U.S. patent application number 15/496307 was filed with the patent office on 2018-10-25 for process for component separation utilizing miscibility depression near a freezing point.
The applicant listed for this patent is Larry Baxter, Stephanie Burt, Nathan Davis, Christopher Hoeger, Eric Mansfield, Kyler Stitt. Invention is credited to Larry Baxter, Stephanie Burt, Nathan Davis, Christopher Hoeger, Eric Mansfield, Kyler Stitt.
Application Number | 20180306501 15/496307 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 63854101 |
Filed Date | 2018-10-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180306501 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Baxter; Larry ; et
al. |
October 25, 2018 |
Process for Component Separation Utilizing Miscibility Depression
Near a Freezing Point
Abstract
A process for separating a mixture of components is disclosed. A
liquid mixture is provided to a separation vessel substantially
near a temperature at which a product component freezes. The liquid
mixture comprises the product component and a carrier component.
The product component and the carrier component are essentially
immiscible substantially near the temperature. The liquid mixture
is separated into two or more phases, the two or more phases
comprising a product component-rich liquid phase and a product
component-depleted liquid phase. In this manner, a mixture of
components is separated.
Inventors: |
Baxter; Larry; (Orem,
UT) ; Stitt; Kyler; (Lindon, UT) ; Burt;
Stephanie; (Provo, UT) ; Hoeger; Christopher;
(Provo, UT) ; Mansfield; Eric; (Spanish Fork,
UT) ; Davis; Nathan; (Bountiful, UT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Baxter; Larry
Stitt; Kyler
Burt; Stephanie
Hoeger; Christopher
Mansfield; Eric
Davis; Nathan |
Orem
Lindon
Provo
Provo
Spanish Fork
Bountiful |
UT
UT
UT
UT
UT
UT |
US
US
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
63854101 |
Appl. No.: |
15/496307 |
Filed: |
April 25, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 2257/408 20130101;
B01D 17/045 20130101; B01D 17/041 20130101; B01D 17/0208 20130101;
B01D 2257/304 20130101; B01D 17/02 20130101; B01D 17/0214 20130101;
B01D 2257/80 20130101; B01D 2257/70 20130101; B01D 2257/504
20130101; B01D 2257/404 20130101; B01D 17/042 20130101; B01D
2257/302 20130101; B01D 2257/602 20130101; B01D 19/0042 20130101;
B01D 17/044 20130101; B01D 53/002 20130101; B01D 17/0217
20130101 |
International
Class: |
F25J 3/08 20060101
F25J003/08 |
Goverment Interests
[0001] This invention was made with government support under
DE-FE0028697 awarded by The Department of Energy. The government
has certain rights in the invention.
Claims
1. A process for separating a mixture of components comprising:
providing the mixture comprising a product component and a carrier
component; bringing the mixture substantially near a temperature at
which the product component freezes such that the mixture becomes a
liquid or remains a liquid, the product component and the carrier
component being essentially immiscible substantially near the
temperature, wherein substantially near the temperature is within
20 C above the temperature; and, separating the mixture in a
separation vessel into two or more liquid phases, the two or more
liquid phases comprising a product component-rich liquid phase and
a product component-depleted liquid phase; whereby a mixture of
components is separated.
2. The process of claim 1, providing the carrier component
comprising any compound or mixture of compounds with a freezing
point below the temperature.
3. The process of claim 1, providing the carrier component and the
product component differing in dipole moment, component solubility,
size, shape, hydrogen bonding characteristics, densities, mutual
affinities, or combinations thereof, wherein they are prone to form
separate phases substantially near the temperature.
4. The process of claim 1, providing the product component
comprising carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide,
water, hydrocarbons, mercury, condensed organics, or combinations
thereof.
5. The process of claim 1, providing the separation vessel
promoting a stable formation of two liquid phases by minimizing
turbulence or other forms of mixing.
6. The process of claim 1, providing the separation vessel avoiding
the phases coming to complete equilibrium by minimizing molecular
transport and mixing rates.
7. The process of claim 1, providing the separation vessel
maximizing mass and heat transfer coefficients between or among the
two or more phases.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein the separating step is
accomplished by a process comprising decanting, centrifuging,
gravity settling, enhanced-gravity settling, and combinations
thereof.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein the providing step further
comprises the mixture further comprising a gas phase.
