U.S. patent application number 15/911397 was filed with the patent office on 2018-10-11 for compositions and methods using p-anisaldehyde.
The applicant listed for this patent is NESTEC S.A.. Invention is credited to Susana Camacho, Johannes Le Coutre, Jenny Meylan Merlini, Stephanie Michlig Gonzalez.
Application Number | 20180289636 15/911397 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51210491 |
Filed Date | 2018-10-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180289636 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Michlig Gonzalez; Stephanie ;
et al. |
October 11, 2018 |
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS USING P-ANISALDEHYDE
Abstract
Compositions contain a therapeutically effective amount of
p-anisaldehyde for at least one of provoking the swallowing reflex
of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric
emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing glycemia by
improving insulin sensitivity, or improving mood, memory or
cognition. Methods are provided that include administering such
compositions.
Inventors: |
Michlig Gonzalez; Stephanie;
(Le Mont-sur-lausanne, CH) ; Meylan Merlini; Jenny;
(Lausanne, CH) ; Camacho; Susana; (Lausanne,
CH) ; Le Coutre; Johannes; (Pully, CH) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
NESTEC S.A. |
Vevey |
|
CH |
|
|
Family ID: |
51210491 |
Appl. No.: |
15/911397 |
Filed: |
March 5, 2018 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14907073 |
Jan 22, 2016 |
9931308 |
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PCT/EP14/65472 |
Jul 18, 2014 |
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15911397 |
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61857060 |
Jul 22, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 1/00 20180101; A23L
2/52 20130101; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A61K 31/11 20130101; A23L
33/10 20160801; A61P 1/06 20180101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/11 20060101
A61K031/11; A23L 33/10 20060101 A23L033/10; A23L 2/52 20060101
A23L002/52 |
Claims
1. A method of decreasing appetite comprising administering to an
individual in need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde
in an amount therapeutically effective for delaying gastric
emptying.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the individual has a condition
selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity, a risk
of overweight, a risk of obesity, and combinations thereof.
3. A method of reducing body weight gain comprising administering
to an individual in need thereof a composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the individual has a condition
selected from the group consisting of overweight, obesity, a risk
of overweight, a risk of obesity, and combinations thereof.
5. A method of reducing glycemia comprising administering to an
individual in need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde
in an amount therapeutically effective for improving at least one
of insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the individual is selected from
the group consisting of an infant born preterm, an infant
experiencing intrauterine growth restriction, a pregnant woman
suffering from gestational diabetes, a human suffering from insulin
resistance, and a human suffering from type II diabetes.
7. A composition comprising an amount of p-anisaldehyde that is
therapeutically effective for causing at least one condition
selected from the group consisting of provoking the swallowing
reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by delaying
gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, and reducing glycemia
by improving at least one of insulin sensitivity or glucose
tolerance.
8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the composition is a food
product.
9. The composition of claim 7 wherein the food product comprises a
component selected from the group consisting of protein,
carbohydrate, fat and combinations thereof.
10. A method for improving one or more of cognitive performance,
cognition, mood, or memory comprising administering to an
individual in need thereof a composition comprising
p-anisaldehyde.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the individual has a condition
selected from the group consisting of cognitive decline, mild
cognitive impairment, dementia, a mood disorder, memory loss, and
combinations thereof.
12. A method of making a nutritional composition comprising the
steps of incorporating into the nutritional composition an amount
of p-anisaldehyde that is therapeutically effective for causing at
least one condition selected from the group consisting of provoking
the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients; decreasing appetite by
delaying gastric emptying; reducing body weight gain; reducing
glycemia by improving at least one of insulin sensitivity or
glucose tolerance; and improving at least one of mood, memory or
cognition.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIM
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser.
No. 14/907,073 filed Jan. 22, 2016, which is a National Stage of
International Application No. PCT/EP14/65472 filed Jul. 18, 2014,
which claims priority to Provisional Appl. Ser. No. 61/857,060
filed Jul. 22, 2013, the entire contents of which are incorporated
herein by reference.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to compositions
comprising a naturally-occurring compound found in some spices.
