U.S. patent application number 15/946759 was filed with the patent office on 2018-10-11 for directional traffic notifications of approaching priority vehicles.
The applicant listed for this patent is International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Bradley A. Bernhardt, Thomas J. Fleischman, Richard Hutzler, Mitchell Montanez, William K. Morse.
Application Number | 20180293889 15/946759 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 61711636 |
Filed Date | 2018-10-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180293889 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bernhardt; Bradley A. ; et
al. |
October 11, 2018 |
DIRECTIONAL TRAFFIC NOTIFICATIONS OF APPROACHING PRIORITY
VEHICLES
Abstract
In an approach for notifying, a computer receives one or more
preemption notifications, wherein the one or more preemption
notifications are associated with one or more priority vehicles.
The computer identifies a device that is within range of the
received one or more preemption notifications, wherein the device
includes one or more directional indicators. The computer one or
more directions of approach associated with the received one or
more preemption notifications relative to the identified device.
The computer determines a number of approaching priority vehicles
associated with each instance of the identified one or more
directions of approach relative to the identified device. The
computer initiates to display through the one or more directional
indicators of the identified device the identified total number of
approaching priority vehicles associated with the one or more
identified directions of approach relative to the identified
device.
Inventors: |
Bernhardt; Bradley A.;
(Benson, AZ) ; Fleischman; Thomas J.;
(Poughkeepsie, NY) ; Hutzler; Richard; (Tucson,
AZ) ; Montanez; Mitchell; (Tucson, AZ) ;
Morse; William K.; (Tucson, AZ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
International Business Machines Corporation |
Armonk |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
61711636 |
Appl. No.: |
15/946759 |
Filed: |
April 6, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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15484496 |
Apr 11, 2017 |
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15946759 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G08G 1/0965 20130101;
G08G 1/096783 20130101; G08G 1/095 20130101; G08G 1/096716
20130101; G08G 1/096791 20130101; G08G 1/087 20130101; G08G
1/096775 20130101; G08G 1/09675 20130101; G08G 1/005 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G08G 1/0967 20060101
G08G001/0967; G08G 1/095 20060101 G08G001/095 |
Claims
1. A computer program product for notifying, the computer program
product comprising: one or more non-transitory computer readable
storage media and program instructions stored on the one or more
non-transitory computer readable storage media, the program
instructions comprising: program instructions to receive one or
more preemption notifications, wherein the one or more preemption
notifications are associated with one or more priority vehicles;
program instructions to identify a traffic light, a pedestrian
signal, a railroad crossing signal, a light rail transit crossing
signal, and an in-vehicle information system that are within range
of the received one or more preemption notifications, wherein the
in-vehicle information system includes a heads up display, a
vehicle representation, a dashboard gauge, a global positioning
system, a rear view mirror indicator, a side view mirror indicator,
a video display, and an audio messaging system, wherein the traffic
light, the pedestrian signal, the railroad crossing signal, the
light rail transit crossing signal, and the in-vehicle information
system include one or more directional indicators that include
lights in a compass orientation, icons, symbols, text messages,
audio notifications, and tactile notifications, wherein the compass
orientation is a set of defined points that represent a direction
as viewable by pedestrians and drivers, wherein the defined set of
points identify a front direction, a right direction, a rear
direction, and a left direction; program instructions to identify
one or more directions of approach associated with the received one
or more preemption notifications relative to the identified traffic
light, the identified pedestrian signal, the identified railroad
crossing signal, the identified light rail transit crossing signal,
and the identified in-vehicle information system based on: GPS
information within the received one or more preemption
notifications, triangulation of the received one or more preemption
notifications, and image processing of camera data associated with
the identified traffic light, the identified pedestrian signal, the
identified railroad crossing signal, the identified light rail
transit crossing signal, and the identified in-vehicle information
system; program instructions to identify an orientation of the
identified traffic light, the identified pedestrian signal, the
identified railroad crossing signal, the identified light rail
transit crossing signal, and the identified in-vehicle information
system; program instructions to identify one or more directions of
approach associated with the received one or more preemption
notifications relative to the identified traffic light, the
identified pedestrian signal, the identified railroad crossing
signal, the identified light rail transit crossing signal, and the
identified in-vehicle information system with respect to the
identified orientation of the identified traffic light, the
identified pedestrian signal, the identified railroad crossing
signal, the identified light rail transit crossing signal, and the
identified in-vehicle information system; program instructions to
determine a number of approaching priority vehicles associated with
each instance of the identified one or more directions of approach
relative to the identified traffic light, the identified pedestrian
signal, the identified railroad crossing signal, the identified
light rail transit crossing signal, and the identified in-vehicle
information system; program instructions to initiate to display
through the one or more directional indicators of the identified
traffic light, the identified pedestrian signal, the identified
railroad crossing signal, the identified light rail transit
crossing signal, and the identified in-vehicle information system,
the identified total number of approaching priority vehicles
associated with the one or more identified directions of approach
relative to the identified traffic light, the identified pedestrian
signal, the identified railroad crossing signal, the identified
light rail transit crossing signal, and the identified in-vehicle
information system; program instructions to determine whether the
received one or more preemption notifications ceases based on the
GPS information within the received one or more preemption
notifications, the triangulation of the received one or more
preemption notifications, and the image processing of the camera
data associated with the identified traffic light, the identified
pedestrian signal, the identified railroad crossing signal, the
identified light rail transit crossing signal, and the identified
in-vehicle information system; and responsive to determining that
the received one or more preemption notifications cease, program
instructions to initiate to stop display through the one or more
directional indicators of the identified traffic light, the
identified pedestrian signal, the identified railroad crossing
signal, the identified light rail transit crossing signal, and the
identified in-vehicle information system.
Description
BACKGROUND
[0001] The present invention relates generally to the field of
traffic control and more particularly to notifying vehicles and/or
pedestrians of an approaching priority vehicle with directional
information.
[0002] Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic
lamps, traffic semaphore, signal lights, stop lights, robots, and
traffic control signals, are signaling devices positioned at road
intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other locations to control
and coordinate traffic flow to ensure smooth and safe movement. The
normal timing of the traffic signal (i.e., time plans that
sometimes range from 35 seconds to 120 seconds in length) may be
interrupted through traffic signal preemption. Traffic signal
preemption (e.g., traffic signal prioritization) is a type of
system that allows the normal operation of traffic lights to be
preempted (i.e., replaces normal traffic light timing sequence with
an altered timing sequence based on notification of an event
occurring that takes precedence over the current conditions). For
example, an emergency vehicle manipulates traffic signals by
halting conflicting traffic and allowing the emergency vehicle
right-of-way. Additionally, traffic signal preemption can also be
used by light-rail and bus rapid transit systems to allow public
transportation priority access through intersections, or by
railroad systems at crossings to prevent collisions. Traffic
preemption devices can be installed on road vehicles, integrated
with train transportation network management systems, or operated
by remote control from a fixed location, such as a fire station, or
by a 9-1-1 dispatcher at an emergency call center.
[0003] Traffic preemption devices are implemented in a variety of
ways (e.g., acoustic sensors, line-of-sight, Global Positioning
System (GPS), radio based, etc.). Traffic preemption systems
equipped with acoustic sensors override the traffic signal upon
detection of a specific pattern of tweets or wails from the siren
of an emergency vehicle. Line-of-sight traffic signal preemption
systems send a narrowly directed signal forward towards traffic
lights from individual equipped vehicles, in an attempt to obtain
right-of-way through controllable intersections prior to arrival at
the intersection. Traffic preemption systems implemented with a
Global Positioning System (GPS) determine a location of the
activating vehicle, a direction in which the vehicle is heading,
identify which traffic lights to preempt, and an ability to
activate the identified traffic lights. Radio-based
traffic-preemption systems are installed in vehicles, and use a
local, directional, short-range radio signal in which the operating
range can be adjusted to activate only nearby, traffic signals, or
traffic signals at greater distances.