10. The process of claim 9, producing the gas phase comprising a
vapor form of the product component, a vapor form of the carrier
component, or a combination thereof.
11. The process of claim 10, producing the gas phase not in
equilibrium with the product component-rich liquid phase and the
product component-depleted liquid phase due to slow transport
between a bottom liquid phase and the gas phase.
12. The process of claim 10, producing the gas phase substantially
in equilibrium with the product component-rich liquid phase and the
product component-depleted liquid phase.
13. The process of claim 10, wherein the separating step further
comprises separating the gas phase from the product component-rich
liquid phase and the product component-depleted liquid phase.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the separating step is
accomplished using a multi-phase separator.
15. The process of claim 1, providing the mixture further
comprising a slurry stream, the slurry stream comprising a
suspended solid and a carrier liquid, the suspended solid
comprising the product component and the carrier liquid comprising
the carrier component, and melting the suspended solid
substantially near the temperature.
16. The process of claim 15, providing the carrier liquid further
comprising a dissolved portion of the product component.
17. The process of claim 15, providing the suspended solid
comprising carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide,
water, hydrocarbons, particulates, mercury, other heavy metals,
condensed organics, soot, inorganic ash components, biomass, salts,
frozen condensable gases, frozen absorbed gases, impurities common
to vitiated flows, impurities common to producer gases, impurities
common to other industrial flows, or combinations thereof.
18. The process of claim 15, wherein the bringing step is
accomplished by melting the suspended solid to a liquid
substantially near the temperature.
19. The process of claim 18, wherein the bringing step further
comprises producing a gas phase comprising a vapor form of the
product component, a vapor form of the carrier component, or a
combination thereof.
20. The process of claim 19, wherein the separating step further
comprises separating the gas phase from the product component-rich
liquid phase and the product component-depleted liquid phase.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates generally to the field of
separations. More particularly, we are interested in separating
liquids by reduction of miscibility.
BACKGROUND
[0003] A solid crystallizes when it freezes in a solution, which
involves molecules of one type falling into a regular orientation
with one another to the exclusion of all different molecules. The
thermal agitation of the molecules works against this tendency, and
freezing occurs when the ordering forces of hydrogen bonding or
other intermolecular forces overcome the disordering forces of
thermal agitation. Similar intermolecular attractions can lead to
the formation of two liquid phases if the intermolecular forces are
large enough to exclude other molecules but still too small to
completely overcome thermal agitation. Such miscibility gaps form
over a broad temperature range when the molecules in a solution
exhibit large differences in, for example, dipole moments or even
shape and size. More similar liquid-phase molecules, normally
partially or completely miscible, can also split into two phases as
their temperature approaches the point at which a component
freezes, which generally is lower than the pure component freezing
temperature. While no liquid mixtures are ever completely
immiscible, when a liquid mixture is substantially at the
temperature at which a component freezes, the components in the
mixture become essentially immiscible. In other words, their
partial miscibility approaches zero as the temperature approaches
the component freezing temperature. However, the inventors are
unaware of any process currently utilizing these near freezing
liquid-liquid interactions to separate otherwise partially or fully
miscible liquids.
[0004] United States patent publication number 3653222 to Blair, et
al., teaches a method of freezing solution droplets and the like
using immiscible refrigerants of differing densities. The invention
includes the freezing of liquid dispersions, including dispersions
on the ionic scale of salt solutions on through fluid colloidal
systems. Appropriate materials that are soluble in a solvent for
which two mutually immiscible, denser liquid refrigerants exist,
and that are also individually immiscible with the solvent, may be
processed. The present disclosure differs from this prior art
disclosure in that the purpose of this prior art disclosure is to
freeze liquid dispersions, not to separate components from each
other nor to do liquid-liquid separations. This prior art
disclosure is pertinent and may benefit from the methods disclosed
herein and is hereby incorporated for reference in its entirety for
all that it teaches.
SUMMARY
[0005] A process for separating a mixture of components is
disclosed. The mixture comprises a product component and a carrier
component. The mixture is brought substantially near a temperature
at which the product component freezes such that the mixture
becomes a liquid or remains a liquid. Substantially near the
temperature is within 20 C above the temperature. The product
component and the carrier component are essentially immiscible
substantially near the temperature. The mixture is separated in a
separation vessel into two or more liquid phases. The two or more
liquid phases comprise a product component-rich liquid phase and a
product component-depleted liquid phase. In this manner, the
mixture of components is separated.