More specifically, the present disclosure relates to compositions
comprising p-anisaldehyde and further relates to methods comprising
administering such compositions.
[0003] Dysphagia is a condition typified by a decreased ability to
swallow. The normal swallow involves three distinct phases which
are interdependent and well coordinated: the oral, the pharyngeal,
and the esophageal phases. In the oral phase, which is under
voluntary control, food that has been chewed and mixed with saliva
is formed into a bolus for delivery by voluntary tongue movements
to the back of the mouth, into the pharynx. The pharyngeal phase is
involuntary and is triggered by the food/liquid bolus passing
through the faucial pillars into the pharynx. Contraction of the
three constrictors of the pharynx propels the bolus towards the
upper oesophageal sphincter. Simultaneously, the soft palate closes
the nasopharynx. The larynx moves upwards to prevent food or liquid
passing into the airway, which is aided by the backward tilt of the
epiglottis and closure of the vocal folds. The oesophageal phase is
also involuntary and starts with the relaxation of the upper
oesophageal sphincter followed by peristalsis, which pushes the
bolus down to the stomach.
[0004] Esophageal dysphagia affects a large number of individuals
of all ages, but is generally treatable with medications and is
considered a less serious form of dysphagia. Oral pharyngeal
dysphagia, on the other hand, is a very serious condition and is
generally not treatable with medication. Oral pharyngeal dysphagia
also affects individuals of all ages, but is more prevalent in
older individuals. Worldwide, oral pharyngeal dysphagia affects
approximately 22 million people over the age of 50.
[0005] The consequences of untreated or poorly managed oral
pharyngeal dysphagia can be severe, including dehydration,
malnutrition, airway obstruction with solid foods (choking), and
airway aspiration of liquids and semi-solid foods, promoting
aspiration pneumonia and/or pneumonitis. Severe oral pharyngeal
dysphagia may require nutrition to be supplied by tube feeding.
Mild to moderate oral pharyngeal dysphagia requires the texture of
foods to be modified in order to minimize the likelihood of choking
or aspiration.
[0006] Improving an individual's ability and efficiency to swallow
improves the individual's safety through reduced risk of pulmonary
aspiration. An efficient swallow may permit greater independence
from feeding assistance and/or reduced length of time spent in
feeding-assistance during meal consumption. Efficient swallow also
reduces the viscosity of liquids required for safety (e.g.,
pudding, honey and nectar thickness products) and may also limit
the use of texture-modified foods. All of these previously
described factors are aimed at improving an individual's quality of
life.
[0007] Research on the molecular mechanisms underlying pungent
sensations revealed the existence of two cation channels, TRPV1
(transient receptor potential V1) and TRPA1 (transient receptor
potential A1) that are expressed in the somatosensory fibers
innervating the oral cavity. TRPV1 is the receptor for heat and
burning sensations such as capsaicin, the hot molecule in red hot
chili peppers. TRPA1 responds to cold and pungent compounds such as
allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil) and cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon).
At moderated concentrations, TRPA1 agonists exhibit a pleasant
tingling sensation.
[0008] Although oral administration of capsaicin has been shown to
promote a swallow reflex, capsaicin is a particularly pungent and
toxic compound. Physiological effects associated with oral
administration of capsaicin include a burning sensation of heat
from the mid-tongue to the throat, shortness of breath, fainting,
nausea, and spontaneous vomiting. Mustard oil is similarly pungent,
and cinnamaldehyde is tingling. As a result, only small quantities
of capsaicin, mustard oil or cinnamaldehyde may be administered
without causing discomfort to the individual. Food products
containing capsaicin, mustard oil or cinnamaldehyde are frequently
not accepted by the consumer as providing a very unpleasant mouth
feeling. In particular, both the tingling and burning effect are
considered to be very unsavory affecting the consumption of the
food product.