SUMMARY
[0004] Aspects of the present invention disclose a method, computer
program product, and system for notifying, the method comprises one
or more computer processors receiving one or more preemption
notifications, wherein the one or more preemption notifications are
associated with one or more priority vehicles. The method further
comprises one or more computer processors identifying a device that
is within range of the received one or more preemption
notifications, wherein the device includes one or more directional
indicators. The method further comprises one or more computer
processors identifying one or more directions of approach
associated with the received one or more preemption notifications
relative to the identified device. The method further comprises one
or more computer processors determining a number of approaching
priority vehicles associated with each instance of the identified
one or more directions of approach relative to the identified
device. The method further comprises one or more computer
processors initiating to display through the one or more
directional indicators of the identified device the identified
total number of approaching priority vehicles associated with the
one or more identified directions of approach relative to the
identified device.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram illustrating a traffic
preemption processing environment, in accordance with an embodiment
of the present invention;
[0006] FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting operational steps of a
directional preemption notification program, on a computing device
within the traffic preemption processing environment of FIG. 1, for
notifying drivers and/or pedestrians of one or more approaching
priority vehicles with an associated direction, in accordance with
an embodiment of the present invention;
[0007] FIG. 3A depicts a traffic signal device with additional
preemption directional light indicators, installed on the traffic
signal in a straight line, top mounted configuration, in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0008] FIG. 3B depicts a traffic signal device with additional
preemption directional light indicators, installed on the traffic
signal in an orientation configuration, in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0009] FIG. 4A depicts directional and emergency vehicle and
train/light rail transit preemption directional indicators,
displayed through a heads up display of a vehicle, in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0010] FIG. 4B depicts directional emergency vehicle and
train/light rail transit preemption directional indicator with
respect to a vehicle representation within an internal console of a
vehicle, in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention;
[0011] FIG. 4C depicts a text notification of a preemption
directional indicator within an indicator gauge of a vehicle, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0012] FIG. 4D depicts a global position navigation system
displaying a map that identifies the locations and directional
emergency vehicle, train, and light rail transit preemption
directional indicators with respect to the vehicle for the user, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0013] FIG. 4E depicts preemption directional indicators installed
on a rear view mirror of a vehicle, in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0014] FIG. 5 depicts a light rail transit signal with additional
preemption directional light indicators, in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0015] FIG. 6 depicts a rail road crossing signal with additional
preemption directional light indicators, in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0016] FIG. 7 depicts an approaching priority vehicle environment
for a scenario to identify direction of approach for single and
multiple instances of approaching priority vehicles, in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention; and
[0017] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of components of the computing
device executing the directional preemption notification program,
in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Embodiments of the present invention recognize that
intersections equipped with traffic preemption systems may include
an additional light that is visible to traffic approaching from
each direction, which flashes or stays on in order to notify
drivers of vehicles and/or pedestrians of the approach of an
emergency vehicle. Embodiments of the present invention recognize
that rail road crossings and intersections with light rail transit
systems utilize drop down arms and/or flashing warning lights that
indicate an approach of a train or light rail transit, to drivers
and/or pedestrians. However, embodiments of the present invention
recognize that not all intersections, rail road crossings, and
light rail transit intersections are equipped to indicate the
approach of an emergency vehicle, a train, or light rail transit,
which may result in accidents. Additionally, embodiments of the
present invention recognize that while the traffic preemption
systems may provide an indication of an approaching emergency
vehicle, train, or light rail transit, the traffic preemption
system does not identify a specific direction from which the
emergency vehicle, train, or light rail transit approaches which
may result in accidents and/or delays to response times of the
emergency vehicle if unnoticed by a driver and/or pedestrian.
Embodiments of the present invention also recognize that traffic
preemption systems and are not equipped to handle the approach of
multiple emergency vehicles from different directions.
[0019] Embodiments of the present invention incorporate additional
warning lights to traffic signals, rail road crossing signals, and
light rail transit caution signals equipped with traffic preemption
systems to identify a direction or multiple directions associated
with approaching emergency vehicles, trains, or light rail transits
to drivers and/or pedestrians, thereby increasing response times,
and reducing the chances of additional accidents. Embodiments of
the present invention also allow equipped vehicles (i.e., factory
installed, retrofitted vehicles, and/or portable notification
devices) to receive notifications from traffic preemption systems
regarding approaching emergency vehicles, trains, or light rail
transits. Vehicles equipped with the present invention, notify
drivers of the approach and direction of the emergency vehicle,
train, or light rail transits, in areas without traffic preemption
system and/or to act as secondary warning system (e.g., back up) to
traffic signals at equipped intersections. For example, in a rural
area at a four way stop an ambulance approaches with sirens. The
driver hears the sirens, but is unable to determine a direction
from which the ambulance approaches. However the vehicle receives
the notification, and notifies the driver of the approaching
ambulance and direction, so that the driver can respond
appropriately.
[0020] The present invention will now be described in detail with
reference to the Figures. FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram
illustrating a traffic preemption processing environment, generally
designated 100, in accordance with one embodiment of the present
invention. FIG. 1 provides only an illustration of one embodiment
and does not imply any limitations with regard to the environments
in which different embodiments may be implemented.
[0021] In the depicted embodiment, traffic preemption processing
environment 100 includes traffic signal device 110, vehicle
computing device 140, portable computing device 150, and preemptive
traffic system 120 interconnected over network 130. Traffic
preemption processing environment 100 may include additional
computing devices, mobile computing devices, servers, computers,
storage devices, or other devices not shown.
[0022] Traffic signal device 110 is a visual signal (e.g., street
intersection traffic signal, a pedestrian signal, a railroad
crossing signal, and/or a light rail transit crossing signal, etc.)
that controls the flow of traffic at an intersection through lights
of color (e.g., red, yellow, green) in a sequence of color phases.
Additionally, traffic signal device 110 includes preemption
directional light indicators 112, which notifies a driver and/or
pedestrian of the number of an approaching emergency vehicles,
trains, and/or light rail transit and an associated direction
(e.g., left, right, in front, behind) with respect to the vehicle
and/or intersection. In some embodiments, traffic signal device 110
also includes a crossing arm (e.g., railroad gate and red flashing
lights) that notifies and prohibits vehicles and/or pedestrians
from crossing the railroad tracks, by lowering the crossing arm
thereby blocking the path from travel. In some other embodiments,
traffic signal device 110 includes one or more of the
aforementioned embodiments. In the depicted embodiment, traffic
signal device 110 is a separate control system. In another
embodiment, traffic signal device 110 may include preemptive
traffic system 120. Traffic signal device 110 receives information
from preemptive traffic system 120 (e.g., preemption notification
122) to alter the traffic signal and/or preemption directional
light indicators 112 responsive to the approach of emergency
vehicles, trains, and/or light rail transit. Traffic signal device
110 includes directional preemption notification program 200 and
preemption directional light indicators 112.
[0023] Preemption directional light indicators 112 are one or more
lights that present a visual cue to a driver of a vehicle, a driver
of a train, a driver of a light rail transit, and/or pedestrians
approaching an intersection with a traffic signal, a pedestrian
signal, a rail road crossing, and/or a light rail transit crossing,
to indicate the approach and direction of approach of priority
vehicles (e.g., emergency vehicles, trains, and/or light rail
transits) in addition to standard lights of color (e.g., red,
yellow, green). For example, a pedestrian signal currently
indicates walk or don't walk and may include a countdown time.
Preemption directional light indicators 112 may be added to the
pedestrian signal, as a different icon (i.e., icon identifies the
type of approaching priority vehicles) and/or a letter (e.g., left
(L), right (R), forward (F) and back (B) or arrow that indicates
the direction of approach in place of the countdown time. A
priority vehicle is a vehicle such as an emergency vehicle (e.g.,
fire truck, ambulance, police car), train, and or light rail
transit, that when active (e.g., lights flashing, sirens sound,
train is moving, etc.) are afforded the right of way on a street or
at an intersection over a moving passenger vehicle and/or
pedestrians. Preemption directional light indicators 112 provide
visual cues based upon one or more of: an illuminated color, number
of lights illuminated, a position of the illuminated light with
respect to the street intersection traffic signal, rail road
crossing signal, and/or light rail transit crossing signal, and a
strobe rate (i.e., speed or frequency at which a light transitions
between off and on). Example embodiments of preemption directional
light indicators 112 as depicted and explained in greater detail
with respect to FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6A. Preemption
directional light indicators 112 initiate responsive to information
from directional preemption notification program 200.
[0024] Vehicle computing device 140 may be any electronic device or
computing system capable of processing program instructions and
receiving and sending data that is installed in a vehicle. Vehicle
computing device 140 is an in-vehicle information system that
provides information to the driver through the dashboard and/or
computer console displays of the vehicle that pertain to at least
operating information and/or conditions of the vehicle such as
vehicle diagnostics (e.g., warning lights, tire pressure, check
engine lights, emissions), automotive gauges (e.g., speedometer,
odometer, temperature, battery indicator, etc.), vehicle
information and/or notifications (e.g., fuel economy, oil change
notices, average speed, etc.). In some embodiments, vehicle
computing device 140 also includes one or more of the following:
specialized traffic information systems, a GPS navigation system
(e.g., for cars with drivers or driverless cars), lane departure
warnings, blind spot detection systems, collision avoidance,
dashboard camera, back-up camera system, mobile phone services that
connect to portable devices (e.g., portable computing device 150,
mobile phone, etc.), warning systems, and emergency help systems
that provide additional information, resources, and capabilities to
the driver of the vehicle.
