U.S. patent application number 15/959795 was filed with the patent office on 2018-11-01 for durable debris and alkaline resistant preformed thermoplastic runway pavement marking compositions.
The applicant listed for this patent is Flint Trading, Inc.. Invention is credited to Robert W. Greer, Bradley Hepler.
Application Number | 20180313046 15/959795 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47909510 |
Filed Date | 2018-11-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180313046 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hepler; Bradley ; et
al. |
November 1, 2018 |
Durable Debris and Alkaline Resistant Preformed Thermoplastic
Runway Pavement Marking Compositions
Abstract
Disclosed are PP/PE copolymer backbone based pre-manufactured
thermoplastic airport signage compositions primarily applied in
relatively large sections onto airport runways, taxiways, and
additional paved surfaces. The composition provides alkali
resistant formulations comprising at least 6 weight percent PE/PP,
20 weight percent binder resin with between 5 and 15 weight percent
of a tackifier resin, between 2 and 12 weight percent titanium
dioxide with an optional organic dye, wherein the intermix is at
least 30 weight percent of the composition and wherein the intermix
is an inorganic filler that greatly reduce or eliminate debris
resistance when compared to other polymer backbone
compositions.
Inventors: |
Hepler; Bradley; (Lexington,
NC) ; Greer; Robert W.; (Lexington, NC) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Flint Trading, Inc. |
Thomasville |
NC |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47909510 |
Appl. No.: |
15/959795 |
Filed: |
April 23, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14886977 |
Oct 19, 2015 |
9951486 |
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15959795 |
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14734563 |
Jun 9, 2015 |
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14886977 |
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13840634 |
Mar 15, 2013 |
9080296 |
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14734563 |
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13240209 |
Sep 22, 2011 |
9765489 |
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14886977 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09J 123/14 20130101;
B64F 1/18 20130101; C09J 123/14 20130101; E01F 9/506 20160201; C09D
123/14 20130101; C09D 123/14 20130101; C08L 23/16 20130101; E01F
9/512 20160201; C08L 2205/035 20130101; C08L 23/06 20130101; G09F
19/22 20130101; C08L 2205/03 20130101; C08L 23/06 20130101; C08L
2205/03 20130101; C08L 67/00 20130101; C08L 2205/03 20130101; C08L
23/16 20130101; C08L 67/00 20130101; C08L 67/00 20130101; C08L
23/06 20130101; C08L 23/16 20130101; C08L 2205/035 20130101; C08L
2205/035 20130101 |
International
Class: |
E01F 9/512 20060101
E01F009/512; G09F 19/22 20060101 G09F019/22; B64F 1/18 20060101
B64F001/18; C08L 23/16 20060101 C08L023/16; C08L 67/00 20060101
C08L067/00; E01F 9/506 20060101 E01F009/506; C09D 123/14 20060101
C09D123/14; C09J 123/14 20060101 C09J123/14; C08L 23/06 20060101
C08L023/06 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 22, 2011 |
US |
PCT/US11/52733 |
Claims
1-33. (canceled)
34. A preformed or hot applied thermoplastic marking composition
comprising: at least 6 weight percent polypropylene/polyethylene
copolymer; at least 20 weight percent binder; at least 30 percent
intermix; and at least one of the following: at least 1 weight
percent of a polyethylene homopolymer wax along with at least 1
weight percent of a non-polar polyethylene component containing 3
percent ethylene maleic anhydride yielding a saponification number
of 35, at least 1 weight percent alkyd resin and soybean oil
mixtures, at least 0.5 weight percent of a UV stabilizing compound,
at least 1 weight percent of an alkyd resin modified glyceryl
phthalate, at least 1 weight percent of a polyurethane with a
melting point of at least 150 degrees Centigrade.
35. The composition of claim 34 wherein said composition has a
glass transition temperature of 35 degrees Centigrade.
36. The composition of claim 34, wherein the intermix is at least
60 weight percent of said total composition.
37. The composition of claim 34, wherein the intermix comprises at
least 30 weight percent glass beads.
Description
PRIORITY
[0001] This application is a Continuation-In-Part of pending U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 14/734,563 filed Jun. 9, 2015 entitled
"Alkaline Resistant Preformed Thermoplastic Pavement Marking
Compositions" which is a continuation of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 13/840,634 filed Mar. 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No.
9,080,296, granted Jul. 14, 2015 of the same title. This
application is also a Continuation-In-Part of pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/240,209 entitled "Anti-Skid High
Retro-reflectivity Preformed Thermoplastic Composites for Runway
Applications" filed Sep. 22, 2011, and corresponding PCT
Application PCT/US11/52733 filed Sep. 22, 2011 of the same title.
This application claims priority to and benefit under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn. 120 and .sctn. 119 and hereby expressly incorporates by
reference, in their entirety the above mentioned U.S. Patent
Applications.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The invention herein pertains to providing preform
thermoplastic pavement marking compositions that include the use of
polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) copolymers as the backbone
of these compositions in lieu of polyamide (PA) or ethylene vinyl
acetate (EVA) based compositions. These new compositions provide
additional improvements in alkali resistance which is particularly
important for providing longer lasting markings and maintaining the
integrity of the pattern after application to alkaline substrates,
such as concrete. The compositions of the present invention are
used primarily for airport runways and taxiways to convey
information to aircraft and aircraft support operators. The present
invention also includes the additional features of high
retroreflectivity and anti-skid properties while maintaining the
necessary bonding characteristics to ensure the indicia is properly
adhered to the runway and taxiway surfaces.
DESCRIPTION OF RELEVANT ART
[0003] U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,632 to Aliani, G. and assigned to Exxon
Research & Engineering Company, describes ethylene copolymers
for hot melt adhesive systems having an ethylene-vinyl acetate
copolymer for final hot melt compositions also containing a binder
resin and a plasticizer. The hot melt adhesive system is
thermoplastic, containing from 5-15% by weight of EVA, but contains
a plasticizer unnecessary to the proposed alkali resistant
formulation of a preformed thermoplastic.
