U.S. patent application number 15/809137 was filed with the patent office on 2018-10-25 for compositions comprising apomorphine and organic acids and uses thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is NeuroDerm, Ltd.. Invention is credited to Mara Nemas, Oron Yacoby-Zeevi.
Application Number | 20180303939 15/809137 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48790516 |
Filed Date | 2018-10-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180303939 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Yacoby-Zeevi; Oron ; et
al. |
October 25, 2018 |
COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING APOMORPHINE AND ORGANIC ACIDS AND USES
THEREOF
Abstract
The present invention provides stable liquid or semi-solid
pharmaceutical compositions of apomorphine, more particularly
composition comprising apomorphine and an organic acid, which are
useful in treatment of neurological or movement diseases or
disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease, or conditions associated
therewith.
Inventors: |
Yacoby-Zeevi; Oron; (Moshav
Bitsaron, IL) ; Nemas; Mara; (Rehovot, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
NeuroDerm, Ltd. |
Rehovot |
|
IL |
|
|
Family ID: |
48790516 |
Appl. No.: |
15/809137 |
Filed: |
November 10, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14405913 |
Dec 5, 2014 |
9999674 |
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PCT/IL2013/050487 |
Jun 5, 2013 |
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15809137 |
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61655633 |
Jun 5, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 47/183 20130101;
A61P 25/32 20180101; A61K 31/196 20130101; A61P 25/14 20180101;
A61P 15/08 20180101; A61K 9/0019 20130101; A61K 31/473 20130101;
A61K 31/245 20130101; A61P 15/10 20180101; A61K 31/573 20130101;
A61P 25/16 20180101; A61K 47/26 20130101; A61K 9/10 20130101; A61K
45/06 20130101; A61P 25/00 20180101; A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P
25/36 20180101; A61K 9/08 20130101; A61K 31/167 20130101; A61K
47/22 20130101; A61K 31/485 20130101; A61K 47/20 20130101; A61K
31/473 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/167 20130101; A61K
2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/245 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K
31/196 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/573 20130101; A61K
2300/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 47/18 20060101
A61K047/18; A61K 47/22 20060101 A61K047/22; A61K 9/10 20060101
A61K009/10; A61K 47/26 20060101 A61K047/26; A61K 9/08 20060101
A61K009/08 |
Claims
1. A liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition comprising
apomorphine, an acidic amino acid, and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, wherein the molar ratio of apomorphine to the
acidic amino acid is about 1:2.5 to about 1:0.5.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the molar
ratio of apomorphine to the acidic amino acid is about 1:1 to about
1:1.5.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the acidic
amino acid is selected from the group consisting of aspartic acid,
glutamic acid, and or a combination thereof.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has a pH greater than about 3.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the
composition has a pH between about 3.0 and about 5.5, between about
3.5 and about 5.0, between about 3.5 and about 4.5, between about
4.0 and about 5.0, or between about 4.0 and about 7.5, at
25.degree. C.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, comprising at least
about 1%, or about 1% to about 4%, by weight apomorphine.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
composition has substantially no precipitation of solids, for at
least 48 hours at 25.degree. C.
8-10. (canceled)
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a
surfactant.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the
surfactant is Tween-80.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, further comprising a
local anesthetic and/or an anti-inflammatory agent.
14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the local
anesthetic is an amide based local anesthetic selected from the
group consisting of lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivicaine,
levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, mepivacaine, dibucaine, and
etidocine, or an ester based local anesthetic selected from the
group consisting of procaine, amethocaine, cocaine, benzocaine, and
tetracaine, and the anti-inflammatory agent is a non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory agent selected from the group consisting of
diclofenac, ketorolac, salicylates ibuprofen, piroxicam, and
benzydamine, or a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent selected from
the group consisting of prednisone, dexmethasone, betamethasone,
prednisone hydrocortisone and a salt thereof.
15. A liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition comprising:
(i) apomorphine or a salt thereof; and (ii) either an emulsifier or
surfactant, or both emulsifier and surfactant; wherein the
composition has substantially no precipitation of solids, for at
least 48 hours at 25.degree. C. within a pH ranging from about 3 to
about 7.5, or at a pH greater than 4.
16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, comprising at least
1%, or about 1% to about 4%, by weight apomorphine.
17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, comprising 0.01% to
4% emulsifier or surfactant.
18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the
composition is aqueous.
19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, further comprising
one or more antioxidants.
20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19, wherein the one or
more antioxidants each independently is selected from the group
consisting of ascorbic acid, Na-ascorbate, L-cysteine,
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), Na2-EDTA, Na2-EDTA-Ca,
and sodium bisulfite.
21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein said
composition is suitable for subcutaneous, intravenous, intranasal,
transdermal, sublingual, intramuscular, buccal, ocular, or
intratracheal administration.
22. A method of treating a neurological or movement disease or
disorder, or a condition associated therewith, in a patient in need
thereof, comprising administering to said patient the liquid or
semi-solid pharmaceutical composition of claim 1.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said neurological or movement
disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and akinesia, and said
condition associated with said neurological disease or disorder is
selected from the group consisting of alcoholism, opiate addiction,
and erectile dysfunction.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the neurological or movement
disease or disorder is Parkinson's disease.
25-26. (canceled)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/655,633 filed Jun. 5, 2012, the entire contents
of which are herein incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention is generally directed to stable liquid
or semi-solid pharmaceutical compositions of apomorphine, and uses
thereof in treating neurological diseases or disorders, including
Parkinson's disease, or conditions associated therewith.
BACKGROUND ART
[0003] Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of
the central nervous system. Although the primary cause of
Parkinson's disease is not known, it is characterized by the
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. The
substantia nigra is located in the midbrain and is involved in
controlling voluntary movements. The degeneration of neurons causes
a shortage of dopamine in the brain, which is believed to cause the
observable symptoms of the disease. These symptoms include paucity
of movement and rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia, and poor
balance.
[0004] There are a variety of therapeutic treatments available for
Parkinson's disease. The best known is levodopa, a dopamine
precursor; however, treatment with levodopa can cause serious
side-effects, especially over a long term. One such complication of
long-term treatment with levodopa is the development of rapid
fluctuations in clinical state, where a patient switches suddenly
between mobility and immobility for periods ranging from a few
minutes to a few hours. This phenomenon is known as the "on-off
effect", the "on" state characterized by the levodopa benefit of
early normal motor functioning and the "off" state characterized by
akinesia--abrupt loss of mobility e.g, where a patient may suddenly
stop while walking. Approximately half of patients on levodopa
therapy will develop such on-off effects after several years or
therapy.
[0005] While apomorphine hydrochloride has proved effective in
treating "off" episodes patients with Parkinson's disease, a common
and serious side effect of administering apomorphine hydrochloride
by subcutaneous injection is the development of subcutaneous
nodules at the injection site, which can become infected,
necessitating treatment or surgical involvement. A majority of
people on infused apomorphine develop nodules, and a new nodule may
form every time the infusion needle is re-sited, which may happen
on a daily basis. Such nodules may be painful, limit available
infusion sites and interfere with absorption. Further, unstable
compositions, e.g., having precipitate of apomorphine or other
agents, may be the cause, or exacerbate, such nodule side effects.
