U.S. patent application number 16/034549 was filed with the patent office on 2018-11-01 for water soluble membrane proteins and methods for the preparation and use thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Invention is credited to Karolina Corin, Alexander Rich, Lotta Tolstoy Tegler, Shuguang Zhang.
Application Number | 20180312562 16/034549 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46721234 |
Filed Date | 2018-11-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180312562 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Zhang; Shuguang ; et
al. |
November 1, 2018 |
WATER SOLUBLE MEMBRANE PROTEINS AND METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION AND
USE THEREOF
Abstract
The present invention is directed to water-soluble membrane
proteins, methods for the preparation thereof and methods of use
thereof.
Inventors: |
Zhang; Shuguang; (Lexington,
MA) ; Rich; Alexander; (Cambridge, MA) ;
Corin; Karolina; (Cambridge, MA) ; Tegler; Lotta
Tolstoy; (Linkoping, SE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
Cambridge |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
46721234 |
Appl. No.: |
16/034549 |
Filed: |
July 13, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15078036 |
Mar 23, 2016 |
10035837 |
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16034549 |
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14105252 |
Dec 13, 2013 |
9309302 |
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15078036 |
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13403725 |
Feb 23, 2012 |
8637452 |
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14105252 |
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61445740 |
Feb 23, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 9/12 20180101; A61P
29/00 20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61K 38/00 20130101; A61P 35/00
20180101; G01N 33/6863 20130101; A61K 38/17 20130101; A61P 35/04
20180101; A61K 38/1793 20130101; C07K 14/7158 20130101; C07K 14/705
20130101; A61P 25/00 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 25/28
20180101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 25/16 20180101; A61P 17/00
20180101; A61K 38/177 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C07K 14/705 20060101
C07K014/705; G01N 33/68 20060101 G01N033/68; C07K 14/715 20060101
C07K014/715; A61K 38/17 20060101 A61K038/17 |
Claims
1. A water-soluble polypeptide comprising a modified
.alpha.-helical domain, wherein the modified .alpha.-helical domain
comprises an amino acid sequence in which one or more hydrophobic
amino acid residues within a .alpha.-helical domain of a native
membrane protein is replaced with one or more hydrophilic amino
acid residues.
2. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the
.alpha.-helical domain is 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical
domain.
3. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the native
membrane protein is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
4. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the native
membrane protein is an integral membrane protein.
5. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the
hydrophilic residues are selected from the group consisting of
glutamine (Q), threonine (T), tyrosine (Y) and any combination
thereof.
6. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein one or more of
the hydrophobic residues leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V)
and phenylalanine (F) are replaced.
7. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein one or more
phenylalanine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the native
membrane protein are replaced with tyrosine.
8. The water-soluble polypeptide of any one of claims 1 and 7,
wherein one or more isoleucine and/or valine residues of the
.alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced with
threonine.
9. The water-soluble polypeptide of any one of claims 1, 7 and 8,
wherein one or more leucine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain
of the native membrane protein are replaced with glutamine.
10. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the native
membrane protein is an olfactory receptor or chemokine receptor
CXCR4.
11. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, wherein the native
membrane protein is a mammalian protein
12. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 10, wherein the native
membrane protein is mOR103-15 or or chemokine receptor CXCR4.
13. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the
hydrophobic amino acid residues at .alpha.-helical positions b, c
and f are replaced.
14. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 12, wherein the
hydrophobic amino acid residues at .alpha.-helical positions a, d,
e and g are not replaced.
15. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 1, comprising the amino
acid sequence of TABLE-US-00004 (SEQ ID NO: 2) MERRNHTGRV
SEFVLLGFPA PAPQRALQFF QSLQAYVQTL TENIQTITAIRNHPTLHKPM YYFLANMSFYL
ETWYTTVTTP KMQAGYIGSE ENHGQLISFE ACMTQLYFFQ GLGCTECTLL AVMAYDRYVA
TCHPLHYPVI VSSRQCVQMA AGSWAGGFGT SMTVKVYQISR LSYCGPNTIN HFFCDVSPLL
NLSCTDMSTA ELTDFILAIF ILLGPLSVTG ASYMAITGAV MRIPSAAGRH KAFSTCASHL
TTVITYYAAS IYTYARPKAL SAFDTNKLVS VLYAVIVPLL NPIIYCLRNQ EVKKALRRTL
HLAQGDANT KKSSRDGGSS GTETSQVAPA; Or (SEQ ID NO: 10)
MEGISIYTSDNYTEEMGSGDYDSMKEPCFREENANYNKTFLPTIYSIIYQ
TGTVGNGLVILVMGYQKKLRSMTDKYRLHLSTADLQFVTTLPYWATDATA
NWYFGNFLCKAVHVIYTVNLYSSVLILAFISLDRYLAIVHATNSQRPRKL
LAEKVVYVGVWTPAQLLTTPDYTFANVSEADDRYICDRFYPNDLWVVVFQ
FQHIMVGLILPGIVILSCYCIIISKLSHSKGHQKRKALKTTTTLIQAFFA
CWQPYYTGISIDSYILLEIIKQGCEFENTVHKWISTTEAQAFYHCCTNPT
QYAYLGAKFKTSAQHALTSVSRGSSLKILSKGKRGGHSSVSTESESSSSF HS.
16. The water-soluble polypeptide of claim 2, wherein the modified
7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical domain comprises one or more of the
following amino acid sequences: TABLE-US-00005 a. (SEQ ID NO: 3)
PQRALQFFQSLQAYVQTLTENIQTITAIR b. (SEQ ID NO: 4)
MYYFLANMSFYLETWYTTVTTPKMQAGYI c. (SEQ ID NO: 5)
CMTQLYFFQGLGCTECTLLAVMAYDRYVATC d. (SEQ ID NO: 6)
RQCVQMAAGSWAGGFGTSMTVKVYQ e. (SEQ ID NO: 7)
LTDFILAIFILLGPLSVTGASYMAITGAV f. (SEQ ID NO: 8)
HKAFSTCASHLTTVITYYAASIYTY g. (SEQ ID NO: 9)
TNKLVSVLYAVIVPLLNPIIYCLRN
17. The water-soluble polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 16,
wherein the polypeptide retains the biological activity of the
native membrane protein.
18. The water-soluble polypeptide of any one of claims 1 to 16,
wherein one or more amino acids within potential odorant binding
sites are not replaced.
19. A method of preparing a water-soluble polypeptide comprising
replacing one or more hydrophobic amino acid residues within the
.alpha.-helical domain of a native membrane protein with one or
more hydrophilic amino acid residues.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the .alpha.-helical domain is a
7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical domain.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the native membrane protein is
a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
22. The method of claim 19, wherein the hydrophilic residues are
selected from the group consisting of glutamine (Q), threonine (T),
tyrosine (Y) and any combination thereof.
23. The method of claim 19, wherein the hydrophobic residues
leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V) and phenylalanine (F) are
replaced.
24. The method of claim 20, wherein one or more phenylalanine
residues of the 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical domain of the
native membrane protein are replaced with tyrosine.
25. The method of any one of claims 19 and 24, wherein one or more
isoleucine and/or valine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of
the native membrane protein are replaced with threonine.
26. The method of any one of claims 19, 24 and 25, wherein one or
more leucine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the native
membrane protein are replaced with glutamine.
27. The method of claim 19, wherein the native protein is an
olfactory receptor.
28. The method of claim 19, wherein the native protein is a
mammalian protein.
29. The method of claim 27, wherein the native protein is
mOR103-15, or chemokine receptor CXCR4.
30. The method of claim 19, wherein the polypeptide comprises the
amino acid sequence TABLE-US-00006 (SEQ ID NO: 2) MERRNHTGRV
SEFVLLGFPA PAPQRALQFF QSLQAYVQTL TENIQTITAIRNHPTLHKPM YYFLANMSFYL
ETWYTTVTTP KMQAGYIGSE ENHGQLISFE ACMTQLYFFQ GLGCTECTLL AVMAYDRYVA
TCHPLHYPVI VSSRQCVQMA AGSWAGGFGT SMTVKVYQISR LSYCGPNTIN HFFCDVSPLL
NLSCTDMSTA ELTDFILAIF ILLGPLSVTG ASYMAITGAV MRIPSAAGRH KAFSTCASHL
TTVITYYAAS IYTYARPKAL SAFDTNKLVS VLYAVIVPLL NPIIYCLRNQ EVKKALRRTL
HLAQGDANT KKSSRDGGSS GTETSQVAPA; Or (SEQ ID NO: 10)
MEGISIYTSDNYTEEMGSGDYDSMKEPCFREENANYNKTFLPTIYSIIYQ
TGTVGNGLVILVMGYQKKLRSMTDKYRLHLSTADLQFVTTLPYWATDATA
NWYFGNFLCKAVHVIYTVNLYSSVLILAFISLDRYLAIVHATNSQRPRKL
LAEKVVYVGVWTPAQLLTTPDYTFANVSEADDRYICDRFYPNDLWVVVFQ
FQHIMVGLILPGIVILSCYCIIISKLSHSKGHQKRKALKTTTTLIQAFFA
CWQPYYTGISIDSYILLEIIKQGCEFENTVHKWISTTEAQAFYHCCTNPT
QYAYLGAKFKTSAQHALTSVSRGSSLKILSKGKRGGHSSVSTESESSSSF HS.