[0004] U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,113 to Lasch, et al., and assigned to
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, describes a process for
making a thermoplastic based conformable marking sheet, where the
sheet comprises a thermoplastic polymer of 50-85 volume percent
selected from a group to include polyamides, and bonding the top
surface of the sheet to a top layer comprising a flexible
thermoplastic polymer useful as a marking indicium where the
flexible thermoplastic polymer to be selected from a group to
include ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). The disclosure provides for a
thermoplastic marking applicable to a pavement surface containing a
thermoplastic polymer in a high volume percent. A solventless
process of embedding particles in thermoplastic pavement marking
sheets is disclosed. Processes for preparing marking sheets are
also disclosed. Conformant pavement marking sheets which may be
applied in cooler conditions are also disclosed.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,110 to Yalvac, et al. and jointly
assigned to Dow Global Technologies and Nor-Skilt, describes
thermoplastic marking compositions. The subject invention pertains
to thermoplastic marking compositions comprising a binder, which in
turn comprise at least one homogeneous polymer. Accordingly, the
subject invention provides a thermoplastic marking composition
comprising: (a) from 10 to 80 weight percent of a binder, which in
turn comprises: (i) from 1 to 99 weight percent of at least one
homogeneous polymer; (ii) from 5 to 70 weight percent of at least
one tackifier; (iii) from 0 to 10 weight percent of a polyethylene
which has pendant acid functionality moieties of a
non-functionalized wax; and (iv) from 0 to 20 weight percent of a
plasticizer; and (b) from 20 to 90 weight percent of an inorganic
filler. The subject formulations are usefully applied via spray,
screed, and extrusion techniques.
[0006] US 20030069358 to Helland, et al, and assigned to 3M
Innovative Properties Company, describes a thermoplastic
composition containing polymeric fibers with a higher melting point
than the thermoplastic composition containing it. Features for one
embodiment of this invention are a pavement marking composition
with synthetic polymeric fibers dispersed in a thermoplastic-based
polymeric material, where the synthetic polymeric fibers have a
melt point greater than the polymeric material. The fibers are
randomly dispersed within the polymeric material. Use in pavement
marking is practical where the polymeric material can be selected
from the group comprising alkyd thermoplastic and hydrocarbon
thermoplastic. Preferred hydrocarbon thermoplastic materials
include acid containing ethylene copolymers, such as ethylene vinyl
acetate.
[0007] U.S. Pat. No. 7,744,306 to Greer, et. al., the contents of
which are hereby fully incorporated by reference, describes an
alkyd resin-based pre-manufactured thermoplastic airport runway
signage that is applied in relatively large sections onto an
airport runway. The pre-manufactured preformed thermoplastic formed
as a continuous sheet and wound onto a take-up spool. The runway
surface is prepared with a two part primer with a viscosity in the
range of 1-300 cps at room temperature and the preformed
thermoplastic is unwound from the take-up spool and positioned onto
the runway surface.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 7,175,362 to Carr, et. al., and unassigned
describes a runway/taxiway system comprising a synthetic covering
securely installed to an anchor positioned against but not attached
to a runway/taxiway so that an edge of the covering is adjacent to
an edge of the runway/taxiway and a growth retarding base placed
beneath the synthetic covering and along a second side of the
anchor with the base holding the anchor against the
runway/taxiway.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,163 to Munson, William D, and unassigned
describes a method for identifying airport taxiways and taxiway
intersections by indicia a first taxiway with a continuous
elongated row of first indicia identifying the first taxiway and
indicia the first taxiway with a continuous elongated row of second
indicia identifying an intersection with a runway or second taxiway
beginning at least 100 feet in advance of the intersection. The
spacing between the second indicia decreases with proximity to the
intersection indicia the intersection along the route to be
traversed between the first taxiway and the runway of second
taxiway with a row of second indicia and indicia the runway or
second taxiway with a row of second indicia after the intersection.
The spacing between the second indicia increases with proximity to
the intersection and said row of second indicia extends
substantially along the centerline of the runway or second
taxiway.
[0010] U.S. Patent Application No. 2003/0070579A1 (abandoned) to
Hong, et. al., and unassigned describes a pavement indicia
construction comprising a flexible layer with top and bottom
surfaces. The top surface of the flexible layer is adapted for
vehicular and pedestrian traffic with the flexible layer comprising
at least one thermoplastic elastomer, at least one resin and a wax.
The resin is substantially miscible with the thermoplastic
elastomer upon cooling from a molten state and an adhesive lower
layer adjacent the bottom surface of the flexible layer is adapted
to adhere the flexible layer to a pavement surface.
[0011] WIPO Publication No. WO9828372A1 to Rogers, Barry Heith, and
unassigned describes an indicia composition comprising a binder
component and a reflective component comprising thin sheets or
pieces of material which are essentially reflective.
[0012] Japanese Publication No. JP11209909A2 to Fikute, et. al.,
and assigned to Port & Harbour Res Inst Ministry of Transport
describes a paving structure for paving an airport and its
construction method which is excellent in torsion resistance, and
dispenses with the provision of a joint and heating in the case of
execution. A room temperature asphalt mixture including an
aggregate, an asphalt emulsion mixed with the aggregate in a state
where a volume is increased by bubbling and a hydraulic setting
inorganic material is paved, and after paving, a thermoplastic
high-molecular polymer is supplied on the room temperature asphalt
mixture and rollingly pressed to form a surface layer integrated
with the paved room temperature asphalt mixture. Thus, a paving
structure for paving an airport constructed in this way can be
provided.
[0013] The disclosed review of relevant art indicates the need for
preform thermoplastic compositions providing better alkali and
debris resistance for thermoplastic markings specifically designed
for alkaline concrete, efflorescence, and wet climates. The need to
create maintain the integrity of the pattern using a thermoplastic
pavement marking composition that includes primarily a
polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE) copolymer as a replacement for
commonly used polyamide and/or ethylene vinyl acetate (PA and/or
EVA) polymers.
BACKGROUND
[0014] Traffic markings convey information to drivers and
pedestrians by providing exposed visible, reflective, colored
and/or tactile surfaces that serve as indicia. In the past, this
function was typically accomplished by painting traffic surfaces.
Modern marking materials offer significant advantages over paint by
dramatically increasing visibility and/or reflectance, improving
durability, and temporarily removable marking options. Examples of
modern pavement marking materials include; thermoplastics, pavement
marking sheet materials, tapes and raised pavement markers.