[0009] Another condition adversely affecting some individuals is
that their body tissues do not respond properly to insulin. Insulin
receptors in the tissues cease to function adequately and
gluco-dependent cells fail to recognize the presence of insulin. As
a result, the pancreas needs to secrete more insulin to help
glucose enter these cells. The pancreas tries to keep up with this
increased demand for insulin by producing more. This phenomenon is
called insulin resistance (also known as low insulin sensitivity).
Many people with insulin resistance have high levels of both
glucose and insulin circulating in their blood at the same time.
Eventually, the pancreas fails to keep up with the body's need for
insulin, leading to Type II diabetes.
[0010] Insulin resistance and Type II diabetes are associated to
increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, amputation, diabetic
retinopathy, and kidney failure. For extreme cases, circulation of
limbs is affected, potentially requiring amputation. Loss of
hearing, eyesight, and cognitive ability has also been linked to
these conditions
[0011] Management of insulin resistance in children and adults is
essentially based on dietary and lifestyle changes, including
healthier dietary habits and increased exercise. These practices
can be very efficient in improving insulin sensitivity and in
slowing the progression of the disease, but they are difficult to
apply and actually not followed by most patients. Type II diabetes
can be treated with drugs promoting insulin sensitivity, but their
efficacy in reducing the rate of progression of the disease is
quite low. Insulin treatment is required during the most advanced
phases of the disease.
[0012] Products containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibers,
oligosaccharides and even probiotics have been proposed as
nutritional solutions to improve insulin sensitivity and to reduce
insulin resistance. However, the efficacy of these nutritional
interventions is quite marginal and even controversial, with
studies showing no or even deleterious effects.
[0013] Yet another condition adversely affecting some individuals
is obesity. The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide to
epidemic proportion. Approximately 1 billion of people worldwide
are overweight or obese, conditions that increase mortality,
mobility and economical costs. Obesity develops when energy intake
is greater than energy expenditure, the excess energy stored mainly
as fat in adipose tissue. Body weight loss and prevention of weight
gain can be achieved by reducing energy intake or bioavailability,
increasing energy expenditure and/or reducing storage as fat.
However, overweight subjects or subjects at risk of becoming
overweight often need nutritional assistance for better managing
their body weight, e.g. through increasing satiety and/or reducing
body weight gain.
[0014] Yet another condition adversely affecting some individuals
is impaired neurotransmission, for example low levels of
neurotransmitters such as epinephrine. Impaired neurotransmission
is connected to mood disorders such as depression, anxiety
disorders, and increased susceptibility to stress, and also
connected to cognitive dysfunction.
[0015] Carbohydrate-rich foods are known for providing important
metabolic fuel for physical performance, but their effects on mood
and cognitive performance are not very clear. However, irritability
and aggression are influenced by individual differences in insulin
release, the frequency that meals are eaten, and the effect of
these meals on blood glucose values. Benton, "Carbohydrate
ingestion, blood glucose and mood," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral
Reviews, 26:293-308 (2002). Furthermore, the ability to control the
levels of blood glucose is related to both mood and cognition. For
example, in a study in which participants were given an oral
glucose tolerance test and cognitive tests, the older age group
showed that those with poorer glucose tolerance forgot more words
and had slower decision times; and, in those participants with poor
glucose tolerance, a tendency for blood glucose to fall below
baseline values was associated with better mood and faster working
memory. Young and Benton, "The nature of the control of blood
glucose in those with poorer glucose tolerance influences mood and
cognition," Metab. Brain Dis. (Mar. 26, 2014).
SUMMARY
[0016] The present inventors surprisingly and unexpectedly found
that p-anisaldehyde is an agonist of the cation channels TRPA1 and
TRPV1. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the present inventors
believe that activation of TRPA1 and TRPV1 is effective to 1) help
to provoke the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, 2) decrease
appetite by delaying gastric emptying, 3) reduce body weight gain,
4) reduce glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose
tolerance, and 5) improve mood, memory or cognition. P-anisaldehyde
is described as having sweet powdery, vanilla creamy, spice anise,
nutty, cherry pit and almond-like nuances (Fenaroli's Handbook of
Flavor Ingredients, sixth edition), making it more pleasant
compared to other TRPA1 and TRPV1 agonists.