31. The method of claim 24, wherein the modified 7-transmembrane
.alpha.-helical domain comprises one or more of the following amino
acid sequences: TABLE-US-00007 a. (SEQ ID NO: 3)
PQRALQFFQSLQAYVQTLTENIQTITAIR b. (SEQ ID NO: 4)
MYYFLANMSFYLETWYTTVTTPKMQAGYI c. (SEQ ID NO: 5)
CMTQLYFFQGLGCTECTLLAVMAYDRYVATC d. (SEQ ID NO: 6)
RQCVQMAAGSWAGGFGTSMTVKVYQ e. (SEQ ID NO: 7)
LTDFILAIFILLGPLSVTGASYMAITGAV f. (SEQ ID NO: 8)
HKAFSTCASHLTTVITYYAASIYTY g. (SEQ ID NO: 9)
TNKLVSVLYAVIVPLLNPIIYCLRN SEQ ID NO: 2 .
32. The method of any one of claims 19 to 31, wherein the
water-soluble polypeptide retains the biological activity of the
native membrane protein.
33. The method of any one of claims 19 to 31, further comprising
determining the secondary structure of the polypeptide.
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the secondary structure is
determined using circular dichroism.
35. The method of any one of claims 19 to 31, further comprising
measuring ligand binding.
36. The method of any one of claims 19 to 31, wherein the
polypeptide is prepared using a cell-free system.
37. The method of any one of claims 19 to 31, wherein the protein
is an olfactory receptor and further comprising measuring odorant
binding to the olfactory receptor.
38. The method of claim 35, wherein the ligand binding affinity of
the water-soluble polypeptide is compared to the native membrane
protein.
39. The method of claim 35, wherein ligand binding is measured
using microscale thermophoresis.
40. The method of claim 35, wherein ligand binding is measured
using a calcium influx assay.
41. A polypeptide produced according to the method of any one of
claims 19 to 31.
42. A cell transfected with the polypeptide of any one of claims 1
to 18 and 41.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the cell is a mammalian
cell.
44. The cell of claim 43, wherein the cell is a HEK293 cell.
45. A method for treating a mammal suffering from a disorder or
disease that is mediated by the activity of a native membrane
protein, comprising administering to said mammal an effective
amount of a water-soluble polypeptide comprising a modified
.alpha.-helical domain, wherein the modified .alpha.-helical domain
comprises an amino acid sequence in which one or more hydrophobic
amino acid residues within a .alpha.-helical domain of the native
membrane protein is replaced with one or more hydrophilic amino
acid residues.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the .alpha.-helical domain is
7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical domain.
47. The method of claim 45, wherein the native membrane protein is
a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
48. The method of claim 45, wherein the native membrane protein is
an integral membrane protein.
49. The method of claim 45, wherein the hydrophilic residues are
selected from the group consisting of glutamine (Q), threonine (T),
tyrosine (Y) and any combination thereof.
50. The method of claim 45, wherein one or more of the hydrophobic
residues leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V) and phenylalanine
(F) are replaced.
51. The method of claim 45, wherein one or more phenylalanine
residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the native membrane
protein are replaced with tyrosine.
52. The method of any one of claims 45 and 50, wherein one or more
isoleucine and/or valine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of
the protein are replaced with threonine.
53. The method of any one of claims 45 and 50, wherein one or more
leucine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the native
membrane protein are replaced with glutamine.
54. The method of claim 45, wherein said native membrane protein is
abnormally activated, up-regulated, or over-expressed in a disorder
or disease.
55. The method of claim 45, wherein the disease is cancer.
56. The method of claim 55, wherein the cancer is small cell lung
cancer.
57. The method of claim 55, wherein the cancer is melanoma.
58. The method of claim 55, wherein the cancer is breast
cancer.
59. The method of claim 45, wherein the disease is Parkinson's
disease.
60. The method of claim 45, wherein the disease is cardiovascular
disease.
61. The method of claim 45, wherein the disease is
hypertension.
62. The method of claim 45, wherein the disease is asthma.
63. The method of claim 45, wherein the native membrane protein is
selected from the group comprising purinergic receptors (P2Y.sub.1,
P2Y.sub.2, P2Y.sub.4, P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3 muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors, receptors for thrombin [protease-activated
receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2], thromboxane (TXA.sub.2), sphingosine
1-phosphate (S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3, S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5),
lysophosphatidic acid (LPA.sub.1, LPA.sub.2, LPA.sub.3),
angiotensin II (AT.sub.1), serotonin (5-HT.sub.2c and 5-HT.sub.4),
somatostatin (sst.sub.5), endothelin (ET.sub.A and ET.sub.B),
cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1), V.sub.1a vasopressin receptors,
D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP formyl peptide receptors,
GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3 prostanoid receptors, A.sub.1
adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1 adrenergic receptors, BB.sub.2
bombesin receptors, B.sub.2 bradykinin receptors, calcium-sensing
receptors, chemokine receptors, KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors,
NK.sub.1 tachykinin receptors, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
receptors, protease-activated receptors, neuropeptide receptors,
adenosine A2B receptors, P2Y purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate
receptors, GRK5, GPCR-30, and CXCR4.
64. The method of any one of claims 45 to 63, wherein said
water-soluble polypeptide retains the activity of binding the
ligand of the native membrane protein.
65. The method of any one of claims 45 to 64, wherein said
water-soluble polypeptide retains the ability to bind the ligand
which normally binds to the native membrane protein.
66. The method of any one of claims 45 to 65, wherein one or more
amino acids within potential ligand binding sites are not
replaced.
67. The method of claim 45 wherein the mammal is a human.
68. The method according to any of claims 45-67, wherein said
hydrophobic amino acid is present in the hydrophilic face of the
.alpha.-helical domain.
69. The method according to any of claims 45-67, wherein said
hydrophobic amino acid is present in the b, c or f position on a
helical diagram.
70. The method according to any of claims 19-29, wherein about 10%
to about 100% of the hydrophobic amino acid residues present in the
hydrophilic face of .alpha.-helical domain is replaced.
71. The method according to claim 70, wherein at least about 15%,
or about 25%, or about 50, or about 70% of the hydrophobic amino
acid residues of the .alpha.-helical domain is replaced.
72. The method according to claim 70 or 71, wherein the helical
content of the modified helical domain is at least about 30% or
about 50% or about 75% or about 95% of the helical domain of the
native protein.
73. A method for producing a native ligand binding modified
polypeptide of a transmembrane protein comprising the step of
replacing or mutating at least some of the hydrophobic amino acid
residues by hydrophilic amino acid residues wherein said modified
polypeptide retains at least some of the ligand binding properties
of said transmembrane protein.
74. A method for treating a disease or disorder mediated by ligand
binding of a transmembrane protein comprising the step of
administering a modified polypeptide wherein said polypeptide
corresponds to a mutated amino acid sequence of said protein
wherein transmembrane region of the sequence is modified so that at
least some of the hydrophobic amino acid residues are replaced by
hydrophilic amino acid residues.
75. The method according to claim 73 or 74, wherein said
transmembrane region is .alpha.-helical.
76. The method according to claim 73 or 74, wherein hydrophobic
amino acid residues corresponding to at least one of b, c or f
positions of the helical wheel is replaced by hydrophilic amino
acid residues.
77. The method according to claim 76, wherein said hydrophilic
residues are selected from glutamine (Q), threonine (T), tyrosine
(Y) and any combination thereof.
78. The method according to claim 75 or 76, wherein said
hydrophobic residues are selected from leucine (L), isoleucine (I),
valine (V) and phenylalanine (F).
79. The method according to any of claims 73-78, wherein said
modified polypeptide retains ligand binding affinity of said
transmembrane protein.
80. The method according to claim 79, wherein said ligand binding
affinity of said polypeptide is substantially similar or better
than the ligand binding affinity of said transmembrane protein.
81. The method according to claim 79, wherein said ligand binding
affinity of said polypeptide is about 10%, or about 20% or about
30% or about 40% or about 50% or about 60% or about 70% or about
80% or about 90% of the ligand binding affinity of said
transmembrane protein.
82. The method according to any of claims 73-81, wherein said
modified polypeptide is water soluble.
83. The method according to any of claims 73-82, wherein said
transmembrane protein is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).
84. The method according to any of claims 73-82, wherein said
transmembrane protein is selected from purinergic receptors
(P2Y.sub.1, P2Y.sub.2, P2Y.sub.4, P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, receptors for thrombin
[protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2], thromboxane
(TXA.sub.2), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3,
S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA.sub.1,
LPA.sub.2, LPA.sub.3), angiotensin II (AT.sub.1), serotonin
(5-HT.sub.2c and 5-HT.sub.4), somatostatin (sst.sub.5), endothelin
(ET.sub.A and ET.sub.B), cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1), V.sub.1a
vasopressin receptors, D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP formyl
peptide receptors, GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3 prostanoid
receptors, A.sub.1 adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1 adrenergic
receptors, BB.sub.2 bombesin receptors, B.sub.2 bradykinin
receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, chemokine receptors,
KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors, NK.sub.1 tachykinin receptors,
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, protease-activated
receptors, neuropeptide receptors, adenosine A2B receptors, P2Y
purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate receptors, GRK5, GPCR-30, and
CXCR4.