[0025] In one embodiment, vehicle computing device 140 is a factory
installed computing device within the vehicle. In another
embodiment, vehicle computing device 140 is a retrofitted computing
device (e.g., installed by the vehicle manufacturer as a new or
modified part or equipment that was not available or considered
necessary at the time of manufacture). In some other embodiment,
vehicle computing device 140 is an aftermarket add on computing
device (i.e., a secondary market product concerned with the
manufacturing, remanufacturing, distribution, retailing, and
installation of all vehicle parts, equipment, and accessories,
after the sale of the automobile by the original equipment
manufacturer (OEM) to the consumer) that the owner of the vehicle
installs within the vehicle to add capabilities and/or to improve
existing capabilities. Vehicle computing device 140 is any
programmable electronic device capable of communicating with
network 130. In other embodiments, vehicle computing device 140 may
represent a server computing system utilizing multiple computers as
a server system, such as in a cloud computing environment. In
general, vehicle computing device 140 is representative of any
electronic device or combination of electronic devices capable of
executing machine readable program instructions as described in
greater detail with regard to FIG. 8, in accordance with
embodiments of the present invention. Vehicle computing device 140
contains preemption directional indicators 142 and an instance of
directional preemption notification program 200.
[0026] Portable computing device 150 may be any electronic device
or computing system capable of processing program instructions and
receiving and sending data that is portable (i.e., any device that
is capable of being hand carried, thereby transferring the device
from one location to another location for utilization). In some
embodiments, portable computing device 150 may be a laptop
computer, a tablet computer, a netbook computer, a personal
computer (PC), a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant
(PDA), a smart phone, a hand held global navigation system device,
a portable heads up display, a portable traffic preemption
notification device, or any programmable electronic device capable
of communicating with network 130. In other embodiments, portable
computing device 150 may represent a server computing system
utilizing multiple computers as a server system, such as in a cloud
computing environment. In general, portable computing device 150 is
representative of any electronic device or combination of
electronic devices capable of executing machine readable program
instructions as described in greater detail with regard to FIG. 8,
in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. Portable
computing device 150 contains preemption directional indicators 152
and an instance of directional preemption notification program
200.
[0027] Preemption directional indicators 142 and 152 present
information to a user of vehicle computing device 140 and/or
portable computing device 150 to indicate the number if priority
vehicles with an associated direction of approach. In one
embodiment, preemption directional indicators 142 and 152 include
visual notifications such as lights, graphics symbols, and/or text.
Example embodiments of preemption directional indicators 142 and
152 are depicted and described in greater details in FIG. 4A, FIG.
4B, FIG. 4C, FIG. 4D, and FIG. 4E. In another embodiment,
preemption directional indicators 142 are video displays (e.g.,
video screen of the information system, dash displays, embedded
display within the rear view mirror, etc.) that playback camera
data captured by vehicle cameras in real time, thereby showing the
approaching priority vehicle to the driver from the perspective of
the capturing camera. In some embodiments, preemption directional
indicators 142 include a label with in the video display that
identify the capturing camera to provide additional
orientation/directional information. For example, a backup camera
indicates rear view on the video display, which the driver
interprets to mean the approaching priority vehicle comes from
behind. In another embodiment, preemption directional indicators
142 add additional symbols to the side view mirrors to indicate the
approach of a priority vehicle. For example a priority vehicle
approaching from the right initiates display of preemption
directional indicators 142 on the passenger side view mirror,
whereas a priority vehicle approaching from the left initiates
display of preemption directional indicators 142 on the driver's
side view mirror.
[0028] In another embodiment, preemption directional indicators 142
and 152 include audio alerts (e.g., sounds to alert a user of a
condition and/or incoming notification) and/or voice notifications
that state directional information associated with one or more
priority vehicles that directional preemption notification program
200 provides to the user through speakers within the vehicle and/or
portable computing device 150. For example, an audio/information
system within the vehicle ceases, mutes, and/or lowers the volume
of the radio, and the audio/information system states "Emergency
vehicle approaches from the driver's left had side at the
intersection." In some other embodiment, preemption directional
indicators 142 and 152 include a combination of the aforementioned
embodiments (i.e., audio and visual notifications). Preemption
directional indicators 142 and 152 receive information from
directional preemption notification program 200 and provide visual
and/or audio notifications to a user of vehicle computing device
140 or portable computing device 150.
[0029] In another embodiment, preemption directional indicators 142
and 152 include tactile notifications. The tactile notifications
incorporate a vibrational element into vehicle computing device 140
and/or portable computing device 150 that are felt by a driver
and/or by the individual holding a hand held portable device. For
example, the steering wheel of a vehicle includes two vibrational
elements, one for the left side, and one for the right side. The
right side of the steering wheel vibrates when a priority vehicle
approaches from the right. The left side of the steering wheel
vibrates when a priority vehicle approaches from the left. And both
the left and right side of the steering wheel vibrate together
and/or in a pattern (e.g., alternating left and right) when the
priority vehicle approaches from the front and/or rear.
[0030] Preemptive traffic system 120 may be a management server, a
web server, or any other electronic device or computing system
capable of receiving and sending data. In some embodiments,
preemptive traffic system 120 may be a laptop computer, a tablet
computer, a netbook computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktop
computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, or any
programmable device capable of communication with traffic signal
device 110, vehicle computing device 140, and/or portable computing
device 150, over network 130. In other embodiments, preemptive
traffic system 120 may represent a server computing system
utilizing multiple computers as a server system, such as in a cloud
computing environment. In one embodiment, preemptive traffic system
120 operates from a remote fixed location (e.g., fire station, a
9-1-1 dispatcher, police dispatcher, a railroad centralized control
station, railroad switching station, etc.) that is not located at
the site of traffic signal device 110, and remotely controls one or
more instances of traffic signal device 110, vehicle computing
device 140, and/or portable computing device 150 at one or more
separate locations.
[0031] For example, an emergency situation occurs at a house on the
north side of town. A central call center notifies an ambulance and
a fire trucks that dispatch from a first location (e.g., fire
station) on the west side of town and police vehicles that dispatch
from a second separate location on the south east side of town
(e.g., mobile location, police station). As the first and second
locations are different, the ambulance and fire trucks encounter
different instances of: traffic signal device 110, vehicle
computing device 140, and/or portable computing device 150, than
the police vehicles. Preemptive traffic system 120 thus controls
multiple instances of traffic signal device 110, vehicle computing
device 140, and/or portable computing device 150 along the two
separate travel routes to the house for the ambulance, fire trucks,
and police vehicles.
[0032] In another embodiment, preemptive traffic system 120 is
installed with and operates directly from traffic signal device 110
at individual intersections (e.g., intersection includes acoustic
sensors for detection of a specific pattern of tweets or wails from
the siren of an emergency vehicle) and controls the individual
instances of traffic signal device 110, and instances of vehicle
computing device 140, and/or portable computing device 150 within a
specified range of the individual intersections. In some other
embodiment, preemptive traffic system 120 operates from a moving
location (e.g., installed within a moving vehicle), and triggers:
traffic signal device 110, vehicle computing device 140, and/or
portable computing device 150 upon approach (i.e. within a
specified range and or distance of an intersection and/or vehicle).
In yet some other embodiment, the aforementioned embodiments of
preemptive traffic system 120 operate in conjunction with a Global
Positioning System (GPS) that determines a location of the
activating vehicle, a direction in which the vehicle is heading,
identifies which traffic lights to preempt, and activates the
identified traffic lights. In yet another embodiment, one or more
of the aforementioned embodiments of preemptive traffic system 120
may occur in combination. Preemptive traffic system 120 contains
preemption notification 122.
[0033] Preemption notification 122 is information that preemptive
traffic system 120 provides to directional preemption notification
program 200, which identifies an approaching (e.g., incoming)
priority vehicle for notification to drivers and/or pedestrians via
a traffic signal, vehicle computing device 140, and/or portable
computing device 150 with an associated direction. In one
embodiment, preemption notification 122 is a sound and or series of
sounds created by a priority vehicle (e.g., siren of an emergency
vehicle, train whistle, etc.), in which a direction finding device
determines a bearing associated with the audio sounds. In another
embodiment, preemption notification 122 is visual information in
the form of viewable lights installed on a priority vehicle (e.g.,
fire truck, police car, ambulance) that are turned on. For example,
an approaching police vehicle turns on emergency lights within the
lighting bar attached to the top of the police vehicle, which
flashes red, white and blue in rapid succession. The flashing
sequence of lights of the police vehicle indicate to an individual
(e.g., driver, pedestrian, etc.) upon viewing, to move to the side
and clear the path for the police vehicle to proceed unhindered
(i.e., right of way). In some other embodiment, preemption
notification 122 is message request sent from preemptive traffic
system 120 (e.g., line of sight, radio based, etc.) as an equipped
vehicle approaches an intersection and/or a second non-equipped
vehicle in which a direction finding device determines a bearing to
the source. In yet some other embodiment, preemption notification
122 is information sent from a GPS that includes a location or the
activating vehicle, a direction in which the activating vehicle is
heading (i.e., identifies direction of approach), and identifies
instances of traffic signal device 110 to preempt.