[0017] Accordingly, in a general embodiment, the present disclosure
provides a method of treating dysphagia. The method comprises
administering to an individual having the dysphagia a composition
comprising a therapeutically effective amount of
p-anisaldehyde.
[0018] In a related embodiment, the dysphagia is oral pharyngeal
dysphagia.
[0019] In a related embodiment, the composition is a thickened
beverage.
[0020] In a related embodiment, the therapeutically effective
amount of p-anisaldehyde provokes a swallowing reflex.
[0021] In a related embodiment, the p-anisaldehyde is selected from
the group consisting of isolated p-anisaldehyde and synthetic
p-anisaldehyde.
[0022] In another embodiment, a method of decreasing appetite is
provided. The method comprises administering to an individual in
need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde in an amount
therapeutically effective for delaying gastric emptying.
[0023] In a related embodiment, the individual has a condition
selected from overweight, obesity, a risk of overweight, a risk of
obesity, and combinations thereof.
[0024] In another embodiment, a method of reducing body weight gain
is provided. The method comprises administering to an individual in
need thereof a composition comprising a therapeutically effective
amount of p-anisaldehyde.
[0025] In a related embodiment, the individual has a condition
selected from overweight, obesity, a risk of overweight, a risk of
obesity, and combinations thereof.
[0026] In another embodiment, a method of reducing glycemia is
provided. The method comprises administering to an individual in
need thereof a composition comprising p-anisaldehyde in an amount
therapeutically effective for improving insulin sensitivity or
glucose tolerance, mood or memory.
[0027] In a related embodiment, the individual is selected from the
group consisting of an infant born preterm, an infant experiencing
intrauterine growth restriction, a pregnant woman suffering from
gestational diabetes, a human suffering from insulin resistance,
and a human suffering from type II diabetes.
[0028] In another embodiment, a composition is provided. The
composition comprises an amount of p-anisaldehyde that is
therapeutically effective for at least one of provoking the
swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by
delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing
glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance, or
improving mood or memory or cognition.
[0029] In a related embodiment, the composition is a food product.
The food product can comprise a component selected from the group
consisting of protein, carbohydrate, fat and combinations
thereof.
[0030] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a
method for improving one or more of cognitive performance,
cognition, mood, or memory comprising administering to an
individual in need thereof a composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde.
[0031] In an embodiment, the individual has a condition selected
from the group consisting of cognitive decline, mild cognitive
impairment, dementia, a mood disorder, memory loss, and
combinations thereof.
[0032] In another embodiment, a method of making a nutritional
composition is provided. The method comprises incorporating into
the nutritional composition an amount of p-anisaldehyde that is
therapeutically effective for at least one of provoking the
swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, decreasing appetite by
delaying gastric emptying, reducing body weight gain, or reducing
glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance, or
improving mood or memory.
[0033] An advantage of the present disclosure is to use a TRPA1 and
TRPV1 agonist that is more pleasantly consumed relative to other
TRPA1 and TRPV1 agonists.
[0034] Another advantage of the present disclosure is to use
p-anisaldehyde to trigger the swallowing reflex of a dysphagic
patient.
[0035] Still another advantage of the present disclosure is use a
naturally-occurring compound that can be found in spices to
decrease appetite by delaying gastric emptying.
[0036] Yet another advantage of the present disclosure is to use a
naturally-occurring compound that can be found in spices to reduce
body weight gain.
[0037] An additional advantage of the present disclosure is to use
a naturally-occurring compound that can be found in spices to
reduce glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or glucose
tolerance.
[0038] Another advantage of the present disclosure is to treat
dysphagia with tolerable side effects or no side effects.