85. The method according to claim 84, wherein said modified
polypeptide binds to the corresponding native ligand.
86. The method according to claim 84 or 85, wherein said modified
polypeptide is CXCR4 QTY.
87. The method according to any of claims 73-86, wherein said
modified polypeptide is at least about 10% or about 20% or about
30% or about 40% or about 50% or about 60% or about 70% or about
80% or about 90% or about 100% or about 125% or about 150% or about
175% or about 200% or about 225% or about 250% or about 300% more
water soluble than said transmembrane protein.
88. The method according to any of claim 45-54 or 63-87, wherein
said disease or disorder is selected from arthritis, lymphoma,
non-small lung cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer,
multiple sclerosis, central nervous system developmental disease,
dementia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, tumor, fibroma,
astrocytoma, myeloma, glioblastoma, an inflammatory disease, an
organ transplantation rejection, or angiogenesis.
89. A modified polypeptide produced by the method according to any
of claims 83-87.
90. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of
a water-soluble polypeptide of any one of claim 1 to 9, 11 or 88,
and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 15/078,036, filed on Mar. 23, 2016, which is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 14/105,252, filed on Dec. 13, 2013, now
U.S. Pat. No. 9,309,302, which is a continuation of U.S.
application Ser. No. 13/403,725, filed on Feb. 23, 2012, now U.S.
Pat. No. 8,637,452, which claims the benefit of the filing date
under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.
61/445,740, filed on Feb. 23, 2011. The entire teachings of each of
the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in
their entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Membrane proteins play vital roles in all living systems.
Approximately .about.30% of all genes in almost all sequenced
genomes, code for membrane proteins. However, our detailed
understanding of their structure and function lags far behind that
of soluble proteins. As of February 2012, there are over 79,500
structures in the Protein Data Bank
(http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do), however, there are 952
membrane protein structures with 320 unique structures including 8
G-protein coupled receptors. Although there are about 400
functional olfactory receptors in human, not a single olfactory
receptor has been determined.
[0003] There are several bottlenecks in elucidating the structure
and function of olfactory receptors and their recognition and
odorant-binding properties although they are of great interest. The
most critical and challenging task is that it is extremely
difficult to produce milligrams quantities of soluble and stable
receptors. Inexpensive large-scale production methods are
desperately needed, and have thus been the focus of extensive
research. It is only possible to conduct detailed structural
studies once these preliminary obstacles have been surmounted.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for improved methods of
studying G-protein coupled receptors, including olfactory
receptors.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention is directed to water-soluble membrane
peptides, compositions comprising said peptides, methods for the
preparation thereof and methods of use thereof.
[0005] The invention encompasses a water-soluble polypeptide
comprising a modified .alpha.-helical domain, wherein the modified
.alpha.-helical domain comprises an amino acid sequence in which
one or more hydrophobic amino acid residues within a
.alpha.-helical domain of a native membrane protein is replaced
with one or more hydrophilic amino acid residues. The invention
also encompasses a method of preparing a water-soluble polypeptide
comprising replacing one or more hydrophobic amino acid residues
within the .alpha.-helical domain of a native membrane protein with
one or more hydrophilic amino acid residues. The invention
additionally encompasses a polypeptide prepared by replacing one or
more hydrophobic amino acid residues within the .alpha.-helical
domain of a native membrane protein with one or more hydrophilic
amino acid residues.
[0006] The invention further encompasses a method of treatment for
a disorder or disease that is mediated by the activity a membrane
protein in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to
said subject an effective amount of a water-soluble polypeptide
comprising a modified .alpha.-helical domain, wherein the modified
.alpha.-helical domain comprises an amino acid sequence in which
one or more hydrophobic amino acid residues within a
.alpha.-helical domain of the membrane protein is replaced with one
or more hydrophilic amino acid residues.
[0007] In certain aspects, the water-soluble polypeptide retains
the ligand-binding activity of the membrane protein. Examples of
disorders and diseases that can be treated by administering a
water-soluble peptide of the invention include, but are not limited
to, cancer (such as, small cell lung cancer, melanoma, triple
negative breast cancer), Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, and bronchial asthma.
[0008] The invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a water-soluble polypeptide of the invention and
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0009] In some aspects, the .alpha.-helical domain is a
7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical domain. In an additional
embodiment, the native membrane protein is a G-protein coupled
receptor (GPCR). In some aspects of this embodiment, the GPCR is
selected from the group comprising purinergic receptors (P2Y.sub.1,
P2Y.sub.2, P2Y.sub.4, P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3 muscarinic
acetylcholine receptors, receptors for thrombin [protease-activated
receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2], thromboxane (TXA.sub.2), sphingosine
1-phosphate (S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3, S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5),
lysophosphatidic acid (LPA.sub.1, LPA.sub.2, LPA.sub.3),
angiotensin II (AT.sub.1), serotonin (5-HT.sub.2c and 5-HT.sub.4),
somatostatin (sst.sub.5), endothelin (ET.sub.A and ET.sub.B),
cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1), V.sub.1a vasopressin receptors,
D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP formyl peptide receptors,
GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3 prostanoid receptors, A.sub.1
adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1 adrenergic receptors, BB.sub.2
bombesin receptors, B.sub.2 bradykinin receptors, calcium-sensing
receptors, chemokine receptors, KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors,
NK.sub.1 tachykinin receptors, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
receptors, protease-activated receptors, neuropeptide receptors,
adenosine A2B receptors, P2Y purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate
receptors, GRK5, GPCR-30, and CXCR4. In yet an additional
embodiment, the native membrane protein or membrane protein is an
integral membrane protein. In a further aspect, the native membrane
protein is a mammalian protein. In yet a further aspect, the native
membrane protein is an olfactory receptor. In additional
embodiments, the olfactory receptor is mOR103-15.
[0010] In some aspects, the hydrophilic residues (which replace one
or more hydrophobic residues in the .alpha.-helical domain of a
native membrane protein) are selected from the group consisting of
glutamine (Q), threonine (T), tyrosine (Y) and any combination
thereof. In additional aspects, one or more hydrophobic residues
selected from leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V) and
phenylalanine (F) are replaced.
[0011] In certain embodiments, one or more phenylalanine residues
of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced with
tyrosine. In certain additional embodiments, one or more isoleucine
and/or valine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein
are replaced with threonine. In yet additional aspects, one or more
phenylalanine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein
are replaced with tyrosine and one or more isoleucine and/or valine
residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced
with threonine. In additional embodiments, one or more leucine
residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced
with glutamine. In yet additional embodiments, one or more leucine
residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced
with glutamine and one or more isoleucine and/or valine residues of
the protein are replaced with threonine. In further embodiments,
one or more leucine residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the
protein are replaced with glutamine and one or more phenylalanine
residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced
with tyrosine. In yet additional aspects, one or more leucine
residues of the .alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced
with glutamine, one or more phenylalanine residues of the
.alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced with tyrosine,
and one or more isoleucine and/or valine residues of the
.alpha.-helical domain of the protein are replaced with
threonine.
[0012] In additional embodiments, the water-soluble polypeptide
retains at least some of the biological activity of the native
membrane protein. In an aspect of this embodiment, the
water-soluble polypeptide retains the ability to bind the ligand
which normally binds to the native membrane protein. In another
embodiment, one or more amino acids within potential ligand binding
sites of the native membrane protein are not replaced. In an aspect
of this embodiment, examples of native membrane proteins with one
or more amino acids not replaced within potential ligand-binding
sites are purinergic receptors (P2Y.sub.1, P2Y.sub.2, P2Y.sub.4,
P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors,
receptors for thrombin [protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1,
PAR-2], thromboxane (TXA.sub.2), sphingosine 1-phosphate
(S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3, S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5), lysophosphatidic
acid (LPA.sub.1, LPA.sub.2, LPA.sub.3), angiotensin II (AT.sub.1),
serotonin (5-HT.sub.2c and 5-HT.sub.4), somatostatin (sst.sub.5),
endothelin (ET.sub.A and ET.sub.B), cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1),
V.sub.1a vasopressin receptors, D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP
formyl peptide receptors, GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3
prostanoid receptors, A.sub.1 adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1
adrenergic receptors, BB.sub.2 bombesin receptors, B.sub.2
bradykinin receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, chemokine
receptors, KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors, NK.sub.1 tachykinin
receptors, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors,
protease-activated receptors, neuropeptide receptors, adenosine A2B
receptors, P2Y purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate receptors, GRK5,
GPCR-30, and CXCR4.
[0013] In another embodiment, one or more amino acids within
potential odorant binding sites of the native membrane protein are
not replaced.