[0015] Preformed and hot applied thermoplastic materials used as
pavement markings or for other indicia possess many advantages
compared to paints and other less durable markings. These materials
can provide years of service life as opposed to paints and other
techniques. Known materials include using high friction aggregates
on the surface to improve friction. The surface applied aggregates
provide good initial values, however as the surface is worn due to
traffic, the skid resistance decreases. After surface layers
containing anti-skid materials become worn out, these aggregate
materials lose their effectiveness and become slippery because they
do not contain high friction particles (of sufficient size to
provide good skid properties).
[0016] Current thermoplastics include the use of primarily
polyamide (PA) and/or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) resins which
have been shown to be unstable and often disintegrate in the
presence of alkaline (pH of 8 or greater) environments. Certain
(often newer) concrete compositions can also often become caustic
and more highly alkaline in the presence of moisture after
precipitation laden weather events. Today's preform thermoplastic
materials do not include alkaline resistant properties using
copolymers of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) resins
primarily due to the lack of understanding of the effects of
alkalinity on long term durability of these olefin resins. Many of
the preformed thermoplastic decorative patterned material
compositions currently employed for runway applications deteriorate
rapidly in the presence of these alkaline environments.
[0017] A review of these issues demonstrates the need for
thermoplastic products that provide alkali resistance to marking
products for installation on paved airport (and alkaline road)
surfaces and also ensures that the integrity of the product (and
pattern if so desired) is maintained after installation.
[0018] Airport pavement indicia and signs provide information that
is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.
Generally airport indicia are grouped into four categories: runway
indicia, taxiway indicia, holding position indicia, and other
indicia. Indicia for runways are white. Indicia for taxiways, areas
not intended for use by aircraft (closed and hazardous areas), and
holding positions (even if they are on a runway) are yellow.
Indicia for heliports are white with the exception of medical
helicopter areas which are white and include a red cross.
[0019] Most of the runway and taxiway information provided today
still employs paint onto concrete or asphalt surfaces. This paint
may last for several weeks or several months depending on the
amount of use, the size of the aircraft traffic using it, and/or
the severity of environmental conditions.
[0020] It has been found that uniformity in airport indicia and
signs from one airport to another enhances safety and improves
efficiency. FAA Standards AC 150/5340-1 "Standards for Airport
Indicia" and AC 150/5340-18 "Standards for Airport Sign Systems"
are both references that define the minimum requirements for
airport indicia and signage. Non-maintenance of painted indicia may
allow indicia to deteriorate to a point where the information being
conveyed is confusing or illegible.
[0021] Runway indicia may also be divided into the following
groups: visual runway indicia, non-precision instrument indicia and
precision instrument indicia. Additional indicia are required for
runway lengths over 4000 feet and for runways serving international
commercial transports.
[0022] Maintenance of the painted surfaces require that runways and
taxiways be shut down while the surface is prepared, paint is
applied and for required curing time(s). Maintenance of a
particular runway may impact the holding and taxiways of adjacent
or intersecting pavement. The pavement warnings of adjacent or
intersecting pavement must change to denote changes in holding
areas, and thresholds to avoid ground collisions with other
aircraft.
[0023] Presently many airports have allocated budgets for painting
the warning, identification and directional indicia. Painting the
runway surfaces is performed on a rotational basis which is
normally once every three weeks, depending on the volume and size
of the aircraft traffic. Although the painting of the runway
surface is relatively quick, runway traffic still needs to be
rerouted to other runways. This causes flight delays while the
painting and drying of the painting occurs. It is also is expensive
to continue using these methods in that full time painting crews
are continually rotating from runway to runway.
[0024] Ground safety remains a problem at busy airports across both
the United States and internationally. The movement of aircraft in
and around busy airports along taxiways between terminal gates and
runways presents numerous opportunities for runway incursions,
particularly when visibility is poor. A runway incursion is the
entry of an aircraft without clearance onto an active runway from
an adjacent ramp or taxiway, for which there is a great deal of
risk of collision with a landing or departing aircraft. Incursions
are often the inadvertent result of pilot disorientation caused by
poor visibility.
[0025] Incidents associated with poor or inadequate airport indicia
such as taxiway collisions or near misses resulting from vehicle
operators mistaking one taxiway for another have occurred. Runway
incursions and other taxiway incidents still represent
inconvenience and expense even when a ground collision does not
result. To return an aircraft to a path from which it has strayed
requires a considerable expenditure of time and fuel, and a
compromise to the safety of all involved.
[0026] In addition to the need for runway signage that is
relatively simply and quick to apply and that exhibits exceptional
wear characteristics as well as allowing for delayed intervening
scheduled maintenance, thereby assisting with the reduction of the
cost of maintenance, delayed flights and confusion due to runway
rerouting, the signage should also be highly retroreflective and
skid resistant.
[0027] In addition, the need for high retroreflectivity nighttime
visibility has been increased to about 1000
millicandellas/m.sup.2/lux (mcd) and this relatively high (with
respect to earlier requirements) retroreflectivity requires glass
beads that must remain at or near the top surface of the signage to
ensure that the retroreflectivity is maintained during and after
installation. To create the proper composition of the
polypropylene/ethylene (PP/PE) copolymer-based preformed
thermoplastic compositions that meet all of these requirements has
been a recent challenge and below are listed some embodiments of
the present disclosure.
SUMMARY
[0028] The present disclosure describes a preformed thermoplastic
pavement marking or hot melt applied material with improved extreme
alkali resistance once the pavement marking has been adhered to
runway/road surfaces or other solid substrates. The need exists to
produce preformed thermoplastic pavement marking materials with
improved and extreme alkali resistance as well as debris resistance
especially for use in wet, humid, and/or hot conditions that are
primarily adhered to concrete surfaces. For airport runways, for
example, longer term use (as compared with painted surfaces) with
the thermoplastic preforms is necessary to guard against the
aggressive and caustic nature of concrete substrates to which they
are adhered. The preformed thermoplastic material of the present
invention is comprised of at least 20% by weight binder and up to
80% by weight of the "intermix", where the intermix includes
inorganic substances such as silica, calcium, aggregate and other
normally organic pigments. In this specific instance, the binder is
at least 27% by weight and the intermix 73% by weight or less.