[0034] Directional preemption notification program 200 is a program
for determining the number of priority vehicles with associated
directions of approach and notifying pedestrians and/or drivers of
vehicles. In FIG. 1, direction preemption notification program 200
is depicted as: directional preemption notification program 200A on
traffic signal device 110, directional preemption notification
program 200B on vehicle computing device 140, and directional
preemption notification program 200C on portable computing device
110, however directional preemption notification program 200A, B,
and C are the same program that are installed on different devices,
and for simplicity are referred to as directional preemption
notification program 200. In another embodiment, directional
preemption notification program 200 determines the number of
priority vehicles with associated directions of approach for
driverless vehicles, from which the driverless vehicle determines
further appropriate actions (e.g., pull over to provide the right
of way, etc.). In the depicted embodiment, an instance of
directional preemption notification program 200 is installed within
traffic signal device 110, vehicle computing device 140, and
portable computing device 150. While installed on different
devices, directional preemption notification program 200A, B, and C
are the same and operate similarly, although the separate instances
of directional preemption notification program 200A, B, and C may
exercise different functions (e.g., capabilities) that are
consistent with the capabilities available to the installation
location. For example, traffic signal device 110 includes only
preemption directional light indicators 112, and provides only
visual cues. However, vehicle computing device 140 and portable
computing device 150 include preemption directional indicators 142
and 152 that include visual and/or audio cues (e.g., lights,
images, text, and sound). Directional preemption notification
program 200 receives preemption notification 122 from preemptive
traffic system 120. Upon processing preemption notification 122,
directional preemption notification program 200 controls and
initiates preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption
directional indicators 142, and/or preemption directional
indicators 152 accordingly.
[0035] Network 130 may be a local area network (LAN), a wide area
network (WAN) such as the Internet, a wireless local area network
(WLAN), any combination thereof, or any combination of connections
and protocols that will support communications between traffic
signal device 110, preemptive traffic system 120, vehicle computing
device 140, portable computing device 150, and other computing
devices and servers (not shown), in accordance with embodiments of
the inventions. Network 130 may include wired, wireless, or fiber
optic connections.
[0036] FIG. 3A depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention that controls traffic signal device 300 and initially
adds left directional light indicator 302, forward and/or rear
directional light indicator 304, and right directional indicator
306 (e.g., preemption directional light indicators 112) in a
straight line orientation. In one embodiment, left directional
light indicator 302 is a yellow light, forward and/or rear
directional light indicator 304 is a white light, and right
directional indicator 306 is an orange light. In another
embodiment, left directional light indicator 302, forward and/or
rear directional light indicator 304, and right directional
indicator 306 may be any color light and/or strobe light based on a
standard selected to represent a direction and number of priority
vehicle approaching traffic signal device 300. In another
embodiment, directional preemption notification program 200
initiates a flashing sequence to indicate the direction of approach
and the number of priority vehicles. For example, directional
preemption notification program 200 flashes left directional
indicator 302 three times in rapid succession, then turns off left
directional indicator 302 for one second prior to repeating,
thereby indicating three priority vehicles approach from the left
(i.e., three priority vehicles approach from the same
direction).
[0037] FIG. 3B depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention that controls traffic signal device 350 and initially
adds front directional light indicator 352, right directional light
indicator 354, rear directional light indicator 356, and left
directional light indicator 358 (e.g., represent preemption
directional light indicators 112) in a compass orientation. The
compass orientation shows direction relative to geographic cardinal
directions (e.g., north, east, south, and west) and/or to a set of
defined points (e.g., front, right, rear, and left) that represent
a direction with respect to the orientation of traffic signal
device 350 that is viewable by pedestrians and/or drivers of
vehicles. Directional preemption notification program 200 conveys
the direction of approach and number of approaching priority
vehicles via traffic signal device 350 by initiating varying
combinations of front directional light indicator 352, right
directional light indicator 354, rear directional light indicator
356, and left directional light indicator 358. In one embodiment,
directional preemption notification program 200 initiates a steady
light, to indicate the number of approaching priority vehicles with
a direction. For example, two priority vehicles approach one from
the east (e.g., right direction) and the second form the west
(e.g., left direction). Directional preemption notification program
200 turns on right directional light indicator 354 and left
directional light indicator 358 as a steady light thereby
indicating the approach of one priority vehicle from the right and
a second priority vehicle from the left (i.e., two total but from
different directions). In another embodiment, directional
preemption notification program 200 initiates a flashing sequence
to indicate the direction of approach and the number of priority
vehicles.
[0038] FIG. 4A depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention within heads-up display 400 that adds train/light rail
transit indicator 402, with directional indicator 404, and
emergency vehicle indicator 406 with directional indicator 408
(e.g., preemption directional indicators 142 and 152). When active,
directional preemption notification program 200 illuminates
train/light rail transit indicator 402 with directional indicator
404 and/or emergency vehicle indicator 406 with directional
indicator 408. In one embodiment, directional indicator 404
includes symbols (e.g., location dot, directional arrow, a letter,
etc.) to indicate the direction of approach. In another embodiment,
train/light rail transit indicator 402 and/or emergency vehicle
indicator 406 include different colors that represent a different
direction of approach that replaces directional indicators 404
and/or 408. For example, blue represents north/forward, green
represents east/right, red represents south/rear, and white
represents west/left.
[0039] FIG. 4B depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention within vehicle representation 420 and adds directional
indicator 422 (preemption directional indicators 142). Directional
indicator 422 as depicted represents an emergency vehicle, however
in an alternate embodiment, directional indicator 422 represents a
symbol associated with a railroad crossing and/or light rail
transit. Directional preemption notification program 200 determines
the type of priority vehicle based on information within preemption
notification 122. Directional preemption notification program 200
illuminates the instance of directional indicator 422 associated
with the type of approaching priority vehicle with respect to the
vehicle representation 420, which mirrors the actual position of a
vehicle on a road. As depicted in the example, directional
indicator 422 approaches from behind vehicle representation 420,
and is behind the actual vehicle.
[0040] FIG. 4C depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention within dashboard gauge 440 that adds informational text
message 442 (e.g., preemption directional indicators 142). In one
embodiment, directional preemption notification program 200
displays a single instance of informational text message 442. In
another embodiment, directional preemption notification program 200
displays multiple instances of informational text message 442, in
which directional preemption notification program 200 cycles the
multiple instances of informational text message 442 to notify a
driver of multiple approaching priority vehicles. For example,
directional preemption notification program 200 displays a first
instance of informational text message 442 that states "Train/Light
Rail transit approaches from the left," for five seconds. After
five seconds, directional preemption notification program 200
displays a second instance of informational text message 442 that
states "Emergency vehicle approaches from behind," and then
repeats. In some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 displays a single instance of
informational text message 442 that combines the multiple instances
of informational text message 442 to convey the relevant
information by shortening and/or abbreviating the multiple
instances of informational text message 442. For example, a
combination of the first and second instances of informational text
message 442 becomes "Train approaches left, Emergency approaches
behind."
[0041] FIG. 4D depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention that controls aspects of GPS navigation display 460 and
adds emergency icon 462, train icon 464, and light rail transit
icon 466, and vehicle icon 468 (e.g., preemption directional
indicators 142 and/or preemption directional indicators 152). In
the depicted embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 displays the location of emergency icon 462, train icon
464, and light rail transit icon 466 along the GPS navigation route
with respect to the position of vehicle icon 468. Directional
preemption notification program 200 displays advance warnings of
upcoming additional priority vehicles to the driver that will be
encountered while en route to a destination. For example, emergency
icon 462 depicts a fire truck heading towards vehicle icon 468,
which causes the driver to pause at the intersection to allow the
fire truck to pass. The driver then turns left on Buena Vista
Street, and encounters a train shown as train icon 464, that is to
the right of vehicle icon 468. After stopping for the train
represented by vehicle icon 468, the driver proceeds and turns
right and encounters a light rail transit as depicted by light rail
transit icon 466 that is to the left of vehicle icon 468.