[0014] In one embodiment, water-soluble polypeptide comprising a
modified .alpha.-helical domain comprises the amino acid sequence
of MERRNHTGRV SEFVLLGFPA PAPQRALQFF QSLQAYVQTL TENIQTITAI
RNHPTLHKPM YYFLANMSFYL ETWYTTVTTP KMQAGYIGSE ENHGQLISFE ACMTQLYFFQ
GLGCTECTLL AVMAYDRYVA TCHPLHYPVI VSSRQCVQMA AGSWAGGFGT SMTVKVYQISR
LSYCGPNTIN HFFCDVSPLL NLSCTDMSTA ELTDFILAIF ILLGPLSVTG ASYMAITGAV
MRIPSAAGRH KAFSTCASHL TTVITYYAAS IYTYARPKAL SAFDTNKLVS VLYAVIVPLL
NPIIYCLRNQ EVKKALRRTL HLAQGDANT KKSSRDGGSS GTETSQVAPA (SEQ ID NO:
2). In yet an additional embodiment, the water-soluble polypeptide
comprising a modified 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helical domain
comprises one or more of the following amino acid sequences:
TABLE-US-00001 a. (SEQ ID NO: 3) PQRALQFFQSLQAYVQTLTENIQTITAIR b.
(SEQ ID NO: 4) MYYFLANMSFYLETWYTTVTTPKMQAGYI c. (SEQ ID NO: 5)
CMTQLYFFQGLGCTECTLLAVMAYDRYVATC d. (SEQ ID NO: 6)
RQCVQMAAGSWAGGFGTSMTVKVYQ e. (SEQ ID NO: 7)
LTDFILAIFILLGPLSVTGASYMAITGAV f. (SEQ ID NO: 8)
HKAFSTCASHLTTVITYYAASIYTY g. (SEQ ID NO: 9)
TNKLVSVLYAVIVPLLNPIIYCLRN
[0015] In certain aspects of the invention, the secondary structure
of the water-soluble peptide is determined. In some embodiments,
the secondary structure is determined using circular dichroism.
[0016] In certain embodiments, ligand binding to the water-soluble
polypeptide is measured. In some aspects, ligand binding affinity
of the water-soluble polypeptide is compared to that of the native
protein. In additional aspects, ligand binding is measured using
microscale thermophoresis, calcium influx assay or any combination
thereof.
[0017] In yet an additional embodiment, the invention encompasses a
cell transfected with a water-soluble peptide comprising a modified
.alpha.-helical domain. In certain embodiments, the cell is a
mammalian cell. One example of a mammalian cell that can be
transfected is a HEK293 cell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of
the invention will be apparent from the following more particular
description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as
illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference
characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views.
The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being
placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
[0019] FIG. 1 shows the amino acid sequences of native mOR103-15
and mutated mOR103-15 using glutamine, threonine and tyrosine (QTY)
replacements. Use of QTY replacements to systematically mutate key
residues on the 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helices to convert a
water-insoluble olfactory receptor into a water-soluble one. We
only change the positions of b, c, f with the more water-soluble
residues Q, T, Y. These positions are on the hydrophilic face of
the helices. We maintain the positions a, d, e, g that are on the
hydrophobic face. It is likely that these changes will maintain the
individual .alpha.-helices. The mutations are labeled in capital
blue letters on top of the receptor sequence. The small letters,
abcdefg, are helical wheel positions. The underlines are the
locations of 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helices. The numbers (8, 7, 3,
5, 4, 5, 4) are mutations in each .alpha.-helix. There are
36-residue changes, .about.10.5% of the total 340 residues.
[0020] FIG. 2 shows molecular models of a QTY Replacement olfactory
receptor mOR103-15. A total 36 mutations have been made
(.about.10.5%) in the 7-transmembrane helical segments. These
mutations do not change the charged residues, so the variant
receptor mass and pI remain largely unchanged. The molecular shapes
and sizes of amino acids, Q, T, and Y are very similar to L, V/I
and Y, so there are minimal overall local shape changes. A segment
of 20 amino acids at the C-terminus are not modeled for
clarity.
[0021] FIGS. 3A-3C. FIG. 3A is the top view of the QTY
replacements. FIG. 3B is the side view of the QTY replacements.
Note the mutations are only on one side of the helices. The native
receptor without mutations has a folded structure similar to
.alpha..sub.1 adrenergic receptor, whereas after mutation, the
structure is similar to the .beta..sub.2 adrenergic receptor. FIG.
3C shows the simulated structures of superimposed native mOR103-15
(red) and designed QTY mutation of mOR103-15 (blue). The overall
structural difference is .about.0.8 .ANG. average.
[0022] FIG. 4 Circular dichroism spectrum of CXCR4 and designed QTY
mutation of CXCR4-QTY.
[0023] FIG. 5 SDS Gel showing comparison of molecular weight
between native CXCR4 and CXCR4 with QTY mutations (SEQ ID NO:10:
CXCR4 QTY).
[0024] FIGS. 6A-6D show the use of QTY replacements to
systematically mutate key residues on the 7-transmembrane
alpha-helices and few other hydrophobic residues to convert the
water-insoluble membrane form CXCR4 into a water-soluble form. In
FIG. 6A, we have changed positions b, c, f with the more
water-soluble residues Q, T, Y. We do not change the positions a,
d, e, g. These positions are believed to maintain the specific
clustering of individual alpha-helices. FIG. 6B shows the
superimpositions of membrane form CXCR4 (red) and QTY water-soluble
CRCR4 (blue). In FIG. 6C, the native residues are labeled in red
letters and in FIG. 6D, mutations are labeled in blue letters in
the sequence. A total of 29 QTY mutations among 352 residues have
been made (about 8.2%) in the seven transmembrane helical segments.
These mutations do not change the charged residues, so the variant
receptor mass and pI remain largely unchanged. The molecular shapes
and sizes of amino acids, Q, T and Y are very similar to L, V/I and
Y, so there are minimal overall, local shape changes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0025] A description of preferred embodiments of the invention
follows.
[0026] The words "a" or "an" are meant to encompass one or more,
unless otherwise specified.
[0027] In some aspects, the invention is directed to the use of the
QTY (Glutamine, threonine and tyrosine) replacement method to
systematically change the 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helix hydrophobic
residues leucine (L), isoleucine (I), valine (V), and phenylalanine
(F) of a native protein to the hydrophilic residues glutamine (Q),
threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y). This invention will convert the
native membrane protein from a water-insoluble one to a
water-soluble counterpart.
[0028] Another innovation of the invention is to convert the
water-insoluble olfactory receptor mOR103-15 into a water-soluble
one with about 10.5% specific residues changes (36aa/340aa). This
will be accomplished by systematically and selectively changing key
residues at the .alpha.-helical positions b, c, f that usually face
the hydrophilic surface, while maintaining the hydrophobic residues
at .alpha.-helical positions a, d, e, g. The synthetic biology
design method is general and broadly applicable to the study of
other olfactory receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. This
strategy has the potential to overcome the bottleneck of
crystallizing olfactory receptors, as well as additional GPCRs and
other membrane proteins.
[0029] We used synthetic biology methods to convert a
water-insoluble olfactory receptor into a water-soluble one with
.about.10.5% of the residues changes (36aa/340aa) (FIGS. 1 and 2).
We have systematically and selectively changed key residues at the
.alpha.-helical positions b, c, f (which usually form the
hydrophilic surface), but maintained the hydrophobic residues at
.alpha.-helical positions a, d, e, g (FIG. 1). Our synthetic
biology design method is general in nature, thus it is broadly
applicable to the study other olfactory receptors, chemokine CXCR4
as well as other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other
membrane proteins. This simple strategy may partly overcome the
bottleneck of structural studies of olfactory receptors, GPCRs, and
other membrane proteins if the converted water-soluble membrane
proteins remain biologically functional.
[0030] In order to facilitate the study of the structural aspects
of olfactory receptors and their binding properties, we will use
the QTY replacement method to design a water-soluble 7-bundle
helical olfactory receptor mOR103-15 (FIGS. 1-3). It is known that
seven amino acids have .alpha.-helical forming tendencies (32):
leucine (L) (1.30), glutamine (Q) (1.27), phenylalanine (F) (1.07),
tyrosine (Y) (0.72), isoleucine (I) (0.97), valine (V) (0.91) and
threonine (T) (0.82). We also know that side chains of Q, Y and T
can all form hydrogen bonds with water: Q can form 4 H-bonds
(2H-donors from --NH.sub.2, 2H-acceptors from C.dbd.O), and T and Y
can form 3H-bonds each (--OH, 1-H donor from --H and 2 acceptors
from --O). The Q, T, Y residues are more water-soluble than L, F,
I, or V, which cannot form any hydrogen bonds with their side
chains. The proposed substitutions will not have any positive- or
negative-charges changes. Furthermore, the molecular shapes and
sizes are very similar for the pairs: leucine/glutamine,
phenylalanine/tyrosine, valine/threonine, and isoleucine/threonine
(33-34). The proposed changes should thus increase the solubility
of 7-transmembrane .alpha.-helices while maintaining the overall
helical structure (FIG. 3C).