[0029] More specifically, the specification provides for an
invention where the preformed or hot applied thermoplastic marking
composition comprises at least 6 weight percent of a
polyethylene/polypropylene copolymer,
[0030] The composition further comprises an intermix that exists
throughout the thermoplastic composition wherein the composition is
at least 20 weight percent binder resin which further comprises
between 5 and 15 weight percent of a tackifier resin between 2 and
12 weight percent titanium dioxide with an optional organic dye,
wherein the intermix is at least 30 weight percent of the
composition and wherein the intermix includes one or more inorganic
fillers.
[0031] Even more specifically, the composition also comprises;
[0032] at least 10 weight percent of one or more sterically
hindered phenolic antioxidants; [0033] at least 1 weight percent of
one or more of; [0034] a PE homopolymer wax along with at least 1
weight percent of a non-polar polyethylene component containing 3
percent ethylene maleic anhydride yielding a saponification number
of 35; [0035] at least 1 weight percent alkyd resin and soybean oil
mixtures; [0036] at least 0.5 weight percent of one or more UV
stabilizing compounds; [0037] at least 1 weight percent of an alkyd
resin modified glyceryl phthalate; [0038] at least 1 weight percent
of a polyurethane with a melting point of at least 150 degrees
centigrade and; [0039] a heat stabilizer that is a disodium salt of
phosphonic acid.
[0040] The tackifier resin of the composition can be comprised of a
glycerol ester of a rosin resin.
[0041] This composition has a glass transition temperature of 121
degrees Centigrade.
[0042] Further the composition includes one or more sterically
hindered phenolic antioxidants that are pentaerythritol tetrakis
(3,3,5 di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate).
[0043] One embodiment of the present composition includes a UV
stabilizing compound that is
poly[(6-morpholino-s-triazine-2,4-diyl)[2,2,6,6-tetramehtyl-4-piperidyl)i-
mino]-hexamethylene[(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)imino]).
[0044] It is also possible for the composition to possess an
intermix of at least 60 to 80 weight percent of the total
composition.
[0045] The composition may also contain inorganic filler that is at
least 30 weight percent calcium carbonate, glass beads, fumed
silica, and aggregate.
[0046] The composition also may contain aggregate comprising
quartz, granite, corundum, calcined clay, metal slag or any
combination of said quartz, granite, corundum, calcined clay, or
metal slag.
[0047] The preformed or hot applied thermoplastic composition
should also meets the following test criteria; 119 degrees
Centigrade in the ring and ball test, 126 percent elongation in the
cold flow test at 135 degrees Centigrade, 156 indent value in the
indent value test, and passes the alkalinity test.
[0048] Additionally, the preformed or hot applied thermoplastic
composition preform measures a dynamic modulus, G' at 77.degree. C.
of between 3.0 and 13.0 (MPa)
[0049] The preformed or hot applied thermoplastic marking
composition comprises at least 6 weight percent
polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE) copolymer, wherein the
composition includes a planar top surface portion and a bottom
planar portion that are coplanar to each other, wherein the bottom
portion is directly applied to an alkaline substrate wherein
alkalinity of the substrate is measured by pH and the pH is greater
than 8.0 and wherein the preformed thermoplastic is adhered to the
substrate via application of heat or pressure or both heat and
pressure and wherein the top surface portion and bottom planar
portion comprises an intermix that exists throughout the
thermoplastic composition.
[0050] The preformed or hot applied thermoplastic composition may
have more than one top surface and bottom portion of the preformed
thermoplastic marking utilizing an adhesive for bonding and
interlocking one section of the preform to another section of the
preform so that more than one section of the preform can be bonded
to another section of the preform, thereby providing a patterned
preformed thermoplastic marking.
[0051] The top surface portion includes patterned markings, wherein
the patterned markings are lines, legends, arrows, indicia,
including colored surfaces and sections of said surfaces other than
or together with a white color.
[0052] The adhesive is sprayable and alkaline resistant, allowing
for bridging an intersection on the planar bottom surfaces of a
grid section and an insert section such that the grid and insert
section form a unified pavement marking pattern and wherein the
adhesive includes a PP/PE based hot melt adhesive.
[0053] A method for making a preformed or hot applied thermoplastic
marking for adhesion to an alkaline substrate also exists wherein
the marking comprises at least 6 weight percent of a PP/PE
copolymer and wherein the marking also includes a planar top
surface portion and a planar bottom portion that are coplanar to
each other, wherein the bottom portion is directly applied to said
alkaline substrate that exhibits a pH greater than 8.0 and wherein
the preformed thermoplastic is adhered to the substrate via
application of heat or pressure or both heat and pressure and
wherein the top surface portion and the bottom surface portion
comprises an intermix that exists throughout the thermoplastic
composition.
[0054] The method described also comprises an intermix that exists
throughout the thermoplastic composition and wherein the
composition is at least 20 weight percent binder resin which
further comprises between 5 and 15 weight percent of a tackifier
resin that is glycerol ester of a rosin resin, between 2 and 12
weight percent titanium dioxide with an optional organic dye,
wherein the intermix is at least 30 weight percent of the
composition and wherein the intermix is an inorganic filler.
[0055] The composition may also include inorganic filler that is at
least 30 weight percent glass beads and additionally may include
calcium carbonate, fumed silica, and aggregate.
[0056] The composition also may include glass beads suspended in
and applied on the surface of the resin-based composite (that is
taken from the preform thermoplastic composition) in the molten
state so that the beads do not sink into the resin-based composite
and the beads allow for maintaining an overall retroreflectivity of
about 1000 millicandellas/m.sup.2/lux (mcd), and wherein the
resin-based composite is formed as a continuous sheet wound onto a
take-up spool and wherein the resin-based composite is subsequently
unwound and positioned to conform to large substrates and
subsequently the signage is heated to a predetermined temperature
providing optimal adhesion of the resin-based composite to the
large substrate; and wherein the signage includes features that
allow edges of the signage to physically interconnect and interlock
with edges of other signage with the same or other features
allowing the continuous sheet to be wound or unwound from spools
for specific transportation and site placement.
[0057] The composition provides for signage of the resin-based
composite that is cut to specific lengths and widths conforming to
FAA Standards AC 150/53404-1 and AC 150/5340-18 included for
touchdown indicia, threshold indicia configurations, aiming point
indicia, and centerlines for precision instrument runways.
[0058] The thermoplastic signage may include an alphanumeric symbol
on a pavement surface area for surface indicia materials existing
on a top surface.