[0042] FIG. 4E depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention that controls preemption directional indicators 142
and/or preemption directional indicators 152 that are added to rear
view mirror light indicators 480 as front directional light
indicator 482, right directional light indicator 484, rear
directional light indicator 486, and left directional light
indicator 488. Directional preemption notification program 200
conveys the direction of approach and number of approaching
priority vehicles via rear view mirror light indicators 480 by
initiating varying combinations of front directional light
indicator 482, right directional light indicator 484, rear
directional light indicator 486, and left directional light
indicator 488. In one embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates a steady light, to indicate
single approaching priority vehicle from a direction. In another
embodiment, directional preemption notification program 200
initiates a flashing sequence to indicate the direction of approach
and the number of priority vehicles.
[0043] FIG. 5 depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention within light rail transit signal 500 that adds and
controls preemption directional light indicators 112 as represented
by left directional indicator 502 and right directional indicator
504. As light rail transit tracks intersect with roads in a
perpendicular manner, the direction of approach with regards to the
perspective of an engineer of the light rail transit, drivers of
vehicles, and/or pedestrians occurs in a left and right manner, in
an embodiment light rail transit signal 500 may only include left
directional indicator 502 and right directional indicator 504. In
an embodiment for light rail transit engineers with one approaching
priority vehicle and/or vehicle crossings and/or pedestrian
crossings with one set of tracks, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates left directional indicator 502
or right directional indicator 504 to display a steady color as
only one light rail transit can approach on a single set of tracks.
In another embodiment, directional preemption notification program
200 initiates left directional indicator 502 or right directional
indicator 504 to flash at a specified rate. For example, a steady
flashing sequence in which the length of the on time is equal to
the off time (e.g., one second on with one second off), indicates a
single vehicle approaches. In some other embodiment in which the
engineer of the light rail transit approaches an intersection with
multiple approaching priority vehicles and/or in which vehicles
and/or pedestrians crossings are associated with multiple set of
tracks, directional preemption notification program 200 initiates
left directional indicator 502 and/or right directional indicator
504 to flash a sequence that repeats to identify the direction of
approach and the number of priority vehicles approaching. For
example, a flashing sequence that includes two flashes on within
one second, followed by two seconds off prior to repeating would
indicate the approach of two priority vehicles from the same
direction. In some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates a flashing sequence that
alternates between left directional indicator 502 and right
directional indicator 504, which indicates two priority vehicles
and/or light rail transits approach, but from both directions
(i.e., opposite directions, from both left and right).
[0044] FIG. 6 depicts an example embodiment of the present
invention with respect to railroad crossing signal 600 that adds
and controls left directional indicator 602 and right directional
indicator 604 as preemption directional light indicators 112. As
railroad tracks intersect with roads in a perpendicular manner, the
direction of approach with regards to the perspective of an
engineer of a train, drivers of vehicles, and/or pedestrians occurs
in a left and right manner in some embodiments, railroad crossing
signal 600 therefore may only include left directional indicator
602 and right directional indicator 604. In an embodiment for train
engineers with one approaching priority vehicle and/or vehicle
crossings and/or pedestrian crossings with one set of tracks,
directional preemption notification program 200 initiates left
directional indicator 602 or right directional indicator 604 to
display a steady color as only one train can approach on a single
set of tracks. In another embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates left directional indicator 602
or right directional indicator 604 to flash at a specified rate.
For example, a steady flashing sequence in which the length of the
on time is equal to the off time (e.g., one second on with one
second off), indicates a single vehicle approaches. In another
embodiment for the engineer of the train approaching an
intersection with multiple approaching priority vehicles and/or in
which vehicles and/or pedestrians crossings are associated with
crossing multiple set of tracks, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates a flashing sequence that repeats
to identify the direction of approach and the number of priority
vehicles approaching. In another embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates a flashing sequence that
includes two flashes on within one second followed by two seconds
off would indicate the approach of two priority vehicles from the
same direction. In some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates a flashing sequence that
alternates between left directional indicator 602 and right
directional indicator 604, which indicates two priority vehicles
and/or light rail transits approach, but from both directions
(i.e., opposite directions, from both left and right).
[0045] FIG. 2 is a flowchart depicting operational steps of
directional preemption notification program 200 a program for
notifying drivers and/or pedestrians of one or more approaching
priority vehicles with an associated direction, in accordance with
an embodiment of the present invention. Directional preemption
notification program 200 is active (i.e., initiates) at any
intersection (street, railroad crossing, light rail transit
crossing) with traffic signal device 110 and/or at any location
that includes vehicle computing device 140 and/or portable
computing device 150 and is turned on. While directional preemption
notification program 200 is active at all times upon application of
power, directional preemption notification program 200 does not
perform additional operational steps until directional preemption
notification program 200 receives preemption notification 122
(e.g., identifies the approach of an emergency vehicle, train,
and/or light rail transit).
[0046] In decision 202, directional preemption notification program
200 determines whether directional preemption notification program
200 receives preemption notification 122. In one embodiment,
directional preemption notification program 200 receives preemption
notification 122 from a remote location of preemptive traffic
system 120 (e.g., a dispatch center, train station, etc.) via
network 130. For example, a 9-1-1 operator receives a call for
assistance. The 9-1-1 operator initiates a sequence of events
through preemptive traffic system 120 that dispatches emergency
vehicles to the location requesting assistance and sends preemption
notification 122 to instances of directional preemption
notification program 200 that share the route on which travel is to
take place (i.e., sends preemption notification 122 to instances of
directional preemption notification program 200 associated with
traffic signal devices 110, vehicle computing device 140, and/or
portable computing devices 150 and that intersect and/or follow the
same path as the emergency vehicles as identified by a GPS
navigation system). In another embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 receives preemption notification 122 from
a positive train control system. A positive train control system is
a system for monitoring and controlling train movements that
includes information pertaining to the location of a train through
an onboard GPS navigation system.
[0047] In another embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 receives preemption notification 122 directly from
approaching emergency vehicles over network 130 and/or as a
detected signal (e.g., audio sounds, visual cues, message request
from a mobile instance of preemptive traffic system 120 installed
within the emergency/priority vehicle, etc.) at an intersection
and/or vehicle that is within range in which the received signal
meets and/or exceeds a minimum level (e.g., signal increases in
strength over time as the signal approaches the intersection),
signal meets a minimum detection threshold, etc. For example, an
ambulance includes an instance of preemptive traffic system 120.
Upon turning on the lights and/or sirens of the ambulance, the
driver continuously sends preemption notification 122 via the
visible lights and audible siren, until the ambulance driver turns
the lights and/or sirens off. The range (e.g., area of coverage) of
preemption notification 122 is the distance and/or area over which
detection of preemption notification 122 is possible. The range is
dependent on the strength of preemption notification 122,
sensitivity of receivers within traffic signal devices 110, vehicle
computing device 140, and/or portable computing devices 150, and
physical obstructions and/or radio interference in the surrounding
area. In another example, an emergency vehicle approaches an
intersection without sirens and/or lights turned on as identified
by the emergency vehicle response protocol for the request for
assistance. However, the emergency vehicle sends an instance of
preemption notification 122 from an onboard instance of preemptive
traffic system 120 to notify additional vehicles and/or pedestrians
of the approach of the emergency vehicle through traffic signal
devices 110, vehicle computing device 140, and/or portable
computing devices 150. Additionally, in some embodiments, the
driver of the emergency vehicle may selectively and/or
automatically send additional instances and/or formats (e.g.,
remote message or signal requesting a change of a traffic light) of
preemption notification 122 to instances of traffic signal devices
110, vehicle computing device 140, and/or portable computing
devices 150 that are within range of the ambulance.
[0048] For example FIG. 7 depicts approaching priority vehicle
environment 700, ambulance 716 approaches intersection 732, which
does not include a traffic signal device, via route 718. Ambulance
716 sends preemption notification 122 via preemptive traffic system
120, to the surrounding area (e.g., one block and/or multiple block
radiuses) as ambulance 716 approaches intersection 732. Vehicle 740
also approaches intersection 732 moving south, and is within range
of ambulance 716. An instance of directional preemption
notification program 200 within vehicle 740 receives preemption
notification 122 from ambulance 716.
[0049] In some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 receives preemption notification 122
through the processing of camera data from streaming video provided
by traffic cameras installed at traffic signal device 110 and/or
onboard cameras installed in a vehicle (e.g., backup cameras, front
view camera, side view cameras, 360 degree cameras, dash camera,
etc.). Directional preemption notification program 200 utilizes a
combination of object recognition (i.e., identifies objects within
an image based on learned objects or object classes),
identification (i.e. individual recognition of a specific object),
and/or detection (i.e., scans the camera data for a specific
condition to occur) to identify preemption notification 122 (e.g.,
approaching emergency vehicle, train, and/or light rail transit).
For example, a police vehicle turns onto a street behind a car
equipped with backup cameras, but the lights and sirens are not in
use. Directional preemption notification program 200 identifies the
police car within the camera data based on object recognition.