Thus, there is a need for new, stable formulations of apomorphine
which are safe and effective for administration to patients.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0006] This disclosure relates at least in part to the discovery
that certain organic acids, e.g., acidic amino acids, form stable
salts of apomorphine that are suitable for compositions allowing
for subcutaneous administration without unwanted side effects.
[0007] In one aspect, the present invention thus relates to a
stable liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition,
particularly an aqueous pharmaceutical composition, comprising
apomorphine, an organic acid, e.g., an acidic amino acid, and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the molar ratio of
apomorphine to the organic acid is about 1 to about 0.5-2.5, or
about to about 0.5-1.5, e.g., 1:1.2.
[0008] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a liquid
or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition comprising (i) apomorphine
or a salt thereof; and (ii) either an emulsifier or surfactant, or
both emulsifier and surfactant, wherein the composition has
substantially no precipitation of solids, for at least 48 hours at
25.degree. C. within a pH ranging from about 3 to about 7.5, or at
a pH greater than 4.
[0009] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method
of treating a neurological or movement disease or disorder, or a
condition associated therewith, in a patient in need thereof, by
administering a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein, In
one embodiment, the method of the invention is aimed at treating a
neurological disease or disorder characterized by reduced levels of
dopamine in a patient's brain, Parkinson's disease, by
administering the disclosed composition.
[0010] In one particular such aspect, the present invention thus
provides a method of treating Parkinson's disease in a patient in
need thereof by administering a composition as disclosed
herein.
[0011] In another particular such aspect, the present invention
provides a method of treating akinesia in a patient in need
thereof, comprising administering to the patient a composition as
disclosed herein, wherein the patient has been treated with
levodopa.
[0012] In still another aspect, the present invention relates to a
liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition as defined above,
for treatment of a neurological or movement disease or disorder, or
a condition associated therewith.
[0013] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a
liquid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition as defined above,
for use in treatment of a neurological or movement disease or
disorder, or a condition associated therewith.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 shows the system used for evaluating the effect of
apomorphine formulation composition on pig skin staining. Infusion
pump set at 0.05 ml/h (A); Formulation delivered using a 22 G
butterfly (B); Full thickness pig skin (cutis and subcutis) is
placed on top of a bottle containing PBS. The skin is directly in
contact with the PBS. The skin and bottle are covered with parafilm
to protect the system front air as much as possible (C); A 100 ml
bottle filled to the top with warm PBS (D); Formulation, 0.4 ml,
was administered subcutaneously via a 22 G needle, at 0.05 ml/h
(total of 8 h) (E): and Incubator set at 37.degree. C. Samples were
incubated for a period of about 17 h (F).
[0015] FIG. 2 shows the effect of the formulation composition on
apomorphine-dependent skin staining following continuous
subcutaneous infusion into full thickness pig skirt of some of the
compositions exemplified in Example 3 hereinafter, wherein panel
(a) shows 1% apomorphine-HCl (APO-GO.RTM.), pH 3.5; panel (b) shows
1% apomorphine-glutamate, 3.5; panel (c) shows 1%
apomorphine-glutamate with ascorbic acid, pH 3.3; panel (d) shows
1% apomorphine-glutamate with ascorbic acid and meglumine, pH 4.2;
panel (e) shows 1% apomorphine-glutamate with meglumine, pH 4:3:
panel (f) shows 1% apomorphine-aspartate, pH 3.6; panel (g) shows
1% apomorphine-aspartate with meglumine pH 4.2: panel (h) shows 1%
apomorphine-tartrate, pH 2.9: panel (i) shows 1% apomorphine-semi
tartrate, pH 3.2; and panel (j) shows 1% apomorphine-tartrate with
meglumine, pH 3.6.
[0016] FIG. 3 shows histological grading of skin samples (Grading
of Subcutis (SC) Changes) 1, 2 or 3 weeks after subcutaneous
administration of apomorphine solution containing 0.5% or 2.0%
Tween-80.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Compositions
[0017] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a stable
liquid or semi-solid Pharmaceutical composition, particularly an
aqueous pharmaceutical composition, comprising apomorphine and an
organic acid. Exemplary organic acids include, without being
limited to, amino acids, carboxylic acids, and, dicarboxylic acids.
For example, contemplated carboxylic acids and/or dicarboxylic
acids for use in the claimed composition may contain at least two,
three, or four carbon atoms, e.g., tartaric acid. Contemplated
dicarboxylic acids for use in the claimed compositions may be
hydrophilic or substituted with hydrophilic groups, e.g., hydroxyl
groups.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the contemplated compositions may
include apomorphine and an amino acid, e.g., a natural or unnatural
amino acid. Contemplated amino acids for use in the claimed
compositions may be, without limiting, acidic natural amino acids
such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, or acidic unnatural amino
acids such as cysteic acid.
[0019] Contemplated herein, e.g., is a stable pharmaceutical
composition comprising apomorphine and an organic acid, where the
molar ratio of apomorphine to the organic acid is about 1 to about
0.5, or about 1.0 to about 2.5, or about I to about 0.5 to 1.5
(e.g., about 1:0.5 to about 1.0 to about 1.5). For example, in
certain embodiments, the molar ratio of apomorphine to the organic
acid is about 1:0.5, or about 1:0.6, or about 1:0.7, or about
1:0.8, or about 1:0.9, or about 1:1, or about 1:1.1, or about
1:1.2, or about 1:1.3, or about 1:1.4, or about 1:1.5, or about
1:1,6, or about 1:1.7, or about 1:1.8, or about 1:1.9, or about
1:2.0, or about 1:2.1, or about 1:2.2, or about 1:2.3, or about
1:2.4, or about 1:2.5.
[0020] In a particular embodiment, contemplated herein is a stable
pharmaceutical composition comprising, apomorphine and an, amino
acid, where the molar ratio of apomorphine to the amino acid is
about 1 to about 0.5-2.5. For example, in certain embodiments, the
molar ratio of apomorphine to the amino acid is about 1:0.5, or
about 1:0.6, or about 1:0.7, or about 1:0.8, or about 1:0.9, or
about 1:1, or about 1:1.1, or about. 1:1.2, or about 1:1.3, or
about 1:1.4, or about 1:1.5, or about 1:1.6, or about 1:1.7, or
about 1:1,8, or about 1:1.9, or about 1:2.0, or about 1:2.1, or
about 1:2.2, or about 1:2,3, or about 1:2.4, or about 1:2.5. In
more particular embodiments, the amino acid is an acidic amino acid
such as, without being limited to, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or
a combination thereof.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a
pH of about or greater than 3 at 25.degree. C. In certain
particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has a pH
between about 3.0 and about 5.5, more particularly between about
3.0 and about 5.0 at 25.degree. C. In more particular embodiments,
the composition has a pH between about 3.1 and about 4.9, about 3.2
and about 4.8, about 3.3 and about 4.7, about 3.4 and about 4.6,
about 3.5 and about 4.5, about 3.6 and about 4.4, about 3.7 and
about 4.3, about 3.8 and about 4.2, or about 3.9 and about 4.1 at
25.degree. C. In other embodiments, the pH of the composition is
about 4 at 25.degree. C. In other particular embodiments, the
pharmaceutical composition has a pH between about 4.0 and about
5.0, or between about 4.0 and about 7.5, at 25.degree. C.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition
comprises at least about 1% by weight apomorphine. In some
embodiments, the composition comprises about 1% to about 4% by
weight apomorphine, e.g., about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%,
about 2%, about 7.25%, about 2.5%, about 2.75%, about 3%, about
3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, or about 4% by weight apomorphine.