[0059] The thermoplastic signage of the resin-based compositions is
normally comprised of various colors and hue(s) integral and
permanently molded into the resin-based composition.
[0060] The thermoplastic signage is normally provided with large
surfaces of signage which is trafficked within minutes after
adhering the signage to any suitable aviation associated
substrate.
[0061] The thermoplastic signage may display specific helicopter
landing and takeoff indicia including medical transport
indicia.
[0062] In addition, the thermoplastic signage is heated to a
predetermined temperature to ensure proper and optimal adhesion
between the signage and any suitable aviation associated substrate
and the temperature is normally about 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
[0063] The copolymer of PP/PE can be a singular resin from a
singular supplier or combined with more than one resin from
multiple suppliers.
[0064] One preferred resin is known as an amorphous metallocene (a
catalyst used to ensure proper polymerization of olefins)
propylene-ethylene-copolymer wax with; a density of approximately
0.90 gm/cm.sup.3, a viscosity in the range of 9000-9500 (9300 is
the preferred value) mPa-s as measured according to the DIN 53019
standard test method at 170 C, and a softening point of 111 C as
measured according to ASTM D 3104. This specific copolymer is
manufactured by Clariant and marketed under the tradename
"Licocene.RTM. PP 3602 granules TP" and is a useful choice for a
backbone polymer for these hot melt adhesives without significant
residual tack and providing exceptional adhesion. Another preferred
resin is listed under the tradename "Vistamaxx.TM. 3588 FL"
manufactured by ExxonMobil and is an isotactic propylene copolymer
with random ethylene distribution also produced via metallocene
catalyst technology. This PP/PE copolymer is characterized by
having a density of 0.889 gm/cm.sup.3 as measured by ASTM D1505
with an ethylene content of 4 weight percent and a Vicat softening
temperature of 103 C as measured internally within ExxonMobil
laboratories.
[0065] In one embodiment, the combination of the two PP/PE resins
are provided in the ratio of 70:15 lbs per 1000 lbs of a completed
preform composition. Surprisingly, not only do these backbone
polymer resins provide the needed alkali/caustic resistance but
also either greatly reduce or eliminate debris, which normally
builds up on the preform surfaces as a result of air traffic. The
debris is normally the result of rubber from tires which can adhere
to the surface of the preformed thermoplastic.
[0066] There is a strong need in the industry to provide a
preformed thermoplastic so that these marking surfaces remain
alkali and caustic resistant and can be used for any application.
In order to achieve this desired result, the alkali resistant
preformed road marking compositions must include relatively high
levels of PP/PE copolymer, specifically in the range of 8 to 16
weight percent of the total composition in comparison with the
currently used compositions. In the past, the use of either EVA or
PA have been the only choices for the backbone of the total
composition of these products.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0067] FIG. 1 is a photograph of an EVA based alkaline resistant
material (Comparative Example 2) 24 hours after installation. The
rectangular section that appears a different shade of red is PA
based non alkaline resistant material (Comparative Example 1). Note
the severe debris pick-up is limited to the EVA based material.
[0068] FIG. 2a is a photograph of comparative example 1, which is
sample after 25 passes.
[0069] FIG. 2b is a photograph of comparative example 2 which is a
Sample after 25 passes.
[0070] FIG. 2c is a photograph of example 1 ample after 25
passes
[0071] FIG. 3 is a comparison of Comparative Example 1 which
suffered from hydrolysis damage versus that of Example 1 (the
alkaline resistant formulation) that remained relatively untouched
by the "alkalinity test".
[0072] FIG. 4 is a plot indicating the dynamic mechanical analysis
Results of DMA testing. The higher G' (storage modulus) values are
for Example 1 compositions showing significant improvement over the
Comparative Example 1 (PA) based composition.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0073] To achieve the desired alkali resistance, replacement of
fatty acid dimer based polyamide resins such as Uni-Rez 2633, from
Arizona Chemical, is required. Direct replacement can be costly but
effective, however, often additional stabilizers and plasticizers
are also needed in the final composition to endure the longer term
flexibility and stability demands on preformed thermoplastic
pavement markings. For example, specific PP/PE copolymers are
manufactured by Clariant and marketed under the tradename
"Licocene.RTM. PP 3602 granules TP" which are a useful choice for a
backbone polymer for hot melt adhesives without introducing
significant residual tack while still providing exceptional
adhesion to pavement surfaces. Another useful PP/PE copolymer resin
is listed under the tradename "Vistamaxx.TM. 3588 FL" and is
manufactured by ExxonMobil. This is an isotactic propylene
copolymer with random ethylene distribution also produced (as is
the Licocene copolymer) via a metallocene catalyst technology. This
PP/PE copolymer is characterized by having a density of 0.889
gm/cm.sup.3 as measured by ASTM D1505 with a ethylene content of 4
weight percent and a Vicat softening temperature of 103 C as
measured internally within ExxonMobil laboratories. Use of these
copolymers together with ester modified rosins, fillers, extenders,
levelers and other conventional components completes these alkali
resistant air traffic pavement compositions.
[0074] The general alkali resistant formulation of the present
disclosure more specifically comprises at least 20 weight percent
binder resin which further comprises between 5 and 15 weight
percent of a tackifier resin that is glycerol ester of a rosin
resin. Normally, at least 10 weight percent of one or more
sterically hindered phenolic antioxidants; at least 1 weight
percent of one or more PE homopolymer waxes along with at least 1
weight percent of a non-polar polyethylene component containing 3
percent ethylene maleic anhydride yielding a saponification number
of 35 are added to the composition. The composition also typically
includes alkyd resin and soybean oil mixtures, at least 0.5 weight
percent of one or more UV stabilizing compounds; at least 1 weight
percent of an alkyd resin modified glyceryl phthalate, at least 1
weight percent of a polyurethane with a melting point of at least
150 degrees Centigrade and a stabilizer that is a disodium salt of
phosphonic acid. In addition, between 2 and 12 weight percent
titanium dioxide with an optional organic dye, wherein the intermix
is at least 30 weight percent of the composition and wherein the
intermix is an inorganic filler is incorporated into the
composition.
[0075] Common test methods for measuring the effectiveness of these
pavement markings for alkali resistance include BS EN 1871:2000 and
also includes methods for testing heat stability, cold impact,
softening point, indentation, and wear resistance. All of these
parameters are important in finalizing compositions which meet the
needs of the alkaline concrete environments that are adhered to and
a portion of the subject of the present disclosure.