[0006] The mixture may be two liquid components that are partially
miscible above the temperature at which the product component
freezes.
[0007] The mixture may be formed by providing a slurry stream. The
slurry stream may comprise a suspended solid and a carrier liquid.
The suspended solid may comprise the product component and the
carrier liquid may comprise the carrier component. The suspended
solid may be melted substantially near the temperature to form a
liquid mixture.
[0008] The mixture may further comprise a gas phase. The gas phase
may comprise a vapor form of the product component, a vapor form of
the carrier component, or a combination thereof. The gas phase may
be not in equilibrium with the product component-rich liquid phase
and the product component-depleted liquid phase due to slow
transport between a bottom liquid phase and the gas phase. The gas
phase may be substantially in equilibrium with the product
component-rich liquid phase and the product component-depleted
liquid phase. The separating step further may comprise separating
the gas phase from the product component-rich liquid phase and the
product component-depleted liquid phase. The separating step may be
accomplished using a multi-phase separator.
[0009] The carrier component may comprise any compound or mixture
of compounds with a freezing point below the freezing
temperature.
[0010] The carrier component and the product component may differ
in dipole moment, component solubility, size, shape, hydrogen
bonding characteristics, densities, mutual affinities, or
combinations thereof, wherein they are prone to form separate
phases substantially near the freezing temperature.
[0011] The product component may comprise carbon dioxide, nitrogen
oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur trioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, water, hydrocarbons, particulates,
mercury, other heavy metals, condensed organics, soot, inorganic
ash components, biomass, salts, frozen condensable gases, frozen
absorbed gases, impurities common to vitiated flows, impurities
common to producer gases, impurities common to other industrial
flows, or combinations thereof.
[0012] The vessel may promote a stable formation of two liquid
phases by minimizing turbulence or other forms of mixing. The
vessel may avoid the phases coming to complete equilibrium by
minimizing molecular transport and mixing rates. The vessel may
maximize mass and heat transfer coefficients between or among the
two or more phases.
[0013] The separating step may be accomplished by a process
comprising decanting, centrifuging, gravity settling,
enhanced-gravity settling, and combinations thereof.
[0014] The carrier liquid may comprise a dissolved portion of the
product component.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] In order that the advantages of the invention will be
readily understood, a more particular description of the invention
briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific
embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding
that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the
invention and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its
scope, the invention will be described and explained with
additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying
drawings, in which:
[0016] FIG. 1 shows a method for separating a mixture of
components.
[0017] FIG. 2 shows a method for separating a mixture of
components.
[0018] FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a cooler and a
vertical liquid-liquid separator for separating a mixture of
components.
[0019] FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a cooler and a
multi-phase separator for separating a mixture of components.
[0020] FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a coalescing
separator for separating a mixture of components.
[0021] FIG. 6 shows a cross-sectional view of a pipe separator for
separating a mixture of components.
[0022] FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional view of a screw compressor,
melter, and separator for separating a mixture of components.
[0023] FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a centrifugal
separator for separating a mixture of components.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] It will be readily understood that the components of the
present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the
Figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of
different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed
description of the embodiments of the invention, as represented in
the Figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention,
as claimed, but is merely representative of certain examples of
presently contemplated embodiments in accordance with the
invention.
[0025] Referring to FIG. 1, a method for separating a mixture of
components is shown at 100, as per one embodiment of the present
invention. A warm liquid mixture, comprising the product component
and a carrier component, that is partially miscible is provided to
a separation vessel 101. The warm liquid mixture is cooled
substantially near the temperature at which a product component in
the liquid mixture freezes, becoming an immiscible liquid mixture
102. The two components are essentially immiscible near the
temperature. The two components are separated into two phases
comprising a product component-rich liquid phase and a product
component-depleted liquid phase 103. The phrase "substantially near
the temperature" is defined as a temperature above and close enough
to the freezing point temperature to cause the product component
and the carrier component to be essentially immiscible. This is
within 20 C above the temperature. In some embodiments, the
temperature above and close enough to the freezing point is within
1 C above the freezing point. In other embodiments, the temperature
above and close enough to the freezing point is within 5 C above
the freezing point.