Directional preemption notification program 200 performs
identification by identifying the color pattern on the vehicle
(e.g., black with white, navy blue with yellow) and writing on the
car (e.g., police, sheriff, state trooper, etc.). Directional
preemption notification program 200 scans the camera data for
flashing lights associated with the police car to determine receipt
of preemption notification 122 (e.g., detection of a specific
event). As the lights are not flashing, directional preemption
notification program 200 determines an emergency event is not
taking place, and therefore, directional preemption notification
program 200 does not receive preemption notification 122.
Directional preemption notification program 200 treats the police
car similarly to a non-emergency vehicle while the lights are not
flashing. However, as directional preemption notification program
200 continues to process the camera data, if the lights of the
police vehicle are turned on at any point while within the camera
data, directional preemption notification program 200 determines
receipt of preemption notification 122 occurs. In some other
embodiments, directional preemption notification program 200
utilizes one or more of the aforementioned embodiments to determine
whether receipt of preemption notification 122 occurs. Directional
preemption notification program 200 stores and tracks individual
instances of preemption notification 122 for further use.
[0050] If directional preemption notification program 200
determines receipt of preemption notification 122 occurs (decision
202, yes branch), then directional preemption notification program
200 identifies a direction(s) of approaching emergency vehicle
(Step 204). If directional preemption notification program 200
determines receipt of preemption notification 122 does not occur
(decision 202, no branch), then directional preemption notification
program 200 returns and determines whether directional preemption
notification program 200 receives preemption notification 122
(i.e., directional preemption notification program 200 waits to
initiate until preemption notification 122 occurs).
[0051] In step 204, directional preemption notification program 200
identifies a direction(s) of an approaching priority vehicle.
Directional preemption notification program 200 identifies a
direction of approach with respect to the orientation/position of
traffic signal device 110, vehicle computing device 140, and/or
portable computing device 150 relative to the approaching priority
vehicle. In one embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 determines a single direction of approach associated
with a single instance of preemption notification 122. For example
within a car, the direction of approach is only conveyed to the
driver of the car via vehicle computing device 140, and therefore
directional preemption notification program 200 provides a single
perspective as to the direction of approach. In another embodiment,
directional preemption notification program 200 determines multiple
directions of approach for a single instance of preemption
notification 122. For example, an instance of traffic signal device
110 controls four directions. As traffic signal device controls
pedestrian and vehicle traffic in four separate directions, the
orientation of the vehicles and/or pedestrians to the intersection
alters the perception of the direction of approach of the priority
vehicle. Therefore, directional preemption notification program 200
identifies a direction of approach of the emergency vehicle with
respect to each of the four directions of the intersection.
[0052] In one embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 identifies a direction of approached based on received
directional information from GPS information sent within preemption
notification 122. Directional preemption notification program 200
utilizes the planned GPS navigation route and the starting location
from preemption notification 122 to determine a direction of
approach along the GPS navigation route. Directional preemption
notification program 200 determines the direction of approach for
each intersection along the planned GPS navigation route based on
the known direction of turns (e.g., left, right) along the route as
provided by the GPS navigation route. In another embodiment,
directional preemption notification program 200 receives initial
directional information from GPS information sent within preemption
notification 122 and additional updates from an onboard GPS
navigation system within the emergency vehicle responding to the
dispatch. Based on the information from the onboard GPS navigation
system, directional preemption notification program 200 determines
whether deviations to the planned GPS navigation route occur.
[0053] For example a road is closed that is not identified in the
GPS navigation database and the driver of the emergency vehicle is
unable to turn right, the driver therefore must detour to reach the
destination. The driver continues straight and later turns right
onto a different street than is identified in the current GPS
navigation route, and thus selects an alternate route to the
destination. If directional preemption notification program 200
determines a deviation occurs, directional preemption notification
program 200 utilizes the new location of the emergency vehicle to
determine a new navigation route, and changes to the direction of
approach along the new navigation route.
[0054] In some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 determines a direction of approach based
upon direction finding. Direction finding is the measurement of the
direction from which a received signal (e.g., preemption
notification 122) is transmitted. Directional preemption
notification program 200 receives preemption notification 122
through two or more receivers of which the distance (i.e., spacing)
between the two or more receivers is known. Directional preemption
notification program 200 receives two or more measurements through
the two or more receivers, thereby providing the appearance that
preemption notification 122 arrives from two different locations.
Directional preemption notification program 200 utilizes
triangulation (i.e., formation of triangles from known points to
determine a location) in order to determine the direction of
approach based on the received two or more measurements (e.g.,
calculates the direction of approach through triangulation).
[0055] For example an intersection with traffic signal device 110
includes four receivers: one forward, one right, one left, and one
back in order to cover each direction. An emergency vehicle sounds
the siren which traffic signal device 110 receives on the front,
left and right receivers. The magnitude (e.g., signal strength) is
greatest on the forward receiver, and both the left and right
receivers detect the sirens with a similar magnitude. Through
triangulation, directional preemption notification program 200
determines the siren is approaching in front of the forward
receiver. Additionally directional preemption notification program
200 determines a distance that identifies how far the emergency
vehicle is away from the intersection.
[0056] In yet some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 determines the direction of approach
through an instance of preemption notification 122 that includes
camera data from streaming video provided by traffic cameras
installed at traffic signal device 110 and/or onboard cameras
installed in a vehicle. Directional preemption notification program
200 utilizes computer vision to process the camera data for
approaching priority vehicles. Directional preemption notification
program 200 interprets the results of the computer vision (i.e.,
object recognition, identification, and detection of a specific
vehicle and condition) with the known positions of the cameras that
provide the camera data, and configuration of the intersection to
identify a direction of approach associated with preemption
notification 122.
[0057] For example, at an intersection, cameras face out from the
center of the intersection in each direction (e.g., a north facing
camera, an east facing camera, a south facing camera, and a west
facing camera. Within the camera data, directional preemption
notification program 200 identifies a train approaching within the
camera data from the east facing camera. Directional preemption
notification program 200 utilizes the information from the camera
data, the camera position associated with the detection of
preemption notification 122 (e.g., object recognition of the engine
car of a moving train) and the known configuration of the
intersection stored in memory to determine the direction of the
train, which directional preemption notification program 200
determines the direction to be proceeding towards the intersection
from the west and is traveling east. In some other embodiments,
directional preemption notification program 200 utilizes one or
more of the aforementioned embodiments to identify a direction of
an approaching emergency vehicle, train, and/or light rail
transit.
[0058] Additionally, in some embodiments, directional preemption
notification program 200 receives additional instances of
preemption notification 122 (decision 208, yes branch) while a
first instance of preemption notification 122 is active (i.e.,
receives multiple instances of preemption notification 122
concurrently, or while another instance of preemption notification
122 is occurring). Directional preemption notification program 200
identifies a direction associated with the additional instances of
preemption notification 122 in the same manner as for a single
instance of preemption notification 122 as described in the
aforementioned embodiments. Directional preemption notification
program 200 identifies locations within the GPS routes in which the
additional instances of preemption notification 122 intersect
and/or merge. Directional preemption notification program 200
stores and tracks each instance of preemption notification 122
separately (e.g., separate entry for each vehicle) in order to
accurately notify drivers and/or pedestrians of the direction and
approach of one or more priority vehicles.
[0059] For example, as depicted in FIG. 7, approaching priority
vehicle environment 700, traffic signal 710 controls four-way
intersection 728, and includes approaching vehicles, 720, 722, 724,
and 726. A request for assistance occurs at house 702 on the north
east side of town, and a dispatcher sends out fire truck 712 on
route 714 from fire house 704 that is south and east of house 702
and ambulance 716 on route 718 from hospital 706 that is south and
west of house 702. Directional preemption notification program 200
receives three separate instances of preemption notification 122
associated with train 708, fire truck 712, and ambulance 716.
Directional preemption notification program 200 identifies a
direction of approach for each of the three separate instances of
preemption notification 122. Directional preemption notification
program 200 identifies ambulance 716 approaches intersection 728 in
a west to east direction, fire truck 712 approaches intersection
728 in a south to north direction, and light rail transit
approaches intersection 728 in a northwest to southeast
direction.
[0060] In step 206, directional preemption notification program 200
initiates preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption
directional indicators 142, and/or preemption directional
indicators 152. In one embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates preemption directional light
indicators 112, preemption directional indicators 142, and/or
preemption directional indicators 152 in response to a single
instance of preemption notification 122 and an identified single
direction of approach of the priority vehicle. For example, in FIG.