[0076] It has also been shown that it is possible to use single
grit size aggregate in the intermix. The use of an intermix of
different grit sized aggregates in different proportions based on
the need for the future use of different materials (larger sizes
for thicker and larger thermoplastic sheets and smaller aggregates
for narrow strips) is also part of the present disclosure. For
calcium carbonate particles of the present disclosure, one
preferred product is marketed under the tradename Carbonate
G260.RTM.. This particular calcium carbonate provides a mean
particle size of 22 microns, a Hunter dry brightness reflectance of
93.5 and an oil absorption capacity of 12 lbs oil/100 lbs of
calcium carbonate as determined by ASTM D-281 with a weight percent
moisture measured to be 0.2% by ASTM D-280. The particle mesh size
is between 60 and 325.
[0077] In the present disclosure, the use of uniform particulate
material or blends of particulate materials for the aggregate with
differing hardness values that provide more economical solutions,
can be introduced into the intermix during formulation. The
introduction of these blends usually occurs prior to extrusion and
completion of the thermoplastic pavement marking. The aggregates
and other particles such as glass beads and the inorganic choices
stated above can also be dropped on the hot material during
installation and completely embedded into body of the thermoplastic
marking material in that fashion. The preformed thermoplastic
surface marking product can be applied using pressure sensitive
adhesives as well as by flame torching.
[0078] These marking patterns often consist of two or more
independent sections which should be carefully assembled and
handled before applying to pavements such as asphalt, concrete or
other suitable substrates. In addition to being applied to air
traffic pavement surfaces, these marking patterns may be placed at
desired locations such as road crosswalks, intersections, parking
lots or other sites. In some cases heat is then applied to soften
the pavement marking pattern causing it to firmly adhere to the
substrate. Various adhesives can also be used to adhere the marking
pattern to the substrate.
[0079] The original AirMark.RTM. (which is also a composite) may be
initially rolled and then melted onto the runway surface using an 8
foot to 16 foot wide IR heater. Hand held propane torches may also
be used, such as the Flint 2000EX, available from Flint Trading,
Inc. The material thickness of this runway signage is nominally
0.060 inches. The signage without high retroreflectivity and
anti-skid properties has a backing that is relatively thin and
flexible and normally utilizes a relatively low viscosity (50-500
centipoise--cps) two component primer, such as an epoxy primer. The
composition of the present invention is not rolled but instead are
transported and provided in large flat sections to runway locations
for installation.
[0080] An embodiment of the present disclosure requires the need
and use of a two part epoxy primer which is nominally in the narrow
viscosity range of 50-500 cps at room temperature for ensuring
proper and optimal bonding to a runway or taxiway surface. Lower or
higher viscosity epoxy primers do not work well for the present
disclosure and associated invention due to the change in the
functional composition/composite of the runway/taxiway signage.
This composition/composite was described, in detail, above.
[0081] To acquire the reflective properties necessary, glass beads
with specific sizes such as described in the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) document TT-B-1325 D, issued Jun. 1, 1993, are
both embedded within the sheet and also strategically placed over
the sheet during the heating and installation procedure which is
described in the next paragraph.
[0082] In addition to retroreflectivity, skid resistance, which in
this case is defined as the raising of the surface friction
coefficient of the preformed thermoplastic indicia layer onto the
runway/taxiway to prevent slippage of airport personnel, must also
be increased. During moist or wet weather conditions, there have
been worker accidents attributed to slick painted indicia as well
as for preformed thermoplastic AirMark.RTM. signage. It is also
necessary to add debris resistance to the list of desirable
properties.
[0083] Use of anti-skid materials within the preformed
thermoplastic sheets including corundum, quartz, sand, etc., all of
which are used to increase the coefficient of friction, but must be
achieved within the set of parameters as described above, namely
the preformed thermoplastic sheets in the molten state, must
exhibit a viscosity of between 35,000 and 85,000 cps during
installation. This molten state is normally achieved at or about
150 degrees Centigrade or generally above 300 degrees Fahrenheit,
and with the incorporation of the anti-skid materials, optimization
of the viscosity is more difficult to achieve. A lower viscosity
composite will allow the glass beads to sink and thereby greatly
diminish or eliminate retroreflectivity intensity, while a higher
viscosity preformed thermoplastic will not sufficiently bond with
the runway/taxiway surface.
[0084] The runway surface is prepared with the two-part epoxy
primer and the preformed thermoplastic is unwound from the take-up
spool and positioned onto the runway surface. When the preformed
thermoplastic signage is in a desired location it is initially
rolled conforming to the runway surface. Heat is applied to the
rolled surface to a temperature of or about 300.degree. F. degrees
with this particular preformed plastic sheet composition. Fusing
with a wide infra-red (IR) heater to melt the preformed
thermoplastic signage into the runway surface allows for adhering
the preformed thermoplastic signage to the runway surface.
[0085] The modified formulation and resulting composition of the
present disclosure increases the viscosity of the preformed
thermoplastic in order to retard bead sinking. Non-conventional
two-part epoxy sealers were necessary (within a narrow -50-500 cps
range at room temperature) were required so that optimal bonding
together with optimal retroreflectivity could be obtained.
[0086] In an additional embodiment the pre-manufactured
thermoplastic signage is flexible and the material thickness is in
a range of 0.050 inches-0.075 inches with a nominal thickness of
0.060''.
[0087] Another embodiment includes the ability of the large
pre-manufactured thermoplastic signage to be installed quickly and
easily to concrete or asphalt surfaces.
[0088] In another embodiment the pre-manufactured thermoplastic
signage may also be applied to fresh asphalt surfaces as soon as
the asphalt has cured to a "set".
[0089] An additional embodiment includes the fact that the
pre-manufactured thermoplastic signage may have features such as
indents, bumps or marks that are visible indicators such that
correct adhesion temperature are attained by the infra-red or other
heating means used by those skilled in the art.
[0090] In another embodiment the pre-manufactured thermoplastic
signage is prepared to meet specific lengths and widths conforming
with FAA Standards AC 150/5340-1 "Standards for Airport Indicia"
and AC 150/5340-18 "Standards for Airport Sign Systems" for
touchdown indicia, threshold indicia configurations, aiming point
indicia and centerlines, as requirements for precision instrument
runways.