[0031] In this soluble olfactory receptor design, we have performed
the following substitutions: phenylalanine to tyrosine
(F.fwdarw.Y), isoleucine/valine to threonine (I/V.fwdarw.T), and
leucine to glutamine (L.fwdarw.Q). The secondary structure of the
water-soluble olfactory receptor, as well as measure its
odorant-binding capabilities can be examined. If odorant-binding is
detected with the QTY replacements, then it is likely that we have
preserved important components of the original structure. The
secondary structure and binding of the designed water-soluble
olfactory receptor with the native olfactory receptor can be
prepared. Milligram quantities of the water-soluble receptor can be
produced and crystal screens can be set up with and without
odorants.
[0032] In one embodiment, the native membrane protein is a
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). In yet another embodiment, the
native membrane protein is an olfactory receptor. In some
embodiments, the olfactory receptor is a mammalian receptor. In yet
another embodiment, the olfactory receptor is mOR103-15. In certain
aspects, the water-soluble polypeptide retains at least some of the
biological activity of the native membrane protein. In yet another
aspect, the membrane protein is a membrane receptor that mediates a
disease or condition.
[0033] In a further embodiment, the native membrane protein is a
GPCR selected from the group comprising purinergic receptors
(P2Y.sub.1, P2Y.sub.2, P2Y.sub.4, P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, receptors for thrombin
[protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2], thromboxane
(TXA.sub.2), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3,
S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA.sub.1,
LPA.sub.2, LPA), angiotensin II (AT.sub.1), serotonin (5-HT.sub.2c
and 5-HT.sub.4), somatostatin (sst.sub.5), endothelin (ET.sub.A and
ET.sub.B), cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1), V.sub.1a vasopressin
receptors, D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP formyl peptide
receptors, GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3 prostanoid
receptors, A.sub.1 adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1 adrenergic
receptors, BB.sub.2 bombesin receptors, B.sub.2 bradykinin
receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, chemokine receptors,
KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors, NK.sub.1 tachykinin receptors,
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, protease-activated
receptors, neuropeptide receptors, adenosine A2B receptors, P2Y
purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate receptors, GRK5, GPCR-30, and
CXCR4. In a further embodiment, the invention is directed to a
pharmaceutical composition or method of treatment described herein
wherein the native membrane protein is a GPCR selected from the
group comprising purinergic receptors (P2Y.sub.1, P2Y.sub.2,
P2Y.sub.4, P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3 muscarinic acetylcholine
receptors, receptors for thrombin [protease-activated receptor
(PAR)-1, PAR-2], thromboxane (TXA.sub.2), sphingosine 1-phosphate
(S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3, S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5), lysophosphatidic
acid (LPA.sub.1, LPA.sub.2, LPA.sub.3), angiotensin II (AT.sub.1),
serotonin (5-HT.sub.2c and 5-HT.sub.4), somatostatin (sst.sub.5),
endothelin (ET.sub.A and ET.sub.B), cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1),
V.sub.1a vasopressin receptors, D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP
formyl peptide receptors, GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3
prostanoid receptors, A.sub.1 adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1
adrenergic receptors, BB.sub.2 bombesin receptors, B.sub.2
bradykinin receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, chemokine
receptors, KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors, NK.sub.1 tachykinin
receptors, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors,
protease-activated receptors, neuropeptide receptors, adenosine A2B
receptors, P2Y purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate receptors, GRK5,
GPCR-30, and CXCR4.
[0034] In another embodiment, the water-soluble polypeptide retains
the at least some of the ligand-binding activity of the membrane
protein. In some embodiments, the GPCRs are mammalian
receptors.
[0035] In a further embodiment, one or more amino acids within
potential ligand binding sites of the native membrane protein are
not replaced. In an aspect of this embodiment, examples of native
membrane proteins with potential ligand-binding sites having one or
more amino acids not replaced include purinergic receptors
(P2Y.sub.1, P2Y.sub.2, P2Y.sub.4, P2Y.sub.6), M.sub.1 and M.sub.3
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, receptors for thrombin
[protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2], thromboxane
(TXA.sub.2), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P.sub.2, S1P.sub.3,
S1P.sub.4 and S1P.sub.5), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA.sub.1,
LPA.sub.2, LPA.sub.3), angiotensin II (AT.sub.1), serotonin
(5-HT.sub.2c and 5-HT.sub.4), somatostatin (sst.sub.5), endothelin
(ET.sub.A and ET.sub.B), cholecystokinin (CCK.sub.1), V.sub.1a
vasopressin receptors, D.sub.5 dopamine receptors, fMLP formyl
peptide receptors, GAL.sub.2 galanin receptors, EP.sub.3 prostanoid
receptors, A.sub.1 adenosine receptors, .alpha..sub.1 adrenergic
receptors, BB.sub.2 bombesin receptors, B.sub.2 bradykinin
receptors, calcium-sensing receptors, chemokine receptors,
KSHV-ORF74 chemokine receptors, NK.sub.1 tachykinin receptors,
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, protease-activated
receptors, neuropeptide receptors, adenosine A2B receptors, P2Y
purinoceptors, metabolic glutamate receptors, GRK5, GPCR-30, and
CXCR4.
[0036] The invention further encompasses a method of treatment for
a disorder or disease that is mediated by the activity of a
membrane protein, comprising the use of a water-soluble polypeptide
to treat said disorders and diseases, wherein said water-soluble
polypeptide comprises a modified .alpha.-helical domain, and
wherein said water-soluble polypeptide retains the ligand-binding
activity of the native membrane protein. Examples of such disorders
and diseases include, but are not limited to, cancer, small cell
lung cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, Parkinson's disease,
cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and asthma.
[0037] As described herein, the water-soluble peptides described
herein can be used for the treatment of conditions or diseases
mediated by the activity of a membrane protein. In certain aspects,
the water-soluble peptides can act as "decoys" for the membrane
receptor and bind to the ligand that activates the membrane
receptor. As such, the water-soluble peptides described herein can
be used to reduce the activity of a membrane protein. These
water-soluble peptides can remain in the circulation and bind to
specific ligands, thereby reducing the activity of membrane bound
receptors. For example, the GPCR CXCR4 is over-expressed in small
cell lung cancer and facilitates metastasis of tumor cells. Binding
of this ligand by a water-soluble peptide such as that described
herein may significantly reduce metastasis.
[0038] The chemokine receptor, CXCR4, is known in viral research as
a major coreceptor for the entry of T cell line-tropic HIV (Feng,
et al. (1996) Science 272: 872-877; Davis, et al. (1997) J Exp Med
186: 1793-1798; Zaitseva, et al. (1997) Nat Med 3: 1369-1375;
Sanchez, et al. (1997) J Biol Chem 272: 27529-27531). T Stromal
cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a chemokine that interacts
specifically with CXCR4. When SDF-1 binds to CXCR4, CXCR4 activates
Gai protein-mediated signaling (pertussis toxin-sensitive) (Chen,
et al. (1998) Mol Pharmacol 53: 177-181), including downstream
kinase pathways such as Ras/MAP Kinases and phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in lymphocyte, megakaryocytes, and
hematopoietic stem cells (Bleul, et al. (1996) Nature 382: 829-833;
Deng, et al. (1997) Nature 388: 296-300; Kijowski, et al. (2001)
Stem Cells 19: 453-466; Majka, et al. (2001) Folia. Histochem.
Cytobiol. 39: 235-244; Sotsios, et al. (1999) J. Immunol. 163:
5954-5963; Vlahakis, et al. (2002) J. Immunol. 169: 5546-5554). In
mice transplanted with human lymph nodes, SDF-1 induces
CXCR4-positive cell migration into the transplanted lymph node
(Blades, et al. (2002) J. Immunol. 168: 4308-4317).
[0039] Recently, studies have shown that CXCR4 interactions may
regulate the migration of metastatic cells. Hypoxia, a reduction in
partial oxygen pressure, is a microenvironmental change that occurs
in most solid tumors and is a major inducer of tumor angiogenesis
and therapeutic resistance. Hypoxia increases CXCR4 levels
(Staller, et al. (2003) Nature 425: 307-311). Microarray analysis
on a sub-population of cells from a bone metastatic model with
elevated metastatic activity showed that one of the genes increased
in the metastatic phenotype was CXCR4. Furthermore, overexpression
CXCR4 in isolated cells significantly increased the metastatic
activity (Kang, et al. (2003) Cancer Cell 3: 537-549). In samples
collected from various breast cancer patients, Muller et al.
(Muller, et al. (2001) Nature 410: 50-56) found that CXCR4
expression level is higher in primary tumors relative to normal
mammary gland or epithelial cells. Moreover, CXCR4 antibody
treatment has been shown to inhibit metastasis to regional lymph
nodes when compared to control isotypes that all metastasized to
lymph nodes and lungs (Muller, et al. (2001)). As such a decoy
therapy model is suitable for treating CXCR4 mediated diseases and
disorders.
[0040] In another embodiment of the invention relates to the
treatment of a disease or disorder involving CXCR4-dependent
chemotaxis, wherein the disease is associated with aberrant
leukocyte recruitment or activation. The disease is selected from
the group consisting of arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis,
ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, allergy, asthma, AIDS
associated encephalitis, AIDS related maculopapular skin eruption,
AIDS related interstitial pneumonia, AIDS related enteropathy, AIDS
related periportal hepatic inflammation and AIDS related glomerulo
nephritis.