[0039] Still another advantage of the present disclosure is to
promote safe swallowing of a food bolus.
[0040] Still another advantage of the present disclosure is to
improve at least one of mood, memory or cognition.
[0041] Still another advantage of the present disclosure is to
improve at least one of mood, memory or cognition with a compound
that can be easily and safely used in food products.
[0042] An additional advantage of the present disclosure is to
improve at least one of mood, memory or cognition with a
naturally-occurring compound that can be found in spices.
[0043] Another advantage of the present disclosure is to improve at
least one of mood, memory or cognition with tolerable side effects
or no side effects.
[0044] Yet another advantage of the present disclosure is to
improve at least one of mood, memory or cognition with a compound
that has increased acceptability, reduced pungency, and improved
tolerance in the gastrointestinal tract relative to capsaicin.
[0045] Additional features and advantages are described herein, and
will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the
Figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0046] FIG. 1 shows the chemical structure of p-anisaldehyde.
[0047] FIG. 2 shows the chemical structure of cinnamaldehyde.
[0048] FIG. 3 shows a chart of body weight gain in mice with
chronic ingestion of cinnamaldehyde or control.
[0049] FIG. 4 shows a chart of insulin sensitivity in mice with
chronic ingestion of cinnamaldehyde or control.
[0050] FIG. 5 shows a chart of short term food intake gain after a
single cinnamaldehyde or control ingestion in mice.
[0051] FIG. 6 shows a chart of gastric emptying after a single
cinnamaldehyde or control ingestion in mice.
[0052] FIG. 7 shows the in vitro effect of p-anisaldehyde on cell
expression of TRP channels.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0053] All percentages expressed herein are by weight of the total
weight of the composition unless expressed otherwise. When
reference is made to the pH, values correspond to pH measured at
25.degree. C. with standard equipment. As used in this disclosure
and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the"
include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates
otherwise. As used herein, "about" is understood to refer to
numbers in a range of numerals. Moreover, all numerical ranges
herein should be understood to include all integers, whole or
fractions, within the range.
[0054] As used herein, "comprising," "including" and "containing"
are inclusive or open-ended terms that do not exclude additional,
unrecited elements or method steps. However, the beverages provided
by the present disclosure may lack any element that is not
specifically disclosed herein. Thus, any embodiment defined herein
using the term "comprising" also includes embodiments "consisting
essentially of" and "consisting of" the disclosed components.
[0055] "Prevention" includes reduction of risk and/or severity of a
disorder. The terms "treatment," "treat" and "to alleviate" include
both prophylactic or preventive treatment (that prevent and/or slow
the development of a targeted pathologic condition or disorder) and
curative, therapeutic or disease-modifying treatment, including
therapeutic measures that cure, slow down, lessen symptoms of,
and/or halt progression of a diagnosed pathologic condition or
disorder; and treatment of patients at risk of contracting a
disease or suspected to have contracted a disease, as well as
patients who are ill or have been diagnosed as suffering from a
disease or medical condition. The term does not necessarily imply
that a subject is treated until total recovery. The terms
"treatment" and "treat" also refer to the maintenance and/or
promotion of health in an individual not suffering from a disease
but who may be susceptible to the development of an unhealthy
condition. The terms "treatment," "treat" and "to alleviate" are
also intended to include the potentiation or otherwise enhancement
of one or more primary prophylactic or therapeutic measures. The
terms "treatment," "treat" and "alleviate" are further intended to
include the dietary management of a disease or condition or the
dietary management for prophylaxis or prevention a disease or
condition. A treatment can be patient-or doctor-related.
[0056] As used herein, a "therapeutically effective amount" is an
amount that prevents a deficiency, treats a disease or medical
condition in an individual or, more generally, reduces symptoms,
manages progression of the diseases, or provides a nutritional,
physiological, or medical benefit to the individual.