[0091] In yet another embodiment the pre-manufactured thermoplastic
signage is provided as alpha-numeric symbols for specific
information signage that is applied to the runway, taxiway or
holding surface.
[0092] In another embodiment the pre-manufactured thermoplastic
signage is available in various colors or hues.
[0093] In another embodiment the pre-manufactured thermoplastic
signage has features that allow the edges to physically
interconnect and interlock.
[0094] An embodiment of the disclosure is that the pre-manufactured
thermoplastic signage is available for traffic within minutes of
adhering the specific signage.
[0095] Additionally as another embodiment, the pre-manufactured
thermoplastic signage identifies areas for aircraft support
vehicles or outdoor passenger loading in non-runway areas.
[0096] An additional embodiment for the pre-manufactured
thermoplastic signage identifies specific helicopter landing and
takeoff areas including medical transport.
[0097] Among additional objectives of the invention include
providing a relatively inexpensive pavement marking pattern having
two or more sections in which the sections are joined by use of an
applied alkaline resistant adhesive and to provide a method for
forming a pavement marking pattern which allows cost efficient
factory assembly of the pattern and which prevents dislodging and
separation of the pattern sections during handling, transportation
and application.
[0098] It should be understood that although examples are given it
should not be construed that these are examples provide the only
examples of the invention and that variations of the present
invention are possible, while adhering to the inventive concept
herein disclosed.
EXAMPLES
[0099] The following examples are not intended to limit the scope
of the invention as described in this disclosure, but instead to
provide examples of the invention and associated possible
compositions.
Example 1
[0100] An example of the PP/PE copolymer resin formulation
(composition) for the preformed thermoplastic of the present
invention is provided as follows:
Material Composition for Example 1 by Weight Percent
TABLE-US-00001 [0101] Intermix Bead M247 Highway 30% Calcium
carbonate 18% Sand/Quart 5-0 grit 15% Rosin Ester GA-90 (Arikawa)
10.3% Licocene PP 3602-PP/PE copolymer (Clariant) 7.0% Vistamaxx
3588-PP/PE copolymer (ExxonMobil) 1.5% TP-150 polyurethane
(Cekapel) 1.5% Alkyd resin with glyceryl phthalate (Cristicol) 1.4%
Alkyd resin and soybean oil (Ranbar) 1.2% AC575 PE Wax (Honeywell)
1.0% UV polytriazine imino stabilizer (Cytec UV 3346) 0.70%
Phenolic Antioxidant (Irganox 1010-BASF) 1.6% Phosphoric acid
disodium salt (Bruggolen) 0.08%
[0102] This composition can be contrasted with previous
compositions, a standard PA based type of which is given in the
Comparative Example 1 below;
Comparative Example 1
[0103] As an illustration, Comparative Example 1 uses polyamide
(PA) resin with the intermix.
Material Composition for Comparative Example 1 by Weight
Percent
TABLE-US-00002 [0104] Polyamide resin Uni-Rez 2633- 7.5% Modified
rosin resin Sylvacote 4981- 8.5% Phthalate plasticizer- 3.0% PE
based wax- 2.0% Fumed silica- 0.5% Corundum grit 30 18.5% TiO.sub.2
10% CaCO.sub.3 20% AASHTO Glass Beads Type 1 30%
[0105] An alkaline resistant formulation that describes one
embodiment as an example of the composition of the present
disclosure was prepared according to Example 1 above. As previously
described, the PA (polyamide) and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate)
compositions that were developed over the last decade (including
Comparative Examples 1 and 2 listed) tend to decompose in the
presence of high alkalinity and become water soluble.
Material Composition for Comparative Example 2 by Weight
Percent
TABLE-US-00003 [0106] EVA Resin- 10% Modified rosin resin- 10.86%
PE based wax- 3.0% Modified PE Wax- 1.0% Antioxidant- 0.24%
Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer- 0.5% Grit 22.2% TiO.sub.2 10%
CaCO.sub.3 12.2% AASHTO Glass Beads Type 1 30%
[0107] By substituting PP/PE copolymers for PA and EVA, the
composition was no longer subject to damage in high alkalinity
environments situation and debris transfer was significantly
reduced, as provided in FIG. 1. EVA based alkaline resistant
material (Comparative Example 2) [110] was photographed 24 hours
after installation. The rectangular section that appears a
different shade of red is polyamide based non alkaline resistant
material (Comparative Example 1) [120]. Note the severe debris
pick-up in this case is limited to the EVA based material.
[0108] Methods to determine alkalinity and debris resistance that
have been developed and for which this (and other) recent
composition(s) were tested are provided below;
Tire Smear Test
[0109] Samples of the Example 1 composition were installed on
aluminum backed panels using both IR heat and a direct flame Flint
2000 torch. Samples were then allowed to cool overnight before
being tested. Samples had aircraft tires passed over them for 120
hours with 1500 pounds of pressure applied at a rate of 7 passes
per minute for a total of 50,000 passes. Samples were then observed
for level of rubber transfer to material.
Tire Scrub Test
[0110] Samples of the Example 1 composition were cut to
19''.times.4'' sheets. Samples were then loaded into an Elcometer
abrasion tester. A tire was then cut to size and fastened to a
block and inserted in place of a traditional brush and scrub
medium. The tire was passed across the material with a 700 g weight
for 25 passes. The material was then observed for rubber transfer
and the results recorded.
[0111] Initial results indicate that the level of marking from
debris and rubber transfer was significantly reduced when compared
with those of Comparative Example 2 above.
[0112] Results of the scrub test for Comparative Examples 1 and 2
are shown in FIGS. 2a-2c.
[0113] To more closely resemble actual field trials at the Atlanta
Hartsfield airport, the tire scrub test was developed and performed
in the laboratory, the results of which are shown in FIGS.
2a-2c.
[0114] FIG. 2a indicates that the PA based composition is
essentially debris free, while the EVA based composition (FIG. 2b)
is not. The PA based composition, however is not alkaline
resistant, while the PP/PE based composition (FIG. 2c) is extremely
alkaline resistant (see FIG. 3).