In other embodiments, a contemplated composition comprises about 1%
to about 2.5% by weight apomorphine, or about 0.5% to about 3% by
weight apomorphine, or about 1.1% to about 2.6% by weight or more
apomorphine.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of
the present invention are stable for 24 hours, or for at least 24
hours, or more, at room temperature, e.g., at 20.degree. C. to
30.degree. C., e.g., at 25.degree. C. For example, in some
embodiments, the disclosed compositions are stable for 24 hours,
for at least 48 hours, or for 7 days or more, at 25.degree. C. In
particular embodiments the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions
are stable for at least 48 hours at 25.degree. C., or are even
stable for longer periods at room temperature, e.g., for 3 days, 1
week, month, or longer.
[0024] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition has
substantially no precipitation of solids for at least 24 hours, 48
hours, 7 days, or 2 months, e.g., at 20.degree. C. to 30.degree.
C., e.g., at 25.degree. C. In a particular embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition has substantially no precipitation of
solids for at least 48 hours at, e.g., 20.degree. C. to 30.degree.
C., e.g., at 25.degree. C.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of
the present invention further comprises an amino sugar, a basic
amino acid, one or more antioxidants, or a combination thereof.
[0026] In certain particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical
compositions of the invention further comprises an amino sugar such
as, without being limited to, meglumine, and may also comprise a
basic amino acid and one or more antioxidants. Particular such
compositions comprise apomorphine, aspartic acid and/or glutamic
acid, and meglumine.
[0027] In certain particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical
compositions of the invention further comprises a basic amino acid
such as, without limiting, arginine, and may also comprise an amino
sugar and one or more antioxidants. Particular such compositions
comprise apomorphine, aspartic acid and/or glutamic acid, and
arginine.
[0028] In certain particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical
compositions of the present invention further comprises at least
one, i.e., one, two, three or more, antioxidant, an agent that
inhibits the formation of oxidation products. Such an agent may be,
e.g., tyrosinase inhibitors and/or o-quinone scavengers and/or
Cu.sup.++ chelators and/or antioxidants, and/or
tetrahydroquinolines. For example, contemplated formulations may
include o-quinone scavengers such as, but not limited to, N-acetyl
cysteine, glutathione, ascorbic acid, Na-ascorbate, and/or
L-cysteine. For example, a contemplated formulation may include
ascorbic acid and a cysteine, L-cysteine or N-acetyl cysteine. In a
contemplated formulation, the ratio of ascorbic acid to another
antioxidant, e.g., L-cysteine or N-acetyl cysteine, may exist at a
particular weight-to-weight ratio such as about 1:1, about 2:1,
about 3:1, about 4:1, about 5:1, about 6:1, about 7:1, about 8:1,
about 9:1, or about 10:1. In some embodiments, formulations may
include an agent chosen from one or more of tyrosinase inhibitors
such as captopril, methimazole, quercetin, arbutin, aloesin,
N-acetylglucoseamine, retinoic acid, .beta.-tocopheryl ferulate,
MAP (Mg ascorbyl phosphate), substrate analogues (e.g., sodium
benzoate, L-phenylalanine), Cu.sup.++ chelators (for example.,
Na.sub.2-EDTA, Na.sub.2-EDTA-Ca), DMSA (succimer), DPA
(D-penicillamine), trientine-HCl, dimercaprol, clioquinol, sodium
thiosulfate, TETA, TEPA, curcumin, neocuproine, tannin, and/or
cuprizone. Other contemplated anti-oxidants that may form part of a
disclosed formulation include sulfite salts, e.g., sodium hydrogen
sulfite or sodium metabisulfite, di-tert-butyl methyl phenols,
tert-butyl-methoxyphenols, polyphenols, tocopherols and/or
ubiquinones, including but not limited to caffeic acid.
[0029] Contemplated antioxidants that can be included in disclosed
compositions may be selected from, e.g., thiols such as
aurothioglucose, dihydrolipoic acid, propylthiouracil, thioredoxin,
glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine, and thiodipropionic
acid; sulphoxitnines such as buthionine-sulphoximines,
homo-cysteine-sulphoximine, buthionine-sulphones, and penta-, hexa-
and heptathionine-sulphoximine; metal chelators such as
.alpha.-hydroxy-fatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid,
lactoferrin, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, humic acid, bile
acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA, EGTA, and DTPA;
sodium metabisulfite; vitamins such as vitamin E, vitamin C,
ascorbyl palmitate, Mg ascorbyl phosphate, and ascorbyl acetate;
phenols such as butythydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole,
ubiquinol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and trihydroxybutyrophenone;
benzoates such as coniferyl benzoate; uric acid; mannose; propyl
gallate; selenium such as selenium-rnethionine; stilbenes such as
stilbene oxide and trans-stilbene oxide; and combinations
thereof.
[0030] In particular embodiments, a contemplated pharmaceutical
composition further comprises one or more antioxidants each
independently selected from ascorbic acid, Na-ascorbate,
L-cysteine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH),
Na.sub.2-EDTA, Na.sub.2-EDTA-Ca, or sodium bisulfite. In specific
such embodiments, a contemplated pharmaceutical composition further
comprises ascorbic acid and/or sodium bisulfite.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of
the present invention further comprises a surfactant, i.e., a
compound that lowers the surface tension of a liquid. Non-limiting
examples of suitable surfactants include polysorbate surfactants
such as Tween-80, Tween-60, Tween-40, Tween-20, Tween-65 and
Tween-85, and sorbitans surfactants such as Span 20, Span 40, Span
60, Span 80 and Span 85. In a particular such embodiment, the
pharmaceutical composition of the invention further comprises
Tween-80.
[0032] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of
the present invention further comprises a local anesthetic, i.e., a
drug, which causes a reversible loss of sensation for a limited
region of the body while maintaining consciousness, and/or an
anti-inflammatory agent, Examples of local anesthetics include,
without being limited to, amide based local anesthetics such as
lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivicaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine,
mepivacaine, dibucaine, and etidocine, and ester based local
anesthetics such as procaine, aniethocaine, cocaine, benzocaine,
and tetracaine. Examples of anti-inflammatory agents include;
without limiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as
diclofenac, ketorolac, salicylates ibuprofen, piroxicam, and
benzydamine, and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as
prednisone, dexmethasone, betamethasone, prednisone hydrocortisone
or salts thereof.
[0033] The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may
be liquid solutions, i.e,, substantially homogeneous liquid
mixtures at room temperature, e.g., at 25.degree. C., or semi-solid
solutions formulated, e.g., as a gel, gum, or candy. Such liquid or
semi-solid mixtures may comprise water and/or other
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. In a particular
embodiment, the disclosed composition is substantially aqueous.