[0057] "Animal" includes, but is not limited to, mammals, which
includes but is not limited to, rodents, aquatic mammals, domestic
animals such as dogs and cats, farm animals such as sheep, pigs,
cows and horses, and humans Where "animal," "mammal" or a plural
thereof is used, these terms also apply to any animal that is
capable of the effect exhibited or intended to be exhibited by the
context of the passage. As used herein, the term "patient" is
understood to include an animal, especially a mammal, and more
especially a human that is receiving or intended to receive
treatment, as treatment is herein defined. While the terms
"individual" and "patient" are often used herein to refer to a
human, the present disclosure is not so limited. Accordingly, the
terms "individual" and "patient" refer to any animal, mammal or
human, having or at risk for a medical condition that can benefit
from the treatment.
[0058] "Food product" and "food composition," as used herein, are
understood to include any number of optional additional
ingredients, including conventional food additives, for example one
or more proteins, carbohydrates, fats, acidulants, thickeners,
buffers or agents for pH adjustment, chelating agents, colorants,
emulsifiers, excipients, flavor agents, minerals, osmotic agents, a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, preservatives, stabilizers,
sugars, sweeteners, texturizers and/or vitamins. The optional
ingredients can be added in any suitable amount.
[0059] As noted above, the present inventors surprisingly and
unexpectedly found that p-anisaldehyde (chemical structure shown in
FIG. 1) is an agonist of the cation channels TRPA1 and TRPV1. FIG.
7 shows experimental data demonstrating that p-anisaldehyde
activates TRPA1 and TRPV1. P-anisaldehyde activated TRPA1 with an
EC-50 of about 100 .mu.M (circles) and TRPV1 with an EC 50 of about
500 .mu.M (squares), and no activation was observed on hTRPM8
(upward pointing triangles) and "empty" cells (downward pointing
triangles).
[0060] The present inventors tested cinnamaldehyde (chemical
structure shown in FIG. 2), a known TRPA1 agonist, in mouse models.
Cinnamaldehyde is a .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated aldehyde that
activates TRPA1, but not TRPV1 or TRPM8, with an EC50 of
approximately 60 .mu.M. Like mustard oil, cinnamaldehyde interacts
with TRPA1 in a covalent manner.
[0061] As shown in FIG. 3, mice chronically fed a high fat diet
containing 0.2 wt. % cinnamaldehyde gained less weight than mice
fed the same high fat diet without cinnamaldehyde. As shown in FIG.
4, mice chronically fed a high fat diet containing 0.2 wt. %
cinnamaldehyde had improved insulin sensitivity relative to mice
fed the same high fat diet without cinnamaldehyde. As shown in FIG.
5, mice fed a single dose of cinnamaldehyde had a reduction in
short term food intake after the administration relative to mice
fed a sham gavage. As shown in FIG. 6, mice fed a single dose of
cinnamaldehyde had delayed gastric emptying after the
administration relative to mice fed a sham gavage.
[0062] Due to the unexpected discovery that p-anisaldehyde is also
an agonist of the cation channels TRPA1 and TRPV1, the present
inventors believe that p-anisaldehyde can activate TRPA1 similarly
to cinnamaldehyde, but without the tingling sensation, and activate
TRPV1 similarly to capsaicin, but without the burning sensation, to
1) help to provoke the swallowing reflex of dysphagic patients, 2)
decrease appetite by delaying gastric emptying, 3) reduce body
weight gain, and 4) reduce glycemia by improving insulin
sensitivity. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a
composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of
p-anisaldehyde for provoking the swallowing reflex of a dysphagic
patient, decreasing appetite by delaying gastric emptying, reducing
body weight gain, and/or reducing glycemia by improving insulin
sensitivity or glucose tolerance 5) improve mood, memory or
cognition. In an embodiment, the p-anisaldehyde can be an isolated
compound, such as p-anisaldehyde isolated from spices, such as
vanilla; anise, such as star anise; fennel; cranberry; cinnamon;
basil; and extracts thereof. Alternatively or additionally, the
p-anisaldehyde can be isolated from some essential oils. In an
embodiment, the p-anisaldehyde can be synthetic p-anisaldehyde.