[0041] In another aspect, the invention relates to the treatment of
a disease or disorder selected from arthritis, lymphoma, non-small
lung cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple
sclerosis, central nervous system developmental disease, dementia,
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, tumor, fibroma,
astrocytoma, myeloma, glioblastoma, an inflammatory disease, an
organ transplantation rejection, AIDS, HIV-infection or
angiogenesis.
[0042] The invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition
comprising said water-soluble polypeptide and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier or diluent.
[0043] The compositions can also include, depending on the
formulation desired, pharmaceutically-acceptable, non-toxic
carriers or diluents, which are defined as vehicles commonly used
to formulate pharmaceutical compositions for animal or human
administration. The diluent is selected so as not to affect the
biological activity of the pharmacologic agent or composition.
Examples of such diluents are distilled water, physiological
phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solutions, dextrose solution,
and Hank's solution. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition or
formulation may also include other carriers, adjuvants, or
nontoxic, nontherapeutic, nonimmunogenic stabilizers and the like.
Pharmaceutical compositions can also include large, slowly
metabolized macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides such
as chitosan, polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids and copolymers
(such as latex functionalized SEPHAROSE.TM., agarose, cellulose,
and the like), polymeric amino acids, amino acid copolymers, and
lipid aggregates (such as oil droplets or liposomes).
[0044] The compositions can be administered parenterally such as,
for example, by intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or
subcutaneous injection. Parenteral administration can be
accomplished by incorporating a composition into a solution or
suspension. Such solutions or suspensions may also include sterile
diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils,
polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other
synthetic solvents. Parenteral formulations may also include
antibacterial agents such as, for example, benzyl alcohol or methyl
parabens, antioxidants such as, for example, ascorbic acid or
sodium bisulfite and chelating agents such as EDTA. Buffers such as
acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of
tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose may also be added. The
parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampules, disposable
syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
[0045] Additionally, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or
emulsifying agents, surfactants, pH buffering substances and the
like can be present in compositions. Other components of
pharmaceutical compositions are those of petroleum, animal,
vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean
oil, and mineral oil. In general, glycols such as propylene glycol
or polyethylene glycol are preferred liquid carriers, particularly
for injectable solutions.
[0046] Injectable formulations can be prepared either as liquid
solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or
suspension in, liquid vehicles prior to injection can also be
prepared. The preparation also can also be emulsified or
encapsulated in liposomes or micro particles such as polylactide,
polyglycolide, or copolymer for enhanced adjuvant effect, as
discussed above. Langer, Science 249: 1527, 1990 and Hanes,
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 28: 97-119, 1997. The compositions
and pharmacologic agents described herein can be administered in
the form of a depot injection or implant preparation which can be
formulated in such a manner as to permit a sustained or pulsatile
release of the active ingredient.
[0047] Transdermal administration includes percutaneous absorption
of the composition through the skin. Transdermal formulations
include patches, ointments, creams, gels, salves and the like.
Transdermal delivery can be achieved using a skin patch or using
transferosomes. [Paul et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 25: 3521-24, 1995;
Cevc et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1368: 201-15, 1998].
[0048] "Treating" or "treatment" includes preventing or delaying
the onset of the symptoms, complications, or biochemical indicia of
a disease, alleviating or ameliorating the symptoms or arresting or
inhibiting further development of the disease, condition, or
disorder. A "patient" is a human subject in need of treatment.
[0049] An "effective amount" refers to that amount of the
therapeutic agent that is sufficient to ameliorate of one or more
symptoms of a disorder and/or prevent advancement of a disorder,
cause regression of the disorder and/or to achieve a desired
effect.
[0050] The invention will be better understood in connection with
the following example, which is intended as an illustration only
and not limiting of the scope of the invention. Various changes and
modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to
those skilled in the art and such changes and may be made without
departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the
appended claims.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Systematic Analyses of the Ligand-Binding Properties of Olfactory
Receptors
[0051] The Q (Glutamine) T (Threonine) Y (Tyrosine) QTY replacement
are used to convert a water-insoluble olfactory receptor to a
water-soluble one for biochemical, biophysical and structural
analyses. Our specific aims are to:
[0052] 1) Use the QTY (Glutamine, threonine and tyrosine)
replacement method to systematically change the 7-transmembrane
.alpha.-helix hydrophobic residues leucine (L), isoleucine (I),
valine (V), and phenylalanine (F) to the hydrophilic residues
glutamine (Q), threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y). This method converts
the protein from a water-insoluble olfactory receptor to a
water-soluble one.
[0053] 2) Produce and purify milligram quantities of native and
bioengineered olfactory receptors using commercial cell-free in
vitro translation systems (Invitrogen and Qiagen).
[0054] 3) Determine the secondary structure of the purified
olfactory receptors using circular dichroism (CD).
[0055] 4) Determine the binding affinity of the native and
bioengineered olfactory receptor variants using microscale
thermophoresis.
[0056] 5) Transfect the native and variant OR genes into HEK293
cells, and use calcium influx assays to measure odorant activation
of the native and mutant olfactory receptors. These measurements
will correlate the microscale thermophoresis binding data to
functional responses within cells.
[0057] 6) Systematically screen the native and bioengineered
olfactory receptors for crystallizing conditions in the presence
and absence of odorants and the presence and absence of
detergent.
Research Strategy
[0058] Use QTY replacement to design a soluble 7-helical bundle
olfactory receptor mOR103-15. An innovation of our study is to
convert the water-insoluble olfactory receptor mORI03-15 into a
water soluble one with about 10.5% specific residues changes
(36aa/340aa). We have systematically and selectively changed key
residues at the .alpha.-helical positions b, c, f that usually face
the hydrophilic surface, while maintaining the hydrophobic residues
at .alpha.-helical positions a, d, e, g. Our synthetic biology
design method is general and broadly applicable to the study of
other olfactory receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. This
strategy has the potential to overcome the bottleneck of
crystallizing olfactory receptors, as well as additional GPCRs and
other membrane proteins. While our design to change the solubility
of the sequence is focused on the b,c,f positions of the helical
wheel, some further changes to other parts of the sequence can be
made without significantly affecting the function or structure of
the peptide, polypeptide or protein. For example conservative
mutations can be made.
The Experimental Approach
[0059] 1) Use of QTY replacements to design a water-soluble
7-helical bundle olfactory receptor mOR103-15. We used synthetic
biology methods to convert a water-insoluble olfactory receptor
into a water-soluble one with 10.5% of the residues changes
(36aa/340aa) (FIGS. 1-3). We have systematically and selectively
changed key residues at the .alpha.-helical positions b, c,f (which
usually form the hydrophilic surface), but maintained the
hydrophobic residues at .alpha.-helical positions a, d, e, g (FIG.
1). Our synthetic biology design method is general in nature, thus
it is broadly applicable to the study other olfactory receptors as
well as other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This simple
strategy may partly overcome the bottleneck of structural studies
of olfactory receptors, GPCRs, and other membrane proteins if the
converted water-soluble membrane proteins remain biologically
functional.
[0060] In order to facilitate the study of the structural aspects
of olfactory receptors and their binding properties, we can use the
QTY replacement method to design a water-soluble 7-bundle helical
olfactory receptor mORI03-15 (FIGS. 1-3). It is known that seven
amino acids have .alpha.-helical forming tendencies (32): leucine
(L) (1.30), glutamine (Q) (1.27), phenylalanine (F) (1.07),
tyrosine (Y) (0.72), isoleucine (I) (0.97), valine (V) (0.91) and
threonine (T) (0.82). We also know that side chains of Q, Y and T
can all form hydrogen bonds with water: Q can form 4H-bonds
(2H-donors from --NH.sub.2, 2H-acceptors from C.dbd.O), and T and Y
can form 3H-bonds each (--OH, 1-H donor from --H and 2 acceptors
from --O). The Q, T, Y residues are more water-soluble than L, F,
I, or V, which cannot form any hydrogen bonds with their side
chains. The substitutions will not have any positive- or
negative-charges changes. Furthermore, the molecular shapes and
sizes are very similar for the pairs: leucine/glutamine,
phenylalaine/tyrosine, valine/threonine, and isoleucine/threonine.
The changes increase the solubility of 7-transmembrane
.alpha.-helices while maintaining the overall helical
structure.
[0061] In this soluble olfactory receptor design, we have performed
the following substitutions: leucine.fwdarw.glutamine (L.fwdarw.Q),
isoleucine/valine.fwdarw.threonine (IN.fwdarw.T) and
phenylalanine.fwdarw.tyrosine (F.fwdarw.Y). In the study, we can
examine the secondary structure of the water-soluble olfactory
receptor, as well as measure its odorant-binding capabilities. If
odorant-binding is measured with the QTY replacements, then it is
likely that we have preserved important components of the original
structure. We can compare the secondary structure and binding of
native olfactory receptor with the designed water-soluble olfactory
receptor. We can also produce milligram quantities of the
water-soluble receptor, and set up crystal screens with and without
odorants.