[0034] In certain embodiments, a disclosed liquid or semi-solid
formulation will be stable for a period of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1
week, 1 month, or more at room temperature. In certain embodiments,
the pharmaceutical composition as defined herein further comprises
a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as, without being
limited to, Tween-80, Tween-60, Tween-40, Tween-20,
N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), EDTA (or
salts thereof), cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and/or sodium
bisulfite.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the compositions are stable
lyophilized powders. The lyophilized powders can be reconstituted
into a liquid formulation by addition of water alone or water and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and may or may not include
anti-oxidants.
[0036] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a stable
liquid or semi-solid. pharmaceutical composition, particularly an
aqueous pharmaceutical composition, comprising (1) apomorphine or a
salt thereof; and (ii) either an emulsifier or surfactant, or both
emulsifier and surfactant. In one particular such aspect, the
composition comprises apomorphine, and an emulsifier, surfactant,
or both. In another particular such aspect, the composition
comprises a salt of apomorphine, and an emulsifier, surfactant, or
both. The apomorphine salt may be any salt formed by reacting
apomorphine with an organic acid. Particular organic acids include,
without limiting, amino acids, more particularly acidic amino acid
such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteic acid, as well as
carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids containing at least two,
three, or four carbon atoms, e.g., tartaric acid. Particular such
compositions have substantially no precipitation of solids, for at
least 4 hours at 25.degree. C. within a pH ranging from about 3 to
about 7.5, or at a pH greater than 4. These compositions may be
liquid solutions, substantially homogeneous liquid mixtures at room
temperature, at 25.degree. C., or semi-solid solutions formulated,
e.g., as a gel, gum, or candy, and may comprise water and/or other
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. In particular
embodiments, the disclosed compositions are substantially
aqueous.
[0037] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition
comprises at least 1% by weight apomorphine, or about 1% to about
4%, e.g., about 1.25%, about 1.5%, about 1.75%, about 2%, about
2.25%, about 2.5%, about 2.75%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%,
about 3.75%, or about 4%, by weight apomorphine.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition
disclosed comprises 0.01% to 4%, e.g., 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%,
0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%,
1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.8%, 3.0%,
3.2%, 3.4%, 3.6%, 3.8%, or 4.0%, emulsifier or surfactant.
[0039] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition
defined hereinabove may further comprise one or more, i.e., one,
two, three or more, antioxidants, as defined above. In particular
embodiments, a contemplated pharmaceutical composition further
comprises one or more antioxidants each independently selected from
ascorbic acid, Na-ascorbate. L-cysteine, NAC, GSH, Na.sub.2-EDTA,
Na.sub.2-EDTA-Ca, or sodium bisulfite.
[0040] In certain embodiments, a stable. pharmaceutical composition
of the present invention may he suitable for subcutaneous,
intravenous, intranasal, transdermal, sublingual, intramuscular,
buccal, ocular, or intratracheal administration. In sonic
embodiments, the composition is continuously infused, e.g,
subcutaneously via a small pump. In some embodiments, the
composition is inhaled. In some embodiments, the composition is
administered parenterally.
[0041] The disclosed compositions may be administered
subcutaneously and/or, substantially continuously. When
administered subcutaneously and/or dermally, such compositions
having apomorphine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
and an organic acid, e.g,, an acidic amino acid, may result in
minimal local tissue damage, e.g., as compared to subcutaneous or
dermal administration of a composition that includes
apomorphine-HCl. Further, such apomorphine/organic acid
compositions, when further including a basic amino acid such as
arginine, and/or a basic amino sugar such as meglumine, and/or a
surfactant such as Tween-80, may have more stability, e.g., may not
precipitate and/or Form unwanted oxidation products over time as
compared to a. composition having apomorphine-HCl. Further, such
apomorphine/organic acid compositions, when further including, a
surfactant such as Tween-80 may have more stability, e.g., may not
precipitate and/or form unwanted oxidation products over time as
compared to a composition having apomorphine without a surfactant.
As contemplated herein, subcutaneous administration may comprise
the use of one or more infusion pumps and/or transdermal and/or
dermal patches. Alternatively, a disclosed composition may be
administered intraduodenally, intranasally, sublingually,
intramuscularly, ocularly, buccally, intratracheally or
intravenously.
[0042] As used herein in the specification, the term "organic acid"
refers to an organic compound with acidic properties such as
carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, alcohols,
hydroxy acids, thiols, and thio-acids. For example, the organic
acids for use in the claimed composition may contain at least two,
three or four carbon atoms, e.g., tartaric acid. Examples of
organic acids include, but are not limited to, amino acids such as
aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and arginine, and dicarboxylic acids
such as fumaric acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid,
glutaric acid, maleic acid, and the like. Further examples of
organic acids include lactic acid, malic acid, aconitic acid,
citric acid, alycolic acid, ascorbic acid, formic acid, acetic
acid, tartaric acid, and glucuronic acid.
[0043] The term "natural amino acid" refers to any of the amino
acids found in proteins. Examples of natural amino acids include,
but are not limited to, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic
acid, histidine, lysine, and the like.
[0044] The term "non-natural amino acid" refers to
non-proteinogenic amino acids that either occur naturally or are
chemically synthesized. Examples of non-natural amino acids
include, but are not limited to, ornithine, .beta.-alanine,
2-aminoadipic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, .gamma.-carboxyglutamic
acid, hydroxylysine, 4-guanidinobutyric acid, 3-guanidinopropionic
acid, 4-azidobutanoic acid, 5-azidopentanoic acid, and the like.
Both D- and L-amino acids are contemplated herein.
[0045] The term "amino sugar" refers to a monosaccharide in which a
non-glycosidic hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino or
substituted amino group, such as meglumine, D-glucosamine, sialic
acid. N-acetylglucosamine, galactosamine, and the like.
[0046] The term "anti-oxidant" refers to an agent that inhibits the
formation of oxidation products.
[0047] The term "emulsifier", also known as "emulgent", refers to a
substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic
stability, e.g., a "surface active substance" or a surfactant. The
term "surfactant" refers to a surface active substance, a compound
that lowers the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial
tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a
solid.
[0048] The term "pharmaceutical composition" as used herein refers
to a composition comprising at least one active agent as disclosed
herein, formulated together with one Or more pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers.
[0049] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" or
"pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" as used herein refers to
any and all solvents, dispersion media, preservatives,
antioxidants, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents,
surfactants, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical
administration. The use of such media and agents for
pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. The
compositions may contain other active compounds providing
supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions.
[0050] The terms "pharmaceutically acceptable" and
"pharmacologically acceptable" include molecular entities and
compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic, or other
untoward reactions when administered to an animal, or human, as
appropriate. For human administration, preparations should meet
sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety, and purity standards as
required by a government drug regulatory agency, e.g., the United
States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Biologics
standards.
[0051] The term "physiologically acceptable pH" is understood to
mean a pH of a composition that facilitates administration of the
composition to the patient without significant adverse effects,
e.g. a pH of about 3 to about 9.8 at 25.degree. C., e.g., a pH of
about 3.5.+-.0.5 to about 9.5.+-.0.3, or about 3.5 to about
9.5.
Methods
[0052] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a
method, of treating a neurological or movement disease or disorder,
or a condition associated therewith, in a patient in need thereof,
comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical
composition as disclosed herein.
