electrolysis components: monatomic
oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hydrogen,
hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen, mononuclear, ozone,
singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions, superoxide,
hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical, ionic
peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures of
the same. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may
be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions,
or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and
diatomic oxygen, etc. In certain embodiments, for example, the
oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich gas mixture, an
oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich oxygen-hydrogen gas
mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may
comprise approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for
example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for
example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than 1.75:1, less
than 1.5:1, less than 1.25:1, less than 1:1, less than 0.75:1, or a
ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than 0.5:1, etc.). In certain
embodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modified
before being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In
certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined
with an additive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be
modified by adding or removing portions of the gas mixture. In
certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis process may
generate a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio in the
range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen
ratio of 2:1, and an apparatus, system, or method may be capable of
delivering a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less
than 2:1, for example a ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less,
1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling, a portion
of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery.
Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus,
system, or method may be capable of generating a 2:1 ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for example
oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, system, or
method may be configured to enable the release of the trapped
oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the
apparatus, system, or method may comprise methods capable of
producing a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygen to
one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example
1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for
example, an electrolysis process may generate between an oxygen to
hydrogen ratio in the range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example
a 2:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen and the apparatus, system, or
method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having an oxygen
to hydrogen ratio of less than 2:1, for example an oxygen to
hydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less,
1.3:1 or less. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus,
system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having
an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5:1, less than 3:1, less
than 2.75:1, less than 2.5:1 oxygen to hydrogen.
[0166] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas mixture
generation process. In certain embodiments, for example, the
current provided for gas generation may be continually or
continuously regulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or
substantially real time), so a predetermined quantity of gas is
consistently produced.
[0167] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed-loop method
of electrolysis that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte
or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to
reduce its consumption.
[0168] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems capable of altering combustion (for example
diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In
certain embodiments, for example, the methods may be capable of
achieving a reduction in particulate formation from an internal
combustion engine of greater than 5%, for example greater than 10%,
greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater than
30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater
than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%,
greater than 95% or close to 100%. In certain embodiments, for
example, the concentration of an oxidizer in an internal combustion
engine may be increased. In certain embodiments, for example, the
increase in the amount of oxidizers may be at least 5%, for example
at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least
30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. In
certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of
oxidizers may be in the range of between 5-50%, such as between
5-25%, between 10-20%, between 10-40%, between 15-25%, between
20-30%, between 25-35%, between 25-50%, between 30-40%, between
40-50%, between 35-45%, or between 40-50%.
[0169] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to distribute the oxidizer for more even
air/fuel mixture.
[0170] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant
to speed combustion and/or increase combustion completion.
[0171] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen
within the engine's intake system.
[0172] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion process that
lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of
nitrogen oxides.
[0173] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to generate an optimized or partially optimized
quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more
aqueous solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intake
for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, the
apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the
range of between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7,
2.0, 2.9, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and/or produce
in the range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per
liter of engine displacement, such as 0.1, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25,
0.29, 0.3, 0.32, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 liters of gas
per minute per liter of engine displacement. In certain
embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may be
capable of producing in the range of between 0.25-3 liters of gas
per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5, between 0.25-2, between
0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50, between 0.50-0.75,
between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1, between 1-2,
between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between 1.5-2,
between 2-2.5, or between 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute.
[0174] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems to reduce the particulate emissions of an
internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a
method may comprise the steps of generating a gas mixture for use
within the internal combustion engine and providing the gas mixture
to the internal combustion engine during operation of the internal
combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method
may comprise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal
combustion engine, and providing the gas mixture to the internal
combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion
engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be
generated in substantially real time relative to the consumption of
the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas
mixture may be generated onboard the vehicle during operation of
the internal combustion engine.
[0175] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus,
methods, or systems wherein a tank may be at least partially filled
with an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a
predetermined quantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain
embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may
perform electrolysis of the aqueous solution within a cell (i.e.,
an electrolytic cell) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of
the aqueous solution.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0176] A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different
plates. In one cell, uncoated stainless steel plates were used and
in a second cell platinum-coated stainless steel plates were used.
The electrolyte concentration, of potassium carbonate in water, was
adjusted in the cell with uncoated plates such that the current
draw was essentially identical. All other conditions were
essentially identical. The following table reports the results.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Performance Feature Uncoated versus Coated
Plates Electrolyte Concentration Uncoated plates required
approximately 3 times greater concentration. HHO Gas Production
Uncoated plates produced approximately 50% less HHO gas. Current
Draw After 4 hours of testing, the cells with uncoated plates had a
noticeably lower electrolyte level resulting in lower current
draw.
Experimental Note: Iridium-coated plates performed similar to
platinum coated plates
Example 2
[0177] A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different
plates. In a first cell, 7 platinum coated stainless steel plates
were used and in a second cell 5 platinum coated stainless steel
plates were used. The current draw was kept essentially the same
for both cells during the test procedure, by adjusting the
concentration of the electrolyte in the 7-plate cell to almost
twice the concentration of the 5-plate cell. All other conditions
were essentially identical. The following table reports the
results.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Performance Feature 5 Plates Versus 7 Plates
HHO Gas Production 5 plates produced 20-25% more HHO gas.
[0178] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this
specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same
extent as if each individual publication or patent application was
specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by
reference.
[0179] While several embodiments of the present invention have been
described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the
art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or
structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the
results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and
each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within
the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled
in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions,
materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be
exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials,
and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or
applications for which the teachings of the present invention
is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to
ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many
equivalents to the specific embodiments the invention described
herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing
embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within
the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the
invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described
and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual
feature, system, article, material, and/or method described herein.
In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems,
articles, materials, and/or methods, if such features, systems,
articles, materials, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent,
is included within the scope of the present invention.
[0180] The indefinite articles "a" and "an," as used herein in the
specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the
contrary, should be understood to mean "at least one."
[0181] The phrase "and/or," as used herein in the specification and
in the claims, should be understood to mean "both or either or in a
series having more than two elements all or a subset of all
elements or just one of the elements" Thus, as a non-limiting
example, a reference to "A, B and/or C," is understood to include
A, B and C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A or B or C. As used
herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase "at least
one," in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be
understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or
more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily
including at least one of each and every element specifically
listed within the list of elements and not excluding any
combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition
also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the
elements specifically identified within the list of elements to
which the phrase "at least one" refers, whether related or
unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a
non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently,
"at least one of A or B," or, equivalently "at least one of A
and/or B") can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one,
optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and
optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment,
to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A
present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet
another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than
one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B
(and optionally including other elements); etc.
[0182] In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all
transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "carrying,"
"having," "containing," "involving," "holding," and the like are to
be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not
limited to. Only the transitional phrases "consisting of" and
"consisting essentially of" shall be closed or semi-closed
transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United
States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section
2111.03.
[0183] The features disclosed in this specification (including
accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by
alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar
purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly
stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example of a
generic series of equivalent or similar features.
[0184] The subject headings used in the detailed description are
included for the ease of reference of the reader and should not be
used to limit the subject matter found throughout the disclosure or
the claims. The subject headings should not be used in construing
the scope of the claims or the claim limitations.
[0185] The disclosure has been described with reference to
particular embodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to
those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the
disclosure in specific forms other than those of the embodiments
described above. The embodiments are merely illustrative and should
not be considered restrictive. The scope of the disclosure is given
by the appended claims, rather than the preceding description, and
all variations and equivalents that fall within the range of the
claims are intended to be embraced therein.
* * * * *