TABLE-US-00002 MERRNHTGRV SEFVLLGFPA PAPQRALQFF QSLQAYVQTL
TENIQTITAI RNHPTLHKPM YYFLANMSYL ETWYTTVTTP abcdefga bcdefgabcd
efgabcdefg a a bcdefgabcd efgabcdefg KMQAGYIGSE ENHGQLISFE
ACMTQLYFFQ GLGCTECTLL AVMAYDRYVA TCHPLHYPVI VSSRQCVQMA AGSWAGGFGT
abcdefg abcdefgab cdefgabcde fgabcdefga bc abcdefg abcdefgabc
SMTKVYQISR LSYCGPNTIN HFFCDVSPLL NLSCTDMSTA ELTDFILAIF ILLGPLSVTG
ASYMAITGAV MRIPSAAGRH defgabcd abcdefgab cdefgabcde fgabcdefga a
KAFSTCASHL TTVITYYAAS IYTYARPKAL SAFDTNKLVS VLYAVIVPLL NPITYCQRNQ
EVKKALRRTL HLAQGQDANT bcdefgabcd efgabcdefg abcd abcdef gabcdefgab
cdefgabc KKSSRDGGSS GTETSQVAPA (36 aa mutations/340 aa, ~10.5%
mutations)
[0062] 2) Produce and purify milligram quantities of native and
bioengineered variants of olfactory receptors. We can use
commercial cell-free systems to produce milligrams of native and
water-soluble mORI03-15. We can use the optimized protocols we have
developed in our lab: this is the key advancement and innovation we
have accomplished in the last few years. We can produce and purify
the native and variant olfactory receptors in one day using
immunoaffinity purification. Gel filtration can then be used to
separate the monomeric and dimeric receptor forms.
[0063] 3) Determine secondary structure using circular dichroism.
We can use circular dichroism (CD) spectral analysis to measure the
secondary structures of the purified receptors. CD is a very
sensitive technique that is be able to detect any small structural
changes between the native and mutant receptors. Specifically, CD
analysis can be used to calculate the percentage of .alpha.-helices
and .beta.-sheets in a protein. If a proteins' structure is
altered, it can be revealed in the CD analysis. In addition to
determining whether specific mutations alter receptor structure, CD
can also be used to measure any odorant-induced structural changes.
See FIG. 4
[0064] 4) Assay ligand-binding of olfactory receptors. Microscale
thermophoresis are used to measure the binding affinity of the
native and bioengineered proteins and their odorant ligands. The
key advantages of this technique over SPR or other ligand binding
technologies are that they are totally surface-free and label free.
Thus, the receptors do not need to be modified. The measurements
can be performed in solution using native tryptophan as a signal
source. Additionally, small ligands (MW .about.200 Daltons) can be
reliably measured. Furthermore, each measurement needs 0.5J.t1
(1J1g/J.t1) of sample thus, save the precious receptor samples.
These results show whether the mutant olfactory receptors are
capable of binding odorants as efficiently as the native
protein.
[0065] 5) Use calcium influx activation assay to measure olfactory
receptor activation. We can use calcium influx assays to examine
odorant-induced activation of the native and variant olfactory
receptors in HEK293 cells. This data is be correlated to the
microscale thermophoresis measurements. Microscale thermophoresis
directly measures ligand binding, while calcium influx assays
measure activation. Combined, these assays can verify whether
specific mutations affect binding, activation, or both.
Additionally, we can distinguish between agonist and antagonist
ligands.
[0066] 6) Systematic screen for crystallization conditions. We can
systematically screen the native and bioengineered variant
olfactory receptors for crystallizing conditions in the absence and
presence of odorants. The technology for crystallization screening
of water-soluble proteins is well developed. Commercial screens are
available which supply a variety of precipitants, salts, buffers
with fine tuned pH gradients, and a range of cationic and anionic
substances. All of these variables are well known and will be used
in crystallizing membrane proteins. An additional unique ingredient
of membrane protein screens is the presence of one of more
detergent molecules. However, precipitation techniques involving
slow water removal from the hanging drop may continue to be
effective. Although it is useful to form large crystals, the
results of a crystal screen may yield smaller crystals.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of CXCR4 QTY
[0067] Human CXCR4 and our CXCR4 QTY proteins obtained from
cell-free production and purified with affinity beads were captured
in different flow cells on a Biacore CMS chip with immobilized 1D4
Antibody (Ab) in a Biacore 2000 instrument. Different
concentrations of SDF1.alpha., the native ligand for hCXCR4
receptor, were injected over the surface to allow interaction with
the receptors.
TABLE-US-00003 HUMAN CXCR4 QTY_ (SEQ ID NO: 10)
MEGISIYTSDNYTEEMGSGDYDSMKEPCFREENANYNKTFLPTIYSIIYQ
TGTVGNGLVILVMGYQKKLRSMTDKYRLHLSTADLQFVTTLPYWATDATA
NWYFGNFLCKAVHVIYTVNLYSSVLILAFISLDRYLAIVHATNSQRPRKL
LAEKVVYVGVWTPAQLLTTPDYTFANVSEADDRYICDRFYPNDLWVVVFQ
FQHEVIVGLILPGIVILSCYCIIISKLSHSKGHQKRKALKTTTTLIQAFF
ACWQPYYTGISIDSYILLEIIKQGCEFENTVHKWISTTEAQAFYHCCTNP
TQYAYLGAKFKTSAQHALTSVSRGSSLKILSKGKRGGHSSVSTESESSSS FHS
Immobilization of 1D4 Antibody
[0068] Biacore CMS chips were activated with
1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride and
N-hydroxysuccinimide according to the manufacturer's protocol prior
to a 7 minute injection at 5 .mu.l/min of 1D4 Ab to flow cells 2-4
at 70 .mu.g/ml followed by deactivating of the surfaces in all the
4 flow cells with a short Ethanolamine pulse. The immobilization
level of 1D4 Ab range from 8000-25000 Response units (RU).
Capture of GPCRs
[0069] CXCR4 and CXCR4 QTY mutant are captured by the 1D4 Ab on the
CMS chip by injecting a 0.1 mg/ml sample of the protein to a single
flow cell at 5 .mu.l/min during 15 min with both sample and running
buffer containing 0.2% Fos-Choline-14 detergent. The receptors were
captured to a level of 800-3000 RU.
Interaction Analysis
[0070] SDF1.alpha. were injected over all flow cells to allow
interaction with both the receptors and flow cell one is used as a
reference cell without any immobilized protein. Injections were
made at 0, 7.8 nM, 15.6 nM, 31.25 nM, 62.5 nM, 125 nM, 250 nM, 500
nM, 1 .mu.M in triplicates, at 20 ul/min for 2 minutes with 15 min
waiting time to allow dissociation. HBST (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 150
mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20) with the addition of 0.2% BSA and 0.2%
Fos-Choline-14 was used as both running buffer and for dilution of
the SDF1.alpha. samples.
[0071] Conclusion: The above described study shows ligand binding
by CXCR4 QTY.
REFERENCES
[0072] 1. Choma C, Gratkowski H, Lear J D & DeGrado W F. (2000)
Asparagine-mediated self-association of a model transmembrane
helix. Nat Struct Biol 7, 161-6. [0073] 2. Slovic A M, Kono H, Lear
J D, Saven J G & DeGrado W F. (2004) Computational design of
water-soluble analogues of the potassium channel KcsA. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 101, 1828-33. [0074] 3. Walters R F & DeGrado W F.
(2006) Helix-packing motifs in membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 103, 13658-63. [0075] 4. Zhang Y, Kulp D W, Lear J D &
DeGrado W F. (2009) Experimental and computational evaluation of
forces directing the association of transmembrane helices. J Am
Chem Soc 131, 11341-11343.
[0076] While this invention has been particularly shown and
described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will
be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in
form and details may be made therein without departing from the
scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.