[0063] In an embodiment, dysphagia is treated by administering to
an individual having the dysphagia the composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde. The dysphagia
can be oral pharyngeal dysphagia and can be a consequence of at
least one of surgery for oral cancer, surgery for throat cancer, a
stroke, a brain injury, or a progressive neuromuscular disease,
such as Parkinson's disease.
[0064] In another embodiment, the composition comprising a
therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde is administered
to an infant (a child under the age of 12 months) born preterm
and/or experiencing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a
pregnant woman suffering from gestational diabetes; or a child, an
adolescent, or an adult suffering from insulin resistance and/or
type II diabetes, such as an animal such as a human. The
composition can reduce glycemia by improving insulin sensitivity or
glucose tolerance in the subject.
[0065] In yet another embodiment, the composition is administered
to an overweight or obese subject or to a subject at risk for
becoming overweight or obese. "Overweight" is defined for an adult
human as having a BMI between 25 and 30. Thereby, BMI (body mass
index) means the ratio of weight in kilograms divided by the height
in meters squared; or the ratio of weight in pounds divided by the
height in inches squared, multiplied by 703. "Obesity" is a
condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty
tissue of animals, in particular humans and other mammals, is
increased to a point where it is associated with certain health
conditions or increased mortality. "Obese" is defined for a human
as having a BMI greater than 30. The composition can decrease
appetite by delaying gastric emptying and/or reduce body weight
gain in the subject. In an embodiment, the subject is a
non-overweight and/or non-obese individual avoiding weight
gain.
[0066] As noted above, there is a direct link between glucose
tolerance and mood, memory and cognition. For example, in a study
in which participants were given an oral glucose tolerance test and
cognitive tests, the older age group showed that those with poorer
glucose tolerance forgot more words and had slower decision times;
and, in those participants with poor glucose tolerance, a tendency
for blood glucose to fall below baseline values was associated with
better mood and faster working memory. See, e.g., Young and Benton
(2014). Therefore, without being bound by theory, the inventors
believe that p-anisaldehyde enhances insulin sensitivity and/or
glucose tolerance and can thereby improve one or more of mood,
memory or cognition.
[0067] Accordingly, in an embodiment, the composition comprising
p-anisaldehyde can be administered in a method of improving one or
more of cognitive performance, cognition, mood or memory in an
individual in need thereof. The composition can treat or prevent
one or more of cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment,
dementia, a mood disorder, or memory loss in an individual having
one or more of these conditions. The composition can be
administered at least once a day for at least one week, preferably
at least one month, and more preferably at least one year. The
composition can be administered to an infant (a child under the age
of twelve months), a child (up to twelve years of age), an
adolescent (twelve to eighteen years of age), an adult (over
eighteen years of age), or an elderly individual (past the first
two thirds of the average expected lifespan in its country of
origin, preferably past the first three quarters of the average
expected lifespan in its country of origin; an elderly human is a
person with a chronological age of 65 years or older).
[0068] Cognitive performance may be expressed as ability and speed
of learning, ability and speed of solving intellectual problems,
ability to form and recall memories, reaction time, and the like.
Cognition is understood as mental processes such as comprehension,
inference, decision-making, planning, learning, memory,
association, concept formation, language, attention, perception,
action, problem solving and mental images. Cognitive decline may
manifest as reduced memory; forgetfulness; word or name-finding
problems; and/or decline in memory, concentration, ability to plan
or organize, ability to perform complex tasks, and/or cognitive
performance; and may result from age, stress, disease, or other
grounds. Cognitive impairment may manifest in one or more of
short-term memory loss, diminished capacity to learn, diminished
rate of learning, or diminished attention.
[0069] The term "mood" refers to a state or quality of feeling (an
emotional state) at a particular time. Moods differ from simple
emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less
likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. Moods
generally have either a positive or negative valence. An improved
mood may comprise one or more of a decreased anxiety level, a
decreased stress level, an increased perceived energy level, or a
more positive emotional state.