[0053] The neurological or movement diseases or disorders treated
by the method of the present invention are characterized by reduced
levels of dopamine in the brain, and include restless leg syndrome,
Parkinson's disease, secondary parkinsonism, Alzheimer's disease,
Huntington's disease, Shy-Drager syndrome, dystonia. akinesia,
alcohol and morphine addiction. erectile dysfunction, and
conditions resulting from brain injury, including carbon monoxide
or manganese intoxication.
[0054] In one particular embodiment, the invention provides a
method of treating Parkinson's disease in a patient in need
thereof, comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical
composition as disclosed herein.
[0055] In another particular embodiment, the invention provides a
method of treating akinesia in a patient in need thereof,
comprising administering to the patient a pharmaceutical
composition as disclosed herein, wherein the patient has been
treated with levodopa.
[0056] In a further embodiment, the invention provides a method of
treating a condition associated with a neurological disease or
disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to
the patient a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein. The
neurological disease or disorder contemplated herein is Parkinson's
disease, Alzheimer's disease, or akinesia, and the conditions
associated with a neurological disease or disorder include, without
limiting, alcoholism, opiate addiction, and erectile
dysfunction.
[0057] In still another aspect, the present invention relates to a
liquid pharmaceutical composition as defined above for treatment of
a neurological or movement disease or disorder as defined herein,
or a condition associated therewith.
[0058] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a
liquid pharmaceutical composition as defined above, for use in
treatment of a neurological or movement disease or disorder as
defined herein, or a condition associated therewith.
[0059] As used herein in the specification, the term "neurological
disease or disorder" refers to a disease or disorder of the body's
nervous system.
[0060] The term "movement disorder" refers to a nervous system
condition that causes abnormal voluntary or involuntary movements,
or slow, reduced movements.
[0061] The term "treated with levodopa" includes past or present
treatment of a patient with levodopa.
Kits
[0062] A contemplated kit may include an apomorphine salt or a
liquid composition having apomorphine and an organic acid (and
optionally an additional therapeutic agent, e.g., levodopa,
carbidopa, or entacapone). Such a composition may be liquid or a
lyophilized powder that can be reconstituted into a liquid
formulation, or, for example, may form part of a transdermal patch,
and may be designed for administration by any suitable route such
as, but not limited to, transdermally, intravenously,
subcutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, or
intraduodenally.
[0063] In some embodiments, disclosed liquid compositions, e.g.,
comprising apomorphine and an organic acid, may be provided in,
e.g., one, two or more pre-fined cartridges suitable for use by a
patient or physician. For example, provided herein is a kit
comprising a prefilled cartridge wherein a disclosed liquid
formulation is disposed within the cartridge (e.g., a pre-filled
cartridge having a single dose or a dose suitable for a single
administration to a patient of an apomorphine and organic acid
formulation (and optionally an additional therapeutic agent, e.g.,
levodopa or carbidopa)), and optionally instructions for use.
[0064] The invention now being generally described, it will be more
readily understood by reference to the following examples which are
included merely for purposes of illustration of certain aspects and
embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit
the invention in any way.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Preparation of Apomorphine Salt Solution/Formulation for
Subcutaneous Administration
[0065] Sodium bicarbonate 0.1 N solution was added to a 1%
apomorphine-HCl solution. The apomorphine-HCl solution was derived
from APO-GO.RTM., a commercially available product comprising a 10
mg/ml apomorphine-HCl solution. The precipitate, being the
apomorphine base, was washed twice with water, The precipitated
apomorphine base was dissolved with either a 0.59% glutamic acid
solution, 0.53% aspartic acid solution, or 0.6% tartaric acid
solution, to form a final 1% apomorphine solution at a 1:1 molar
ratio with the glutamic, aspartie, or tartaric acid, or a 1:0.5
molar ratio with the tartaric acid. In some instances. ascorbic
acid and/or meglumine solutions were added to the apomorphine salt
solutions to obtain a final concentration of 0.5 % or 0.6%,
respectively. Table 1 shows the composition of apomorphine
formulations which were prepared as described above.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Composition of apomorphine formulations
APO-GO .RTM. 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 (10
mg/ml) Apo.cndot.HCl) .mu.l NaHCO.sub.3 (0.1N) 310 310 310 310 310
310 310 310 310 prec. prec. prec. prec. prec. prec. prec. prec.
prec. Glutamic acid 800 800 800 800 (5.9 mg/ml) .mu.l Aspartic acid
800 800 (5.3 mg/ml) .mu.l Tartaric acid 800 400 800 (6 mg/ml) .mu.l
Meglumine 100 50 50 50 + 50 (60 mg/ml) .mu.l Ascorbic acid 100 100
5% .mu.l Water .mu.l 200 100 150 200 150 200 600 150 APO/Acid ratio
1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 0.5 1 to 1
Solutions trans. trans. trans. trans. trans. trans. trans. trans.
trans. trans. appearance pH 4.19 3.54 3.29 4.18 4.34 3.60 4.21 2.85
3.19 3.60 Total .mu.l 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 prec. = precipitated; trans. = transparent
Example 2
Preparation of Apomorphine Salt Solution/Formulation for
Subcutaneous Administration
[0066] Apomorphine-HCl hemi-hydrate was dissolved in 0.1% sodium
bisulfite solution to form 1% apomorphine solution. Apomorphine was
precipitated by adding the appropriate amount of 0.1 N sodium
bicarbonate solution. The precipitate was washed twice with water,
The precipitated apomorphine base was dissolved with 1.47% glutamic
acid solution to form a final 2.5% apomorphine solution at a 1:1
molar ratio with the glutamic acid. In some instances, ascorbic
acid and/or meglumine and/or arginine solutions were added to the
apomorphine-glutamate solution to Obtain a final concentration of
0.5%, 0.6% or 0.56%, respectively. Table 2 shows the composition of
apomorphine formulations which were prepared as described
above.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Composition of apomorphine formulations
Formulation No. 1 2 APO.cndot.HCl (10 mg/ml) .mu.l 1250 1250
NaHCO.sub.3 0.1N 412 412 precipitated precipitated Glutamic acid
(14.7 mg/ml) .mu.l 400 400 Meglumine (60 mg/ml) .mu.l 50 L-arginine
(56 mg/ml) Ascorbic acid 5% .mu.l 50 Water .mu.l 100 APO/Acid ratio
1 to 1 1 to 1 APO conc. (mg/ml) 25 25 Solutions appearance
transparent transparent pH 3.60 4.13 Total .mu.l 500 500
Example 3
Physical stability of Apomorphine Salt Solutions In Vitro
[0067] Various apomorphine salt solutions were examined for
stability after sitting at room temperature for a period of time.