Sequence CWU 1
1
101340PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 1Met Glu Arg Arg Asn His Thr
Gly Arg Val Ser Glu Phe Val Leu Leu1 5 10 15 Gly Phe Pro Ala Pro
Ala Pro Leu Arg Ala Leu Leu Phe Phe Leu Ser 20 25 30 Leu Leu Ala
Tyr Val Leu Val Leu Thr Glu Asn Ile Leu Ile Thr Ala 35 40 45 Ile
Arg Asn His Pro Thr Leu His Lys Pro Met Tyr Phe Phe Leu Ala 50 55
60 Asn Met Ser Glu Phe Leu Glu Ile Trp Tyr Val Thr Val Thr Ile
Pro65 70 75 80 Lys Met Leu Ala Gly Phe Ile Gly Ser Glu Glu Asn His
Gly Gln Leu 85 90 95 Ile Ser Phe Glu Ala Cys Met Thr Gln Leu Tyr
Phe Phe Leu Gly Leu 100 105 110 Gly Cys Thr Glu Cys Val Leu Leu Ala
Val Met Ala Tyr Asp Arg Tyr 115 120 125 Val Ala Ile Cys His Pro Leu
His Tyr Pro Val Ile Val Ser Ser Arg 130 135 140 Leu Cys Val Gln Met
Ala Ala Gly Ser Trp Ala Gly Gly Phe Gly Ile145 150 155 160 Ser Met
Val Lys Val Phe Leu Ile Ser Arg Leu Tyr Thr Cys Gly Pro 165 170 175
Asn Thr Ile Asn His Phe Phe Cys Asp Val Ser Pro Leu Leu Asn Leu 180
185 190 Ser Cys Thr Asp Met Ser Thr Ala Glu Leu Thr Asp Phe Ile Leu
Ala 195 200 205 Ile Phe Ile Leu Leu Gly Pro Leu Ser Val Thr Gly Ala
Ser Tyr Met 210 215 220 Ala Ile Thr Gly Ala Val Met Arg Ile Pro Ser
Ala Ala Gly Arg His225 230 235 240 Lys Ala Phe Ser Thr Cys Ala Ser
His Leu Thr Val Val Ile Ile Phe 245 250 255 Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ile Phe
Ile Tyr Ala Arg Pro Lys Ala Leu Ser Ala 260 265 270 Phe Asp Thr Asn
Lys Leu Val Ser Val Leu Tyr Ala Val Ile Val Pro 275 280 285 Leu Leu
Asn Pro Ile Ile Tyr Cys Leu Arg Asn Gln Glu Val Lys Lys 290 295 300
Ala Leu Arg Arg Thr Leu His Leu Ala Gln Gly Gln Asp Ala Asn Thr305
310 315 320 Lys Lys Ser Ser Arg Asp Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Thr Glu Thr
Ser Gln 325 330 335 Val Ala Pro Ala 340 2341PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic 2Met Glu Arg Arg Asn His Thr Gly Arg Val Ser Glu
Phe Val Leu Leu1 5 10 15 Gly Phe Pro Ala Pro Ala Pro Gln Arg Ala
Leu Gln Phe Phe Gln Ser 20 25 30 Leu Gln Ala Tyr Val Gln Thr Leu
Thr Glu Asn Ile Gln Thr Ile Thr 35 40 45 Ala Ile Arg Asn His Pro
Thr Leu His Lys Pro Met Tyr Tyr Phe Leu 50 55 60 Ala Asn Met Ser
Phe Tyr Leu Glu Thr Trp Tyr Thr Thr Val Thr Thr65 70 75 80 Pro Lys
Met Gln Ala Gly Tyr Ile Gly Ser Glu Glu Asn His Gly Gln 85 90 95
Leu Ile Ser Phe Glu Ala Cys Met Thr Gln Leu Tyr Phe Phe Gln Gly 100
105 110 Leu Gly Cys Thr Glu Cys Thr Leu Leu Ala Val Met Ala Tyr Asp
Arg 115 120 125 Tyr Val Ala Thr Cys His Pro Leu His Tyr Pro Val Ile
Val Ser Ser 130 135 140 Arg Gln Cys Val Gln Met Ala Ala Gly Ser Trp
Ala Gly Gly Phe Gly145 150 155 160 Thr Ser Met Thr Val Lys Val Tyr
Gln Ile Ser Arg Leu Ser Tyr Cys 165 170 175 Gly Pro Asn Thr Ile Asn
His Phe Phe Cys Asp Val Ser Pro Leu Leu 180 185 190 Asn Leu Ser Cys
Thr Asp Met Ser Thr Ala Glu Leu Thr Asp Phe Ile 195 200 205 Leu Ala
Ile Phe Ile Leu Leu Gly Pro Leu Ser Val Thr Gly Ala Ser 210 215 220
Tyr Met Ala Ile Thr Gly Ala Val Met Arg Ile Pro Ser Ala Ala Gly225
230 235 240 Arg His Lys Ala Phe Ser Thr Cys Ala Ser His Leu Thr Thr
Val Ile 245 250 255 Thr Tyr Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ile Tyr Thr Tyr Ala Arg
Pro Lys Ala Leu 260 265 270 Ser Ala Phe Asp Thr Asn Lys Leu Val Ser
Val Leu Tyr Ala Val Ile 275 280 285 Val Pro Leu Leu Asn Pro Ile Ile
Tyr Cys Leu Arg Asn Gln Glu Val 290 295 300 Lys Lys Ala Leu Arg Arg
Thr Leu His Leu Ala Gln Gly Asp Ala Asn305 310 315 320 Thr Lys Lys
Ser Ser Arg Asp Gly Gly Ser Ser Gly Thr Glu Thr Ser 325 330 335 Gln
Val Ala Pro Ala 340 329PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 3Pro Gln Arg
Ala Leu Gln Phe Phe Gln Ser Leu Gln Ala Tyr Val Gln1 5 10 15 Thr
Leu Thr Glu Asn Ile Gln Thr Ile Thr Ala Ile Arg 20 25
429PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 4Met Tyr Tyr Phe Leu Ala Asn Met
Ser Phe Tyr Leu Glu Thr Trp Tyr1 5 10 15 Thr Thr Val Thr Thr Pro
Lys Met Gln Ala Gly Tyr Ile 20 25 531PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic 5Cys Met Thr Gln Leu Tyr Phe Phe Gln Gly Leu Gly
Cys Thr Glu Cys1 5 10 15 Thr Leu Leu Ala Val Met Ala Tyr Asp Arg
Tyr Val Ala Thr Cys 20 25 30 625PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic
6Arg Gln Cys Val Gln Met Ala Ala Gly Ser Trp Ala Gly Gly Phe Gly1 5
10 15 Thr Ser Met Thr Val Lys Val Tyr Gln 20 25 729PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic 7Leu Thr Asp Phe Ile Leu Ala Ile Phe Ile Leu Leu
Gly Pro Leu Ser1 5 10 15 Val Thr Gly Ala Ser Tyr Met Ala Ile Thr
Gly Ala Val 20 25 825PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 8His Lys Ala
Phe Ser Thr Cys Ala Ser His Leu Thr Thr Val Ile Thr1 5 10 15 Tyr
Tyr Ala Ala Ser Ile Tyr Thr Tyr 20 25 925PRTArtificial
SequenceSynthetic 9Thr Asn Lys Leu Val Ser Val Leu Tyr Ala Val Ile
Val Pro Leu Leu1 5 10 15 Asn Pro Ile Ile Tyr Cys Leu Arg Asn 20 25
10352PRTArtificial SequenceSynthetic 10Met Glu Gly Ile Ser Ile Tyr
Thr Ser Asp Asn Tyr Thr Glu Glu Met1 5 10 15 Gly Ser Gly Asp Tyr
Asp Ser Met Lys Glu Pro Cys Phe Arg Glu Glu 20 25 30 Asn Ala Asn
Tyr Asn Lys Thr Phe Leu Pro Thr Ile Tyr Ser Ile Ile 35 40 45 Tyr
Gln Thr Gly Thr Val Gly Asn Gly Leu Val Ile Leu Val Met Gly 50 55
60 Tyr Gln Lys Lys Leu Arg Ser Met Thr Asp Lys Tyr Arg Leu His
Leu65 70 75 80 Ser Thr Ala Asp Leu Gln Phe Val Thr Thr Leu Pro Tyr
Trp Ala Thr 85 90 95 Asp Ala Thr Ala Asn Trp Tyr Phe Gly Asn Phe
Leu Cys Lys Ala Val 100 105 110 His Val Ile Tyr Thr Val Asn Leu Tyr
Ser Ser Val Leu Ile Leu Ala 115 120 125 Phe Ile Ser Leu Asp Arg Tyr
Leu Ala Ile Val His Ala Thr Asn Ser 130 135 140 Gln Arg Pro Arg Lys
Leu Leu Ala Glu Lys Val Val Tyr Val Gly Val145 150 155 160 Trp Thr
Pro Ala Gln Leu Leu Thr Thr Pro Asp Tyr Thr Phe Ala Asn 165 170 175
Val Ser Glu Ala Asp Asp Arg Tyr Ile Cys Asp Arg Phe Tyr Pro Asn 180
185 190 Asp Leu Trp Val Val Val Phe Gln Phe Gln His Ile Met Val Gly
Leu 195 200 205 Ile Leu Pro Gly Ile Val Ile Leu Ser Cys Tyr Cys Ile
Ile Ile Ser 210 215 220 Lys Leu Ser His Ser Lys Gly His Gln Lys Arg
Lys Ala Leu Lys Thr225 230 235 240 Thr Thr Thr Leu Ile Gln Ala Phe
Phe Ala Cys Trp Gln Pro Tyr Tyr 245 250 255 Thr Gly Ile Ser Ile Asp
Ser Tyr Ile Leu Leu Glu Ile Ile Lys Gln 260 265 270 Gly Cys Glu Phe
Glu Asn Thr Val His Lys Trp Ile Ser Thr Thr Glu 275 280 285 Ala Gln
Ala Phe Tyr His Cys Cys Thr Asn Pro Thr Gln Tyr Ala Tyr 290 295 300
Leu Gly Ala Lys Phe Lys Thr Ser Ala Gln His Ala Leu Thr Ser Val305
310 315 320 Ser Arg Gly Ser Ser Leu Lys Ile Leu Ser Lys Gly Lys Arg
Gly Gly 325 330 335 His Ser Ser Val Ser Thr Glu Ser Glu Ser Ser Ser
Ser Phe His Ser 340 345 350
* * * * *
References