7, at intersection 736, vehicle 738 is heading north, but is south
of traffic signal device 734 and fire truck 712 is heading west,
but is east of traffic signal device 734. Traffic signal device 734
is shown in greater detail in FIG. 3A, traffic signal device 300,
and includes left directional light indicator 302, forward and/or
rear directional light indicator 304, and right directional
indicator 306. With respect to the south facing side of traffic
signal device 734 (i.e., the side of traffic signal device 734
viewed by a driver of vehicle 738), directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates illumination of right
directional indicator 306, thereby informing the driver of vehicle
738 that fire truck 712 approaches the intersection from the
right.
[0061] In another example within FIG. 7, train 708 intersects
(e.g., crosses) a street at railroad crossing 748. Prior to
railroad crossing 748, train 708 sends preemption notification 122
to instances of directional preemption notification program 200
associated with railroad crossing signal 744 and vehicle 742.
Railroad crossing 744 is depicted in greater detail in FIG. 6 and
includes left directional indicator 602 and right directional
indicator 604. Directional preemption notification program 200
determines train 708 approaches railroad crossing 748 moving from
west to east, and identifies the direction of approach for railroad
crossing signal 744 to be from the left. Directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates illumination of left directional
indicator 602 which is viewable and interpreted by the driver of
vehicle 742 to mean train 708 approaches from the left.
Additionally, vehicle 742 includes dashboard gauge 440 with
informational text message 442, as depicted in greater detail in
FIG. 4C. Directional preemption notification program 200 initiates
informational text message 442, which states "Train/Light Rail
Transit approaches from the left." In some other embodiment, rail
road crossing signal 748 is replaced with a light rail transit
signal as depicted in FIG. 5, light rail transit signal 500, which
includes left directional indicator 502 and right directional
indicator 504. For the same example, but with light rail transit
signal 500, directional preemption notification program 200
initiates illumination of left directional light indicator 502.
[0062] In another embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 initiates in response to multiple instances of
preemption notification 122 and identifies multiple directions of
approach for multiple approaching priority vehicles through
preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption directional
indicators 142, and/or preemption directional indicators 152.
Directional preemption notification program 200 initiates instances
of preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption
directional indicators 142, and/or preemption directional
indicators 152 that identifies the direction of approach with
respect to the orientation of a pedestrian and/or vehicle.
[0063] Continuing the example in FIG. 7, at intersection 728
vehicle 720 travels east and is west of traffic signal 710, vehicle
722 travels north and is south of traffic signal 710, vehicle 724
travels west and is east of traffic signal 710, and vehicle 726
travels south and is north of traffic signal 710. Additionally fire
truck 712 travels west and north along route 714 towards traffic
signal 710, and ambulance 716 travels north and east along route
718 towards traffic signal 710 en route to house 702. Traffic
signal 710 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 3B, traffic signal
device 350, and includes front directional light indicator 352,
right directional light indicator 354, rear directional light
indicator 356, and left directional light indicator 358. With
respect to the driver within vehicle 722 and/or pedestrians that
view traffic signal 710, directional preemption notification
program 200 initiates the illumination of left directional light
indicator 358 and rear directional light indicator 356, thereby
informing the driver of vehicle 722 and/or pedestrians that one
emergency vehicle (e.g., fire truck 712) approaches intersection
728 from behind vehicle 722 (i.e. south of the intersection) and a
second emergency vehicle (e.g., ambulance 716) approaches
intersection 728 to the left of vehicle 722 (i.e., west of the
intersection). For each remaining vehicle (e.g. vehicle 720,
vehicle, 724, and vehicle 726), directional preemption notification
program 200 initiates instances of front directional light
indicator 352, right directional light indicator 354, rear
directional light indicator 356, and left directional light
indicator 358 that identify the direction of approach relative to
the position of each vehicle and/or pedestrian that enters
intersection 728. In other words, directional preemption
notification program 200 initiates the illumination of: right
directional light indicator 354 and rear directional light
indicator 356 for vehicle 720, left directional light indicator 358
and front directional light indicator 352 for vehicle 724, and
right directional indicator 354 and front directional light
indicator 352 for vehicle 726.
[0064] Additionally, between intersection 728 and house 702, train
708 intersects a second street at railroad crossing 750, thereby
intersecting with route 714 for fire truck 712, and route 718 for
ambulance 718. Prior to railroad crossing 750, train tracks 730
include railroad crossing signal 746, which notifies the engineer
of the train of approaching emergency vehicles. Railroad crossing
signals 746, 752, and 754 are depicted in greater detail in FIG. 6
railroad crossing signal 600 and includes left directional
indicator 602 and right directional indicator 604. An instance of
directional preemption notification program 200 within railroad
crossing signal 746 receives two instances of preemption
notification 122. Directional preemption notification program 200
determines route 714 and route 718 merge and both fire truck 712
and ambulance 716 approach train tracks 730 from the right.
Directional preemption notification program 200 initiates
illumination of right directional indicator 604. The engineer of
train 708 interprets right directional indicator 604 to mean an
emergency vehicle approaches train tracks 730 from the right, and
if possible, the engineer should stop train 708 to allow ambulance
716 and fire truck 712 to pass prior to proceeding. As train 708
may not be able to stop, an instance of preemptive traffic system
120 sends preemption notification 122 to instances of directional
preemption notification program 200 installed at and/or associated
with railroad crossing signal 752 and railroad crossing signal 754.
Directional preemption notification program 200 identifies train
708 approaches railroad crossing 750 from the left with respect to
vehicles and/or pedestrians traveling south and illuminates right
directional indicator 604 on railroad crossing signal 754, and 200
identifies train 708 approaches railroad crossing 750 from the
right with respect to vehicles and/or pedestrians traveling north
and illuminates left directional indicator 602 on railroad crossing
signal 752.
[0065] In decision 208, directional preemption notification program
200 determines whether an additional instance of preemption
notification 122 occurs. Throughout the operational steps of
directional preemption notification program 200, directional
preemption notification program 200 continuously monitors for an
instance and/or instances of preemption notification 122 to occur
as described in decision 202. Directional preemption notification
program stores and tracks received current instances of preemption
notification 122 for comparison with additional instances of
preemption notification 122 to determine whether an additional
instance of preemption notification 122 occurs. A current instance
of preemption notification 122 is an instance of preemption
notification 122 that directional preemption notification program
200 previously received and processed, and for which directional
preemption notification program 200 determines is still occurring
(e.g., preemption notification 122 does not cease).
[0066] In one embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 compares identifiers (e.g., operational signal
frequency, embedded identifier, audio pattern, audio sounds, etc.)
within preemption notification 122 to identifiers within current
instances of preemption notification 122 to determine whether an
additional instance of preemption notification 122 occurs. For
example, directional preemption notification program 200 receives a
first instance of preemption notification 122 that is a train
whistle and directional preemption notification program 200
receives a second instance of preemption notification 122 that is
an ambulance siren. Directional preemption notification program 200
determines the first instance of preemption notification 122 is not
the same as the second instance of preemption notification 122, and
therefore an additional instance of preemption notification 122
occurs. In another embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 compares the direction of approach associated with
multiple instances of preemption notification 122 to determine
whether an additional instance of preemption notification 122
occurs. For example, directional preemption notification program
200 identifies a first instance of preemption notification 122
approaches from the north and a second instance of preemption
notification 122 approaches from the east. As the directions of
approach of the first instance and the second instance of
preemption notification 122 are different, directional preemption
notification program 200 determines an additional instance of
preemption notification 122 occurs. In some other embodiment,
directional preemption notification program 200 utilizes one or
more of the aforementioned embodiments, to determine whether an
additional instance of preemption notification 122 occurs. In the
aforementioned embodiments, if directional preemption notification
program 200 determines the first instance of preemption
notification 122 matches the second instance of preemption
notification 122, then directional preemption notification program
200 determines another instance of preemption notification 122 does
not occur. Conversely, with respect to the aforementioned
embodiments, if directional preemption notification program 200
determines the first instance of preemption notification 122 does
not match the second instance of preemption notification 122, then
directional preemption notification program 200 determines another
instance of preemption notification 122 occurs.
[0067] If directional preemption notification program 200
determines an additional instance of preemption notification 122
occurs (decision 208, yes branch), then directional preemption
notification program 200 identifies a direction of the approaching
emergency vehicle (step 204). If directional preemption
notification program 200 determines an additional instance of
preemption notification 122 does not occur (decision 208, no
branch), then directional preemption notification program 200
determines whether preemption notification 122 ceases (decision
210).
[0068] In decision 210, directional preemption notification program
200 determines whether preemption notification 122 ceases. In one
embodiment, directional preemption notification program 200
determines preemption notification 122 ceases based on timing
provided by a GPS navigation enables instance of preemptive traffic
system 120. For example, directional preemption notification
program 200 determines a priority vehicle passes through an
intersection between 11:35 P.M. and 11:40 P.M. (e.g., GPS timing
window) based on information within preemption notification 122.