The results of the study are shown in Table 3. Notably, apomorphine
salt solutions containing asparate, glutamate, tartrate, maleate
and optionally meglumine were stable over the examined time
range.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Composition of apomorphine salt solutions
for stability testing API Acid Anti- Name Amount name Other oxidant
pH Color Precipitation Apomorphine- 1% HCl Examined Na- 3.5
Slightly Yes HCl after 50 hrs bisulfite greenish (Apo-Go .RTM.) at
RT, 8 hrs Apomorphine 1% Ascorbate at 40.degree. C. and Ascorbic
4.0 Greenish No Apomorphine 1% Ascorbate 48 hrs at RT Ascorbic 3.3
Greenish No Apomorphine 1% Glutamate -- 3.5 Colorless No
Apomorphine 1% Aspartate -- 3.1 Colorless No Apomorphine 2.5%
Tartarate Examined -- 2.5 Colorless No Apomorphine 2.5% Maleate
after 48 hrs -- 2.8 Colorless No Apomorphine 2.5% Citrate at RT --
2.4 Grayish No Apomorphine 2.5% Succinate -- 3.5 Colorless Yes
Apomorphine 2.5% Ascorbate Ascorbic 3.6 Greenish No Apomorphine
2.5% Ascorbate Meglumine* Ascorbic 4.2 Greenish No Cysteine
Apomorphine- 1% HCl * -- 3.5 Slightly No HCl greenish (Apo-Go
.RTM.) Apomorphine 1% Glutamate * -- 3.5 Colorless No Apomorphine
1% Glutamate * Ascorbic 3.2 Greenish No Apomorphine 1% Glutamate
Meglumine* Ascorbic 4.2 Grayish No Apomorphine 1% Glutamate
Meglumine* -- 4.3 Colorless No Apomorphine 1% Aspartate * -- 3.6
Colorless No Apomorphine 1% Aspartate Meglumine* -- 4.2 Colorless
No Apomorphine 1% Tartarate * -- 2.9 Colorless No Apomorphine 1%
Tartarate * -- 3.2 Colorless No Apomorphine 1% Tartarate Meglumine*
-- 3.6 Colorless No * Examined after 48 hrs at room temperature
(RT)
Example 4
Preparation of Apomorphine Salt Solution/Formulation for
Subcutaneous Administration
[0068] Apomorphine-HCl hemi-hydrate was dissolved in 0.1% sodium
bisulfite solution to form a 1% apomorphine solution. Apomorphine
was precipitated by adding the appropriate amount of 0.1 N sodium
bicarbonate solution. The precipitate was washed twice with water.
The precipitated apomorphine base was dissolved with 0.94% glutamic
acid solution to form a final concentration of 1% or 1.5%
apomorphine solution at 1:1 molar ratio with the glutamic acid, in
some instances, ascorbic acid and/or meglumine and/or arginine
solutions were added to the apomorphine-glutamate solution to
obtain a final concentration of 0.5%, 0.6%, or 0.56%, respectively.
Table 4 shows the composition of apomorphine formulations which
were prepared as described above.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Composition of apomorphine formulations
Formulation No (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 APO.cndot.HCl 1000 1500 1000
1500 1000 1500 1000 1500 (10 mg/ml) .mu.l NaHCO.sub.3 330 495 330
495 330 495 330 495 (0.1N) prec. prec. prec. prec. prec. prec.
prec. prec. Glutamic acid 500 750 500 750 500 750 550 829 (9.4
mg/ml) .mu.l Meglumine 100 100 100 87 (60 mg/ml) .mu.l L-Arginine
100 100 (56 mg/ml) Ascorbic acid 100 100 100 100 100 87 5% .mu.l
Water .mu.l 500 250 300 50 300 50 250 APO/Acid 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1
1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1 1 to 1.1 1 to 1.1 ratio APO/conc. 10 15 10 15
10 15 10 15 (mg/ml) Solutions trans. trans. trans. trans. trans.
trans. trans. trans. appearance pH 3.83 3.76 4.40 4.27 4.46 4.32
4.41 4.20 Total .mu.l 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 prec.
= precipitated; trans. = transparent
Example 5
Effect of Formulation Composition on Apomorphine-dependent SC
Staining Following Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion into Full
Thickness Pig Skin, Ex Vivo
[0069] Various apomorphine-salt formulations were prepared and
administered subcutaneously by continuous infusion into full
thickness pig skin (cutis and subcutis) at a rate of 0.05 ml/h.
FIG. 1 shows the system used for the procedure. During infusion,
the apomorphine formulations were incubated at 37.degree. C. for a
period of 17 hours.
[0070] FIG. 2 shows the effect of the formulation composition on
apomorphine-dependent skin staining following continuous
subcutaneous infusion into full thickness pig skin of some of the
compositions listed in Table 3, wherein panel (a) shows 1%
apomorphine-HCl (APO-GO.RTM.), pH 3.5; panel (b) shows
apomorphine-glutamate, pH 3.5; panel (c) shows 1%
apomorphine-glutamate with ascorbic acid, pH 3.3; panel (d) shows
1% apomorphine-glutamate with ascorbic acid and meglumine, pH 4.2;
panel (e) shows 1% apomorphine-glutamate with meglumine, pH 4.3;
panel (f) shows 1% apomorphine-aspartate, pH 3.6; panel (g) shows
1% apomorphine-aspartate with meglurnine pH 4.2; panel (h) shows 1%
apomorphine-tartrate, pH 2.9; panel (i) shows 1% apomorphine-hemi
tartrate, pH 3.2; and panel (j) shows 1% apomorphine-tartrate with
meglumine, pH 3.6. As shown in FIG. 2, the formulation containing
1% apomorphine-HCl (APO-GO.RTM.) caused the most severe staining of
pig skin ex vivo. Notably, apomorphine salt formulations containing
acidic amino acids (aspartate and glutamate) and optionally
meglumine caused significantly less staining of pig skin than
apomorphine-tartrate and, HCl salts.
Example 6
Preparation of Glutamate, Aspartate and Tartrate Salts of
Apomorphine
[0071] Apomorphine base preparation was performed in the following
manner. Apomorphine hydrochloride (Johnson Maltey, Macfarlan Smith)
was dissolved in 0.1% Sodium metabisulfite solution (10 mg/ml).
Sodium bicarbonate solution at 0.4 M was slowly added to the
solution with stirring. The mixture was then stirred for 30 minutes
at room temperature. The white precipitate that formed was filtered
under nitrogen, washed twice with sterile water and dried in a
vacuum oven under dry nitrogen flow for 4 hours. The yield of
apomorphine dry base was 75.5%.
[0072] Apomorphine salts were prepared by dissolving the
apomorphine dry base in the appropriate acid solution at molar
ratios ranging between 1:0.5 and 1:1.5.
[0073] Apomorphine glutamate solution was prepared by dissolving
apomorphine base in 0.1 M glutamic acid solution. Water was added
to obtain solutions with a molar ratio of 1:1 or 1:1.2,
apomorphine:glutamic acid, at a final concentration of 2%
apomorphine. The pH of each solution was 4.7 and 4.4,
respectively.
[0074] Apomorphine aspartate solution was prepared by dissolving
apomorphine base in 0.1 M aspartic acid solution. Water was added
to obtain a molar ratio of 1:1, apomorphine:aspartic acid, at a
final concentration of 2% apomorphine. The pH of the solution was
4.9.
[0075] Apomorphine tartrate solution was prepared by dissolving
apomorphine base in 0.1 M tartaric acid solution. Water was added
to obtain solutions with a molar ratio of 1 :1 or 1:0.5,
apomorphine:tartaric acid, at a concentration of 2% apomorphine.
The pH of each solution was 3.45 and 4.0, respectively.