[0070] The composition is in an administrable form which is
preferably selected from the group consisting of pharmaceutical
formulations, nutritional formulations, dietary supplements,
functional food and beverage products, and combinations thereof.
The present disclosure provides a method of making a nutritional
composition that includes incorporating a therapeutically effective
amount of p-anisaldehyde into the nutritional composition. The
p-anisaldehyde incorporated into the nutritional composition can be
in the form of isolated p-anisaldehyde, a spice that contains
p-anisaldehyde, and/or an extract of a spice that contains
p-anisaldehyde.
[0071] With respect to dysphagia, a preferred embodiment of the
composition administers a therapeutically effective amount of
p-anisaldehyde as a nutritional supplement, such as a
nutrient-dense beverage. In another preferred embodiment for
treatment of dysphagia, the therapeutically effective amount of
p-anisaldehyde is administered in a hydration supplement. Such
supplements may be in the form of a thickened liquid. In yet
another preferred embodiment for treatment of dysphagia, the
therapeutically effective amount of p-anisaldehyde is administered
in a texture-modified food.
[0072] In an embodiment, the composition includes a prebiotic. The
prebiotic may preferably be selected from the group consisting of
acacia gum, alpha glucan, arabinogalactans, beta glucan, dextrans,
fructooligosaccharides, fucosyllactose, galactooligosaccharides,
galactomannans, gentiooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, guar
gum, inulin, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactoneotetraose,
lactosucrose, lactulose, levan, maltodextrins , milk
oligosaccharides, partially hydrolyzed guar gum,
pecticoligosaccharides, resistant starches, retrograded starch,
sialooligosaccharides, sialyllactose, soyoligosaccharides, sugar
alcohols, xylooligosaccharides, their hydrolysates, and
combinations thereof.
[0073] In an embodiment, the composition includes a probiotic. The
probiotic may preferably be selected from the group consisting of
Aerococcus, Aspergillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Candida,
Clostridium, Debaromyces, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium,
Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Melissococcus,
Micrococcus, Mucor, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Penicillium,
Peptostrepococcus, Pichia, Propionibacterium, Pseudocatenulatum,
Rhizopus, Saccharomyces, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Torulopsis,
Weissella, and combinations thereof.
[0074] In an embodiment, the composition includes an amino acid.
The amino acid may preferably be selected from the group consisting
of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, citrulline, cysteine,
glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, hydroxyproline,
hydroxyserine, hydroxytyrosine, hydroxylysine, isoleucine, leucine,
lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, taurine,
threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and combinations
thereof.
[0075] In an embodiment, the composition includes a fatty acid
component, preferably a fish oil or a component thereof, which is
preferably selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic
acid ("DHA"), eicosapentaenoic acid ("EPA"), and combinations
thereof. DHA and EPA may also be derived from krill, plant sources
containing co-3 fatty acids, flaxseed, walnut, algae, and
combinations thereof. Certain fatty acids (e.g. 18:4 fatty acids)
may also be readily converted to DHA and/or EPA. The composition
may include a-linolenic acid.
[0076] In an embodiment, the composition includes a phytonutrient.
The phytonutrient may preferably be selected from flavonoids,
allied phenolic compounds, polyphenolic compounds, terpenoids,
alkaloids, sulphur-containing compounds, and combinations thereof,
and in particular from the group consisting of carotenoids, plant
sterols, quercetin, curcumin, limonin, and combinations
thereof.
[0077] In an embodiment, the composition includes an antioxidant.
The antioxidant may preferably selected from the group consisting
of astaxanthin, carotenoids, coenzyme Q10 ("CoQ10"), flavonoids,
glutathione, Goji (wolfberry), hesperidin, lactowolfberry, lignan,
lutein, lycopene, polyphenols, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C,
vitamin E, zeaxanthin, and combinations thereof.
[0078] It should be understood that various changes and
modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described
herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes
and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its
intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and
modifications be covered by the appended claims.
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