[0026] Referring to FIG. 2, a method for separating a mixture of
components is shown at 200, as per one embodiment of the present
invention. A slurry stream is provided, containing a suspended
solid and a carrier liquid, to a separation vessel 201. The
suspended solid comprises the product component. The carrier liquid
comprises the carrier component. The suspended solid is melted in
the separation vessel, forming a liquid mixture of the product
component and the carrier component substantially near the
temperature at which the product component in the liquid mixture
freezes 202. The two components are essentially immiscible
substantially near the temperature. The two components are
separated into two or more phases comprising a product
component-rich liquid phase and a product component-depleted liquid
phase 203. The phrase "substantially near the temperature" is
defined as a temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point temperature to cause the product component and the carrier
component to be essentially immiscible. This is within 20 C above
the temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature above and
close enough to the freezing point is within 1 C above the freezing
point. In other embodiments, the temperature above and close enough
to the freezing point is within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0027] Referring to FIG. 3, a cross-sectional view of a cooler and
vertical liquid-liquid separator for separating a mixture of
components is shown at 300, as per one embodiment of the present
invention. Warm liquid mixture 314, a partially miscible mixture
comprising a product component and a carrier component, is provided
to cooler 310 through cooler inlet 312. Cooler 310 cools warm
liquid mixture 314, forming a liquid mixture that passes through
separator inlet 304 into separator 302. The liquid mixture is
substantially near the temperature at which the product component
freezes. In other words, the liquid mixture is close, but not at
the freezing point of the product component. This near approach to
the freezing point causes the two components to become essentially
immiscible in each other, causing the two components to separate
into product component-rich liquid phase 316 and product
component-depleted liquid phase 318. Separator 302 separates these
components, with product component-rich liquid phase 318 removed
through top outlet 306 and product component-depleted liquid phase
318 removed through bottom outlet 308. In some embodiments, the
phases have opposite densities, resulting in product component-rich
liquid phase 316 being below product component-depleted liquid
phase 318. The phrase "substantially near the temperature" is
defined as a temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point temperature to cause the product component and the carrier
component to be essentially immiscible. This is within 20 C above
the temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature above and
close enough to the freezing point is within 1 C above the freezing
point. In other embodiments, the temperature above and close enough
to the freezing point is within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0028] Referring to FIG. 4, a cross-sectional view of a cooler and
multi-phase separator for separating a mixture of components is
shown at 400, as per one embodiment of the present invention. Warm
liquid mixture 414, comprising a product component and a carrier
component, is provided to cooler 412 through cooler inlet 422.
Cooler 412 cools warm liquid mixture 414, forming a liquid mixture
that passes through separator inlet 404 into separator 402. Liquid
mixture 414 is substantially near the temperature at which the
product component freezes. In other words, liquid mixture 414 is
close, but not at the freezing point of the product component. This
near approach to the freezing point causes the two components to
become essentially immiscible in each other, causing the two
components to separate into product component-rich liquid phase
416, product component-depleted liquid phase 418, and gas phase
420. Gas phase 420 is removed through gas outlet 406, product
component-rich liquid phase 416 is removed through first liquid
outlet 408, and product component-depleted liquid phase 418 is
removed through second liquid outlet 410. In some embodiments, the
phases have opposite densities, resulting in product component-rich
liquid phase 416 being below product component-depleted liquid
phase 418. The phrase "substantially near the temperature" is
defined as a temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point temperature to cause the product component and the carrier
component to be essentially immiscible. This is within 20 C above
the temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature above and
close enough to the freezing point is within 1 C above the freezing
point. In other embodiments, the temperature above and close enough
to the freezing point is within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0029] Referring to FIG. 5, a cross-sectional view of a coalescing
separator for separating a mixture of components is shown at 500,
as per one embodiment of the present invention. A warm liquid
mixture is provided to a cooler (not shown) and cooled to form
liquid mixture 514, comprising product component 522 and carrier
component 520. Liquid mixture 514 is provided to separator 502
through inlet 504. Liquid mixture 514 is substantially near the
temperature at which product component 522 freezes. In other words,
liquid mixture 514 is close, but not at the freezing point of
product component 522. This near approach to the freezing point
causes the two components to become essentially immiscible in each
other. This immiscibility combined with flow through mesh coalescer
510 and plate coalescer 512 causes the two components to separate
into product component-rich liquid phase 516 and product
component-depleted liquid phase 518. Product component-rich liquid
phase 516 is removed through top outlet 506 and product
component-depleted liquid phase 518 is removed through bottom
outlet 508. In some embodiments, the phases have opposite
densities, resulting in product component-rich liquid phase 516
being below product component-depleted liquid phase 518. The phrase
"substantially near the temperature" is defined as a temperature
above and close enough to the freezing point temperature to cause
the product component and the carrier component to be essentially
immiscible. This is within 20 C above the temperature. In some
embodiments, the temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point is within 1 C above the freezing point. In other embodiments,
the temperature above and close enough to the freezing point is
within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0030] Referring to FIG. 6, a cross-sectional view of a pipe
separator for separating a mixture of components is shown at 600,
as per one embodiment of the present invention. A warm liquid
mixture is provided to a cooler (not shown) to form liquid mixture
618, comprising a product component and a carrier component. Liquid
mixture 618 is provided to pipe separator 602 through inlet section
604. Liquid mixture 618 is substantially near the temperature at
which the product component freezes. In other words, liquid mixture
618 is close, but not at the freezing point of the product
component. This near approach to the freezing point causes the two
components to become essentially immiscible in each other, causing
the two components to separate through pipe separator 602 into
product component-rich liquid phase 620 and product
component-depleted liquid phase 622. The separation occurs in
stages through the pipe, enhanced by the length, allowing for
laminar flow to develop and separation to fully occur. Inlet
section 604 has product component and carrier component dispersed
in each other. In coalescing section 606, the product component
begins to coalesce into large bubbles 624 of the product component.
In slug flow section 608, large bubbles 624 come together to form
slugs 626 of the product component. In wavy flow section 610, slugs
626 have combined and settled into nearly laminar layers 628 and
630. In stratified flow section 612, the two phases have fully
formed under laminar flow conditions. Product component-rich liquid
phase 620 is removed through top outlet 614 and product
component-depleted liquid phase 622 is removed through bottom
outlet 616. In some embodiments, the phases have opposite
densities, resulting in product component-rich liquid phase 620
being below product component-depleted liquid phase 622. The phrase
"substantially near the temperature" is defined as a temperature
above and close enough to the freezing point temperature to cause
the product component and the carrier component to be essentially
immiscible. This is within 20 C above the temperature. In some
embodiments, the temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point is within 1 C above the freezing point. In other embodiments,
the temperature above and close enough to the freezing point is
within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0031] Referring to FIG. 7, a cross-sectional view of a screw
compressor, melter, and separator for separating a mixture of
components is shown at 700, as per one embodiment of the present
invention. Screw compressor 702 comprises screw inlet 704, screw
706, and screw outlet 708. Screw outlet 708 feeds melter 710.