[0076] Apomorphine malate solution was prepared by dissolving
apomorphine base in 0.1 M tartaric acid solution. Water was added
to obtain solutions with a molar ratio of 1:1 apomorphine:malic
acid, at a concentration of 2% apomorphine. The pH of each solution
was 4.0. Table 5 shows the composition of each apomorphine organic
salt solution.
Example 7
Preparation of Apomorphine-glutamate Formulations with Tween-80
[0077] Apomorphine-glutamate solutions were prepared in the
following manner. Antioxidants were dissolved in water to obtain a
1% antioxidants solution. Tween-80 was dissolved in the
antioxidants solution to obtain a final concentration of 4%
Tween-80. The 4% Tween/antioxidants solution was further diluted in
antioxidants solution to obtain the desired final concentration of
Tween-80. Apomorphine base and glutamic acid were then weighed to
obtain the desired molar ratio (e.g., 1:1 to 1:1.5). The prepared
Tween-80/antioxidants solution was added and the solution was
stirred until dissolution occurred.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Composition of organic acid salts of
apomorphine Formulation 2 3 6 7 No. (%) 1 (1:1.2) (1:1.2) 4 5 (1
eq) (1/2 eq) 8 9 10 APO-GO (.mu.l) 2500 APO base 50 50 50 25 50 50
50 50 25 (mg) Glutamic acid 1873 2250 2250 938 14.7 mg/ml (.mu.l)
Aspartic acid 1875 938 13.3 mg/ml (.mu.l) Tartaric acid 1875 938 15
mg/ml (.mu.l) Malic acid 1875 13.4 mg/ml (.mu.l) Meglumine 125 188
60 mg/ml (.mu.l) Water (.mu.l) 627 250 125 1560 625 439 1562 625
1560 Total volume 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500
(.mu.l) APO (mg/ml) 20 20 20 10 20 20 20 20 10 10 expected pH 4.68
4.40 4.76 4.69 4.93 3.45 3.98 3.98 4.59 3.90
Example 8
Comparison of Stability Between Apomorphine-glutamate Solutions and
Commercially Available Apomorphine-HCl Solutions
[0078] The stability of apomorphine-glutamate formulations
containing 1% apomorphine, was compared to APO-G.RTM., a
commercially available form of 10 mg/ml (1%) apomorphine-HCl
solution. Comparisons were performed under physiological conditions
approximated by diluting the solutions at 1:10 with
phosphate-buffered saline solution, pH 7.5 (PBS). Table 6 shows the
composition of the apomorphine-glutamate solutions referred to as
ND1 and ND2--which were synthesized for comparison to commercially
available apomorphine-hydrochloride solution. Table 7 shows the
stability of apomorphine in the apomorphine-hydrochloride and
apomorphine-glutamate solutions as measured in milligrams of
apomorphine per grain of solution at various time points following
synthesis of the apomorphine-glutamate solutions. Table 8 shows the
production of degradation products of apomorphine in the formulated
solutions at various time points. Table 9 shows the stability of
apomorphine in the apomorphine-hydrochloride and
apomorphine-glutamate solutions as measured in milligrams of
apomorphine per gram of solution at various time points following
exposure to physiological conditions. Table 10 shows the production
of degradation products of apomorphine in the solutions at various
time points following exposure to physiological conditions.
Degradation products in Tables 8 and 10 are shown as a percent of
apomorphine peak area as measured by high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC).
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 7 Apomorphine stability (mg apomorphine/g
solution) in spomorphine-glutamate and apomorphine-hydrochloride
solutions at different time points Sample ID t = 0 hours t = 4
hours t = 6 days ND1 9.9 10.0 10.0 ND2 10.0 10.1 10.1 Apo-Go .RTM.
11.8 ND ND ND = Not determined
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 8 Degradation products of apomorphine produced
in formulations as a percent of peak area (% of apomorphine peak
area) Unknown r.t.: 5.5 min. Unknown r.t.: 6.9 min. Sample t = t =
t = t = t = t = ID 0 hours 24 hours 6 days 0 hours 24 hours 6 days
ND1 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.10 ND2 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07 0.09
Apo-Go .RTM. 0 ND ND 0.03 ND ND ND = Not determined
[0079] The results clearly demonstrated that under physiological
conditions the glutamic acid salt of apomorphine was stable for at
least 6 days at room temperature, whereas the commercial product
APO-GO.RTM. was extensively degraded. Tween-80 at a concentration
of 0.5% was sufficient to maintain chemical stability of
apomorphine-glutamate solution, while even 2% Tween-80 was not
sufficient to maintain chemical stability of Apomorphine-110
(APO-GO.RTM.) solution.
Example 9
Analysis of Formulation Components on Apomorphine-glutamate
Solution Stability
[0080] The effect of Tween-80, antioxidants, and the molar ratio of
acid to apomorphine on the physical stability of
apomorphine-glutamate salt formulations under physiological
conditions was tested by diluting the formulations at 1:10 or 1:20
with PBS. The composition of each of the tested formulations (F1-5)
is shown in Table 11. Each component is shown as a percent of the
total solution.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 11 Apomorphine glutamate salt formulations
Ingredient (%) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Apomorphine 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Glutamic acid 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 Tween-80 2.0 2.0 0 2.0 5.0
Antioxidants 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Apo:Glut (molar ratio) 1:1.18
1:1.45
[0081] Samples of each formulation were diluted in freshly prepared
PBS as shown in Tables 12 and 13. Samples of formulations F1-F3
were diluted in PBS at 1:20 (Table 11). Samples of formulations F4
and F5 were diluted in PBS at 1:10 and 1:20. The appearance of each
solution was observed 20 minutes and 5 hours after dilution, and pH
and Tween concentration were measured.
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 12 Observations of formulations F1, F2 and F3
following 1:20 dilution Dilution 1:20 F1 F2 F3 20 minutes Micellar
Transparent Precipitated 5 hours Blue/Precipitated Precipitated
Precipitated pH measured 7.45 7.34 7.31 Tween-80 concentration 0.1
0.1 0 after dilution
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 13 Observations of formulations F4 and F5
following 1:10 or 1:20 dilution Dilution 1:10 Dilution 1:20 F4 F5
F4 F5 2 hours Micellar Micellar Transparent Transparent 5 hours
Micellar Micellar Micellar Micellar pH measured 7.09 7.07 7.34 7.32
Tween-80 concentration 0.1 0.25 0.1 0.25 after dilution
[0082] Following dilution of the formulations with PBS, the
formulations were physically stable for at least 5 hours only if
they contained Tween-80, antioxidants, and glutamic acid at a molar
ratio of greater than 1:1.2, apomorphine:glutamic acid. In the
absence of Tween-80 and at a molar ratio of 1:1.18,
apomorphine:glutamic acid, the formulations were not physically
stable at a pH of 7 to 7.5 (see Tables 11 and 12, formulation F3).
In the absence of antioxidants, the solution turned blue (see
Tables 11 and 12, formulation F1).
Example 10.
Analysis of Skin Inflammation Following Subcutaneous Administration
of Apomorphine Formulations
[0083] Formulations containing 1% apomorphine and glutamic acid at
a molar ratio of 1:1.5, were continuously administered
subcutaneously to pigs, at a rate of 4 ml/24 h via a mini-pump.