[0115] It is clear that the ultimate test is to determine visual
differences that occur for the preformed thermoplastic markings on
actual runways over time. To achieve meaningful results, the
testing results for AirMark.RTM. (air traffic signage) compositions
must be from those produced in four separate colors (yellow, red,
black and white).
[0116] An additional test, known as the "alkalinity test" simulates
the dissolution of the composition on air traffic paved surfaces
when the composition is introduced to hot (175.degree. F.) water
after being exposed to high alkalinity. Example I composition
(right) and the Comparative Example I composition (left) are placed
in separate cups filled with 10% of Tide.RTM. solution (10% by
weight of Tide.RTM. detergent in water for 24 hrs. at 115.degree.
F.). After 24 hours, the material is rinsed thoroughly and placed
in cups with 170.degree. F. water. Comparative Example I suffered
from hydrolysis damage while the alkaline resistant formulation of
Example I remained relatively untouched. The results of this
testing are shown below in FIG. 3.
[0117] Results by using the following test methods have been shown
to meet or exceed the current specification ranges which are
summarized in Table 1 and described below. It should be understood
and is hereby noted that the indent values have increased by an
order of magnitude over those obtained from comparative Example 1
formulations (thousands of seconds vs. hundreds of seconds prior to
dissolution). In addition, bond strength (using a Positest puller)
was proven to be better than those obtained using comparative
Example 1 formulations.
Test Methodologies
[0118] Several test methods used for determining the durability and
feasibility of using new formulations for the preform
thermoplastics in the applications described herein are provided
below:
A. Ring and Ball Test
[0119] This test methodology has been developed to determine the
softening point for the preform thermoplastic compositions of the
present disclosure. The test protocol is as follows; [0120] 1.1
Place 2 rings on a hot plate to raise the temperature. [0121] 1.2
Fill rings with molten material from the batch. [0122] 1.3 Level
the material with the top of the rings. [0123] 1.4 Place the 2
samples in chilled water to cool. [0124] 1.5 Set the 2 samples up
in the ASP 5 Auto Softening Point Tester with a ball centered on
each sample. [0125] 1.6 Start the ASP 5 Auto Softening Point
Tester.
B. Indent Value Test
[0126] This test methodology has been developed to determine the
ability of the preform thermoplastic compositions of the present
disclosure to resist impact and indenture after the preform
composition has been applied to a paved surface. The protocol is as
follows; [0127] 1.1. Pour material into the steel mold, remove
material exceeding top of the mold with a spatula (the surface
shall be leveled). [0128] 1.2 Put sample in chilled water, (cooler)
for 15 minutes. [0129] 1.3 Remove sample from chilled water and
place in the indent tester water bath at temperature of
40.0+/-1.0.degree. C. for 1.5 hours. [0130] 1.4 Set the sample up
centered in the indent tester equipment and start the test. [0131]
1.5 When the indent reaches 10 mm, the test completes and the
equipment will enter the data into the system. [0132] 1.6 The
system will indicate if out of specifications.
C. Cold Flow Test
[0133] This test methodology has been developed to determine the
ability of the preform thermoplastic compositions of the present
disclosure to resist creep or percent elongation that may occur
leading to distortion of the signage after the preform composition
has been applied to a paved surface and exposed to excessive heat.
The test protocol is as follows; [0134] 1.1 Place wax paper and
silicone mold on the scale. [0135] 1.2 Weigh 8 grams into the
silicone mold. [0136] 1.3 Place molten material and mold into the
chilled cooling station for 5 minutes. [0137] 1.4 Remove flow
"plug" from mold and place into 30.degree. C. water bath for 10
minutes. [0138] 1.5 Remove plug from 30.degree. C. bath and enter
the initial weight and diameter of both directions into the system.
[0139] 1.6 Place plug onto tar paper. [0140] 1.7 Place tar paper
and plug into a flow test oven for 10 minutes at 135.degree. C.
unless otherwise specified. [0141] 1.8 After 10 minutes, remove tar
paper and plug from oven and place on counter top. [0142] 1.9 Allow
to cool.
[0143] Results of these tests for the Example 1 composition are
summarized in Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1 Tests performed indicating Example 1
compositions (all four colors) meet requirements for alkaline and
debris resistant air traffic pavement signage (Airmark .RTM.)
showing improved indent results. Specification Result Test
Performed Example I Composition (White) Indent Value-Lab Time
>30 sec 156 sec req'd to get 10 mm depth Flow Test % 90-190%
126% increase in overall dimension R&B Test Temp
116-125.degree. C. 119.0 resistance Alkaline "Tide .RTM." Pass
Resistance test Test Performed Example I Composition (Yellow)
Indent Value-lab >30 sec 163 sec Flow Test 90-190% 187% R&B
Test 116-125.degree. C. 120.4 Alkaline Pass Resistance Test
Performed Example I Composition (Red) Indent Value-lab >30 sec
213 sec Flow Test 90-190% 118% R&B Test 116-125.degree. C.
119.5 Alkaline Pass Resistance Test Performed Example I Composition
(Black) Indent Value-lab >30 sec 258 sec Flow Test 90-190% 148%
R&B Test 116-125.degree. C. 120.5 Alkaline Pass Resistance
[0144] In addition, DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis) testing was
conducted to compare storage moduli of Example 1 with that of
Comparative Example 1 compositions. The results are provided in
FIG. 4 below, where the higher G' (storage modulus) values are for
Example 1 compositions showing significant improvement over the
Comparative Example 1 (PA) based composition.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2 Storage Modulus Data Comparison from FIG. 4
G' @ 77.degree. C. Sample (MPa) Comparative Example 1 (Gen II) 2
0.34 Example 1 (V104) 9.43
[0145] Additional comparative test data is provided in Table 3 to
indicate the surprising results achieved with one representative
example (Example 1) of the composition of the present
disclosure.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3 Summary of Test for Results for Example 1
and Comparative Example 1 Test Type and Test Results for Test
Results for Comp. Method Example 1 Ex 1 Ring and Ball (.degree. C.)
119 118 Cold Flow (%) 126 150 Indent Values (s) 156 7 Alkalinity
Resistance Pass Fail
[0146] Although the invention has been described in considerable
detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof; other
versions are possible. For example, the coating compositions can
include one or more ingredients that enhance other film properties
such as gloss, etc. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the claims
should not necessarily be limited to the description of the
preferred embodiments contained herein.
* * * * *