Melter 710 feeds separator inlet 714. Separator 712 consists of
separator inlet 714, gas outlet 716, first liquid outlet 718,
second liquid outlet 720. Slurry stream 722, comprising a suspended
solid and a carrier liquid, is provided to screw compressor 702
through screw inlet 704. The suspended solid comprises a product
component. The carrier liquid comprises the carrier component. The
slurry stream is compressed through screw compressor 702 and is
passed through screw outlet 708 into melter 710. Melter 710 melts
the suspended solids substantially near the temperature at which
the product component freezes, producing a liquid mixture. In other
words, the liquid mixture is above but not at the freezing point of
the product component. This near approach to the freezing point
causes the two components to become essentially immiscible in each
other, causing the two components to separate into product
component-rich liquid phase 724, product component-depleted liquid
phase 726, and gas phase 728. Gas phase 728 is removed through gas
outlet 716, product component-rich liquid phase 724 is removed
through first liquid outlet 718, and product component-depleted
liquid phase 726 is removed through second liquid outlet 720. In
some embodiments, the phases have opposite densities, resulting in
product component-rich liquid phase 724 being below product
component-depleted liquid phase 726. In some embodiments, the walls
of screw compressor 702 further comprise pores that allow a portion
of the carrier liquid to pass through but prevent passage of the
suspended solids. In some embodiments, the carrier liquid further
comprises a dissolved portion of the product component. The phrase
"substantially near the temperature" is defined as a temperature
above and close enough to the freezing point temperature to cause
the product component and the carrier component to be essentially
immiscible. This is within 20 C above the temperature. In some
embodiments, the temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point is within 1 C above the freezing point. In other embodiments,
the temperature above and close enough to the freezing point is
within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0032] Referring to FIG. 8, a cross-sectional view of a centrifugal
separator for separating a mixture of components is shown at 800,
as per one embodiment of the present invention. Centrifugal
separator 802 comprises inlets 804, rotor 806, heavier-phase outlet
808, heavier-phase weir 810, heavier-phase collector 812,
lighter-phase outlet 814, lighter-phase weir 816, lighter-phase
collector 818, bottom vanes 820, diverter disc 822, separation
vanes 824, and rotor inlet 826. A warm liquid mixture is provided
to a cooler (not shown) forming liquid mixture 830, comprising a
product component and a carrier component. Liquid mixture 830
enters centrifugal separator 802 through inlets 804. Liquid mixture
830 is substantially near the temperature at which the product
component freezes. In other words, liquid mixture 830 is close, but
not at the freezing point of the product component. This near
approach to the freezing point causes the two components to become
essentially immiscible in each other. The centrifugal action of
rotor 806 causes liquid mixture 830 to separate into product
component-rich liquid phase 832 and product component-depleted
liquid phase 834. Product component-rich liquid phase 832 is
removed through lighter-phase outlet 814. Product
component-depleted liquid phase 834 is removed through
heavier-phase outlet 810. In some embodiments, the phases have
opposite densities, resulting in product component-rich liquid
phase 832 being lighter than product component-depleted liquid
phase 834. The phrase "substantially near the temperature" is
defined as a temperature above and close enough to the freezing
point temperature to cause the product component and the carrier
component to be essentially immiscible. This is within 20 C above
the temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature above and
close enough to the freezing point is within 1 C above the freezing
point. In other embodiments, the temperature above and close enough
to the freezing point is within 5 C above the freezing point.
[0033] In some embodiments, the carrier component comprises any
compound or mixture of compounds with a freezing point below the
temperature. In some embodiments, the carrier component and the
product component differ in dipole moment, component solubility,
size, shape, hydrogen bonding characteristics, densities, mutual
affinities, or combinations thereof, wherein they are prone to form
separate phases substantially near the temperature. In some
embodiments, the product component comprises carbon dioxide,
nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, water, hydrocarbons, mercury,
condensed organics, or combinations thereof.
[0034] In some embodiments, the vessel promotes a stable formation
of two liquid phases by minimizing turbulence or other forms of
mixing. In some embodiments, the vessel avoids the phases coming to
complete equilibrium by minimizing molecular transport and mixing
rates. In some embodiments, the vessel maximizes mass and heat
transfer coefficients between or among the two or more phases.
[0035] In some embodiments, the separating step is accomplished by
a process comprising decanting, centrifuging, gravity settling,
enhanced-gravity settling, and combinations thereof.
[0036] In some embodiments, the gas phase comprises a vapor form of
the product component, a vapor form of the carrier component, or a
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the gas phase is not in
equilibrium with the product component-rich liquid phase and the
product component-depleted liquid phase due to slow transport
between a bottom liquid phase and the gas phase. In some
embodiments, the gas phase is substantially in equilibrium with the
product component-rich liquid phase and the product
component-depleted liquid phase. In some embodiments, the
separating step further comprises separating the gas phase from the
product component-rich liquid phase and the product
component-depleted liquid phase. In some embodiments, the
separating step is accomplished using a multi-phase separator.
[0037] In some embodiments, the suspended solid comprises carbon
dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
trioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, water, hydrocarbons,
particulates, mercury, other heavy metals, condensed organics,
soot, inorganic ash components, biomass, salts, frozen condensable
gases, frozen absorbed gases, impurities common to vitiated flows,
impurities common to producer gases, impurities common to other
industrial flows, or combinations thereof.
[0038] In some embodiments, the gas phase is produced from melting
the suspended solids.
* * * * *