Directional preemption notification program 200 determines the
current time is 11:41 P.M., and therefore preemption notification
122 ceases with respect to the intersection. Conversely if the
current time is 11:37 P.M., directional preemption notification
program 200 determines preemption notification 122 is still active
(e.g., does not cease).
[0069] In another embodiment, directional preemption notification
program 200 determines preemption notification 122 ceases based on
GPS data sent from the priority vehicle. For example, the priority
vehicle passes through an intersection. Based on the GPS
coordinates of the priority vehicle and the GPS coordinates of the
intersection, directional preemption notification program 200
determines preemption notification 122 ceases as the coordinates of
the priority vehicle move away from the intersection. Conversely,
if directional preemption notification program 200 determines the
coordinates of the priority vehicle are before or within the
intersection, then directional preemption notification program 200
determines preemption notification 122 is still active. In some
other embodiment, directional preemption notification program 200
ceases to receive preemption notification 122 from a priority
vehicle (e.g., vehicle stops transmitting preemption notification
122, driver turns off sirens and/or lights, etc.). Directional
preemption notification program 200 determines preemption
notification 122 based on the lack of a received instance of
preemption notification 122.
[0070] In yet some other embodiment, directional preemption
notification program 200 determines the source of preemption
notification 122 is moving away from the intersection. For example,
the signal strength of a received sound from a siren increases as
the priority vehicle approaches an intersection and decreases as
the priority vehicles moves away from the intersection. Directional
preemption notification program 200 determines the priority vehicle
leaves the intersection after identifying a peak signal strength,
which then decreases, and determines preemption notification 122
ceases. Conversely, directional preemption notification program 200
determines a priority vehicle approaches an intersection as the
signal strength of preemption notification 122 increases and is
therefore still active. In another example, directional preemption
notification program 200 monitors the camera data. Directional
preemption notification program 200 determines the priority vehicle
approaches the intersection and preemption notification 122 is
active in response to identifying features associated with the
front of the priority vehicle (e.g., headlights, windshield, face
of a driver, etc.) Directional preemption notification program 200
determines the priority vehicle leaves the intersection and
preemption notification 122 cease in response to determining the
flashing lights are turned off, and/or identifying features
associated with the back of the priority vehicle (e.g., back
windshield, tail lights, etc.) after initially tracking front
features.
[0071] If directional preemption notification program 200
determines preemption notification 122 ceases (decision 210, yes
branch), then directional preemption notification program 200 stops
preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption directional
indicators 142, and/or preemption directional indicators 152 (step
212). If directional preemption notification program 200 determines
preemption notification 122 does not cease (decision 210, no
branch), then directional preemption notification program 200
determines whether additional instances of preemption notification
122 occur (decision 208).
[0072] In step 212, directional preemption notification program 200
stops preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption
directional indicators 142, and/or preemption directional
indicators 152. For example, directional preemption notification
program turns off lights and/or audio cues that were previously
provided through preemption directional light indicators 112,
preemption directional indicators 142, and/or preemption
directional indicators 152 to user and returns preemption
directional light indicators 112, preemption directional indicators
142, and/or preemption directional indicators 152 to a null and/or
inactive state. Directional preemption notification program 200
completes and returns to determine whether directional preemption
notification program 200 receives preemption notification 122
(decision 202).
[0073] FIG. 8 depicts a block diagram of components of computing
device 800 in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the
present invention. It should be appreciated that FIG. 8 provides
only an illustration of one implementation and does not imply any
limitations with regard to the environments in which different
embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted
environment may be made.
[0074] Computing device 800 includes communications fabric 802,
which provides communications between cache 816, memory 806,
persistent storage 808, communications unit 810, and input/output
(I/O) interface(s) 812. Communications fabric 802 can be
implemented with any architecture designed for passing data and/or
control information between processors (such as microprocessors,
communications and network processors, etc.), system memory,
peripheral devices, and any other hardware components within a
system. For example, communications fabric 802 can be implemented
with one or more buses or a crossbar switch.
[0075] Memory 806 and persistent storage 808 are computer readable
storage media. In this embodiment, memory 806 includes random
access memory (RAM) 814. In general, memory 806 can include any
suitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media.
Cache 816 is a fast memory that enhances the performance of
computer processor(s) 804 by holding recently accessed data, and
data near accessed data, from memory 806.
[0076] Preemption directional light indicators 112, preemption
notification 122, preemption directional indicators 142, preemption
directional indicators 152, and directional preemption notification
program 200 may be stored in persistent storage 808 and in memory
806 for execution and/or access by one or more of the respective
computer processor(s) 804 via cache 816. In an embodiment,
persistent storage 808 includes a magnetic hard disk drive.
Alternatively, or in addition to a magnetic hard disk drive,
persistent storage 808 can include a solid-state hard drive, a
semiconductor storage device, a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, or any other
computer readable storage media that is capable of storing program
instructions or digital information.
[0077] The media used by persistent storage 808 may also be
removable. For example, a removable hard drive may be used for
persistent storage 808. Other examples include optical and magnetic
disks, thumb drives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive
for transfer onto another computer readable storage medium that is
also part of persistent storage 808.
[0078] Communications unit 810, in these examples, provides for
communications with other data processing systems or devices. In
these examples, communications unit 810 includes one or more
network interface cards. Communications unit 810 may provide
communications through the use of either or both physical and
wireless communications links. Preemption directional light
indicators 112, preemption notification 122, preemption directional
indicators 142, preemption directional indicators 152, and
directional preemption notification program 200 may be downloaded
to persistent storage 808 through communications unit 810.
[0079] I/O interface(s) 812 allows for input and output of data
with other devices that may be connected to computing device 800.
For example, I/O interface(s) 812 may provide a connection to
external device(s) 818, such as a keyboard, a keypad, a touch
screen, and/or some other suitable input device. External devices
818 can also include portable computer readable storage media such
as, for example, thumb drives, portable optical or magnetic disks,
and memory cards. Software and data used to practice embodiments of
the present invention, e.g., preemption directional light
indicators 112, preemption notification 122, preemption directional
indicators 142, preemption directional indicators 152, and
directional preemption notification program 200, can be stored on
such portable computer readable storage media and can be loaded
onto persistent storage 808 via I/O interface(s) 812. I/O
interface(s) 812 also connect to a display 820.
[0080] Display 820 provides a mechanism to display data to a user
and may be, for example, a computer monitor.
[0081] The programs described herein are identified based upon the
application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment
of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any
particular program nomenclature herein is used merely for
convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use
solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by
such nomenclature.
[0082] The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a
computer program product. The computer program product may include
a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer
readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to
carry out aspects of the present invention.
[0083] The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible
device that can retain and store instructions for use by an
instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium
may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage
device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an
electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or
any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of
more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium
includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk,
a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static
random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only
memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a
floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or
raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon,
and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable
storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being
transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely
propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves
propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g.,
light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical
signals transmitted through a wire.
[0084] Computer readable program instructions described herein can
be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a
computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or
external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a
local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network.
The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical
transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls,
switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter
card or network interface in each computing/processing device
receives computer readable program instructions from the network
and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage
in a computer readable storage medium within the respective
computing/processing device.
[0085] Computer readable program instructions for carrying out
operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions,
instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine
instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware
instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object
code written in any combination of one or more programming
languages, including an object oriented programming language such
as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural
programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or
similar programming languages. The computer readable program
instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on
the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on
the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on
the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote
computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type
of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area
network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external
computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet
Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry
including, for example, programmable logic circuitry,
field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays
(PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by
utilizing state information of the computer readable program
instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to
perform aspects of the present invention.
[0086] Aspects of the present invention are described herein with
reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of
methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products
according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood
that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block
diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations
and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable
program instructions.
[0087] These computer readable program instructions may be provided
to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose
computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to
produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via
the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing
apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts
specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in
a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a
programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to
function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable
storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an
article of manufacture including instructions which implement
aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block
diagram block or blocks.
[0088] The computer readable program instructions may also be
loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing
apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps
to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or
other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that
the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable
apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified
in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
[0089] The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate
the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible
implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products
according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this
regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent
a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one
or more executable instructions for implementing the specified
logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the
functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in
the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in
fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may
sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the
functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of
the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations
of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can
be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that
perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations
of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
[0090] The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present
invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are
not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments
disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to
those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope
and spirit of the invention. The terminology used herein was chosen
to best explain the principles of the embodiment, the practical
application or technical improvement over technologies found in the
marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to
understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
* * * * *