Commercially available 1% apomorphine-HCl (Apo-Go.RTM.) was also
administered separately to allow for comparison of effects
generated by administration of each agent. The formulation of each
solution administered is shown in Table 14. Skin samples were
collected 1, 2, or 3 weeks post-infusion and subjected to
histopathological evaluation. Results are shown in Table 15. The
sites that were infused with the apomorphine-glutamate formulations
were characterized by minimal to mild chronic subcutaneous
inflammation, whereas the commercial apomorphine-HCl preparation
exhibited severe subcutaneous inflammation with necrosis (see the
gray boxes in Table 15). There was no difference in the severity of
lesions observed between the sites administered with formulations
containing 0.5% or 2% Tween-80 as shown in FIG. 3.
[0084] As shown in Tables 16, 17 and 18, HPLC analysis demonstrated
that the stability of the tested formulations containing 0.5% or 2%
Tween-80 (identified as ND1 and ND2) was similar between 4 and 6
days after preparation. The average apomorphine concentrations (AVG
mg/g) are shown in in Tables 16 and 17.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 18 HPLC analysis of apomorphine solutions at 0
and 6 days post-formulation preparation Unknown r.t.: 5.5 min
Unknown r.t.: 6.9 min Sample ID t = 0 t = 6 days t = 0 t = 6 days
ND1 0.08 ND 0.08 ND ND1a 0.09 0.095 0.08 0.105 ND2 0.09 0.095 0.075
0.105 ND--Not Determined
Example 11
Effect of Tween-80 on Apomorphine Solution Stability
[0085] The effect of Tween-80 on the physical stability of
apomorphine-HCl formulations and apomorphine-glutamate formulations
was analyzed All tested formulations contained proprietary
combinations of antioxidants. Observations regarding the color of
undiluted solutions and evidence of precipitation in those
solutions were recorded after either 4 days or 1 week at 25.degree.
C. Additionally, observations regarding evidence of precipitation
in diluted solutions were recorded after 4 days at 25.degree. C. A
1:20 dilution of each solution was achieved by placing 2.85 ml of
50 nM PBS at pH 7.5 in a vial and adding 150 .mu.l of each
undiluted solution dropwise. The effect of Tween-80 on the
stability of undiluted apomorphine-HCl formulations is shown in
Table 19. The effect of Tween-80 on the stability of
apomorphine-HCl formulations diluted 1:20 in PBS is shown in Table
20. The effect of Tween-80 on stability of apomorphine-glutamate
formulations is shown in Table 21. The effect of Tween-80 on the
stability of apomorphine-glutamate formulations diluted 1:20 in PBS
is shown in Table 22.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 19 Effect of Tween-80 on stability of
undiluted apomorphine-HCl formulations 1% Apomorphine-HCl,
increasing 2.5% Apomorphine-HCl, increasing Tween-80 from 0% to
0.5% Tween-80 from 2% to 4% Ingredient F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6
Tween-80 (%) 0 0.25 0.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 Stability after No color No
color No color No color No color No color 4 days at No No
Precipitated Precipitated No No 25.degree. C. precipitation
precipitation precipitation precipitation Stability after No color
No color No color No color No color No color 1 week at Very slight
Precipitated Precipitated Precipitated Slight Very slight
25.degree. C. precipitation precipitation precipitation
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 20 Effect of Tween-80 on stability of diluted
apomorphine-HCl formulations 1% Apomorphine-HCl, Increasing 2.5%
Apomorphine-HCl, Increasing Tween-80 from 0% to 0.5% Tween-80 from
2% to 4% Ingredient F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5 F-6 Tween-80 0 0.25 0.50
2.00 3.00 4.00 (%) Appearance Slight Micellar Micellar Not Micellar
Not Micellar Not Micellar after 4 days precipitation Very turbid
Very turbid Very turbid at 25.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 21 Effect of Tween-80 on stability of
undiluted apomorphine-glutamate formulations 1%
Apomorphine-Glutamate, 2.5% Apomorphine-Glutamate, Increasing
Tween-80 from 0% to 0.5% Increasing Tween-80 from 0% to 4%
Ingredient F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11 F-12 F-13 Tween-80 0 0.25 0.50 0
2.00 3.00 4.00 (%) Stability No color No color No color Very
slightly Very slightly Very slightly Very slightly after 4 days No
No No yellow yellow yellow yellow at 25.degree. C. precipitation
precipitation precipitation No No No No precipitation precipitation
precipitation precipitation Stability No color No color No color No
color No color No color No color after No No No No No No No 1 week
precipitation precipitation precipitation precipitation
precipitation precipitation precipitation at 25.degree. C.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 22 Effect of Tween-80 on stability of diluted
apomorphine-glutamate formulations 1% Apomorphine-Glutamate, 2.5%
Apomorphine-Glutamate, Increasing Tween-80 from 0% to 0.5%
Increasing Tween-80 from 0% to 4% Ingredient F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10 F-11
F-12 F-13 Tween-80 0 0.25 0.50 0 2.00 3.00 4.00 (%) Appearance
Precipitated Almost Micellar Strongly Micellar Micellar Micellar
after 4 days transparent precipitated Turbid Turbid at 25.degree.
C.
[0086] Precipitation occurred within 1 week at room temperature in
all of the tested apomorphine-HCl formulations, whereas no
precipitation occurred in any of the tested apomorphine-glutamate
formulations. However, following dilution at 1:20 with PBS, both
apomorphine salts precipitated in the absence of Tween (e.g., see
formulations F-1, F-7, and F-10 in Tables 20 and 22). The 2.5%
apomorphine-HCl solution could not be prepared without Tween as it
did not dissolve.
Example 12
Comparison of Apomorphine-glutamate and Apomorphine-HCl Formulation
Stability
[0087] UV-HPLC was used to analyze and compare the chemical
stabilities of the apomorphine-glutmate and apomorphine-HCl
formulations. Table 23 summarizes apomorphine recovery after 1
month at 25.degree. C. from apomorphine salt formulations that
include varying amounts of Tween-80. The results documented in
Table 23 show that the apomorphine-HCl formulation is less stable
than the apomorphine-glutamate formulations of the instant
invention.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 23 Apomorphine recovery from solution after 1
month at 25.degree. C. Apomorphine Apomorphine Salt Tween-80 (%)
recovery (%) 1% Apomorphine + Glutamic acid 0 99.0 1% Apomorphine +
Glutamic acid 0.50 101.7 2.5% Apomorphine + Glutamic acid 0 94.6
2.5% Apomorphine + Glutamic acid 2.00 98.0 2.5% Apomorphine +
Glutamic acid 3.00 98.3 2.5% Apomorphine + Glutamic acid 4.00 95.0
1% Apomorphine-HCl 0 89.3 1% Apomorphine-HCl 0 89.5
EQUIVALENTS
[0088] While specific embodiments of the subject invention have
been discussed, the above specification is illustrative and not
restrictive. Many variations of the invention will become apparent
to those skilled in the art upon review of this specification. The
full scope of the invention should be determined by reference to
the claims, along with their full scope of equivalents, and the
specification, along with such variations.
[0089] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used
in the specification and claims are to be understood as being
modified in all instances by the term "about". Accordingly, unless
indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in
this specification and attached claims are approximations that may
vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by
the present invention.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0090] The entire contents of all patent publications, websites,
and other references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated
herein in their entireties by reference.
* * * * *